Chapter 10 Answers

College Physics Seventh Edition: Instructor Solutions Manual
178
CHAPTER 10
TEMPERATURE AND KINETIC THEORY
Multiple Choice Questions:
1.
(a).
2.
(d). A diatomic molecule can translate, rotate, and vibrate, all of which are associated with energy.
3.
(b). An object at a higher temperature could have more internal energy than a cooler object, but it could also have less,
depending on the relative masses of the two objects.
4.
(c).
5.
(a). The molecular speeds would approach zero, so the pressure would approach zero.
6.
(d).
7.
(c). As the temperature increases, the vibrational energy of the atoms increases, thus causing them to push against
each other and increase the space between them.
8.
(d). Since L = L0T, must have units of inverse temperature, 1/C.
9.
(a). Water reaches its maximum density at 4C, so increasing its temperature from 0C to 4C would make it contact
in volume and hence increase its density.
10. (c). The Kelvin temperature doubles, not the Celsius temperature. 20C = 293 K and 2 293 K = 586 K = 313C.
11.
(a). Internal energy is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature.
12. (b). Both molecules have the same average translational kinetic energy, so the more massive molecule must have a
lower rms speed.
13. (b). A N2 molecule has two atoms, making it diatomic. He and Ne are monatomic and CO 2 is polyatomic.
14. (b). A diatomic gas has 5 degrees of freedom and
1
2
nRT for each one, giving a total of 5/2 nRT of internal energy.
15. (b)
Conceptual Questions:
1.
Not necessarily because internal energy does not depend solely on temperature. It also depends on mass.
2.
An incandescent lamp filament, at temperatures of up to 3000C.
3.
Air contains water vapor and it may freeze at high altitudes where the temperature is low.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion
of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
4.
The Celsius scale will read a smaller numerical change because the Celsius degree is larger than the Fahrenheit
degree.
5.
Monatomic molecules behave like point-masses so they can have only translational kinetic energy. In addition to
179
translational kinetic energy, diatomic molecules can also have rotational and vibrational kinetic energy because the
molecule can rotate and the atoms can vibrate.
6.
The volume of the gas is held constant. So if the temperature increases, so does the pressure and vice versa, according
to the ideal gas law. Therefore, temperature can be determined by measuring pressure.
7.
When the pressure of the gas is held constant, if the temperature increases or decreases, so does the volume.
Therefore, a gass temperature can be measured by monitoring its volume.
8.
Absolute zero implies zero pressure or volume. Negative absolute temperature would imply negative pressure or
volume.
9.
The balloons collapsed. Due to the decrease in temperature, the volume decreases.
10. They have the same number of molecules, because the mole is defined in terms of the number of molecules. One mole
of any gas has the same number of molecules of that gas.
11.
(a) The ice moves upward. (b) The ice moves downward. (c) The copper should be on top.
12. When the disk is heated, it expands, and the mass is farther from the axis of rotation. This increases the moment of
inertia. According to angular momentum conservation, the angular speed decreases.
13. When the ball alone is heated, it expands and cannot go through the ring. When the ring is heated, it expands and the
hole gets larger so the ball can go through again.
14. No, it will not be distorted because both the ring and the bar are made of iron, so they will expand at the same rate as
one single piece. Yes, the circular ring will be distorted if the bar is made of aluminum.
15. Most metals have a larger coefficient of thermal expansion than that of glass. The lid expands more than glass so it
becomes easier to loosen the lid.
16. Since the average translational kinetic energy of the molecules in a gas sample is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature of the sample, the absolute temperature of A must be twice that of B.
17. The gases diffuse through the porous membrane, but the helium gas diffuses faster because its atoms have a smaller
mass than neon and thus, on average, are traveling at a faster (rms) speed. Eventually, there will be equal
concentrations of gases on both sides of the container.
18. Since the molecules of the additive reach your nose first, the average speed of the additive molecules must be greater
than that of the gas. Therefore madditive mgas .
19. Yes, because for all gases, the average translational kinetic energy per molecule is determined by the absolute
temperature of the gas.
180
Chapter 10
Temperature and Kinetic Theory
20. It has more degrees of freedom than the sample consisting of monatomic molecules, and the internal energy is
proportional to the number of degrees of freedom.
21. U = Udiatomic Umonatomic = 5/2 nRT 3/2 nRT = nRT.
Exercises:
1.
TF = 1.8TC + 32 = (1.8)(40) + 32 = 104F
2.
(a) TC = 5/9 (TF 32) = (5/9)(80 32) = 26.7C

