Language:

When I arrived at the cinema, the film had started. (Intermediate)

Meaning:
In this grammar structure the film had started means that one thing
happened before another. The film started first. Tell the SS that I went to
the cinema at 7.15 p.m but the film started at 7:00 p.m.
Use a time line to indicate that both events happened in the past.
Past------------l film started l--l I arrived at the cinema l-----------------Now---------Future
(7.00 p.m)
(7.15 p.m)
CCQs can also be effectively used to convey the meaning of the sentence.
Are both events in the past? Yes.
Did I arrive at the cinema? Yes.
Did the film start? Yes.
Was I there when the film started? No.
Pronunciation features to highlight:
When I arrived at the cinema, the film had started.
/hd/ strong form
Form to highlight:
Subject + had + V3 ( past participle)
Anticipated problems:
The SS may may not use the
auxiliary had and hence say,
When I arrived at the cinema, the
film started.

Solutions:
Use timeline examples to contrast
the difference.
When I arrived at the cinema, the
film started. The film started a few
seconds after my arrival(Simple Past
Tense)
When I arrived at the cinema, the
film had started. - The film started
some time before I arrived. (Past
Perfect Tense)

References:
Practical English Usage, Michael Swan (Oxford)

Language:
My grandfather would always have sweets in his pocket for us. (Upper
intermediate)
Meaning:
CCQs can be used to convey the meaning of the sentence.
Am I referring to the past? (yes)
Did my grandfather have sweets in his pocket? (yes)
Did my grandfather have sweets in his pocket for us? (yes)
Was there a time when my grandfather didn't have sweets in his pocket for
us? (no)
Pronunciation features to highlight:
The word grandfather would have the phoneme /d/as a silent consonant.
/'grndf:/
Form to highlight:
Would always + verb
Anticipated problems: SS may
confuse 'would always' with 'use to'

Solutions: Explain that we use

'used to' and 'would' to describe
habits or truths in the past; they do
not happen or are not true in the
present.
We can use used to or would
to describe repeated actions in
the past
We only use used to for truths
in the past

References:
Grammar for English Language Teachers, Martin Parrott (Cambridge) Page 250

Language:
Its too heavy to lift. (Pre-intermediate)
Meaning:
CCQs can be used to convey the meaning of the sentence.
Is the object heavy? (yes)
Can I lift the object? (no)
Could I lift the object if it was lighter? (yes)
Pronunciation features to highlight:

Its too heavy to lift.

Form to highlight:
Too heavy to lift
Adverb (too) + adjective/adverb + rest of the sentence
Anticipated problems:
Solutions:
The SS may confuse 'too' (also) with 'too'
Elicit the answer by asking the SS to give the
(excessively)
meaning of this sentence Sarah was too tired
to walk home. I was tired, too.
References:
Practical English Usage, Michael Swan (Oxford) Page 588

Language:
Youre filthy! What have you been doing? (Intermediate)
Meaning:
CCQs can be used to convey the meaning of the sentence.
Am I clean now? (no)
Have I done something to be filthy? (yes)
Is the person asking the question unhappy about me being filthy? (yes)
Does the person want to know the reason why I am filthy? (yes)
Pronunciation features to highlight:

Stress on
Youre filthy! What have you been doing?
/J/ /'fli/! /wt/ /hv/ /j/ /bi:n/ /'du(:)/?
Pronunciation of filthy: /'fli/
Contractions: 'you are' /ju/ /ar/ becomes you're / jr/. ' What have' /wt/
/hv/ becomes what've /wtv/ and have becomes weak.
Form to highlight:
Wh-Questions in the Present Perfect Progressive (Continuous)
Wh- questions are questions that require more information in their
answers. Typical wh- words are what, where, when, why, which, who, how,
how many, how much.
To create a wh-question, start with the wh-word, then add have or has,
then the subject (a person or thing that has been doing the action),
followed by been and the ing (present participle) form of the verb, and
only then add the rest of the sentence.
wh-word + have + subject + been + verb+ing? (Present Perfect
Continuous)
Anticipated problems:
The SS may confuse Present
Perfect Simple with Present
Perfect Continuous.

Solutions:
Explain the difference to the SS.
The present perfect simple is used when the
action is finished, and the result comes from
the action being finished.
The present perfect continuous is used when
the result comes from the action itself. It
doesn't matter if the whole action is finished
or not. The result is often something we can
see, hear, smell, or feel.
A time line can also be used to illustrate the
difference.

References:
Grammar for English Language Teachers, Martin Parrott (Cambridge) Page 241

Language:
Library Vs bookshop (Elementary)
Meaning:
Library a room or building containing books that can be looked at or
borrowed.
Bookshop a shop that sells books.
CCQs can be used to convey the meaning of the words.
Library:
Can I keep the books? (no)
Do I have to return the books? (yes)
Do I have to pay for the books? (no)
Can I read the books there? (nes)
Bookshop: Can I keep the books? (yes)
Do I have to return the books? (no)
Do I have to pay for the books? (yes)
Pronunciation features to highlight:

Library
Bookshop
/ labrri /

/ bkp /

Form to highlight:
A library
(pl) libraries
(countable noun, irregular plural)
A bookshop
(pl) bookshops (countable noun)
Anticipated problems:
SS may pronounce / bkp / as /
bksp / as a result of L1
interference.

