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WAVEFORMS
EXERCISE 211 Page 577
1. Plot the graph of y = 2 sin A from A = 0 to A = 360. On the same axes plot y = 4 cos A. By
adding ordinates at intervals plot y = 2 sin A + 4 cos A and obtain a sinusoidal expression for the
waveform.
866
2. Two alternating voltages are given by v 1 = 10 sin t volts and v 2 = 14 sin(t + /3) volts. By
plotting v1 and v2 on the same axes over one cycle, obtain a sinusoidal expression for (a) v 1 + v 2
(b) v 1 v 2
=
(a) v1 = 10sin
t , v2 14sin t + volts and v1 + v2 are shown sketched below:
3
v1 + v2 leads v1 by 36 = 36
180
= 0.63 rad
(b) v1 = 10sin
=
t , v2 14sin t + volts and v1 v2 are shown sketched below:
3
v1 v2 lags v1 by 78 = 78
180
= 1.36 rad
868
180
= 0.393 radians
869
(b)
(a)
(b) v 1 v2
(a) The relative positions of v1 and v2 at time t = 0 are shown as phasors in diagram (a), where
rad= 60
The phasor diagram in diagram (b) is drawn to scale with a ruler and protractor
(a)
(b)
180
(b) At time t = 0, voltage v1 is drawn 10 units long horizontally as shown by 0a in the diagram
below. Voltage v2 is shown, drawn 14 units long in a broken line and leading by 60. The
current v2 is drawn in the opposite direction to the broken line of v2 , shown as ab in the
diagram. The resultant vR is given by 0b lagging by angle
vR = v1 + v2 =12.5sin (t 1.33) V
The relative positions of the two phasors at time t = 0 are shown in diagram (a)
The phasor diagram in diagram (b) is drawn to scale with a ruler and protractor
(a)
(b)
180
= 0.40 rad
871
1. Determine, using the cosine and sine rules, a sinusoidal expression for: y = 2 sin A + 4 cos A.
The space diagram is shown in (a) below and the phasor diagram is shown in (b)
(a)
Using the cosine rule:
(b)
from which,
R=
4
4.472
=
sin sin 90
from which,=
sin
4sin 90
= 0.894454...
4.472
and
2. Given v 1 = 10 sin t volts and v 2 = 14 sin(t + /3) volts, use the cosine and sine rules to
determine sinusoidal expressions for (a) v 1 + v 2 (b) v 1 v 2
(a) The space diagram is shown in (a) below and the phasor diagram is shown in (b)
(b)
(a)
Using the cosine rule:
from which,
2
vR=
102 + 142 2(10)(14) cos120=
436
vR = 436 = 20.88
872
14
20.88
=
sin sin120
from which,
=
sin
14sin120
= 0.580668...
20.88
and
2
vR=
102 + 142 2(10)(14) cos 60=
156
vR = 156 = 12.50
14
12.50
=
sin sin 60
from which,
sin
=
14sin 60
= 0.969948...
12.50
and
3. Express 12 sin t + 5 cos t in the form A sin(t ) by using the cosine and sine rules.
The relative positions of the two phasors at time t = 0 are shown in diagram (a)
The phasor diagram is shown in diagram (b)
(a)
Using the cosine rule:
from which,
(b)
2
R=
122 + 52 2(12)(5) cos 90=
169
R = 169 = 13
873
5
13
=
sin sin 90
from which,=
sin
5sin 90
= 0.384615...
13
and
4. Express 7 sin t + 5 sin t + in the form A sin(t ) by using the cosine and sine rules.
4
The space diagram is shown in (a) below and the phasor diagram is shown in (b)
(a)
Using the cosine rule:
from which,
Using the sine rule:
(b)
from which,=
sin
5sin135
= 0.31823
11.11
and
5. Express 6 sin t + 3 sin t in the form A sin(t ) by using the cosine and sine rules.
6
The space diagram is shown in (a) below and the phasor diagram is shown in (b)
(a)
Using the cosine rule:
from which,
Using the sine rule:
(b)
R 2= 62 + 32 2(6)(3) cos150= 76.177
R = 76.177 = 8.73
3
8.73
=
sin sin150
from which,=
sin
874
3sin150
= 0.171821...
8.73
2014, John Bird
and
6. The sinusoidal currents in two parallel branches of an electrical network are 400 sin t and
750 sin(t /3), both measured in milliamperes. Determine the total current flowing into the
parallel arrangement. Give the answer in sinusoidal form and in amperes.
Total current, i = 400 sin t + 750 sin(t /3) mA
The space diagram is shown in (a) below and the phasor diagram is shown in (b)
(b)
(a)
Using the cosine rule:
from which,
Using the sine rule:
and
=
R 2 4002 + 7502 2(400)(750) cos120
=
1 022 500
R = 1 022 500 = 1011 mA = 1.011 A
750
1011
=
sin sin120
from which,
sin
=
750sin120
= 0.642452...
1011
Hence, in sinusoidal form, 400 sin t + 750 sin(t /3) = 1.01sin(t 0.698) A
875
components.
rad = 45)
[10.5362 + 3.5362 ]
= 11.11 A
3.536
Phase angle, = tan 1
= 18.55 or 0.324 rad
10.536
Hence, by using horizontal and vertical components,
components.
rad = 30)
[8.5982 + 1.52 ]
= 8.73
876
1.5
Phase angle, = tan 1
= 9.896 or 0.173 rad
8.598
Hence, by using horizontal and vertical components,
components.
The relative positions of currents i1 and i2 are shown in the diagram below.
(since
rad = 60)
[17.502 + 12.992 ]
= 21.79
12.99
Phase angle, = tan 1
= 36.59 or 0.639 rad
17.50
Hence, by using horizontal and vertical components
components.