(b) TC = (5/9)(0 32) = 17.8C
(c) TC = (5/9)(10 32) = 23.3C
3.
(a) TF = 1.8TC + 32 = (1.8)(120) + 32 = 248F

(b) TF = (1.8)(12) + 32 = 53.6F
(c) TF = (1.8)(-5) + 32 = 23.0F
4.
(a) TF = TC + 32 = (245) + 32 = 473F.

(b) TF = (200) + 32 = 392F.
So is lower.
So is lower.
5.
TC = (TF 32) = (94 32) = .
6.
TF = TC + 32 = (58) + 32 = .
TF = (89) + 32 = .
7.
TC = (TF 32) = (134 32) = .
TC = (80 32) = .
8.
TC = (TF 32) = (98.2 32) = 36.78C.
So her final temperature is 36.78C 8.5C = .
TF = TC + 32 = (28.3) + 32 = .
9.
181
(a) Ground temperature is 20C. At an altitude h the temperature is

Th = T0 (6.5C/km)h
T(11 km) = 20C (6.5C/km)(11 km) = 51.5C
(b) Convert units: 34,000 ft = 10.36 km
T = 20C (6.5C/km)(10.36 km) = 47.3C
10.
(a) The Celsius degree is larger than the Fahrenheit degree, so the same temperature change would require fewer of
the Celsius degrees. Therefore the corresponding temperature drop in the Celsius scale is (3)lessthan25C .
(b) Since TC =
11.
(TF 32), the constant terms will cancel when subtracting, leaving
(a) You would set , because we want to find the one temperature at which the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales have
the same reading.
(b) TF = TC + 32 = TC,
12.
TC = = .
(a) Since TF = TC + 32, TF = TC = (49 7) = .

(b) TF = TC = [127 (183)] = .
13.
Since TC = (TF 32). If Tc is much higher than 32C, TC TF = .

By using
14.
1
2
= 0.500, the percentage difference is about = .
(a) The y-intercept is found by setting , because TF = TC + 32, compared to y = ax + b. To find the y-intercept, we
set x (TC) = 0.
(b) When TC = 0, TF = TC + 32 = 0 + 32 = .
(c) Now TC = (TF 32). The slope is , and the y-intercept is (32) = .
15.
(a) TK = TC + 273.15 = 0 + 273.15 = .
(b) TK = 100 + 273.15 = .
(c) TK = 20 + 273.15 = .
(d) TK = 35 + 273.15 = .
182
16.
Chapter 10
(a) TC = TK 273.15 = 0 273.15 = .
(b) TC = 250 273.15 = .
(c) TC = 273.15 273.15 = .
17.
(d) TC = 325 273 = .
(a) From TK = TC + 273.15 and TC = (TF 32), TK = (TF 32) + 273.15 = .

(b) TK = TF + 255.37 = (300) + 255.37 = 422 K. So is lower.
18.
(a) TC = TK 273 = 30 000 273 = .
TF = TC + 32 = (29 727) + 32 = .
(b) The percentage error is = .
19.
(a) (40 g)(1 mol/18 g) = 2.22mol

(b) (245 g)(1 mol/44 g) = 5.57mol
(c) (138 g)(1 mol/28 g) = 4.93mol
(d) (56 g)(1 mol/32 g) = 1.75mol
20.
(a) = . With V1 = V2,
=.
So the temperature of the gas will as the pressure decreases.

(b) T2 = T1 = [(273 + 20)K] = 439.5 K = .
21.
Using the ideal gas law, with p2 = 2p1 and T2 = T1/2, we have
p1V1 p2V2 (2 p1 )V2 4 p1V2
T1
T2
T1 / 2
T1
which gives V2/V1 = 1/ 4 .
V = = = 0.0224 m3 = 22.4 L.
22.
pV = nRT,
23.
n = (160 g)(1 mol/32 g) = 5.0 mol and p = 2.00 atm = 2.02 105 N/m2
The ideal gas law gives

V = nRT/P = (5 mol)(8.32 J/mol K )(300 K)/(2.02 105 N/m) = 0.0618m 3
24.
T = (273 + 37) K = 310 K

pV = NkBT,
25.
N= = =.
TK = TC + 273 = (TF 32) + 273.15 = TF + 255.37.

Since
26.
183
TK = TF = T,
we have
T= =.
T1 = 74F = (74 32) = 23.3C = 296 K and T2 = 48 F = (48 32) = 8.89C = 282 K.
=,
= = (1) = 0.953.
So V2 = 0.953 V1 = 0.953 (3.50 L) = 3.336 L.

Therefore the volume decreased is 3.50 L 3.336 L = .
27.
With constant volume, the ideal gas law gives

p2 = p1 T2/T1 = (3 atm)(253 K)/(303 K) = 2.5atm
28.
T1 = 92F = (92 32) C = 33.3C = 306.3 K,

=,
T2 = 32F = 0C = 273 K.
V2 = = = .
Here lb/in. 2 can be used since it is in a ratio.

29.
T1 = 61F = (61 32)C = 16.1C = 289.1 K,

p1 = 30.0 lb/in. 2 + 14.7 lb/in. 2 = 44.7 lb/in. 2.
V1 V2 ,
Since
p2
T2 = 100F = 310.8 K,
p1V1
p2V2
=
.
T1
T2
p1T2 (44.7 lb/in.2 )(310.8 K)
48.1 lb/in.2 .
T1
289.1 K
So the gauge pressure is 48.1 lb/in. 2 14.7 lb/in. 2 =

30.
Convert units: 94F = 34.4C = 307 K and 60F = 15.6C = 289 K

With constant volume, the ideal gas law gives
p2 = p1 T2/T1 = (232 atm)(289 K)/(307 K) = 218atm
31.
(a) = ,
= . So the temperature will .
(b) = = (2)(2) = 4.
So
32.
=,
33.
(a) With p = po, = becomes = = .
p2 = = = .
The volume of the gas s as the temperature increases.

(b) = = = 1.106.
So the fractional change is = 1 = 0.106 = .
184
34.
Chapter 10
The pressure 15 m below the surface is

p1 = pa + gh = 1.01 105 Pa + (1000 kg/m 3)(9.80 m/s2)(15 m) = 2.48 105 Pa.
=,
35.
V2 = V1 = (2.0 cm3) = .
If T >> 273 K, we can ignore the 273 in converting from TC to T.

Also TC >> 0C and TF >> 32F so we can ignore the 32 in converting from TF to TC.
Thus T = TC + 273 TC = (TF 32) TF .
(b) At room temperature of 20C = 293 K or 68F, the approximate T TF = (68) = 37.8 K.
So the percentage error is = .
(c) At 10 000 000 F or = (10 000 000 32) = 5.555538 106 C = 5.555811 106 K, the approximate
T TF = (10 000 000) = 5.555556 106 K.
So the percentage error is = .
36.
(a) L = L0T = (12 106 C1)(10 m)(45 C) = 5.4 103 m = 5.4mm

(b) L = L0T = (12 106 C1)(10 m)(25 C) = 3.0 103 m = +3.0mm
37.
(a) It would read , because the tape shrinks. One division on the tape (it is now less than one division due to
shrinkage) still reads one division.
(b) L = LoT,
38.
= T = (24 106 C1)(5.0C 20C) = 6.0 104, or .
Only the higher temperature needs to be considered, because the slabs will not touch under the lower temperature.
The gap should equal to the expansion of one slab, because the adjacent slab could expand at the adjacent gap.
L = Lo T = (12 106 C1)(5.00 m)[45C (20C)] = 1.5 103 m = .
39.
L = LoT = (14 106 C1)(2.4 cm)(100C 20C) = .
40.
41.
For volume expansion, we have V = V0T. In this case, V = 0.0020V0.
2 o T
= 2T = 2(12 106 C1)(0C 350C) = 7.9 103 = .
Ao
0.0020V0 = (2.1 104 C1)V0T

which gives T = 9.5C
42.
(a)
L = Lo + L = Lo(1 + T) = (60.0 cm)[1 + (17 106 C1)(85C 20C)] = .
(b) Ao = r2 = (0.75 cm)2 = 1.77 cm2.

A = 2AoT = 2(17 106 C1)(1.77 cm2)(85C 20C) = .
, the flow speed will be affected according to the equation of continuity.
43.
185
The change in volume of the pie is the volume that flowed out, or 151 cm 3. The temperature change is 400F
68F = 332 F = 184.4 C.
V = V0T = (r2h) T
151 cm3 = (15.0 cm)2(2.10 cm)(184.4 C)
44.
= 5.52 104 C1
(a) The hole will due to expansion.

(b) Ao = r2 = (4.00 cm)2 = 50.27 cm2.
A = 2AoT = 2(24 106 C1)(50.27 cm2)(150C 20C) = 0.314 cm2.
So the final area is 50.27 cm2 + 0.314 cm2 = .
45.
(a) You should heat , so it expands, then the ball can go through.
(b) L = LoT,
T = = = 333C.
So the required temperature is 333 C + 20C = .

46.
For linear expansion, L = L0T. In this case, L = 0.153% L0 = 0.00153L0.

0.00153L0 = L0T
T = (0.00153)/(17 106 C1) = 90.0 C
Since 68F = 20C, we have
Tsun = 20C + 90C = 110C
47.
(a) There will be a gas , because the coefficient of volume expansion is greater for gasoline than steel.
(b) V = Vo T = (9.5 104 C1)(25 gal)(30C 10C) = .
48.
(a) The cavity gets as it expands.

(b) Vo = r\s\up4(3) = (0.050 m)3 = 5.24 104 m3.
V = 3VoT = 3(17 106 C1)(5.24 104 m3)(500 K 293 K)] = .
49.
(a) At 20C, Aob = (5.00 cm)2 = 78.50 cm2
and
Aoc = (5.0010 cm)2 = 78.53 cm2.
At a temperature T, both will have the same area or radius, Ab = Ac.

A = 2LoT,
A = Ao + A = Ao(1 + 2T).
So
Aob(1 + 2b T) = Aoc(1 + 2c T),
T = =
= 96 C.
Thus the temperature is 96 C + 20C = .
(b) , because brass has a higher , the hole will be even larger at a higher temperature.
50.
(a) For steel: Ls = sL0T = (12 106 C1)(75 cm)(30 C) = 0.0270 cm
186
Chapter 10
For aluminum: LA =2Ls = 2(0.0270 cm) = 0.0540 cm (since A = 2s)

The aluminum rod shrunk by 0.0540 cm while the steel tape shrunk by only 0.0270 cm, so the tape is now longer
than the rod by 0.0270 cm. Therefore the tape will indicate 75 cm 0.0270 cm = 74.973cm for the length of the
rod.
(b) Since the temperature changes are the same as in part (a), the length changes are the same, except now we have
expansion. The aluminum rod expands by 0.0540 cm while the steel tape expands by only 0.0270 cm. Now the
aluminum rod is longer than the tape by 0.0270 cm, so the tape measures 75.027cm for the length of the rod.
51.
V = Vo T ,
= .
For ideal gas:
po Vo = nRTo and po V = nRT (constant pressure).
V = V Vo = = = (po = ).
So = .
Therefore = = = = = 3.41 103 /K = 3.41 103 /C.

