Vanessa Ho

8/13/16
P2
Chapter 3 Terms
1. Indentured servitude
Indentured servitude was a system of temporary servitude in which young men or
women bound themselves to masters for a fixed term of servitude in exchange for
food, shelter, land, etc.
Indentured servitude eventually replaced by slavery as a result of the increasing
demand for cheap labor on plantations. Compared to indentured servitude, slavery
was a much cheaper and profitable source of labor. White Europeans worked
without being associated with social stigma and would sign a contract. They
would be rewarded with land. On the other hand, slavery was racially charged and
slaves would often work until death. (Comparison)
2. Middle Passage
The Middle Passage referred to the harsh sea journey undertaken by slave ships
from West Africa to the West Indies. Often, African prisoners were crammed
tightly together with little space, food, or water and died of diseases.
The Middle Passage brought to the New World African culture and was the effect
of the increasing demand for plantation labor. It also caused the Triangular Slave
Trade to economically flourish as it brought slaves in to the New World and made
countries rich. (Historical Causation)
3. Triangular Trade
The Triangular Trade was the complex pattern of trade in which Europe, Africa,
and the Americas participated in and exchanged crops, diseases, technology,
slaves, etc.
The Triangular Trade encouraged cross-culturalization and globalization.
Throughout the course of history, trade systems like the Triangular Trade always
existed and continued to bring the two hemispheres together (even today).
(Patterns/CCOT)
4. Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that utilized human reason to
question commonly accepted beliefs in political and religious practices of the late
17th and 18th century.
The Enlightenment shed light onto the ways of scientific thinking and help the
world better understand how the scientific processes work. During this time,
people accepted long held beliefs without question. Religion and superstition

served as thought guidelines with the King and Churchs word regarded as the
absolute truth. (Contextualization)
5. Great Awakening
The Great Awakening was the first major American revival that began in the
1730s and brought a new spirit of religious fervor to the colonies. It emphasized
the potential for a person to break away from the constraints of the past and start
anew in his or her relationship with god.
The Great Awakening re-sparked peoples interest with religion, encouraged
religious independence from the Church, and inspired people to question and view
things from a different perspective. It resulted in other movements like the
Enlightenment. (Historical Causation)
6. Stono Rebellion
The Stono Rebellion was a slave rebellion that began on September 1739 in the
colony of South Carolina. It was the largest slave uprising in the British mainland
colonies.
The Stone Rebellion was an example of how the Africans challenged the
Europeans political views on cultural superiority. Throughout history, minority
groups like the Natives and slaves often fought back against the Whites and
struggled for equality. (Patterns/CCOT)
7. John Locke
Locke was a seventeenth century philosopher who argued that all knowledge is
derived from sensory experience.
John Locke was one of the most influential philosophers whose ideas were used
as a foundation to the French Enlightenment. During this period, many
revolutions occurred with the emphasis of questioning the authority, expanding
away from superstition, and focusing on individualism and reasoning.
(Contextualization)
8. Huguenots
Huguenots were French Protestants of the 16th17th centuries. Largely Calvinist,
the Huguenots suffered severe persecution at the hands of the Catholic majority.
The Huguenots established their own religious colony after escaping religious
persecution. Throughout history, it was very common for people to immigrate to a
new place searching for religious freedom. (Patterns/CCOT)
9. Slave Codes
Slave codes were codes passed by the colonial assemblies that limited the rights
of blacks in the law.
The Slave Codes ensured almost absolute authority to white masters. During this
period of time, slavery had replaced indentured servitude and Africans were often
mistreated. These codes became a part of the systematic operation that forcibly
chained slaves to plantations. (Contextualization)
10. Plantations

Plantations were large-scale agricultural operations on which slaves were put to

work systematically producing marketable crops.
Plantations were the main cash generator for the Southern colonies. Plantations,
which were created because of the good weather and the high desire for cash
crops, caused a dramatic increase of slavery. It also caused rebellions,
controversial issues, wars, etc. later on. (Historical Causation)
11. Puritans
Puritans were members of a group of English Protestants of the late 16th and 17th
centuries who regarded the Reformation of the Church of England under
Elizabeth as incomplete and sought to simplify and purify forms of worship.
Puritans established their own religious colony after escaping religious
persecution. Throughout history, it was very common for people to immigrate to a
new place searching for religious freedom. (Patterns/CCOT)
12. Colonial consumerism
Colonial consumerism was the consumption of material goods and the association
of possessions with social status that resulted from the growing commercialism.
Colonial consumerism increased the need for trade and the value of material
possessions. During this period time, the Europeans desire for certain items
increased as a result of the contact they have made with foreign valuables. As a
result, interest in exploration and sea navigation increased and trade was highly
valued. (Contextualization)
13. Saugus Ironworks
Saugus Ironworks is the site of the first integrated ironworks in North America,
founded by John Winthrop the Younger.
Saugus Ironworks was an important part of the Northern Colonies commerce that
encouraged metal works to become an integral part of the economy. It symbolized
the difference in the Southern and Northern colonies economy, showing how the
South was far more farming based and the North was far more diverse and
technologically based. (Comparison)
14. Chesapeake Colonies
The Chesapeake Region was composed of several colonies such as Virginia and
Maryland and economically thrived on farming and plantations.
The Chesapeake Region was extremely different from the New England Colonies
in that it relied heavily on slavery and on the production of cash crops. It was
much more economically restricted and women had less power. Racial mixing
was also more common as African woman had more contact with White men. It
developed its own unique characteristics and was important because it was a big
supplier of crops. (Comparison)
15. New England Colonies
The New England Colonies of British America included the colonies of
Connecticut, Colony of Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Province of New
Hampshire. It thrived economically on commerce and agriculture.

The New England colonies were also very unique, being more focused on fishing,
metalwork, and technology. Unlike the Chesapeake regions, they had poor land
for farming and had no slaves. Population there was mostly white. They were
important because of the technological contributions they made. (Comparison).
16. John and Charles Wesley and George Whitefield
John Wesley, Charles Wesley, and George Whitefield were Anglican clerics and
theologians who are credited with the foundation of Methodism, a ChristianProtestant denomination originating in the 18th century evangelistic movement.
John Wesley, Charles Wesley, and George Whitefield were extremely influential
religious leaders who began a separate branch of religion. It was typical during
this time for religion to break into several branches as a result of the different
beliefs encouraged and inspired by religious revival movements. This time period
was characterized by events like the Glorious Revolution, the Enlightenment, etc.
(Contextualization)
17. Jonathan Edwards
Jonathan Edwards was an American clergyman of the eighteenth century and the
leader in the religious revivals of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great
Awakening. He emphasized the absolute power of God.
Jonathon Edwards led the Great Awakening, which reignited peoples interest in
religion. Jonathan shared many similarities with John Locke (leader of the
Enlightenment) in how they led major revolutions but different in how one
promoted religion and one promoted reasoning.
18. John Peter Zenger
John Zenger was an American journalist, publisher, and publishers who attacked
Governor William Cosby and was jailed for libel in 1734. He was later tried by a
jury and acquitted.
John Peter Zengers acquittal set the precedent for freedom of the press, which is
now implemented into modern society. Throughout history, it is common for
certain historical elements (such as the Mayflower Compact) to become a part of
our society today. (Patterns/CCOT)
19. Cotton Mather
Mather was a socially and politically influential New England Puritan minister,
prolific author, and pamphleteer.
Mather played an important role in the Puritans irrational execution of Salem
witches. During this time period, it was common for people of high religious
order to direct religious executions and carry out illogical killings. Religious
ministers had much power and everything they said was highly regarded because
of how the people naturally accepted superstitions and old traditions.
(Contextualization)
20. Evangelism

Evangelism was the spreading of the Christian gospel by public preaching or

personal witness.
Evangelism has been an important continuity ever since history and to this day,
Christianity is still spread through sermons, preaching, etc. (Patterns/CCOT)