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1.
Blue print

1 Mark = 2

3 Mark = 1

5 Mark = 1

ATOMIC STRUCTURE II
Total marks = 10

Govt. Examination questions

1 MARK
1.

En =

313.6
, If the value of Ei = 34.84 to which value n corresponds
n2

a) 4

b) 3

c) 2

[June-2008, Mar-2016]
d) 1

2.

Dual character of an electron was explained by

[Mar-2006, Sep-2007, Sep-2008, June-2009, June-2010, Mar-2013, Sep-2015]
a) Bohr
b) Heisenberg
c) de-Broglie
d) Pauli

3.

de-Broglie quation is

mv
a) =
h

[June-2006, Sep-2009, Mar-2012, Sep-2012, Mar-2014, June-2014]

h
hv
b) = hmv
c) =
d) =
mv
m

4.

Which of the following particle having same kinetic energy, would have the maximum de-Broglie wave
length?
[Mar-2007, Sep-2014]
a) -particle
b) proton
c) -particle
d) neutron
h
Note : =
( Mass of -particle is very less and hence it has maximum )
mv

5.

If the energy of an electron in the second Bohr orbit of H-atom is E, what is the energy of the electron
in the Bohrs first orbit?
[June-2011]
a) 2E
b) 4E
c) 2E
d) 4E
Note: En =

6.

7.

E1
n2

E2 =

E1
22

E1 = 4 E2

The bond order of oxygen molecule is

a) 2.5
b) 1

c) 3

The hybridisation in SF6 molecule is

a) sp3
b) sp3d2

c) sp3d

E1 = 4 ( E ) = 4 E
[Sep-2010, Sep-2011]
d) 2
[Mar-2008, Mar-2010, Sep-2013]
d) sp3d3

8.

The intramolecular hydrogen bonding is present in

[June-2007, Mar-2009, Mar-2011, June-2010, June-2013, June-2015]
a) o-nitrophenol
b) m-nitrophenol
c) p-nitrophenol
d) None

9.

The momentum of a particle which has de-Broglie wave length of 1 is

[Mar-2006, Mar-2011]
23
1
24
1
34
1
a) 6.6 10 kg ms
b) 6.6 10 kg ms
c) 6.6 10 kg ms
d) 6.6 1034kg ms1
Note: =

p=

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6.6 10 -34
24
= 6.6 10
10 10
-1-

( = 1 = 10 m )
10

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10.

Which one of the following experiments confirmed the wave nature of electron?
a) G.P. Thomsons gold foil experiment
b) Black body radiation
c) Photoelectric effect
d) Millikens oil drop experiment
Wave character of electron

Particle character of electron

1. Davisson and Germers experiment

2. G.P. Thomsons experiment
[Diffraction of electrons]
11.

[Mar-2010]

1. Scintillation
2. J.J Thomson experiment
3. Millikens oil drop experiment
4. Black body radiation
5. Photoelectric effect

The circumference of the circular orbit of the electron must be an integral multiple of ----------[Sep-2006]
a) Frequency
b) Momentum
c) Mass
d) Wavelength
Note: 2a = n

12.

Number of spherical nodes in 2s- orbital is

a) 1
b) 2

[June-2009]
c) 3

Note: Number of nodes in s-orbital = n 1

13.

d) 4

( n = principal quantum number )

The bond order of nitrogen molecule is

a) 0
b) 1

[June-2006, June-2012, June-2013]

d) 3

c) 2

14.

In a molecule eight electrons are present in bonding molecular orbitals and four electrons are present in
antibonding molecular orbitals. Its bond order is
[Mar-2008]
a) 3
b) 4
c) 2.5
d) 2

15.

Energy levels of molecular orbitals have been determined experimentally by

a) spectroscopic studies b) x-ray diffraction
c) crystallographic studies

[Sep-2007]
d) none

16.

Molecular orbital with the least energy is ------------a) 1s

b) *1s
c) 2py

d) *2py

17.

The type of hybridization of I in ICl4 is

a) sp3
b) sp3d2

d) sp3d

18.

19.

20.

21.

[Sep-2012]
c)dsp2

The nature of hybridization in IF7 molecule is

a) sp3d2
b) sp3d2

3 3

c) sp d

[Sep-2006, Sep-2010, Mar-2014]

d) sp3d4

The hybridization involved in XeF6 is

a) sp3d3
b) sp3d2

c) sp d

d) sp

The type of hybridization of S in SO42 is

a) sp3
b) sp3d

c) sp

d) sp2

The hybridization in CO32 ion is

a) sp2
b) sp3

c) sp

d) sp3d

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[June-2007, June-2011]
3

[Mar-2009]

[Sep-2009]

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22.

23.

24.

25.
26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

The hybridization in PCl5 molecule is

a) sp3d
b) sp3d

[June-2012, Mar-2013]
c) sp

The type of hybridization of N in NH 4+ ion is

a) sp3
b) sp3d

c) sp

d) sp

[Mar-2012]
d) sp2

Inter-molecular hydrogen bonding is present in

a) HF
b) H2O
c) ethanol

[Mar-2007]
d) all the above

Water exists in liquid state. This is due to

a) high boiling point
b) low boiling point

c) freezing point is zero

Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is present in

a) orthonitrophenol
b)salicylic acid

c) orthohydroxybenzaldehyde

The molecular orbitals are fi1led according to

a) Pauli's exclusion principle b) Hunds rule

[June-2008]
d) hydrogen bond
[Sep-2008]
d) HF
[Sep-2013]

c) Aulbau principle

d) all the above

In amolecule when Nb = 8 and Na = 2, then the bond order is

a) 3
b) 4
c) 2.5

d) 2

[June-2014]

Shape of p-orbital is
a) Spherical

d) doughnut

[Sep-2014]
b) Clover leaf

c) dumb-bell

Which molecule is relatively more stable?

a) O2
b) H2

[Mar-2015]
c) Li2

d) N2

Note: Stability of molecule Bondorder

Bond order of H2 = 1, Li2 = 1, O2 = 2, N2 = 3
31.

32.
33.
34.

The value of Bohr radius for hydrogen atom is

8
10
a) 0.529 10 cm
b) 0.529 10 cm
The bond order of hydrogen molecule is
a) 0
b) 1
The bond order of lithium molecule is
a) 0
b) 1
The total valence electrons in BeCl2
a) 18
b) 12

c) 0.529 10 cm
6

d) 0.529 10 cm

[Mar-2015]

12

[June-2015]
c) 3

d) 2

c) 3

d) 2

[Sep-2015]
[Mar-2016]
c) 16

d) 14

Note: EC of Be (Z = 4) : 2, 2
EC of Cl (Z= 17) : 2, 8, 7
The total valence electrons = 2 + 7 + 7 = 16

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3 MARK
1.

State Heisenbergs uncertainty principle

[March-2006, Sep-2007, March-2008, Sep-2009, Mar-2011, Sep-2011, June-2012, Mar-2013, June-2015]
It is impossible to measure simultaneously both the position and velocity (or momentum) of a
microscopic particle with absolute accuracy or certainty.
x . p
where,

2.

h
4

x = uncertainty in the position of the particle and

p = uncertainty in the momentum of the particle.
h = Plancks constant

Give the differences between particle and wave

No
Particle
1
Particle is localized in space.
i.e. A particle occupies a well-defined
position in space
2
Particles do not interfere.
i.e. When a particular space is occupied
by one particle, the same space cannot
be occupied simultaneously by any
other particle.
3
When a number of particles are present
in a given region of space, their total
value is equal to their sum

[June-2006, June-2014, Sep-2014]

Wave
Wave is delocalized in space.
i.e. A wave is spread out in space
Waves interfere.
i.e. Two or more waves can coexist in
the same region of space.

When a number of waves are present in

a given region of space, due to
interference, the resultant wave can be
larger or smaller than the individual
waves.

3.

What is the significance of negative electronic energy?

[June-2008, June-2009, June-2010, Mar-2012, Sep-2012, Mar-2014]
The energy of an electron at infinity is arbitrarily assumed to be zero. This state is called zero-energy
state. When an electron moves and comes under the influence of nucleus, it does some work and spends
its energy in this process. Thus, the energy of the electron decreases and it becomes less than zero ie. it
acquires a negative value.

4.

Define hybridisation
[Mar-2009, June-2013, Mar-2015]
Hybridization is the concept of intermixing of the orbitals of an atom having nearly the same energy to
give exactly equivalent orbitals with same energy, identical shapes and symmetrical orientations in
space.

5.

What is bond order?

[June-2007, Mar-2010, Mar-2016]
Bond order is defined as half the difference between the number of electrons in bonding molecular
orbitals (Nb) and the number of electrons in antibonding molecular orbitals (Na).
Bond order =

6.

Nb Na
2

Give the conditions for effective hydrogen bonding

[Sep-2006, June-2011]
1. High electronegativity of the atom bonded to hydrogen atom so that bond is sufficiently polar.
2. Small size of the atom bonded to hydrogen so that it is able to attract the bonding electron pair
effectively.
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7.

Why He2 is not formed?

[March-2007, Sep-2008, Sep-2010, Sep-2013]
2
The electronic configuration of helium (Z = 2) is 1s .
As each helium atom contains two electrons, there will be four electrons in He2 molecule.
2
2
He2 : (1s) (*1s)
He

He2

He

Energy

*1s
1s

1s

1s
Atomic orbital

Bond order =

Molecular orbitals

Atomic orbital

Nb Na
22
=
=0
2
2

As the bond order for He2 is zero, this molecule does not exist.
8.

Define orbital
[Sep-2015]
An orbital is the region of space around the nucleus within which the probability of finding an electron
of given energy is maximum

5 MARK
1.

Discuss the Davisson and Germer experiment

[March-2007, Sep-2015]
1. A beam of electrons obtained from a heated tungsten filament is accelerated by using a high,
positive potential.
2. When this fine beam of accelerated electrons is allowed to fall on a large single crystal of nickel, the
electrons are scattered from the crystal in different directions.
3. The diffraction pattern so obtained is similar to the diffraction pattern of X-rays by Braggs
experiment. Since X-rays have wave character, therefore, the electrons must also have wave
character.
4. The wave length of the electrons as determined by the diffraction experiments were found to be in
agreement with the values calculated from de-Broglie equation.
5. From the above discussion, it is clear that an electron behaves as a wave.
photographic
plate

In
ele cide
ct nt
ro
ns bea
m

diffracted
electrons

of
Nickel crystal

diffraction pattern

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2.

Derive de-Broglies equation. What is its significance?

[Sep-2006, June-2007, Mar-2011, Sep-2013, June-2015, Mar-2016]
The wavelength of the wave associated with any material particle can be calculated by analogy with
photons as follows.
If the photon has wave character, its energy is given by
E = h (according to planks quantum theory)
Where, h = Planks constant = frequency of the wave
If the photon has particle character, its energy is given by
E = mc2 ( according to Einstein equation)
Where m = mass of photon c = velocity of light
From the above equations we get,
h = mc2
But =

Therefore,
Or

hc
= mc2

h
=
mc

de Broglie pointed out that the above equation is applicable to any material particle. The mass of the photon
is replaced by the mass of the material particle and the Velocity c of photon is replaced by the velocity v
of the material particle.
Thus for any material particle like electron, we may write.
=

h
mv

or

h
p

Where, mv = p (the momentum of the particle)

The above equation is called de Broglie equation and is called de Broglie wavelength.
Significance of de Broglie equation
de Broglie equation relates the particle character with the wave character of matter.
3.

Briefly explain Molecular Orbital Theory. [or] What are the assumptions (postulates) of
molecular orbital theory?
[March-2008, June-2012, Sep-2012, Sep-2014, Mar-2015]
1. In a molecule, electrons are present in new orbitals called molecular orbitals.
2. Molecular orbitals are formed by combination of atomic orbitals of equal energies
3. The number of molecular orbitals formed is equal to the number of atomic orbitals undergoing
combination.
4. Two atomic orbitals can combine to form two molecular orbitals. One of these two molecular
orbitals one has a lower energy and the other has a higher energy. The molecular orbital with lower
energy is called bonding molecular orbital and the other with higher energy is called anti
bonding molecular orbital.
5. The shapes of molecular orbitals depend upon the shapes of combining atomic orbitals.
6. The bonding molecular orbitals are represented by by (sigma), (pi), (delta) and the
antibonding molecular orbitals are represented by *, *, *.
7. The molecular orbitals are filled in the increasing order of their energies, starting with orbital of
least energy. (Aufbau principle)
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8. A molecular orbital can accommodate only two electrons and these two electrons must have
opposite spins. (Paulis exclusion principle)
9. While filling molecular orbitals of equal energy, pairing of electrons does not take place until all
such molecular orbitals are singly filled with electrons having parallel spins. (Hunds rule)
Explain the formation of N2 molecule by molecular orbital theory
[June-2008, Sep-2008, June-2009, June-2010, Sep-2010, June-2011, Mar-2014]
N(Z=7):
1s2 2s2 2p3
Each nitrogen atom has 7 electrons, hence, in N2 molecule there are 14 electrons.
Electronic configuration of N2 :KK (2s)2 < (*2s)2 < (2px)2 = (2py)2 < (2pz)2
Here (1s)2 < (*1s)2 = KK { K shell of the two atoms}
Molecular orbital energy level diagram of N2

N2

*2p

*2p *2p

2p

2p

2p

Energy

4.

2p 2p
x

*2s
2s

2s

2s
Molecular
Orbitals

Atomic
Orbitals

1. Bond Order =

Atomic
Orbitals

Nb Na
82
=
=3
2
2

2. Nature of bond : Since bond order is 3, triple bond is present in N2 molecule. N N

3. Diamagnetic nature: Since all the electrons in N 2 are paired, it is a diamagnetic molecule.

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Explain the formation of O2 molecule by molecular orbital theory

[March-2006, June-2006, Sep-2007, Mar-2010, Sep-2011, Mar-2013, June-2014]
2
2
O ( Z = 8 ) : 1s 2s 2p4
Each oxygen atom has 8 electrons, hence, in O2 molecule there are 16 electrons.
Electronic configuration of O2:KK (2s)2<(*2s)2<(2pz)2 < (2px)2 = (2py)2 < (*2px)1 = (*2py)1
Here (1s)2 < (*1s)2 = KK { K shell of the two atoms}
Molecular orbital energy level diagram of O2

O2

*2p

*2p *2p

2p

2p

2p 2p

Energy

5.

2p

*2s
2s

2s

2s
Atomic
Orbitals

1. Bond Order =

Molecular
Orbitals

Atomic
Orbitals

Nb Na
84
=
=2
2
2

2. Nature of bond : Since bond order is 2, double bond is present in O 2 molecule O = O

3. Paramagnetic Nature : O2 molecule contains two unpaired electrons (*2px1 and *2py1).
So it is paramagnetic.

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6.

The uncertainty in the position of a moving bullet of mass 10 g is 10 5 m. Calculate the uncertainty
in its velocity
[Mar-2009]
5

x = 10 m
m = 10 g = 10 10 kg = 10 kg
h = 6.626
Substituting these values in the equation for uncertainty principle

7.

x . p

x . mv

kg m2 s1

h
4
h
4

h
=
4 m x

6.626 10 -34
= 5.27 1028 m sec1
22
4 10 2 10 5
7

The wavelength of a moving body of mass 0.1 mg is 3.310 10 -29m. Calculate its kinetic energy.
(h = 6.626 10-34 J.s)
[Sep-2009]
m = 0.1 mg = 0.1 103 g = 0.1 10 6 kg = 107 kg
K.E = mv2 = 107 v2

h
=
mv
8.

or

K.E = 107 (200)2 = 2103 J

A moving electron has 4.55 10 25 joules of kinetic energy. Calculate its wavelength.
[ mass = 9.1 10 31 kg and h = 6.626 10 34 kg m2 s 1]
[Mar-2012]
K.E
mv2
9.110 31 v2
2

v
=
9.

6.626 10 -34
h
v=
=
= 200 ms1
7

29
m
10 3.31 10

25

= 4.55 10
= 4.55 10 25
= 4.55 10 25

4.55 10 -25 2
=
= 10 6 v = 10 3 m s 1
31
9.1 10
6.626 10 -34
7

h
=
= 7.25 10
31
mv
9.1 10
10 3

Calculate the uncertainty in the position of an electron if the uncertainty in its velocity is
5.7 105 m/sec (h = 6.626 1034 kg m2 s1, mass of the electron = 9.1 1031 kg)
[June-2013]

h
4
h
x =
=
4 m v
x . mv =

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6.626 10 34
4

22
9.1 10 31 5.7 10 5
7

-9-

= 1 1010 m

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Additional questions
1 MARK
1.

The energy of electron in an atom is given by En =

a)

2.

3.

4.

5.

4 2 me 4
n 2h 2

7.

2 2 me 2
n 2h 2

c)

2 2 me4

d)

n 2h 2

Which explains the wave nature of an electron?

a) scintillation
b) black body radiation
c) interference
de-Broglie relationship has no significance for
a) an electron
b) a proton

2 me 4
n 2h 2

d) photoelectric effect

c) a neutron

d) an iron ball

Mathematical expression of Heisenberg uncertainty principle is

h
h
h
a) x . p
b) x . m
c) x . v
4
4
4

d) x . y

h
4

Energy of an electron of a hydrogen atom is (in KJ mol 1)

a) En = +

6.

b)

1312
n

b) En =

1312
n2

Shape of s-orbital is
a) spherical

b) clover

Shape of dxy-orbital is
a) dough nut

b) clover leaf

c) En =

1312

d) En = +

c) dumb-bell

1312
n

d) dough nut

c) dumb-bell with dough nut

d) spherical

[ d xy , d yz , d zx , d x 2 y2 = clover leaf shape, d z 2 = dumb-bell with dough nut shape]

8.

The probability of finding an electron is same in all directions at a given distance from the nucleus for
a) s-orbital
b) p-orbital
c) d-orbital
d) f-orbital

9.

1s and 2s orbitals do not differ in

a) size
b) shape

c) energy

d) number of nodes

2px , 2py and 2pz orbitals differ in

a) size
b) shape

c) energy

d) orientation

10.

11

12.

13.

The total number of spherical nodes for any s-orbital is equal to

a) l 1
b) n 1
c) m 1
A node refers to the region of
a) maximum probability of finding an electron
c) zero probability of finding an electron
Number of spherical nodes in 3s- orbital is
a) 1
b) 2
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b) more electron density

d) none of these

c) 3
-10-

d) 0

d) 4
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14

15.

For 2px orbital ------------- plane is the nodal plane

a) yz
b) xz
c) xy

d) x

The bond order of H2 molecule is

a) 1
b) 0

d) 1.5

Molecule
Bond order

16

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

c) 2
H2
1

He2
0

Which of the following is paramagnetic?

a) H2
b) N2

Li2
1

N2
3

c) O2

O2
2

d) He2

Stability of a molecule is directly proportional to

a) electron density
b) number of neutrons c) bond order

d) electro negativity

If Nb > Na the molecule is

a) stable
b) unstable

c) explosive

d) highly reactive

If Nb = Na the molecule is
a) stable
b) unstable

c) explosive

d) highly reactive

Which of the following is more stable?

a) N2
b) O2

c) Li2

d) all the above

The correct order of stability or bond dissociation energy is

a) N2 < O2 < Li2
b) N2 > O2 > Li2
c) N2 = O2 < Li2

d) N2 < O2 = Li2

The correct order of bond length is

a) N2 < O2 < Li2
b) N2 > O2 > Li2

d) N2 < O2 = Li2

c) N2 = O2 < Li2

23.

------------ concept is used in the construction of electron microscope and in the study of surface
structure of solids by electron diffraction
a) de-Broglie
b) photoelectric effect
c) blackbody radiation
d) all the above

24.

Hydrogen bonding exists in

a) skin
b) blood

c) bones

The strength of hydrogen bond is in the order

a) H-F.H > H-O.H > H-N.H
c) H-O.H < H-N.H < H-F.H

b) H-F.H = H-O.H > H-N.H

d) H-O.H = H-N.H = H-F.H

Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is present in

a) orthonitrophenol
b)salicylic acid

c) Salicylaldehyde

25.

26.

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d) all the above

d) All the above

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3 MARK.
1.

Explain the formation of H2 molecule by molecular orbital theory

It is formed by the combination of two hydrogen atoms. Each hydrogen atom in the ground state has one
electron in 1s orbital. Therefore, in all there are two electrons in hydrogen molecule which are present in
lower most 1s molecular orbital.
The molecular orbital electronic configuration of hydrogen molecule is ( 1s)2
H

H2

Energy

*1s
1s

1s

1s
Molecular orbitals

Atomic orbital

i)

Bond order =

Atomic orbital

Nb Na
20
=
=1
2
2

ii) Nature of bond : The two hydrogen atoms in a molecule of hydrogen are bonded by a single
covalent bond. H-H
iii) Diamagnetic character : Since no unpaired electron is present in hydrogen molecule, it is
diamagnetic in nature.
2.

Give the Bohrs quantum condition for stationary states

The circumference of the circular orbit of the electron should be an integral multiple of the wavelength
of de Broglie wave, otherwise the wave cannot be smoothly continuous.
2a = n, (n = 1, 2, 3, ....)

This orbit is not allowed

3.

What is meant by hydrogen bonding?

Hydrogen bonding comes into existence as a result of dipole-dipole interactions between the molecules
in which hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom.
It is a weak bond because it is merely an electrostatic force and not a chemical bond.
F

F
H

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H

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4.

Give the consequences of intra molecular hydrogen bonding

1. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding decreases the boiling point of the compound.
2. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding decreases the solubility of the compound in water by
restricting the possibility of intermolecular hydrogen bonding.

5 MARK
1.

Describe G.P. Thomsons experiment to prove wave character of electrons

A beam of accelerated electrons is allowed to pass through thin foil of gold. A diffraction pattern is
observed on the photographic plate placed perpendicular to the direction of the beam. This confirms the
wave nature of electrons.
diffracted
electrons

incident
beamof electrons

thin foil
of gold

2.

photographic
plate

diffraction pattern

Explain two types of hydrogen bonding with suitable examples

1. Inter molecular hydrogen bonding
Inter molecular hydrogen bond is formed between the two molecules of the same or different
compounds.
a) Hydrogen fluoride, H - F
In the solid state, hydrogen fluoride consists of long zig-zag chains of molecules associated by hydrogen
bonds as shown below:
F

F
H

F
H

Therefore, hydrogen fluoride is represented as (HF)n

b) Water
In water molecule, the electronegative oxygen atom forms two polar covalent bonds with two hydrogen
atoms. The oxygen atom due to its higher electronegativity acquires partial negative charge and the two
hydrogen atoms acquire partial positive charge.
+
+
HOH
2The negatively charged oxygen forms two hydrogen bonds with two positively charged hydrogen atoms
of two neighbouring molecules.

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H

H
O
H

H
O

2. Intra molecular hydrogen bonding

This type of bond is formed between hydrogen atom and N, O or F atom of the same molecule. This
type of hydrogen bonding is commonly called chelation and is more frequently found in organic
compounds. Intra molecular hydrogen bonding is possible when a six or five membered rings can be
formed.

H
O

O
C

OH

O-Nitrophenol

Salicylic Acid

Salicylaldehyde

Intramolecular hydrogen bonding (chelation) decreases the boiling point of the compound and also its
solubility in water by restricting the possibility of intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
3.

Give the importance of hydrogen bonding

1. Life would have been impossible without liquid water which is the result of intermolecular
H bonding in it.
2. Hydrogen bonding increases the rigidity and strength of wood fibres and thus makes it an article of
great utility to meet requirements of housing, furniture etc.
3. The rigidity and tensile strength of cotton and silk is due to the presence of hydrogen bonding.
4. Most of our food materials such as carbohydrates and proteins also consist of hydrogen bonding.
5. H bonding is also present in various tissues, organs, skin, blood and bones

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8.
Blue print

1 Mark = 1

3 Mark = 1

5 Mark = 1

SOLID STATE - II

Total marks = 9

Govt. Examination questions

1 MARK
1.

2.

3.

4.

The Braggs equation is

a) = 2d sin
b) nd = 2 sin

c) 2 = nd sin

[Mar-2011, June-2014]
d) n = 2d sin

The crystal structure of CsCl is

a) Simple cubic
b) face-centred cubic

c) Tetragonal

[ Sep-2006 ]
d) Body centred cubic

An example for Frenkel defect is

a) NaCl
b) AgBr

c) CsCl

d) FeS

An example of metal deficiency defect

a) NaCl
b) AgCl

c) CsCl

d) FeS

Crystal
defect
Example

Schottky
Defect
NaCl

[June - 2012]

[Mar-2008, Sep-2008]

Frenkel
Defect
AgBr

Metal excess
Defect
NaCl

Metal deficiency
Defect
FeO, FeS

5.

An ion leaves its regular site and occupies a position in the space between the lattice sites. This defect is
called as
[March-2007]
a) Schottky defect
b) Frenkel defect
c) Impurity defect
d) Vacancy defect

6.

Semiconductors which exhibit conductivity due to the flow of excess negative electrons are called
[June- 2006, June-2013]
a) Superconductors
b) n-type semiconductors c) p-type semiconductors d) Insulators

7.

In the Braggs equation for diffraction of X-rays,n represents

a) number of moles
b) Avogadro number
c) quantum number

8.

In a simple cubic cell, each point on a corner is shared by

a) One unit cell
b) Two unit cell
c) 8 unit cell
Type of atom

9.

10.

Corner
atom

Body centred
atom

[June-2008]
d) Order of reflection
[Mar -2006, June-2007, Sep-2010]
d) 4 unit cell

Face centred
atom

Edge
atom

Shared by
8
1
2
4
(No.of unit cells)
The total number of atoms per unit cell in bcc is [Sep-2007, Sep-2009, June-2010, Sep-2011, Mar-2015]
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
The total number of atoms per unit cell in fcc is
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
Unit cell
No.of atoms per unit cell
way2s100@gmail.com

Simple Cubic
1
-15-

[Mar-2013]
d) 4
BCC
2

FCC
4

Edge centred
4
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11.

12.

13.

Rutile is
a) TiO2

b) Cu2O

[June 2011, Sep-2014, Mar-2016]

d) Ru

c) MoS2

The coordination number of ZnS is

a) 3
b) 4

[Mar-2010]
c) 6

d) 8

The crystal lattice with coordination number four is

a) CsCl
b) ZnO
c) BN
Crystal
Coordination
number

[Sep-2012]
d) NaCl

CsCl

NaCl

FeS

ZnO

ZnS

BN

14.

The number of close neighbours in a body centred cubic lattice of identical spheres is
[Mar-2009, Mar - 2012]
a) 6
b) 4
c) 12
d) 8

15.

Which one of the following crystal has 8 : 8 structure?

a) MgF2
b) CsCl
c) KCl

[Sep-2013]
d) NaCl

16.

The size of the anion in Frenkel defect crystal is

a) larger than the cation
b) smaller than the cation
c) equal in size with cation
d) both are larger in size

17.

The smallest repeating unit in space lattice which when repeated over and again results in the crystal of
the given substance is called
[Mar-2014]
a) Space lattice
b) Crystal lattice
c) Unit cell
d) Isomorphism

18.

The number of chloride ions that surrounds the central Na + ion in NaCl crystal is---------a) 12
b) 8
c) 6
d) 4
The coordination number of BN is
a) 3
b) 4
c) 6
d) 8

19.

[June-2009]

[June-2015]
[Sep-2015]

3 MARK
1.

Sketch the (a) simple cubic (b) face-centred cubic and (c) body centred cubic lattices
[Mar-2009, June-2012, Mar-2016]

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2.

[Sep 2011]

Write a note on the assignment of atoms per unit cell in fcc

A face atom is shared equally between two unit cells and therefore a face atom contributes only

Nf
to
2

the unit cell.

The total number of atoms per unit cell in fcc =

Nc Nf 8 6

1 3 4
8
2
8 2

Nf = Number of atoms at the faces.

3.

What are superconductors?

[Mar-2006, June-2006, Sep-2008, June-2009, Mar-2010, Mar-2013, June-2015]
The ability of certain ultra cold substances to conduct electricity without resistance is called super
conductivity. This superconductivity state is a state in which a material has virtually zero electrical
resistance. Substances having this property are called super conductors.

4.

What is meant by superconducting transition temperature?

[June-2007, Sep-2014]
The super conducting transition temperature Tc of a material is defined as a critical temperature at
which the resistivity of the material is suddenly changed to zero. Thus at that temperature a material is
changed from normal material to superconductor.

5.

Determine the number of CsCl units per unit cell.

[Mar-2007]
CsCl is body centered cubic system. The chloride ions are at the corners of a cube where as Cs + ion is at
the centre of the cube or vice versa. Each Cs+ ion is connected with eight Cl ions and each Cl is
connected with eight Cs+ ions.

Cs

Cl

Nc 8
1
8
8
N
1
b 1
1
1

Number of chloride ions per unit cell

Number of cesium ion per unit cell

Thus number of CsCl units per unit cell is one.

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6.

State Braggs law

[June-2011, Sep-2013]
The fundamental equation which gives a simple relation between the wavelength of the X-rays, the
interplanar distance in the crystal and the angle of reflection, is known as Braggs equation.
n = 2d sin
where n

=
=
=
=

order of reflection
wavelength of X-ray
interplanar distance in the crystal
angle of reflection

7.

Give three uses of super conductors

Refer 5 mark Q - 4

[June-2010, Sep- 2010, June-2014]

8.

What is a vitreous state?

[Sep-2006, Sep-2007, Mar-2012, Mar-2014]
Vitreous state is a condition in which certain substance can exist, lying between the solid and liquid
states. Eg: Glass

9.

What is molecular crystal? Give an example

[Mar-2008, Mar-2011]
1. The lattice points in molecular crystals consist of molecules which do not carry any charge.
2. The forces binding the molecules together are of two types
i) Dipole-dipole interaction and
ii) Vanderwaals forces.
3. Dipole-dipole forces occur in solids which consists of polar molecules e.g., ice.
4. The Vanderwaals forces are more general and occur in all kinds of molecular solids.

10.

Write note on Frenkel defect

Refer 5 mark Q - 2

11.

How are glasses formed?

[Sep-2009, Sep-2012, June-2013, Mar-2015]
When certain liquids are cooled rapidly there is no formation of crystals at a definite temperature, such
as occurring on slow cooling. The viscosity of the liquid increases steadily and finally a glassy
substance is formed.

12.

Write a note on Metal excess defect

[ Sep-2015]
If a crystal of NaCl is heated in sodium vapour, it acquires a yellow colour. This yellow colour is due to
the formation of a non-stoichiometric compound of NaCl in which there is a slight excess of sodium
ions. This defect is called the metal excess defect.

[ June-2008 ]

5 MARK
1.

Write the properties of ionic crystals

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

[June-2007, Mar-2011, Sep-2011, June-2014, Mar-2015]

The melting and boiling points of ionic crystals are very high.
Ionic crystals are hard and brittle.
Ionic crystals are insulators in the solid state.
Ionic solids are good conductors when dissolved in water.
Ionic crystals are soluble in water and also in other polar solvents.

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2.

Write a note on Schottky defect and Frenkel defect (Or)

Write about the most common point defects
[Mar-2006, Sep-2008, Mar-2009, June-2010, Sep-2010, Mar-2012, Sep-2012, Mar-2013, Sep-2013,
Sep-2014, June-2015, Sep-2015, Mar-2016]
Schottky defect
1. Schottky defect is caused if some of the lattice points are unoccupied. The points which are
unoccupied are called lattice vacancies.
2. The number of missing positive and negative ions is the same and thus, the crystal remains neutral.
3. Schottky defect appears generally in ionic crystals in which the positive and negative ions do not
differ much in size.
4. Example: NaCl

Na+ is missing

Cl is missing

Frenkel defect
1. Frenkel defect arises when an ion occupies an interstitial position between the lattice points.
2. This defect occurs generally in ionic crystals in which the anion is much larger in size than the
cation.
3. The crystal remains neutral since the number of positive ions is the same as the number of negative
ions.
4. Example: AgBr
+
Ag
Br

+
Ag
Br

way2s100@gmail.com

Br

+
Ag
Br

+
Ag
Br

+
Ag

+
Ag

Br

+
Ag
Br

Br

+
Ag

-19-

+
Ag
Br

+
Ag
Br

Br

+
Ag
Br

+
Ag

+
Ag
Br

Br
-

+
Ag
Br

+
Ag
Br

+
Ag

+
Ag
Br

+
Ag
Br

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Explain the nature of glass

[March-2007, June-2013]
1. Glasses are optically isotropic
2. On heating without any sharp transition, glass passes into a mobile liquid.
3. They do not have definite geometrical forms.
4. Glasses are regarded as amorphous solids or super cooled liquids
5. Thus, glassy or vitreous state is a condition in which certain substance can exist, lying between the
solid and liquid states.

4.

What is super conductivity? Give its uses

[June-2008, June-2011, June-2012]
The ability of certain ultra cold substances to conduct electricity without resistance is called super
conductivity. This superconductivity state is a state in which a material has virtually zero electrical
resistance. Substances having this property are called super conductors.

Resistivity

3.

Normal
metal

Super conductor
Tc

Temperature

The super conducting transition temperature Tc of a material is defined as a critical temperature at

which the resistivity of the material is suddenly changed to zero. Thus at that temperature a material is
changed from normal material to superconductor.
At the extremely low temperatures, vibration of the nuclei of certain atoms slows down so much and
they synchronise with the passing waves of electrons in a flow of electric current. When this happens,
resistance to electric current disappears.
Applications of superconductors
1. It is a basis of new generation of energy saving power systems. Super conducting generators are
smaller in size and weight when we compare with conventional generators.
These generators consume very low energy and so we can save more energy.
2. High efficiency ore separating machines may be built using superconducting magnets.
3. Superconducting solenoids are used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging equipment which is a
whole body scan equipment.

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5.

Explain Braggs spectrometer method

[June-2006, Sep-2006, Sep-2007, March-2008, June-2009, Sep-2009, Mar-2010, Mar-2014]

This method is used for studying crystals using X-rays.

The apparatus consists of a X-ray tube from which a narrow beam of X-rays is allowed to fall on the
crystal mounted on a rotating table.
The rotating table is provided with scale and vernier, from which the angle of incidence, can be
measured.
An arm which is rotating about the same axis as the crystal table carries an ionisation chamber. The
rays reflected from the crystal enter into the ionization chamber and ionise the gas present inside.
Due to the ionisation, current is produced which is measured by electrometer.
The current of ionisation is a direct measure of intensity of reflected beam from the crystal.
For different angles of incidence, the corresponding ionisation current is measured from the
electrometer. These values are plotted in the form of graph.
Path of
Recorder

X-ray tube
Slit

Diffracted X-rays

incident
X-rays

ionisation
chamber

Turn table

Crystal

Scale to measure
rotation of crystal

For sodium chloride, the maximum reflection or peaks for 100 plane occurred at,

Sin
Ratio

5.9
0.103
1

11.85
0.205
2

18.15.
0.312
3

These peaks represent the first, second and third order reflections.
The ratio confirms the correctness of Braggs equation.

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Additional questions
1 MARK
1.

A regular three dimensional arrangement of identical points in space is called

a) Unit cell
b) Space lattice
c) Primitive
d) Crystallography

2.

The crystals which are good conductors of electricity and heat are
a) Ionic crystals
b) Molecular crystals c) Metallic crystals

d) Covalent crystals

3.

The ability of certain ultra cold substances to conduct electricity without resistance is called
a) Semiconductor
b) Conductor
c) Superconductor
d) Insulator

4.

Semiconductors are used as

a) rectifiers
b) transistors

c) solar cells

d) all the above

Wave length of X-rays is in the order of

a) 108 m
b) 108 cm

c) 108 m

d) 108 cm

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Laue carried out X-ray diffraction experiment using ---------- crystal

a) zinc sulphide
b) nickel
c) sodium chloride

d) copper

Molecular crystal is
a) diamond

b) ice

c) sodium chloride

d) graphite

Covalent crystal is
a) ice

b) diamond

c) nickel

d) NaCl

Number of CsCl units per unit cell is

a) 1
b) 2

c) 3

d) 4

Which is body centred cubic?

a) TiO2
b) CsCl

c) NaCl

d) CO2

Number of corners in a cubic unit cell is

a) 1
b) 2

c) 4

d) 8

No.of corners
8

No.of faces
6

No.of body centre

1

No. of edges
12

3 MARK
1.

Define the terms: space lattice and unit cell

A regular three dimensional arrangement of points (atoms, ions or molecules) in space is called space
lattice
Unit cell is the smallest fundamental repeating portion of a crystal lattice from which the crystal is built
by repetition in three dimension.

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2.

Write a note on the assignment of atoms per unit cell in sc

In a simple cubic unit cell, atoms are present only at the corners. Each atom at the corner is shared
equally by eight other unit cells. Hence the contribution of each atom to the unit cell is
The total number of atoms per unit cell
3.

1
8

Nc 8
1
8
8

Write a note on the assignment of atoms per unit cell in bcc

In a bcc lattice, the body centred atom belongs exclusively to the unit cell.
N
N
8 1
The total number of atoms per unit cell in bcc c b 1 1 2
8
1
8 1
4.

Write a note on the assignment of atoms per unit cell in Edge centred cubic lattice
An edge atom and edge centred is common to four unit cells and there are twelve edges of the unit cell.

The contribution from each edge atom is therefore

1
4

The total number of atoms per unit cell in edge centre

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N c N e 8 12

1 3 4
8
4
8 4

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5.

What is rutile? Draw its structure

Rutile is TiO2

Ti
Oxygen

6.

Write a note on semiconductors

Elements like silicon and germanium are non conductors at ordinary temperature. However, they exhibit
appreciable conductivity upon addition of impurities as Arsenic and Boron. The resulting materials are
called semiconductors.
Semiconductors which exhibit conductivity due to the flow of excess negative electrons are called ntype semiconductors.
Semiconductors which exhibit conductivity due to the positive holes are called p-type semiconductors.
Uses of semi conductors:
Semiconductors find application in modern devices as rectifiers, transistors and solar cells.

7.

Write a note on metal deficiency defect

In certain cases, one of the positive ions is missing from its lattice site and the extra negative charge is
balanced by some nearby metal ion acquiring additional charges instead of original charge. This type of
defect is generally found in compounds of transition metals which can exhibit variable valency. FeO and
FeS show this type of defects.

5 MARK
1.

Explain the different types of crystals

i) Molecular Crystals
The lattice points in molecular crystals consist of molecules which do not carry any charge.
The forces binding the molecules together are of two types
i) Dipole-dipole interaction and
ii) Vanderwaals forces.
Dipole-dipole forces occur in solids which consists of polar molecules e.g., ice.
The Vanderwaals forces are more general and occur in all kinds of molecular solids.
ii) Covalent Crystals
The lattice in covalent crystals consists of atoms linked together by a continuous system of covalent
bonds. e.g Diamond.
iii) Metallic Crystals
Metallic crystal consists of an assemblage of positive ions immersed in a sea of mobile electrons. Thus,
each electron belongs to a number of positive ions and each positive ion belong to a number of
electrons. The force that binds a metal ion to a number of electrons within its sphere of influence is
known as metallic bond. This force of attraction is strong and is thus responsible for a compact solid
structure of metals.
iv) Ionic Crystals
In ionic crystals, the units occupying lattice points are positive and negative ions. Each ion of a given
sign is held by coulombic forces of attraction to all ions of opposite sign. The forces are very strong.

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15.
Blue print

1 Mark = 0

3 Mark = 1

ISOMERIM IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

5 Mark = 1

Total marks = 8

Govt. Examination questions

3 MARK
1.

Identify Cis-Trans isomer from the following

CH 3

[Sep-2008]

Br

Br

CH 3
C

C
b)

a)
C

CH 3

Br

Br

CH 3

Br

CH 3

CH 3

Ans:
Br
C

C
b)

a)
C
CH 3

C
Br

CH 3

Br
Trans

Cis

2.

Label the following as E, Z isomers

CH 3

[June-2007]
Cl

CH 2 OH

H
C

C
b)

a)
C

C
H

HOH2C

Br

Ans:
2

CH3

CH2 OH

Cl

H
C

C
b)

a)
C
HOH2C

C
H

Br

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3.

What are the conditions (or criteria) for a compound to be optically active?
Or Write the conditions for optical activity

[Sep-2007, Mar-2009]

An organic compound will be optically active if it satisfies the following conditions:

1. It should contain atleast one chiral carbon atom ( or asymmetric carbon atom )
[ carbon atom attached to 4 different groups is called chiral carbon atom ]

COOH
H

C*

C = Chiral carbon

OH

CH3
2. Its configuration is non superimposable on its mirror image.
3. Chirality is the essential and the sufficient condition for a molecule to be optically active.
4.

What are enantiomers?

[June-2008]
Enantiomers are stereo isomers which have object-mirror image relationship and they are
non-superimposable. Enantiomers possess identical properties and same magnitude of optical rotation
but they differ only in the sign of (or direction of) optical rotation.
Eg:
CH3
H

5.

CH3
OH

HO

COOH

COOH

d-Lactic acid

l-Lactic acid

What is a racemic mixture? Explain with suitable example

[March-2008, June-2009, Sep-2009, Mar-2014]
When equal amounts of d-isomer and l-isomer are mixed, we get a racemic mixture and this process is
called racemisation.

Racemisati on

d-tartaric acid (50%) + l-tartaric acid (50% )

dl-tartaric acid
(racemic mixture)
Racemic mixture is optically inactive due to external compensation.
6.

Trans isomer is more stable than cis isomer. Why?

[June-2011]
In cis isomer, similar groups lie on the same side and hence it experiences more Vanderwaals
repulsion and steric hindrance. So, cis isomer is less stable.
In trans isomer, similar groups lie on the opposite sides and hence it does not experience steric
interaction. So, trans isomer is more stable than cis isomer.

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7.

Give the structure of Cis-Trans isomers of 2-pentene

H

CH2CH3

CH2CH3
C

CH3
Cis

8.

[Sep-2011]

H3C
Trans

2-pentene

Mesotartaric acid is an optically inactive compound with chiral carbon atoms. Justify
[March-2006, Sep-2006, March-2010, Mar-2013, Sep-2014, Sep-2015]
1. Meso tartaric acid contains two chiral carbon atoms but it is optically inactive. One chiral atom is
dextro rotatory and the other chiral atom is laevo rotatory. Both chiral carbons rotate the plane
polarized light to the same extent in opposite directions. The net result is that the meso tartaric acid
is optically inactive.

COOH
OH

symmetric plane
OH

H
COOH

2. Meso tartaric acid has symmetric plane, which divides the molecule into two equal halves. One half
of the molecule looks like the mirror image of the other half. The rotation of plane polarized light
towards clockwise direction by one half of the molecule is exactly cancelled by equal rotation
towards anticlockwise direction by the other half. So, meso tartaric acid is optically inactive due to
internal compensation.
3. Meso tartaric acid has configuration which is super-imposable on its mirror image and hence the
molecule becomes achiral (optically inactive)
9.

Give the structure of Z and E forms of cinnamic acid

2
H

2
H

C6H5
1

1
COOH

C
COOH

C6H5

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10.

Distinguish racemic form from Mesoform

[Mar-2007, June-2010, Sep-2010, Mar-2011, Sep-2012, June-2013, June-2014, June-2015]
No.

Racemic form

Meso form

It is a mixture that can be separated into

two optically active forms
Optically inactive due to external
compensation
The individual molecules of racemic
mixture are chiral
d-tartaric acid + l-tartaric acid

It is a single compound and hence

cannot be separated
Optically inactive due to internal
compensation
Molecule is achiral

2
3
Eg

11.

Distinguish enantiomers and diasteromers

No.
1
2

4
Eg
12.

Meso tartaric acid

[June-2006, Mar-2012, June-2012, Sep-2013]

Enantiomers
Diastereomers
Optical isomers having the same Differ in the magnitude of optical
magnitude but different sign of rotation rotation
Enantiomers have object-mirror image
relationship.
They are non-superimposable
Enantiomers are identical in all
properties except the sign of optical
rotation
Separation of enantiomers is a tedious
process
d-tartaric acid & l-tartaric acid

Diastereomers are not mirror images of

each other
Diastereomers differ in all physical
properties
Separation of diastereomers is easy
dtartaric acid & meso tartaric acid

Draw the structure of S-cis and S-trans form of 1,3-butadiene.

CH2= CH

CH2= CH

CH2= CH

CH = CH2

S-cis

S-trans

S-cis

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5 MARK
1.

Distinguish racemic form from Mesoform

Refer 3 mark Q - 10

[Sep-2006]

2.

Distinguish enantiomers and diasteromers

Refer 3 mark Q - 11

[Mar-2006, Mar-2008, Mar-2014, Mar-2015]

3.

Explain geometrical isomerism or cis-trans isomerism in organic compounds with examples

[Sep-2007, June-2009, Sep-2009, Mar-2011, Sep-2012, Mar-2013, June-2013, Mar-2016]
1.

Isomerism that arises due to the difference in the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups about
the doubly bonded carbon atoms is called geometrical isomerism or cis-trans isomerism.

2.

This isomerism arises due to the restricted rotation about C = C bond.

3.

Eg:

2 - butene
CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3
Trans form

Cis form

4.

Cis isomer
Similar groups lie on the same side
Since similar groups are nearer to each other, cis isomer experiences more Vanderwaals
repulsion and steric hindrance. So, cis isomer is less stable.

5.

Trans isomer
Similar groups lie on the opposite sides
Since similar groups are diagonally opposite to each other, trans isomer does not
experience steric interaction. So, trans isomer is more stable.

6.

Cis and trans isomers do not differ much in chemical properties. They differ in physical
properties like boiling point, melting point, crystal structure and solubility.

7.

At high temperature, trans isomer can be converted into cis isomer and vice-versa. Breaking of
carbon-carbon - bond and its reformation is responsible for this interconversion.

Trans isomer

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Cis isomer

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4.

Explain optical isomerism (or optical activity) in tartaric acid.

[June-2006, June-2008, Sep-2008, Mar-2009, June-2010, June-2011, Mar-2012, June-2012, June-2013,
Sep-2013, June-2014]
1. Tartaric acid contains two chiral carbon atoms or asymmetric carbon atoms.
COOH
H

*
C

HO

*
C

OH
C * chiral carbon
H

COOH

2. d-tartaric acid and l-tartaric acid are related as object and mirror image and they are non
superimposable. They are enantiomers.

COOH

COOH
H
HO

OH

HO

H
OH
COOH

COOH

d -tartaric acid

l -tartaric acid

3. In d-tartaric acid, each of the two asymmetric carbon atoms rotate the plane of the polarized light
towards right (clocwise) leading to overall dextro rotation. So, d-tartaric acid is optically active.
4. In l-tartaric acid, each of the two asymmetric carbon atoms rotate the plane of the polarized light
towards left (anticlockwise) leading to overall laevo rotation. So, l-tartaric acid is optically active.
5. d and l tartaric acids have the same magnitude of optical rotation but they differ only in the sign of
optical rotation.
6. Meso tartaric acid contains two chiral carbon atoms but it is optically inactive. One chiral atom is
dextro rotatory and the other chiral atom is laevo rotatory. Both chiral carbons rotate the plane
polarized light to the same extent in opposite directions. The net result is that the meso tartaric acid is
optically inactive.

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COOH
OH

symmetric plane
OH

COOH

Meso tartaric acid has symmetric plane, which divides the molecule into two equal halves. One half
of the molecule looks like the mirror image of the other half. The rotation of plane polarized light
towards clockwise direction by one half of the molecule is exactly cancelled by equal rotation
towards anticlockwise direction by the other half. So, meso tartaric acid is optically inactive due to
internal compensation.
Meso tartaric acid has configuration which is superimposable on its mirror image and hence the
molecule becomed achiral
7. When equal amounts of d-tartaric acid and l-tartaric acid are mixed one gets a racemic mixture and
this process is called racemisation. A racemic mixture becomes optically inactive. Because, in this
mixture rotation towards clockwise direction by the dextro isomers is compensated by the rotation
towards the anticlockwise direction by the laevo isomers. The optical inactivity of a racemic mixture
is said to be due to external compensation
5.

Explain internal and external compensation with suitable examples

[June-2007]

Refer-Q-4 ( points 6 & 7 )

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6.

Describe the conformations of cyclo hexanol. Comment on their stability

[Mar-2007, Mar-2010, Sep-2010, Sep-2011, Sep-2014, June-2015]
Cyclo hexanol exists in two chair forms. These two forms are interconvertible and exist in equilibrium
OH

OH

Axial cyclo hexanol ( 10% )

Equatorial cyclo hexanol ( 90% )

OH - group : axial

OH - group : equatorial

experience 1:3 diaxial interaction

no 1:3 diaxial interaction

more energy

less energy

less stable

more stable

In axial cyclo hexanol, the axial OH group experiences steric interaction with the axial H-atoms
present at the third carbon atoms. This increases the energy and decreases the stability of axial cyclo
hexanol. This is called 1:3-diaxial interaction.
2
3

2
1

H
H

OH

1:3-Diaxial interaction
This interaction is absent in equatorial cyclo hexanol. So, equatorial cyclo hexanol is more stable than
axial cyclo hexanol.
In the equilibrium mixture the more stable conformer, equatorial cyclo hexanol is present to an extent of
90% and the less stable conformer, axial cyclo hexanol is present only to 10%.
Energy level diagram

boat form

11
K cal

E
0.7
K cal

axial
cyclo hexanol
equatorial
cyclo hexanol
progress of reaction

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7.

Write a note different types of hydrogen in cyclohexane

Cyclo hexane can exist in two non-planar forms.

[Sep-2015]

a) Chair form
H axial
H
H equatorial

H
H
H

H
H

Types of C-H bonds

Equatorial

Axial

(six C-H bonds subtending an angle of

o
o
about 70 and 110 with the axis)

(six C-H bonds parallel to the

axis of the molecule)

-axial

-equatorial

-axial

(three axial bonds

facing upward)

-equatorial

(three axial bonds (three equatorial bonds (three equatorial bonds

facing down ward)
facing downward) facing upward)

b) Boat form

H
H

( f)

H
( f)

(s)

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(x)

(s)

(f)

(S)

: bowspirit hydrogens

(x)

: eclipsing hydrogens

: flag pole hydrogens

(x)

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Additional questions
3 MARK
1.

Boat form of cyclo hexane is less stable than chair form. Why?
Boat form of cyclo hexane has two pairs of carbon atoms with eclipsing bonds. This eclipsing
interaction destabilizes boat form. So, boat form is less stable than chair form

2.

What is ring flipping?

Chair form of cyclo hexane is sufficiently flexible to turn upside down called ring flipping so that all
bonds which are axial originally become equatorial and viceversa.
R

R
H

Boat form

Chair form

3.

Chair form

What is meant by resolution of racemic mixture?

The process of separation of optically inactive racemic mixture into two optically active forms is called
resolution of racemic mixture.

Re solution

Racemic mixture
d-isomer & l-isomer
4.

Write the position isomers of dichloro benzene and comment on their DPM
Cl

Cl

Cl
Cl

Cl
Cl

ortho dichlorobenzene

meta dichlorobenzene

para dichlorobenzene

These three compounds have the same molecular formula but differ in the position of chlorine atom. So,
they are called position isomers.
DPM is the best method of distinguishing the three isomers of disubstituted benzenes.
ortho
angle =60o

meta
=120o

para
= 180o

Their DPM is in the order, ortho isomer > meta isomer > para isomer
For para dichlorobenzene DPM = 0

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5 MARK
1.

Explain geometrical isomerism in 1,3-butadiene.

CH2=CH-CH=CH2
1,3-butadiene
This molecule can exist in two forms.
CH2= CH
CH2= CH
S-cis

CH2= CH
CH = CH2
S-trans

These two forms do not arise due to the hindrance to rotation about C=C nstead the restricted rotation
about C-C (since bulky groups are attached to ingle bonded carbon atoms C-C rotation is restricted).
These isomers can also be represented as,

S-cis

S-trans

S-trans form is also called transoid form

S-cis form is also called cisoid form.
S = indicates the restricted rotation about C-C single bond.

the energy of S-trans form is 3 K cal less than S-cis form.