This is in good agreement with the 3.5 103 /C value.
52.
At 20C,
Vob = 1000 cm3
and
187
Vom = 990 cm3.
At a temperature T, both the beaker and the mercury have the same volume, Vb = Vm.
V = Vo + V = Vo (1 + 3T) = Vo (1 + T),
Vob (1 + 3b T) = Vom (1 + T).
T = = = 59 C.
So the temperature is T = 20C + 59 C = .
Therefore the answer is .
53.
K 32 k BT
7.0 1021 J = ( 3 2 )(1.38 1023 J/K)T
T = 338 K = 65C
54.
(a) K 32 k BT = ( 3 2 )(1.38 1023 J/K)(283 K) = 5.86 1021 J

(b) K 32 k BT = ( 3 2 )(1.38 1023 J/K)(363 K) = 7.51 10 21 J
55.
(a) The internal energy will (2)increasebylessthanafactorof2 . The reason is that the internal energy is directly
proportional to the Kelvin temperature, and doubling the Celsius temperature will increase but not double the
Kelvin temperature.
(b) Since the internal energy is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature, we can write U = (const)T. The
constant will depend on whether the gas is monatomic, diatomic, or more complex. Taking the ratio of the internal
energies gives
Uf
Ui
56.
(const)T f
(const)Ti
mvrms2 =
Tf
Ti
313K
1.07
293K
kBT
vrms = (3kBT/m)1/2 = [3(1.38 1023 J/K)(273 K)/(5.31 1026 kg)]1/2 = 461m/s
57.
(a) K 32 k BT = ( 3 2 )( 1.38 1023 J/K)(298 K) = 6.17 10 21 J

(b)
mvrms2 = K
vrms = (2 K /m)1/2 = [2(6.17 1021 J)/(6.65 1027 kg)]1/2 = 1360m/s
188
58.
Chapter 10
(a) Since U = nRT and pV = nRT,

U = pV = (1.01 105 Pa)(4.00 m)(10.0 m)(3.00 m) = .
(b) Ug = mgh ,
h=
Ug
mg
= =.
59.
Tcool = 0C = 273 K, Thot = 2(273 K) = 546 K = 273C
60.
(a) Since both gases are at the same temperature, they have the same average kinetic energy per molecule.
Therefore the lighter molecule must be moving faster than the heavier one. The molecular weight of N 2 is 28 u
while the molecular weight of O2 is 32 u. So the lighter N2 moves faster than the heavier O2. Therefore the rms
speed of the nitrogen is (1)greaterthan the rms speed of the oxygen.
(b) Taking the ratio of the kinetic energies, which are equal, gives
K N 1/ 2 mN vN2 28vN2
1
K O 1/ 2 mO vO2 32vO2
This gives
vN
32
8
1.07
vO
28
7
61.
First find the temperature of the gas.

pV = nRT,
T==
6.0(1.01105 Pa)(0.010 m3 )
= 364.6 K.
(2.0 mol)[8.31J/mol K]
K = kBT = (1.38 1023 J/K)(364.6 K) = .

62.
vrms = ,
= = =.
So the rms speed .

63.
vrms = ,
64.
Since K
= =
=.
3
1
mvrms2, if the rms speed doubles, the average kinetic energy increases by a factor of 4, so the
k BT =
2
2
absolute temperature also increases by a factor of 4. In this case, T1 = 20C = 293 K and T2 = 4(293 K) = 1172 K =
899C .
65.
(a) Both gases have the same average kinetic energy, so on the average the molecules of the lighter one would be
moving faster than those of the heavier one. Therefore on the average (1) 235 UF6 would be moving faster.
(b) Taking the ratio of the kinetic energies, which are equal, gives
K light
K heavy
1
2
1
2
189
ml vl2
1
mh vh2
This gives the velocity ratio

vl
mh
238 6(19)
352
1.0043
vh
ml
235 6(19)
349
66.
Since helium is monatomic

UHe =
nRT = ( 3 2 )(1.00 mol)(8.31 J/mol K )(303 K) = 3780J
Since O2 is diatomic
UO =
67.
nRT =
Umonatomic =
Udiatomic =
UHe = 6290J
nmRT
ndRT =
RT =
Um/nm
nd( 2 3 Um/nm) = ( 5 3 )(1.0 mol)[(5000 J)/(1.0 mol)]
= 8300J
68.
(a) For N2: K 3 2 k BT = ( 3 2 )(1.38 1023 J/K)(283 K) = 5.86 10 21 J