Solutions:
Cover unit 32 in Ship or Sheep and
let the students practice the
pronunciation of /s/ and //.

References: A. Baker, 2006. Ship or Sheep (3rd edition). Cambridge

University Press

Language:
He looked the word up in a dictionary. (Pre-intermediate)
Meaning:
Look up is a phrasal verb
In this context the meaning is as follows:
To try and find a piece of information that you do not understand (or know
the meaning of) by looking in a book (or a computer).
Did he know the meaning of the word? (no)
Did he try and find out the meaning in a dictionary? (yes)

Pronunciation features to highlight:

He looked the word up in a dictionary
/hi/ /lkt/ // /wd/ /p/ /n/ // /dk()n()ri/
Form to highlight:
To look up something.
Subject + phrasal verb.
It is a separable phrasal verb.
To look something up (when object is a noun).
It is inseparable when the object is a pronoun.
Anticipated problems:
Meaning/use
The SS may confuse it with it's
literal meaning (looking up above).

Solutions:
Explain phrasal verbs to SS. These are words
working as a unit with a distinct meaning. A
phrasal verb is not a verb plus an adverb or a
verb plus a preposition. Its a verb all by
itself. When we use the phrasal verb look up,
the word up does not indicate direction like it
normally does. It doesnt mean to look in an
upward direction. Its an idiomatic use of up
one that isnt literal, but is intuitively
understood by English speakers.

References:
Grammar for English Language Teachers, Martin Parrott (Cambridge) Page 98

Language:
She couldnt make ends meet with 3 children and so many bills.
(Advanced)
Meaning:
Not having enough money to buy the things you need.
Did she have difficulty in providing for her children? (yes)
Did she have difficulty in paying the bills? (yes)
Did she have enough money left over for herself? (no)

Pronunciation features to highlight:

/ i / /'kdnt/ /mek/ /ndz/ /mit/ /w/ 3 /tldrn/ /nd/ /s/ /
mni/ /blz/
Form to highlight:
Subject + auxiliary verb could + adverb (not) + idiom
Anticipated problems:
Solutions:
Form
Explain that make ends meet is an idiom
SS may add the pronoun her (she
and 'her' is not to be added.
couldn't make her ends meet).
SS may understand 'ends meet'
literally.
References:
Grammar for English Language Teachers, Martin Parrott (Cambridge) Page 98

Language:
Tummy vs stomach (Pre-intermediate)
Meaning:
Stomach - the part of the body that stores and digests food.
Tummy a person's stomach or abdomen.
Tummy is an informal word for stomach. A term normally used by children
or in speaking with a child.

Pronunciation features to highlight:

Stomach
/stmk/
Ache is pronounced as /k/.
Stomach
The o is pronounced as //.

Tummy
/tmi/
The u is pronounced as //.
Form to highlight:
Both are countable nouns. The words are spelled differently in plural form.
Plural: stomachs and tummies

Anticipated problems:
SS pronouncing the word as /
stmet/ instead of /stmk/.

Solutions:
The teacher would model the correct
pronunciation and drill the SS.

SS pronouncing the word as /

stmk/ instead of /stmk/.

Demonstrate the difference by

showing 2 pictures. In one picture a
doctor would be speaking to an
adult and using the word 'stomach'.
In another picture the doctor uses
the word 'tummy' when speaking to
a child. The child would use the
word 'tummy' as well.

SS may use the word 'tummy' when

referring to an adult.

References:
Merriam-Webster online dictionary ( http://www.merriam-webster.com/)
Bibliography
Practical English Usage, Michael Swan (Oxford)
Grammar for English Language Teachers, Martin Parrott (Cambridge)
A. Baker, 2006. Ship or Sheep (3rd edition). Cambridge University Press
Merriam-Webster online dictionary ( http://www.merriam-webster.com/)

Assignment 2: Language-related task

Candidate name: ___________________
Checklist
You have sufficiently analysed the meaning,
pronunciation and form of, provided
adequate concept-checking questions for, and
anticipated potential problems / solutions
for

Due date: Sunday, 8th November @ 9am

Tutor comment

1. When I arrived at the cinema, the film had

started.
2. My grandfather would always have sweets
in his pocket for us.
3. Its too heavy to lift.
4. Youre filthy! What have you been
doing?
5. Library Vs bookshop
6. He looked the word up in a dictionary.
7. She couldnt make ends meet with 3
children and so many bills.
8. Tummy Vs stomach
You have provided evidence that you looked
at reference materials.
You have respected the word count: 7501000
Assessment:
or X

Criteria
analysing language correctly for teaching purpos
correctly using terminology relating to form, meaning and phonology when
analysing language
accessing reference materials and referencing information they have learned about
language to an appropriate source
using written language that is clear, accurate and appropriate to the task
Overall Grade

Pass

Resubmit

Pass on resubmission

Fail

Tutor: