Prepared By : Eng .

Khalid Altaslaq
Design engineer in the ministry of public works and
housing
Mobile : 0797124621
E mail : waleeds87@hotmail.com

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Prepared By Eng Khalid Altaslaq

Table of contents

Topic
Drainage system
Introduction
Types of drainage

Page
Number
3
4
5

Drainage system description

System components connections:

schematic of

System components in details

Vent system

15

How To design a drainage system

24

Water supply system

36

Types of water

37

Water types classifications

37

System components in details

38

How to Design water supply system

41

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: Introduction
In the outlined plumbing course, we will discuss the main concept,
requirements and design
procedure for drainage system and water supply following the approved
codes such as the
Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC), International Plumbing Code (IPC), National
Plumbing Code
and Plumbing Design Guide (From the British (NPC).
Standard BS)
The concept of the drainage system is to draw out the drainage outside

* the building to a
proper disposal network such as sewer manholes, septic tank, treatment
unit or soak away
pits
The drainage system plays a big rule in the public health since it rids of *
the foul and soil
water from the building which will introduce a health hazard if it's not
removed properly and it will efect on the natural water stores under
ground

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Any building will not function or be habituated without the presence of *

the water supply and drainage system ,so Any point in the building
provided with water supply must have a drain point as well

Knowing the type of the drainage is important since every drainage type *
goes to a certain place because some types can be reused after treatment
.and some types not allowed to discharge into public sewer network

:Types of drainage
-from: Which comes out (Soil Drain (Black Water 1
a. Water Closet (WC)
b. Urinals
c. Bidet
this type can be discharged either to sewer network , holding tanks, or soil
treatment plant (STP)

Which comes out from: (2- Waste Drain (Grey Water

a. Sinks
b. Wash Hand Basins
c. Showers
d. Bathtubs
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e. Area Drain
this type can be discharged either to waste water network, holding tanks
or grey water treatment plant then reused in flushing tanks and irrigation

-Which comes out from: Storm Water (Rain Water))3

a. Balcony Drain
b. Roof Drain
c. Soft-scape Drain
d. Hard-scape Drain
this type can be discharged either to storm water network, rain water
harvesting tank or to free discharge and its very important to note that
this type not allowed to discharge into public sewer network to avoid the
.over flooding in network

Hazard Drain which comes out from some hazard application like -4
chemicals
this type can be discharged to treatment plant or septic tank then to
sewer network to avoid destroying network's pipes or it can be discharged
to special drainage system and it depends on the hazard classification

Biological Drain which comes out from hospitals, medical sectors, -5

.laboratories

this type can be discharged to treatment plants and septic tanks and its
very important to note that this type not allowed to discharge into public
.sewer network to avoid disease spreading

Nuclear Drain which comes out from cooling processing of nuclear -6

.plants
must be discharged to special drainage system. this type

special Drain which comes out from special applications and not -7
allowed to discharge to sewer network before treatment like oils which
produced by kitchens, hotels, cars lubrication stations which assumed to
.be connected to a septic tank before sewer network

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And some of special drain types not allowed to discharge to sewer network
by any way like stones cutters and marble factories to avoid closing the
.network's pipes by the sludge

Drainage system
: description
The drainage system is an open hydraulic system and it is the only - 1
system in the building that runs by gravity force which makes it the most
difficult system to handle and design in order to produce a fully functional
system. Using the gravity force, a proper pipe slope shall be introduced
in order to maintain a proper flow; each pipe size has its own slope and
.requirements
although the drain water is a flow but it is not measured directly by 2
(l/s) or cfm or any (unit/time) when the calculations of pipe sizing are
estimated. Because that any fixture is not used overall the time of day and
.then the drain flow is not continuously
To solve this problem a new measuring unit was created which called
( drainage fixture unit) (DFU) and the size of any drain pipe selected upon
. the number of these fixture units which that pipe carry it

Drainage Fixture unit : it is a statistical number that indicates the

.flow of each fixture along with the frequency of using this fixture
Drainage Fixture unit have a diferent values in each code and standard,
the most important point is to use the tables and charts in the same code
.that drainage fixture units are taken from
The following table gives the values of drainage fixture unit for many
: types of fixture ,refer to (UPC) code

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And the following table from the same code gives the size of pipes
:according to diferent values of drainage fixture unit

System components connections: schematic of

Outside
pipes

Riser +
Vent pipes

Inside
network

Internal
pipes

Fixture

sewer network
and pits

man
holes

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:System components in details