ForHeitisthesame.
(b) For N2, there are 3 degrees of freedom for the translational motion, so the energy per degree of freedom is (
1
)
3
(5.86 1021 J) = 1.95 1021 J. For the diatomic N2 molecule, there are 2 degrees of rotational freedom, each
having an energy of 1.95 1021 J, so the total rotational kinetic energy is 2(1.95 1021 J) = 3.91 10 21 J . The
Nehasnorotationalkineticenergy since it is a monatomic gas.
(c) For N2, the total energy is
U N2 K avg , N2 K avg , N 2 32 k B T 22 k BT 52 k BT 25 (1.38 1023 J/K)(283 K)
9.76 1021 J
For He, the total energy is

U He K avg , He K rot , He 32 k BT 0 32 (1.38 1023 J/K)(283 K) 5.86 10 21 J
69.
Both molecules have translational kinetic energy, but the diatomic molecule also has rotational kinetic energy due
to its extra two degrees of freedom. Since they have the same total kinetic energy, we have
Kd = K m
Kd(trans) + Kd(rot) = Km(trans)
3
kBTd + kBTd =
kBTm
Tm = ( 2 3 )( 3 2 + 1)Td =
Td = ( 5 3 )(298 K) = 497 K = 224C
190
70.
Chapter 10
(a) Cooling is the reverse of thermal expansion: most objects contract, so their density (1)increases since their
mass does not change.
(b) Let h refer to the high temperature (68F) and c refer to the cold temperature (40F). The fractional change in
the density is
m m
c h Vc Vh Vh
1
m
h
Vc
Vh
The cold volume is related to the hot volume by
Vc = Vh V = Vh VhT = Vh(1 T)
Substituting this into the density equation gives
Vh
1 (1 T )
T
Vh (1 T )
1 T
1 T
Using = 3 and T = 108 F = 60 C, we have
3 75.2 10 C (60 C)
1.37 10 2 1.37%
1 3 75.2 106 C1 (60 C)
6
71.
The rate R of water flow is proportional to the area of the spout, so we must look at area expansion. The coefficient
of area expansion is 2.
R A 2 A0 T
2T = 2(17 106 C1)(212F 68F)(1 C/1.8 F)

R0
A0
A0
= 0.00272 = 0.27%
72.
(a) One mole occupies 22.4 L.
So n = = .
(b) N = nNA = (3.35 102 moles)(6.02 1023 /mole) = .

(c) CO has a molar mass of 12 + 16 = 28 g/mole. So the mass is (3.35 102 moles)(28 g/mole) = .
73.
For a monatomic gas, U =

V
74.
nRT. Using this in the ideal gas law PV = nRT, we have
2 7480 J
nRT nR U
2U
0.0494 m 3
3
P
P 2 nR 3 p 3 1.01 105 N/m 2
The ideal gas law for constant volume gives

p2 = p1 (T2/T1)
We also know that
1
mvrms2 =
3
2
kBT
T = (m/3kB)vrms2
Using this in the ideal gas law gives
p2 p1
m / 3kB v22
m / 3kB v12
p1
191
v22
v12
Since v2 = v1 + 0.2v1 = 1.2v1, we have

p2 p1
75.
1.20v1
v12
p1 (1.20)2 (2.00atm)(1.20)2 = 2.88atm
(a) The answer is , because it has the smallest mass and therefore the highest rms speed.
(b) T = 40F = 40C = 233 K. 10% of 11 000 m/s is 1100 m/s.
vrms = = = .

