International Organizations

What are the main goals of international organizations?

-UN

-non-governmental organizations

League of Nations (1919-1946)

-formed after WWI

-created to prevent another global war
-sought to solve international problems through diplomacy
-failed in its objectives

The UN (est. 1945)

-formed in 1945 to maintain international peace and security

-uses diplomacy to solve international disputes
-provides peacekeeping forces to conflict zones
-works to solve economic, social, and humanitarian problems
-promotes human rights

Structure of the UN

-security council
-general assembly
-secretariat
-international court of justice
-economic and social council

The Security Council

-goal is to main international peace and security

-resolutions
-interventions
-sanctions
-15 members; 5 permanent

The International Court of Justice

-helps to settle disputes between nations

-located in the Hague, Netherlands
-consists of fifteen judges serving nine-year terms

Examples of Work by the UN

-promoted peace and international cooperation

-establishing Universal Declaration of Human Rights
-sending UN peacekeepers to Africa and the Middle East to end conflict
-trying individuals for genocide and crimes against humanity

-providing humanitarian aid

The UN Organizations

-dozens of specialized agencies to help carry out its goals

-World Health Organization - monitors global health and responds in time of crisis
-UNICEF - provides assistance to mothers and children living in poverty
-World Bank - provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries

Ending Global Poverty

=Millennium Development Goals

-eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
-combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
-promote gender equality and empower women
-reduce child mortality
-improve maternal health
-achieve universal primary education
-ensure environmental sustainability
-develop a global partnership for development

Understanding Nongovernmental Organizations

-not associated with a specific country or state

=examples
-Heifer International
-Doctors without Borders
-International Red Cross and Red Crescent
=Not Examples
-USAID
-US Armed Forces
-Republican Party, Democratic Party

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)

-Red Cross founded in 1919

-international humanitarian organization
-protects and assists victims of armed conflict and natural disaster
-provides access to healthy water
-works to ensure that basic human rights laws are respected and followed

Understanding Amnesty International

-founded 1961
-works to promote the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
-advocate and campaign against:
-human trafficking
-denial of human rights

-arms dealing
-exploitation of refugees and migrants

How to Get Involved

-become informed
-volunteer
-spread the word
-donate money

Genocide

What were the major causes of genocide in the twentieth century?

=understanding genocide

-asia and eastern europe

-latin american and africa

Examining the Holocaust

-an act of genocide

-state-sponsored killing program
-systematic killing of 6,000,000 Jews, Gypsies, and other groups
-use of extermination camps

The Source of the Word Genocide

-coined by Raphael Lemkin

-destroy or cripple permanently a human group

The UN Definition of Genocide

-genocide is the destruction of a group of people by:

-killing members of the group
-severely injuring members of the group
-imposing difficult or impossible living conditions on the group
-preventing members of the group from having children
-removing children from the group to be raised by other groups

Factors that Increase the Likelihood of Genocide

-unequal distribution of power and resources

-economic, political, or social instability
-leaders who increase tensions between groups
-leaders who make specific plans to use violence

Response to Genocide

-impositions of sanctions against the accused country

-UN Resolution condemning the acts of genocide

-arrests and trials of the perpetrators by the International Criminal Court
-UN peacekeeping missions to resolve conflict

The Armenian Genocide, 1915

-in 1915, the Ottoman Turks committed genocide against Turkey's Armenian population
-gov't sponsored massacres
-death marches
-mass deportations

Holodomor in the Soviet Union, 1932-1933

-gov't policies created the Holodomor in Ukraine

-Soviets confiscated grain from Ukraine
-the gov't restricted Ukranians from leaving their land to fond food
-seven million Ukranians starved

Cambodian Genocide;1975-1979

-in 1975, a communist group called the Khmer Rouge took over Cambodia
-persecuted "enemies of the gov't"
-established "re-education" camps

-instituted farming policies that caused famine

-created "killing fields"

Bosnian Genocide; 1992-1995

-the breakup of Yugoslavia led to war and ethnic cleansing in Bosnia

-the Serbian majority tried to exterminate Bosnian Muslims
-massacred in Srebrenica

Genocide in Latin America

-occurred twice in Latin America in the twentieth century

=Dominican Republic (1937)
-Parsley Massacres by Dominican military
-deaths of 20,000-30,000 Haitians
-Guatemala (1981-1983)
-civil war
-genocide of Mayans
-200K deaths

Genocide in Rwanda, 1994

-Hutu leaders encouraged hatred of the Tutsis to solidify their own power
-Hutus massacred approximately 800,000 Tutsis
-over 1,000,000 children orphaned, resulting in child-headed households

Genocide in Darfur, 2003-

-in 2003, the gov't of Sudan began a campaign of genocide in the region of Darfur
-Darfur is a non-Arab region in an Arab-ruled country
-residents of Darfur protested against gov't policies
-gov't sponsored militia attacks on Darfur

Womens Rights and Roles

How have women's rights and roles changed in modern times?

-human rights and women

-women's roles
-women leaders

Girls' Education

-in 2012, 15-year old Malala Yousafzai was attacked because she fought for the right to go to school

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

-1948
-all equal before law

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

-outline the fundamental rights of every human being

-called human rights
-right to free education
-freedom of religion
-freedom of assembly
-equality before the law
-right to life, liberty, security

The Right to Education

-not all children are able to exercise their right to an education

-have to work to support their families
-families cannot afford to pay for schooling
-live in places where laws prevent them from going to school
-face violence, discrimination, and racism, which stops them from attending school
-women in developing countries are less likely to have educational opportunities

Syria and the Right to Life, Liberty, and Security

-after 40 years of oppression, the people of Syria rose up against their gov't
-the gov't responded with violence, bombing cities and attacking protestors

Protecting Human Rights

-job falls to international organizations

-the UN
-Amnesty International

Title IX

-no person shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in , be denied the benefits of, or be
subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance
-instituted in 1972

Understanding Gender

-socially constructed roles, behavior, activities, and attributes that a particular society considers
appropriate for men and women
-WHO

Evolution of the Roles of Women

=before Industrial Revolution

-expected to marry and to care for children and home

-had limited career opportunities if single

-could not vote or own property
=industrial revolution
-given opportunities to work outside home in factories
-obtained some financial independence
=after industrial revolution
-called for equal property and legal rights, equal access to education and jobs, and equal pay

Women in Developed Countries

-an important part of the workforce

-increasing buying power
-earn about 75% of what a man earns
-take on higher share of unpaid domestic labor
-in most developed countries, women are awarded more than half of all college degrees

Women in Developing Countries

-more likely to be poor

-more likely than men to be at risk for hunger
-high risk for abuse
-face discrimination in education, health care, employment, and control of assets
-more likely to lose their jobs during economic downturns
-2/3 of all illiterate adults are women

Sweden

-the gov't makes equality in education a priority

-antidiscrimination laws protect women' rights in the workplace
-79% of women work
-31% of all publicly traded companies are headed by women
-women are highly represented in gov't

Japan

-women enjoy a high standard of living

-make up half of the workforce, but only about 10% of managerial positions
-women have minimal representation in gov't

Yemen

-men make all major decisions, both in the gov't and at home
-very few women in Yemen work outside the home
-women have a low standard of living and few rights
-women have a limited access to education

Women's Roles around the World

=Sweden
-equal rights
-equal pay

-high political representation

=Japan
-equal rights
-few management jobs
-some political representation
=Yemen
-few rights
-very little political representation

Timeline of Women in Political Leadership Roles

-1916 - first woman to be elected to US Congress

-1930 - first woman in modern history appointed as ambassador
-1960 - first female PM elected
-1996 to present - women elected as heads of state in 22 nations

Women Leaders in the West

=Margaret Thatcher
-PM of the UK, elected in 1979
=Condoleezza Rice
-US SoS

=Angela Merkel
-Chancellor of Germany

Women Leaders in the East

=Golda Meir
-PM of Israel
=Indira Gandhi
-PM of India
=Park Geun-Hye
-president of South Korea

Women as Business Leaders

=Indra Nooyi
-PepsiCo
=Marissa Mayer
-Yahoo!