Fixture 1
the fixture is the component which supply or drain water from system and
using directly by the persons
:the common fixtures which used in almost applications or buildings are

A water closet (WC)

European)1(
(WC)

Eastern)2(
(WC)

floor
mounted
wall
mounted

Eastern (WC)

floor mounted

Wall mounted
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B Bidet

lAVATORI
ES
Pedestal
lavatory
Semi Pedestal
lavatory
wall mounted
lavatory
counter lavatory

Pedestal Type

Semi Pedestal Type

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wall mounted type

Counter type

D Shower
It depends on accessories

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E bath tub

F Kitchen
sink
It either be single pole or double pole and both types can be marble or
steel

G Service sink
This type of sinks used in applications like hospital's and hotel's kitchens

H Floor Drain
it is a trap where fixtures without a trap or (fixture venting) is connected to
and contains three inlets can be 50 mm or 80 mm and one outlet to
connect to a main network can be 80 mm or 110 mm

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:Internal pipes 2

The pipes which connected between fixtures and inside network which
.being inside the building
There are many size and types of inside pipes and the most commonly
:used are
A 50 mm (2 inch) pvc pipe
B 80 mm (3 inch) pvc pipe
C 110 mm (4 inch) pvc pipe

Inside network 3
The method and shape of connections between internal pipes and fixtures
.including the size, slope and bath of each pipe
:There are two types or methods for inside network connection
: A Single stack network
All fixtures in this method(waste and soil) are connected to a main pipe
and the pipe is then connected to the manhole network either directly or
. through a riser

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Pic: Single stack net work

:B Double stack network

The soil fixtures (WC and bidet) are connected to a main pipe and the
.waste fixtures are connected to another main pipe
The idea of separating the waste and soil drain into separate stacks is to
use the waste
water after treatment (either in flushing tanks or irrigation)

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:Riser and vent 4

The riser is the vertical pipe which the branches of each end of inside
networks connected to, and it collects the drain from it and we can see the
.riser as shown in the previous figure
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Note: in high rise drainage stack it is common to change the direction of

.the vertical stack or riser to reduce the gravity efect. refer to (IPC) code

:Vent system- 5
One of the most important plumbing pipes in the drainage network is a
.vent pipe ,it doesnt carry water. It carries air

: The main purposes of vent pipe are

to remove foul odors from the network - 1
.to prevents back siphonage - 2
to balance air in the system 3

?? Where we need venting

Fixture venting 1

:Appliance venting 2

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: Pit venting 3

:pipe or riser venting 4

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There are more than one method to vent the riser pipe and each of
:them depends on the height and drainage load of building

:A simple or stack vent method

In this method the vent pipe is just an extension of drain or riser
pipe to the highest level, and it used for small buildings at normal
.drainage load

:B Vent stack method

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The main idea in this method is to vent the vent pipe itself by taking
a vent tap from each floor and connect it to a parallel vent stack to
.the riser, in other words create a bypass connection
By this method the circulation of air will be more efficient because
when the riser or drain pipe is fully loaded by drain water the air will
pass through alternative bath and then no bubbles or break down of
drain flow will occur, this method almost using for high rise building
and when the drainage load have a huge amount although when the
.building being small

Pic(1) : general description

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Pic (2): detailed description

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outside pipes 6

The pipes which connected between risers or inside networks and

.(manholes, pits, sewer network) which being outside the building
There are many size and types of outside pipes and the most commonly
:used are
A 150 mm (6 inch) pipe
B 200 mm (8 inch) pipe
C 250 mm (10 inch) pipe
D 300 mm (12 inch) pipe

The materials of these pipes can be (UPVC, HDPE, and clay) since
the outside piping is usually parried underground and the pipe
.material must carry out high pressure

Manholes 7

The sewer network contains a series of manholes serving a complex, a

compound, a town or
.a city
Manholes outside the building are used in the following situations
Change of direction - 1
Change of elevation - 2
Connection point - 3
every Specific distance for network maintenance purposes (30m for 4 .
6inch pipe and less, 60m for 8inch pipe and larger)

Note: the distance between inlet and outlet of manhole does not exceed
.60 cm ,if else then a drop manhole shall be used as will be shown
Note: the design of manholes will be explained later in the design
.procedure section
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:Manholes type