S-trans form is more stable than S-cis form

these two forms differ in chemical reactivity.

they give different products in reactions.

These are easily interconvertible and exist in equilibrium.

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(Q-70) HYDROXY DERIVATIVES

Hints:
1.

General formula of aliphatic monohydric alcohols: CnH2n+2O

2.

Alcohols liberate hydrogen gas with metallic sodium

3.

Primary alcohols
No turbidity with Lucas reagent at room temperature
Give red colour in Victor Meyers test
Give aldehydes on oxidation and then carboxylic acid (same number of carbons)
Give aldehydes with Cu at 573 K (dehydrogenation)

4.

Secondary alcohols
Give turbidity with Lucas reagent at room temperature after 5 10 minutes
Give blue colour in Victor Meyers test
Give ketones on oxidation and then carboxylic acid
(Carboxylic acid contains one carbon less than alcohol)
Give ketones with Cu at 573 K (dehydrogenation)

5.

Tertiary alcohols
Give turbidity with Lucas reagent at room temperature immediately
Give no colour in Victor Meyers test
Give ketones on oxidation and then carboxylic acid
(Ketone contains one carbon less than alcohol & Carboxylic acid contains two carbons less than
alcohol)
Give alkene with Cu at 573 K (dehydration)

6.

Alcohols containing CH3CHOH- group answer haloform test

(form iodoform with I2 / NaOH)

OH
CH3 CH2 OH

CH3 CH CH3

Ethyl alcohol

iso propyl alcohol

OH
CH3 CH2 CH CH3
sec.butyl alcohol

7.

Benzyl alcohol (C6H5CH2OH) is a colourless pleasant smelling liquid.

8.

Benzyl acetate (CH3COO CH2C6H5) has fragrance of jasmine and it is used in perfumery

9.

Phenol (C6H5OH) gives violet colour with neutral ferric chloride

10.

Phenol decolourises Br2 / H2O and gives white precipitate

11.

Phenol gives red orange dye with benzene diazonium chloride (Dye test)

12.

Salicylic acid gives violet colour with neutral ferric chloride and gives brisk effervescence with
NaHCO3
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1.

An organic compound (A) C3H8O with Lucas reagent gives turbidity after 5 10 minutes. (A) with
P / I2 gives (B). Compound (B) on treatment with silver nitrite gives (C) which gives blue colour
with nitrous acid. Identify (A),(B) and (C) and explain the reactions.
[Sep-2013]

i)

ii)

Lucas reagent
(A)
turbidity after 5-10 minutes
C3H8O
2o alcohol iso propyl alcohol

(A)

P / I2

CH3 CH

(B)

CH3

AgNO2

P/I2

HNO2

(C)

CH3 CH

OH

blue colour

CH3

AgNO2

CH3 CH
NO2

iso propyl alcohol

iso propyl iodide

(A)

CH3

2-nitropropane
(C)

(B)

HO-N=O
N=O
CH3 C

CH3

NO2
Pseudo nitrol
Blue colour

CH3 CH

CH3

Isopropyl alcohol

OH

CH3 CH

CH3

Isopropyl iodide

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CH3 CH

CH3

NO2

-37-

2-nitro propane

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2.

An organic compound (A) of molecular formula C 3H8O gives turbidity within 5-10 minutes on
reaction with anhydrous ZnCl2/HCl. Compound (A) on treatment with sodium hypochlorite gives
a carbonyl compound (B) which on further chlorination gives compound (C) of molecular formula
C3H3OCl3. Identify (A), (B) and (C) and explain the reactions.
[Mar-2006]

i)

(A)

anhydrous ZnCl2 / HCl

Turbidity within 5 - 10 minutes

C3H8O
(A)

ii)

(A)

secondary alcohol

sodium hypochlorite

C3H8O

isopropyl alcohol

(B)

carbonyl compound

H
CH3 C

OH + (O)

Sodium hypochlorite

CH3

CH3

isopropyl alcohol

acetone
(B)

(A)

iii)

O + H2O

CH3 C

(B)

chlorination

(C)
C3H3OCl3

CH3-CO-CH3 + 3Cl2
Acetone

CCl3-CO-CH3 + 3HCl
Trichloro acetone
(C)

(B)

H
A

CH3 C

OH

Isopropyl alcohol

CH3

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CH3COCH3

Acetone

CCl3COCH3

Trichloro acetone

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3.

An organic compound (A) of molecular formula C2 H6O on treatment with PCl5 gives compound
(B). Compound (B) reacts with KCN to give a compound (C) of molecular formula C3H5N which
undergoes acid hydrolysis to give compound (D) which on treatment with sodalime gives a hydro
carbon. Identify (A), (B),(C) and (D) and explain the reactions.
[June-2006]

i)

CnH2n+2O aliphatic alcohol Ethyl alcohol

(A)
C2H6O

ii)

PCl5

(A)

(B)

C2H6O
CH3CH2OH + PCl5

CH3CH2Cl + POCl3 + HCl

Ethyl alcohol

Ethyl chloride
(B)

(A)
iii)

(B)

KCN

(C)
C3H5N

iv)

CH3CH2Cl + KCN

CH3CH2CN + KCl

Ethyl chloride
(B)

Ethyl cyanide
(C)

(C)

hydrolysis

CH3CH2CN
Ethyl cyanide

sodalime

H2O / H+

hydrocarbon

CH3CH2COOH

{ (D) carboxylic acid }

NaOH / CaO

Propanoic acid

CH3CH3
Ethane

(D)

(C)

A
B
C
D

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(D)

CH3-CH2-OH
CH3-CH2-Cl
CH3-CH2-CN
CH3-CH2-COOH

-39-

Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl chloride
Ethyl cyanide
Propanoic acid

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4.

An organic compound of molecular formula C6 H5ONa is heated with CO2 at 400 K gives
compound (A) of molecular formula C7H5O3Na. Compound (A) on treating with HCl gives (B).
(B) on further reaction with NaOH / CaO gives (C) of molecular formula C 6H6O which on
treatment eith nitrous acid at 200 K gives (D). What are (A), (B),(C) and (D)? Explain the
reactions
[Sep-2015]
OH

ONa
H

COONa
dil. HCl

CO2

i)

OH
COOH

+ NaCl

400 K , 4-7 atm

salicylic acid
(B)

sodium salicylate

sodium phenoxide

(A)

OH

OH
COONa
NaOH/CaO

ii)

+ Na2CO3

(Sodalime)
salicylic acid
(B)

phenol
(C)

OH

OH
HNO2
iii)

200 K

phenol
(C)

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NO
paranitrso phenol
(D)

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(Q-70) d-BLOCK ELEMENTS

Hints:
Element
Cr
Cu
Ag
Au
Zn

Group
6
11
11
11
12

Period
4
4
5
6
4

Colour
Silvery white metal
Reddish brown metal
White lustrous metal
Lustrous yellow metal
Bluish white metal

Metallic compound
Potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7
Potassium chromate K 2CrO4
Coppersulphate pentahydrate CuSO4.5H2O
(Blue Vitriol)
Silver nitrate AgNO3
(Lunar Caustic)
Zinc carbonate ZnCO3
(Calamine)
Zinc oxide ZnO
(Philosophers wool)
1.

Colour
Orange red crystal
Yellow
Blue
White
White powder
White cloud

An element (A) belongs to group number 11 and period number 4. (A) is a reddish brown metal.
(A) reacts with HCl in the presence of air and gives compound (B). (A) also reacts with conc.
HNO3 to give compound (C) with the liberation of NO2. Identify (A),(B) and (C). Explain the
reactions.
[Mar-2006, June-2011]
a)

Element (A) is copper: Group = 11 and period = 4. It is a reddish brown metal.

b)

2Cu + 4HCl + O2
2CuCl2 + 2H2O
Compound (B) is CuCl2

c)

Cu + 4HNO3 (con)
Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
Compound (C) is Cu(NO3)2

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Cu

copper

CuCl2

Cupric chloride

Cu(NO3)2

Cupric nitrate

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2.

3.

An element A occupies group number 11 and period number 4. This metal is extracted from its
mixed sulphide ore B. A reacts with dil. H2SO4 in the presence of air and forms C which is
colourless. With water C gives a blue compound D. Identify A,B,C and D and explain the
reactions.
[Mar-2007]
a)
b)

Element (A) is copper : Group = 11 and period = 4.

Copper is extracted from its mixed sulphide ore CuFeS 2. Compound (B) is CuFeS2

c)

2Cu + 2H2SO4 + O2
2CuSO4 + 2H2O
Compound (C) is anhydrous CuSO4 which is colourless.

d)

CuSO4 + 5 H2O
CuSO4.5H2O
Compound (D) is CuSO4.5H2O which is blue in colour.
A

Cu

copper

CuFeS2

Copper pyrite

CuSO4

Anhydrous copper sulphate

CuSO4.5H2O

Copper sulphate pentahydrate

An element A belonging to group No. 11 and period No.4 is extracted from the pyrite ore. A reacts
with oxygen at different temperatures forming compounds B and C. A also reacts with conc.
HNO3 to give D with the evolution of NO2. Identify A,B,C and D and explain the reactions.
[Sep-2007]
a)
Element (A) is copper: Group=11 and period=4. It is extracted from the pyrite ore
CuFeS2
b)

Below1370K
2 Cu + O2 2 CuO [black cupric oxide]
Compound (B) is CuO

c)

Above1370K
4 Cu + O2 2 Cu2O [red cuprous oxide]
Compound (C) is Cu2O

d)

Cu + 4HNO3 (con)
Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 +2H2O
Compound (D) is Cu(NO3)2

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Cu

Copper

CuO

Cupric oxide

Cu2O

Cuprous oxide

Cu(NO3)2

Cupric nitrate

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4.

Compound (A) is a sulphate compound of group 11 element. This compound is also called as blue
vitriol. The compound undergoes decomposition at various temperatures.

o
100 C

o
230 C

o
720 C

A B C D
Identify the compounds A, B, C and D and give equations.
a)
b)

[June-2009, June-2014]

Compound (A) is CuSO4.5H2O : It is a sulphate compound of group 11 element (Cu). This

compound is also called as blue vitriol.
Decomposition of CuSO4.5H2O at various temperatures

CuSO4.5H2O
Blue

100oC
- 4H2O

CuSO4.H2O

230oC
- H2O

720oC

CuSO4

CuO + SO3

White

Compound (B) is CuSO4.H2O, Compound (C) is CuSO4 and (D) is CuO

5.

CuSO4.5H2O

Copper sulphate pentahydrate

CuSO4.H2O

Copper sulphate monohydrate

CuSO4

Anhydrous Copper sulphate

CuO

Cupric oxide

[A] is a reddish brown metal. It belongs to group 11 and period 4 of the periodic table. When
heated below 1370 K, [A] gives a black compound [B]. When heated above 1370 K, [A] gives a red
compound [C]. With concentrated nitric acid. [A] liberates NO 2 gas and gives compound [D].
Identify [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Explain the reactions.
[Mar-2010, Mar-2013]
a)

Metal (A) is copper : Group = 11 and period = 4. It is a reddish brown metal.

b)

2Cu + O2
2CuO [black cupric oxide]
Compound (B) is CuO

c)

4Cu + O2
2Cu2O [red cuprous oxide]
Compound (C) is Cu2O

d)

Cu + 4HNO3 (con)
Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
Compound (D) is Cu(NO3)2

Below 1370 K
Above1370 K

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Cu

Copper

CuO

Cupric oxide

Cu2O

Cuprous oxide

Cu(NO3)2

Cupric nitrate
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(Q-70) CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

1.

An organic compound (A) of molecular formula C 2H4O reduces Tollens reagent. A reacts with
HCN followed by hydrolysis in acid medium gives B (C3H6O3) which is optically active.
Compound B on oxidation by Fentons reagent gives the compound C (C 3H4O3). This answers
iodoform reaction and gives effervescence with NaHCO3. Find A, B and C. Explain the reactions.
[June-2008, Sep-2008, Mar-2010, Sep-2015]
i)

(A) Reduces Tollen's reagent Acetaldehyde

C2H4O

ii)

(A)

H2O/H+

H-CN

{ (B) is optically active Lactic acid }

(B)
C3H6O3

C2H4O

OH

CH3 C

CH3 C + H-CN

OH
CN

H2O/H

H
Acetaldehyde

H
Lactic acid

Acetaldehyde cyanohydrin

(B)

(A)
iii)

(B)

Fenton's reagent
(O)

C3H6O3

COOH

CH3 C

(C)
C3H4O3

{ (C) answers iodoform reaction Presence of CH 3 C

group

(C) gives effervescence with NaHCO3 Presence of -COOH group }

OH
CH3 C

COOH + (O)

H2O2/Fe2+

O
CH3 C

COOH + H2O

H
Lactic acid
(B)

Pyruvic acid
(C)

CH3-CHO

Acetaldehyde

CH3CH (OH)COOH

Lactic acid

O
C

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CH3 C

COOH

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Pyruvic acid

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2.

An organic compound (A) C2H3OCl on treatment with Pd and BaSO4 gives (B) C2H4O which
answers iodoform test. (B) when treated with con.H 2SO4 undergoes polymerisation to give (C) a
cyclic compound. Identify (A), (B), and (C) and explain the reactions.
[Sep-2009]
i)

Pd / BaSO4

(A)

(B)

answers iodoform test (B) is acetaldehyde

C2H4O

C2H3OCl

O
CH3

Pd/BaSO4

Cl + H2

CH3

H + H Cl

Acetaldehyde

Acetyl chloride

(B)

(A)
conc. H2SO4
ii)

(B)

polymerisation

3 CH3-CHO

(C) cyclic compound

CH3
CH

con.H2SO4

CH-CH3

CH3-CH

Acetaldehyde

(B)

Paraldehyde
(C)

O
A

CH3

Cl

acetyl chloride

O
B

CH3

acetaldehyde

CH3
CH
C

paraldehyde

CH-CH3

CH3-CH
O

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3.

An organic compound (A) C2H6O liberates hydrogen on treatment with metallic sodium. (A) on
mild oxidation gives (B) C2H4O which answers iodoform test. (B) when treated with conc. H2SO4
undergoes polymerization to give (C), a cyclic compound. Identify (A), (B) and (C) and explain the
reactions.
[June-2006]
i)

Na

(A)

(A)

H2

Ethyl alcohol

Alcohol

C2H6O
ii)

(A)

mild oxidation

C2H6O

(B)

(B)

answers iodoform test

O

C2H4O

contains CH3 C

CH3CH2OH + (O)

K2Cr2O7 / H+

Ethyl alcohol

conc.H2SO4

(B)

(C)

polymerisation

C2H4O

CH 3CHO + H2O
Acetaldehyde
(B)

(A)
iii)

group

cyclic compound

CH3
CH
con.H2SO4

3 CH3CHO

CH

CH3 CH

Acetaldehyde
(B)

CH3

O
Paraldehyde
(C)

C2H5OH

CH3CHO

Ethyl alcohol
Acetaldehyde

CH3
CH
C

CH

CH3 CH

Paraldehyde

CH3

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4.

Compound (A) of molecular formula C3H6O does not reduce Tollens reagent and Fehlings
solution. Compound (A) undergoes Clemmenson reduction to give compound (B) of molecular
formula C3H8. Compound (A) in the presence of conc. H 2SO4 condences to give an aromatic
compound (C) of molecular formula C9H12. Identify (A), (B), (C) and explain the reactions.
[Mar-2012, Mar-2016]
i)

(A)
C3H6O

ii)

does not reduce Tollen's reagent & Fehling's solution

So, (A) is a ketone

Clemmenson reduction

(A)

Acetone

(B)
C3H8

C3H6O
O
Zn / Hg

CH3 C CH3

CH3 CH2 CH3

Con. HCl
Propane
(B)

Acetone
(A)

iii)

(A)
C3H6O

con. H2SO4

(C)
C9H12

aromatic compound

CH3

3 CH3-CO-CH3

Con. H2SO4

+ 3 H2O
CH3

CH3

Mesitylene

CH3COCH3

Acetone

CH3CH2CH3

Propane

CH3

Mesitylene

C
CH3

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CH3

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(Q-70) ELECTRO CHEMISTRY-I

1.

What is the pH of a solution containing 0.5 M propionic acid and 0.5 M sodium
propionate? The Ka of propionic acid is 1.34 105.
[Mar-2006, June-2010, Mar-2014]
pH

[salt]
[acid]
[salt]
= log Ka + log
[acid]
= pKa + log

= log (1.34 105) + log

= 5 log 1.34 + log 1

0.5
0.5

= 5 0.1271 + 0

2.

= 4.8729
.
Find the pH of a buffer solution containing 0.20 mole per litre sodium acetate and 0.15 mole per
litre acetic acid. Ka for acetic acid is 1.8 105.
[June-2006, Sep-2006, Sep-2007, June-2011, Sep-2011]
pH

[salt]
[acid]
[salt]
= log Ka + log
[acid]
= pKa + log

= log 1.8 105 + log

3.

0.20
0.15

= 5 log 1.8 + log 20 log 15

= 5 0.2553 + 1.3010 1.1761
= 4.8696
Find the pH of a buffer solution containing 0.30 mole per litre of CH 3COONa and 0.15 mole per
litre of CH3COOH. Ka for acetic acid is 1.8 105.
[Sep-2008]
pH

[salt]
[acid]
[salt]
= log Ka + log
[acid]
= pKa + log

= log (1.8 105) + log

0.30
0.15

= 5 log 1.8 + log 2

= 5 0.2553 + 0.3010
= 5.0457

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