180
3
3 180
rad =
=
60 and
rad =
67.5
=
3
3
8
8
877
The relative positions of currents x1 and x2 are shown in the diagram below.
[1.8212 + 14.2612 ]
= 14.38
14.261
Phase angle, = tan 1
= 82.72 or 1.444 rad
1.821
Hence, by using horizontal and vertical components,
=
x 9sin t + 7 sin t
= 14.38sin(t + 1.444)
3
8
5. The voltage drops across two components when connected in series across an a.c. supply are:
v 1 = 200 sin 314.2t and v 2 = 120 sin (314.2t /5) volts, respectively. Determine the
(a) voltage of the supply (given by v 1 + v 2 ) in the form A sin( t ), and
(b) frequency of the supply.
(a) Total horizontal component, H = 200 cos 0 + 120 cos( 36) = 297.082
(since
Total vertical component,
rad =
180
= 36)
5
[ 297.0822 + 70.5342 ]
= 305.3 V
70.534
Phase angle, = tan 1
= 13.36 or 0.233 rad
297.082
Hence, by using horizontal and vertical components,
878
v 1 + v 2 = 200 sin 314.2t + 120 sin (314.2t /5) = 305.3sin(314.2t 0.233) volts
(b) Angular velocity, = 314.2 rad/s = 2f
from which,
frequency, f =
314.2
= 50 Hz
2
6. If the supply to a circuit is v = 20 sin 628.3t volts and the voltage drop across one of the
components is v 1 = 15 sin (628.3t 0.52) volts, calculate the:
(a) voltage drop across the remainder of the circuit, given by v v 1 , in the form A sin( t )
(b) supply frequency
(c) periodic time of the supply.
(Remember radians)
[6.98272 + 7.45322 ]
= 10.21 V
7.4532
Phase angle, = tan 1
= 0.818 rad
6.9827
Hence, by using horizontal and vertical components,
v v 1 = 20 sin 628.3t 15 sin (628.3t 0.52) = 10.21sin(628.3t + 0.818) volts
(b) Angular velocity, = 628.3 rad/s = 2f
from which,
frequency, f =
628.3
= 100 Hz
2
1
1
=
= 0.01 s = 10 ms
f 100
7. The voltages across three components in a series circuit when connected across an a.c. supply
879
=
v3 50sin 300 t + volts.
3
Calculate the: (a) supply voltage, in sinusoidal form, in the form A sin( t )
(b) frequency of the supply
(c) periodic time
[74.9352 + 27.5172 ]
= 79.83 V
27.517
Phase angle, = tan 1
= 20.16 or 0.352 rad
74.935
Hence, by using horizontal and vertical components,
supply voltage, v1 + v2 + v3 = 79.83sin ( 300 t + 0.352 )
(b) Angular velocity, = 300 rad/s = 2f
from which,
frequency, f =
300
= 150 Hz
2
1
1
=
= 0.006667 s = 6.667 ms
f 150
8. In an electrical circuit, two components are connected in series. The voltage across the first
component is given by 80 sin(t + /3) volts, and the voltage across the second component is
given by 150 sin(t /4) volts. Determine the total supply voltage to the two components. Give
the answer in sinusoidal form.
rad =
180
180
= 60 and rad =
= 45)
3
4
4
[146.0662 + 36.7842 ]
880
= 150.6 V
2014, John Bird
36.784
Phase angle, = tan 1
= 14.135 or 0.247 rad
146.066
Hence, by using horizontal and vertical components,
80 sin(t + /3) + 150 sin(t /4) = 150.6sin(t 0.247) volts
881
(since
rad =
180
)
6
numbers.
180
3
3 180
rad =
=
60 and
rad =
67.5
=
3
3
8
8
5. The voltage drops across two components when connected in series across an a.c. supply are:
v 1 = 240 sin 314.2t and v 2 = 150 sin (314.2t /5) volts, respectively. Determine the
(a) voltage of the supply (given by v 1 + v 2 ) in the form A sin( t )
(b) frequency of the supply.
(a) Using complex numbers, v 1 + v 2 = 240 sin 314.2t + 150 sin (314.2t /5)
2400 + 150 36 in polar form (since
rad =
180
= 36)
5
883
from which,
frequency, f =
314.2
= 50 Hz
2
6. If the supply to a circuit is v = 25 sin 200t volts and the voltage drop across one of the
components is v 1 = 18 sin (200t 0.43) volts, calculate the:
(a) voltage drop across the remainder of the circuit, given by v v 1 , in the form A sin( t )
(b) supply frequency
(c) periodic time of the supply.
(a) Using complex numbers, v v 2 = 25 sin 200t 18 sin (200t 0.43)
250 18 0.43 rad in polar form
= (25 + j0) (16.361 j7.504)
= 8.639 + j7.504
= 11.440.715 rad
Hence, in sinusoidal form, voltage across remainder of circuit,
v v 2 = 11.44 sin(200t + 0.715) V
(b) Angular velocity, = 200 rad/s = 2f
from which,
frequency, f =
200
= 100 Hz
2
1
1
=
= 0.010 s = 10 ms
f 100
7. The voltages across three components in a series circuit when connected across an a.c. supply
volts. Calculate the: (a) supply voltage, in sinusoidal form, in the form A sin( t )
(b) frequency of the supply
(c) periodic time
(d) r.m.s. value of the supply voltage.
884
frequency, f =
300
= 150 Hz
2
1
1
=
= 0.006667 s = 6.667 ms
f 150
8. Measurements made at a substation at peak demand of the current in the red, yellow and blue
phases of a transmission system are: I=
= 1120 135 A and
1248 15 A, I yellow
red
I blue= 131095 A. Determine the current in the neutral cable if the sum of the currents flows
through it.
885