Impact of Science and Technology

How have advancements in science and technology changed the modern world?

-space travel and exploration

-computers, medicine, and agriculture

-renewable resources

Everyday Technology

-which electronic devices do you use?

The Space Race: Competition and Cooperation

=competition
-USSR first to launch both unmanned and manned satellites into space (1961)
-the US was first to land a man on the moon
=cooperation
-Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (1975)
-signed a treaty agreeing to improved space cooperation (1987)

International Space Station

-assembly began in 1998

-16 nations involved, including the US and Russia
-inhabited by astronauts, scientists, and other space researchers

Hubble Space Telescope

-highly accurate space photos

Satellites

-transmit signals to enable global mass communications for phone, TV, radio, and Internet
-carry out scientific research
-monitor and predict weather
-aid in directing navigation systems, including GPS

Computers and the Internet

-computer now more powerful, faster, smaller, and less expensive

-changed the way people communicate, shop, study, and work
-accelerated globalization

Television

-satellite technology broadcasts channels around the world

-people have increased access to information

Westernization

-increased access to American media has led to the Westernization of global culture
-English is becoming the dominant second language spoken
-one effect of globalization

Medical Technology

-powerful medicines treat a greater variety of illnesses

-lasers and robotics help with complex surgeries
-scanning technologies determine illnesses and treatment

The Green Revolution, 1940s-1970s

-use of science to increase farming productivity

-breeding of superior types of grains
-soil conservation and crop rotation
-pesticides and fertilization
-irrigation
-use of specialized machinery

Nonrenewable Sources of Energy

-most nonrenewable energy sources cause pollution and lead to environmental damage
-coal
-oil
-natural gas
-nuclear power

Environmental Approaches

-environmentalism is the movement to engage in practices that minimize harm to the environment
-promotes sustainable practices and technologies
-encourages use of renewable energy sources

Renewable Sources of Energy

-wind power
-solar power
-hydroelectric power
-geothermal power

Economic Globalization

How has globalization influenced the world economy?

=effects of globalization

-business
-organizations
-economies

Globalization

-the process of countries' becoming more connected over time

-greater interdependence between countries
-larger markets for goods and services

Global Communication and Business

-allows instant business communication worldwide

-allows people to monitor economic trends
-buy and sell instantly online

Global Transportation and Business

-faster methods of transportation have changed the way companies do business, allowing them to:
-ship resources and products around the world quickly
-sell products globally

Global Workforces and Business

-outsourcing work to laborers in other countries

-cutting labor costs to make higher profits

Multinational Corporations

-based in one nation

-operate in many nations
-create and sell products globally

Trade Organizations

-help regions compete

-allow countries to integrate to pool their resources
-lower barriers to trade

The North American Free Trade Agreement

-NAFTA
-allows goods and services to flow across the nations' borders with fewer taxes
-helps multinational corporations take advantage of resources across borders

The European Union

-shares a common currency

-creates a common market, allowing free movement of people and goods

Commodity Organizations

-formed by nations that participate in similar industries

-regulate supply of products
-increase profits for member nations
-cooperate to respond to global economic trends

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Nations

-sets petroleum policies for its members

-establishes prices
-regulates supplies to benefit its members' economies

International Economic Organizations

-handle global trade issues

-helping developing countries expand
-monitoring the global economy

World Trade Organization

-oversees trade policies around the world

-resolves trade disputes
-promoting trade in developing countries

Developed and Developing Economies

-IMF Classification of World Economies

The Global Economy and Developed Nations

-outsource manufacturing to developing nations

-provide more products for sale

Future Challenges for Developed Nations

-slower economic growth

-difficulty finding jobs for less-educated workers
-aging populations

The Global Economy and Developing Nations

-economic growth in developing nations

-increased jobs
-growth of a middle class
-rise in the standard of living

Future Challenges for Developing Nations

-population growth
-environmental problems
-poverty
-provision of democratic rights

Future Challenges for All Countries

-as economies grow, their demand for commodities grows

-higher costs for energy
-higher demand for raw materials
-higher prices for all countries, even developing nations

Writing Workshop: Who are the most Influential People in

History?

How do you write an informative assay about an important historical figure?

-research and organize topic

-write your draft

-revise draft

-research and organize topic

-write your draft

-revise draft

Influence of Leaders

-power - Queen Elizabeth

-leadership - Nelson Mandela
-lasting change - Gandhi

Influence of Leaders

-power - Queen Elizabeth

-leadership - Nelson Mandela
-lasting change - Gandhi

Types of Writing

=narrative
-describes events from a point of view
=argumentative
-expresses and defends an opinion
=informative
-instructs the reader about a topic

Types of Writing

=narrative
-describes events from a point of view
=argumentative
-expresses and defends an opinion
=informative
-instructs the reader about a topic

Analyzing Your Prompt

-format, topic, and purpose

-second paragraph

The Path to Prewriting

=identifying a topic
-choose a topic to research
=researching
-find useful and reputable information
=organizing an outline
-arrange your information in logical order

Choice of Historical Figure

-woman from Europe

-anyone else
-not an American

Choice of Historical Figure

ex
-Genghis Khan
-Simon Bolivar
-Confucius
-Aung San Suu Kyi

What to Research

=significance
-what did this person achieve in his or her lifetime?
-why do people need to know about this person?

=influence
-how did this person influence others?
-how did this person influence history?

Choosing Helpful Sources

-encyclopedias
-museum websites
-gov't websites (.gov)
-nonprofit websites (.org)
-university websites
-books
-primary sources

Choosing Significant and Relevant Facts

-avoid nonacademic, commercial, and biased resources

-choose only information that relates directly to your main ideas

Creating an Outline

-should include:
-topic
-main subtopics
-information to be discussed in each subtopic
I Introduction

--A Describing the Topic

II Body Paragraphs
--A Describing a subtopic
III Conclusion
--Summing up the topic

Outlining for the Draft

-after doing research using credible sources and organizing your information, it's time to create a draft with
an introduction, body, and conclusion
1. Introduction: Use a thesis statement to add your viewpoint to the topic. Also, briefly touch upon the
points you will make in the body paragraphs
2. Body paragraphs: Provide facts that you discovered while doing research on the topic that are relevant
to the essay prompt
A. Describe who this person is, and what he or she accomplished
B. Explain how this person influenced others, and how he or she changed history
3. Conclusion: Summarize briefly what readers should take away from the topic. Reinforce your viewpoint.
You can also include new but relate information here.

The Draft Process

=Introduction
=body paragraphs
=conclusion

A Strong Introduction

-give a brief background of the historical figure

-state where the person is from and what he or she is best known for
-offer a clear statement describing what the essay will discuss - thesis
=sample - Joan of Arc
-stated what its about, and why she's significant

Strong Body Paragraphs

-give clear examples

-offer supporting details
-cite sources effectively

Citing Sources Properly

-MLA

Parenthetical Citations

-no quotations necessary

Strong Conclusions

-supports information provided

-restates evidence
-presents final opinion

Revising Your Essay

-a clear topic
-effective language

Clear Topics: Purposeful Paragraphs

-clearly stated main point?

Clear Topics: Sufficient Details and Factual Support

-hunger strike - give details and purpose

Effective Language

=clear style
-using appropriate language for the audience
-describing complex topics in a straightforward way
=effective transitions
-connecting information clearly

Effective Language: Transitions

-seamlessly connects two paragraphs

-covers both main topics

-shows how new topics relate to topics previously covered

Edit for Style

-avoid or replace:
-slang
-contractions
-sentence fragments
-overly emotional language