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College Physics Seventh Edition: Instructor Solutions Manual

(d). Since L = L0T, must have units of inverse temperature, 1/C.

(a). Internal energy is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature.

An incandescent lamp filament, at temperatures of up to 3000C.

College Physics Seventh Edition: Instructor Solutions Manual

Temperature and Kinetic Theory

TF = 1.8TC + 32 = (1.8)(40) + 32 = 104F

(a) TC = 5/9 (TF 32) = (5/9)(80 32) = 26.7C

(a) TF = 1.8TC + 32 = (1.8)(120) + 32 = 248F

(a) TF = TC + 32 = (245) + 32 = 473F.

TC = (TF 32) = (94 32) = .

TC = (TF 32) = (134 32) = .

TC = (TF 32) = (98.2 32) = 36.78C.

So her final temperature is 36.78C 8.5C = .

College Physics Seventh Edition: Instructor Solutions Manual

(a) Ground temperature is 20C. At an altitude h the temperature is

(a) Since TF = TC + 32, TF = TC = (49 7) = .

Since TC = (TF 32). If Tc is much higher than 32C, TC TF = .

= 0.500, the percentage difference is about = .

(a) TK = TC + 273.15 = 0 + 273.15 = .

(b) TK = 100 + 273.15 = .

Temperature and Kinetic Theory

(a) TC = TK 273.15 = 0 273.15 = .

(b) TC = 250 273.15 = .

(c) TC = 273.15 273.15 = .

(d) TC = 325 273 = .

(a) From TK = TC + 273.15 and TC = (TF 32), TK = (TF 32) + 273.15 = .

(a) TC = TK 273 = 30 000 273 = .

(b) The percentage error is = .

(a) (40 g)(1 mol/18 g) = 2.22mol

(a) = . With V1 = V2,

So the temperature of the gas will as the pressure decreases.

The ideal gas law gives

College Physics Seventh Edition: Instructor Solutions Manual

T = (273 + 37) K = 310 K

TK = TC + 273 = (TF 32) + 273.15 = TF + 255.37.

So V2 = 0.953 V1 = 0.953 (3.50 L) = 3.336 L.

With constant volume, the ideal gas law gives

T1 = 92F = (92 32) C = 33.3C = 306.3 K,

Here lb/in. 2 can be used since it is in a ratio.

T1 = 61F = (61 32)C = 16.1C = 289.1 K,

p1T2 (44.7 lb/in.2 )(310.8 K)

So the gauge pressure is 48.1 lb/in. 2 14.7 lb/in. 2 =

Convert units: 94F = 34.4C = 307 K and 60F = 15.6C = 289 K

= . So the temperature will .

(a) With p = po, = becomes = = .

The volume of the gas s as the temperature increases.

Temperature and Kinetic Theory

The pressure 15 m below the surface is

If T >> 273 K, we can ignore the 273 in converting from TC to T.

(a) L = L0T = (12 106 C1)(10 m)(45 C) = 5.4 103 m = 5.4mm

= T = (24 106 C1)(5.0C 20C) = 6.0 104, or .

L = LoT = (14 106 C1)(2.4 cm)(100C 20C) = .

For volume expansion, we have V = V0T. In this case, V = 0.0020V0.

0.0020V0 = (2.1 104 C1)V0T

L = Lo + L = Lo(1 + T) = (60.0 cm)[1 + (17 106 C1)(85C 20C)] = .

(b) Ao = r2 = (0.75 cm)2 = 1.77 cm2.

College Physics Seventh Edition: Instructor Solutions Manual

(a) The hole will due to expansion.

So the required temperature is 333 C + 20C = .

For linear expansion, L = L0T. In this case, L = 0.153% L0 = 0.00153L0.

(a) The cavity gets as it expands.

(a) At 20C, Aob = (5.00 cm)2 = 78.50 cm2

Aoc = (5.0010 cm)2 = 78.53 cm2.