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Note :The distance between inlet and outlet for this type of
manholes is 60 cm and more so it used in case of change in levels

sewer network and pits 7

Sewer network is a large network where the drain of all buildings in the
city or region finally connected to, usually the civil engineers who design
.this network
to avoid destroying or damage or pipe closing or over flooding in sewer
network as explained previously in the (types of drain) section ; Authority
forbidden certain effluents to be connected directly to the sewer network
:without any treatment such as
Direct swimming pool drain - 1
Direct commercial kitchen waste water - 2
Direct car repair and wash and gas station - 3
Direct connection of parking garage waste water - 4
Fluent temperature exceeding 60 degree - 5
Chemical waste to be treated separately - 6
Note: Diference between sewer and drainage
Sewer: any waste or soil network outside the building parameter
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Drainage: waste or soil network inside the building parameter

:Pits
The pits are used to collect the drain of building either when a treatment is
needed before connection to the sewer network or when the sewer
.network not available

:Types of pits

Impervious Cesspools 1
This type used to collect the drain of building when the sewer network not
available, and when being filled up it discharged by a septic cars

:Septic tank 2
This type used to separate the sludge from the drain of building which will
naturally analyzed or decomposed in the ground then the floating water
. transferred to pervious cesspool or goes through the ground soil directly

pervious Cesspools 3
This type used to collect the filtered drain which transferred from the
. septic tank and then it goes through the ground soil directly

:Grease tank 4
This type used to separate the oils from the drain of building then the
. floating water transferred to the sewer network
Note: types 2 and 3 not preferred and in almost times authority forbidden
there to avoid the pollution of underground water stores as explained in
.the introduction of this course

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?? How To design a drainage system

The first step is to determine the system type (in the ceiling, underground,
.under slab, or under tiles) then to draw out the routing of the pipes
:In order to draw out the route of the pipe, 6 points shall be considered

Fixture drain outlet - 1

A - Which fixture needs a drain connection
B - The size of the drain pipe of that fixtures which obtained from codes
as explained previously , but for most commonly fixtures the size of pipes
:are
inches pipe for lavatories 2 *
or 3 inches pipe for sinks 2*
inches pipe for shower 2*
inches pipe for bath tub 2*
inches pipe for bidet 2*
inches pipe for WC 4*
C - Type of drainage discharged

Horizontal drain pipe - 2

The most important point that shall be considered for Horizontal drain
pipes is the path that connects the drain outlet to the connection point;
either its a riser, plant, pit or network connection and that to get and keep
.the appropriate level of network since it depends on gravity force
: To choose the right paths of pipes, the designer must be attentive for
.A - size of pipe
B- shafts or risers locations to insure the shortest distance between the
.fixture and the connection point
C - standard slopes which must guided by allowable thickness above slab
.or under ceiling that determined by arch engineer
D any change in direction (horizontal), a 45 degree elbow must be used
(no 90 degree elbow is permitted) to insure a smooth flow. A 90 degree
elbow can be used in vertical pipes but with special consideration, so try
.to select the path which contains less elbows and change of direction
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E - providing adequate maintenance access through clean outs. Clean

: outs are used to provide a maintenance way to the system so
For horizontal run of 30m minimum 1 clean out shall be provided *
for Any change in direction in a pipe more than 45 degree then each 12 *
.m of this pipe shall have minimum 1 clean out
.Clean outs can be wall clean out, ceiling clean out and floor clean out *
F the right path of outside piping depends on (pipe size, manholes series,
.pits, and sewer network locations)

Vertical Riser or connection point - 3

When there are no shafts in the building then The vertical riser or the
connection point shall be determined to choose the appropriate path and
.route according to the notes mentioned in the previous point

Pipe sizing and materials - 4

Diferent pipe material can be used depend on the fluent type and pipe
.location as explained previously
The pipes which must sized in the drainage system are (riser, vent pipe
and any pipe in the network except the fixture pipes because it obtained
.directly from tables as mentioned in point (1)

:Riser and drain pipe sizing

The first step to size any pipe is to sum the total of (DFU) which carried by
this pipe then to select the appropriate size from a certain code according
to its length and the total number of (DFU) units connected thereto , look
:at the following table which obtained from (UPC) code

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:Vent Sizing
The size of vent piping shall be determined from its length and the total
number of fixture units connected thereto, as set forth in the table
mentioned in drain pipe sizing, forth more some conditions for venting
:must be considered
A - The diameter of an individual vent shall not be less than one and onefourth (1-1/4) inches (32) mm nor less than one-half (1/2) the diameter of
.the drain to which it is connected to
B - the drainage piping of each building and each connection to a public
sewer or a private sewage disposal system shall be vented by means of
one or more vent pipes, the aggregate cross-sectional area of which shall
. not be less than that of the largest required building sewer
C - Vent Termination
Each vent pipe or stack shall extend through its flashing and shall
terminate vertically not less than six (6) inches (152 mm) above the roof
nor less than one (1) foot (305 mm) from any vertical surface. Each vent
shall terminate not less than ten (10) feet (3048 mm) from or at least
three (3) feet (914mm) above, any openable window, door, opening, air
intake, or vent shaft, nor less than three (3) feet (914 mm) in every
.direction from any lot line, alley and street excepted
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:D - Vent Stack and Relief Vent

Each drainage stack that extends ten (10) or more stories above the
building drain or other horizontal drain, shall be served by a parallel vent
stack, which shall extend undiminished in size from its upper terminal and
connect to the drainage stack at or immediately below the lowest fixture
drain. Each such vent stack shall also be connected to the drainage stack
at each fifth floor, counting down from the uppermost fixture drain, by
means of a yoke vent the size of which shall be not less in diameter than
.either the drainage or the vent stack whichever is smaller

:pipe slope 5
Each size of pipe have a certain slope which estimated in codes according
:to
A - providing the drain by enough force component in the direction of flow,
.which caused by gravity force
B keep the floating of drain to avoid the drying of network which causing
(odors, siphonage, and back flow under negative pressure which will
.occur)
The following tables indicates the slope of pipes according to (IPC) code
:but in almost time we take the slope of inside piping as (1% per meter)

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: Manholes design 6
each manhole must located at appropriate level to make the drain flow
.under gravity force efect
:Three points shall be considered in manholes design
A check the level of natural water stores under ground
B Estimate a manhole at (any change of direction, any change of
elevation, any Connection point, each 30m for 6inch pipe and less and
each 60m for 8inch pipe and larger)

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CEstimate the (inlet or invert level, outlet level, depth ) calculations as

:the following where
(1)

11

(2)

(3)

2
3

m 20

5
m 30

The top of each manhole called cover level which always being on the *
ground surface
.The points (1,3,5) called invert or inlet level for each manhole *
.The points (2,4,6) called outlet level for each manhole *
:Now Assume a slope of 2% for each pipe then
Determine the depth of the first manhole which must be at least (60 1
cm) then the invert level of this manhole will be at (60 cm) from the cover
.level
the outlet level of manhole (1) = 60cm + 5cm (the pipe diameter of 2

manhole (1)) = 65cm

manhole pipe
:Manhole no (2) 3

= the invert level of manhole no (2) *

the invert level of manhole no (1) + 5cm (the pipe diameter of manhole
(1)) + (the length of connection pipe*connection pipe slope)
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.cm 105 = (0.02*20) + 5 + 60 =

the outlet level of manhole (2) = 105cm + 5cm (the pipe diameter of *
.manhole(2)) = 110 cm
the depth of manhole (2) = the cover level invert level = 0 105 = -105 cm *

:Manhole no (3) 4
= the invert level of manhole no (3) *
the invert level of manhole no (2) + 5cm (the pipe diameter of manhole
(2)) + (the length of connection pipe*connection pipe slope)
.cm 116 = (0.02*30) + 5 + 105 =
the outlet level of manhole no (3) = 116cm + 5cm (the pipe diameter of *
manhole(3)) = 121
the depth of manhole (3) = the cover level invert level = 0 116 = *
-116 cm

:Notes
in case of drop manholes instate of 5 cm (the pipe diameter of manhole) 1
put 60 cm or 50 cm ( the distance between inlet and outlet of drop
manhole which difers from type to other

the cover level not necessary to be at 0.0 level but it depends on the 2
ground level which given by the arch engineer, in other words the cover
levels not necessary to be in decreasing but it necessary to decreasing in
:invert levels, look at the figure below

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:The following table is an example of manholes calculations

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: pits design 7
Pit size =(the demand of water per person(m) )*(no of persons )+ 2
The following table gives the demands of water for many applications *
according to (IPC) code

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:Underground Drainage - 8
Drain located beneath the discharge level must be directed to a sump pit
with a submersible pumps to lift the drain to the required level. Size of the
pit shall be minimum of 18 inches (465 mm) in diameter and 24 inches
deep (610mm). Maximum effluent level shall be 2 inches below the lowest
:inlet pipe. Discharge pipe size shall be as follows
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:Storm Water System (Rain Water) - 8

Storm water system purpose is to collect the rain water from roofs,
balconies, soft-scape and hard-scape and discharged it to storm water
network, rain water harvesting tank or to free discharge outside the
building parameter To design a rain water network is to figure out the
afected area (area that is open to sky) and figure out the rainfall intensity
.which is how millimeters of rain water adds up in one hour of time
A simple equation is used to figure out the water rate that is collected or
:to be removed then you can select the pump

:Run Coefficient
for roofs and balcony 1
for hard-scape 0.9
for soft-scape 0.5 0.3
if a harvesting tank will be estimated then the size of it = Q* (no of
storage hours)/1000

:determine the size and the number of roof drain outlets - 9

Minimum 2 roof drain outlets shall be estimated no matter what is the - 1
size of the roof, one can be as an emergency roof drain that shall be
.piped separately to indicate any failure in the original system
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Below is the table to determine the size and the number of roof drain - 2
:outlets

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: The most commonly Types of water are

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:raw water 1
it Is the natural water found in the environment, such as rainwater, ground
.water, and water from bodies like lakes and rivers

:treated water 2
:It is the water which treated before consumption like
a - drinking water : water which acceptable for human consumption
b - soft water: water which filtered from solid and chemical particles
c R.o water: which filtered from solid particles like sands
d filtered water : water which filtered from solid and chemical particles
.by a carbon or sand filter
e - waste water which has been used in an industrial process like cooling
.process

For design purposes Water Supply in buildings

:classified as the following
: Cold Water which using for - 1
a - Washing (showers, Sinks, basins)
b - Cleaning (taps, Hoses )
c - Cooking (kitchen)

:Hot Water which using for - 2

a - Washing (showers, Sinks, basins)
b - Cleaning (taps, Hoses )
c - Cooking (kitchen)

.Hot Water Return which using to keep water always hot - 3

.Cooled Water which using for drinking and water coolers - 4

Make-up Water which using for water base system (chilled water, -5
fire protection expansion tanks, Humidification)

treated Water which consist many types as mentioned - 6

:above and using for
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.A devices and machines which operating by water

B medical and industrial sectors
C - HVAC equipments
D - Sport & Health (swimming pools, Jacuzzi, steam rooms)
E - Architectural features (fountains, waterfalls)

:System components
collectors

Cabinets

Pipes from
shafts to
cabinet

exposed
pipes

tanks

valves

fixtures

Pipes from
collectors to
fixtures

:Tanks - 1
:The most commonly types are
a PVC tanks
b steel tanks (galvanized)
c fiber glass tanks (which have a spherical shape)
d GRP tanks (glass fiber reinforced plastic tanks

2 exposed piping :
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The pipes which extend from tanks to shafts and usually being mounted
and exposed on roofs and walls so they must carry out high pressure and
hard conditions.
:The most commonly types are
A black steel pipe: this type usually used in large installations like
:hospitals and hotels, it carry out unlimited pressure and classified as
- . + Seamless type: which carry 12 bar and
-Seam type: which carry 5.5 bar .
B galvanized steel pipe
.C CPVC pipe
.D PEX pipe

:Pipes from shafts to cabinets - 3

The pipes which extend from shafts to cabinets and The most commonly
:types are
A galvanized steel pipe
.B CPVC pipe

:Cabinets - 4
It is a collection box from which the pipes distributed to fixtures, it made
: from steel and there are many sizes of cabinets
A 60 cm * 60 cm * 10 cm : the capacity of this size is (1 - 6) pipes
B - 80 cm * 60 cm * 10 cm : the capacity of this size is (7 - 8) pipes
C - 100 cm * 60 cm * 10 cm: the capacity of this size is (9 - 12) pipes

:Collectors - 4
It is a collection pipe where the supplying pipes of fixtures are connected *
. to, usually made from copper or chromium
The collector connected to the main pipe which come from shaft then it *
supplies the fixture pipes by a small ports
The collector classified upon the number of ports which ranges from 2 to *
.12
The size of main or inlet port can be (3/4,1,1.25) inches *
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:Pipes from Collector to fixtures -5

The pipes which extend from collector to fixtures and The most commonly
:types are
A PEX pipe (20 mm for bathtub, showers, sinks and 16 mm for other
fixtures)
B MLAP pipe (multilayer aluminum pipe ) which have the same sizes of
.type A

valves 6
The valves connected in many positions in network for deferent purposes
:like (isolating for maintenance , balancing, regulating) for example
A isolating valve, which usually connected before and after any device or
components like pumps, tanks , collectors ..to provide adequate
.maintenance without closing the overall network
B Double regulating valve : which usually connected before the
components which need a flow regulation and balancing like radiators
C - angle valve : this valve have an angle (90) shape which usually
connected before fixtures to provide adequate maintenance without
.closing the overall network
:The angle valve estimated on wall at the following levels above ground
.cm for sinks and lavatories 55 . cm for (WC's) and bidets 7 .cm for showers 60-70 .cm for unknown fixtures 25 -

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:Design procedure

:General notes
although the water is a flow but it is not measured directly by (l/s) or - 1
cfm or any (unit/time) when the calculation be estimated. Because that
any fixture is not used overall the day and then the water flow is not
.continuously
To solve this problem as in drainage system a new measuring unit was
created which called (water supply fixture unit) (WSFU)
water supply fixture unit : it is a statistical number that indicates - 2
.the flow of each fixture along with the frequency of using this fixture
WSFU have a diferent values in each code and standard, the most - 3
important point is to use the tables and charts in the same code that
.water supply fixture unit are taken from
WSFU for each fixture in the network must obtained and then the total - 4
WSFU are converted again to flow by referring to the tables from the same
code which obtained from then the calculations of pipe size and pumps
. estimated according to this flow
It is not allowed to sum the flow of each unit fixture directly because it - 5
is non algebraic number so the sum of all unit fixtures calculated then
converted to flow, for example assume we have two fixtures (bathtub
: and bidet)
Now from the table(1) shown below we can see that we have 2 WSFU for
bidet and 4 WSFU for bathtub then the flow according of these WSFU's
: from the table(2) are
gpm for 2 WSFU 5
gpm for 4 WSFU 8
gpm for 6 WSFU 10.7
If we calculate the sum of flow directly then ( flow = 5 + 8 = 13 gpm)
which is the wrong method but the right method is (2 WSFU + 4 WSFU = 6
.WSFU) then the flow according of 6 WSFU is 10.7 gpm
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(table 1)

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(table 2)

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:Design steps
:small systems (A)

Determine fixtures locations and types 1

Draw cabinets locations which preferred to be as possible as in 2
corridors and near shafts and near fixtures and not preferred to be in
.rooms or personal places
Draw connections between cabinets and fixtures , try to draw the - 3
.shortest bath which have no restrictions as possible as
The diameters of connections pipes usually are 20 mm for (shower, *
.sinks , bathtubs ) and 16 mm for others fixtures
:determine the volume of storage tank by the following equation 4
( demand of one character per one day * no of characters * no of days )
The following table show the demands for water for deferent applications *
:and characters referring to IPC code

Draw the main pipes 5

:connections which between
A main supply of municipality and
roof tanks
.B roof tanks and cabinets
C roof tanks and hot water cylinder
(HWC)
D HWC and cabinets (supply lines)
E cabinets and HWC (return lines)

:main pipes sizing 6

A - Calculate the sum of (WSFU) of
each main pipe which carried by this
pipe then covert these (WSFU) to
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flow rate as explained in table (2) in design procedure section ,(table of

estimating demand)
After Determining each pipe flow rate, now we can sizing the pipes *
:following the below criteria
Maximum velocity shall not be exceeded is 3.0 m/s Recommended velocity shall be below 1.5 m/s Pressure Drop between 200-750 Pa/m Recommended pressure drop around 400 Pa/m Then determine the size of pipe from the following charts referring to *
AHRAE code which indicate the pressure drop according deferent velocities
for many types of pipe materials (copper, steel , plastic), or you can use
. the excel sheets as explained in lectures

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:pumps calculations (flow and head) 7

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A supply pump (booster pump) which pumps water from tanks to

cabinets and (HWC)
B hot water return pump (HWR) which circulating hot water between
.(HWC) and cabinets

:A - supply pump
usually the farthest floor and (HWC) are the main points in the system
which need a pressure rising and so there are two methods for pumps
: calculations
The first method is to select two pumps; one for the farthest floor 1
and the other for (HWC) then find the head and flow rate for each one, and
the following example explain that: assume the following water supply
: riser diagram

Roof
tank

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Cab
3
1

Cab 2

HWC
8

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Fixture
1

: Then estimate the following table to find the head of farthest floor pump

bath

1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5

type

Cold
Cold
Cold
Cold

Positive pressure(
pgh)
(x)

negative
***pressure
(y)

(x-y)

water
water
water
water

Negative pressure = 1.5*pipe length * pressure drop ***

(table 1)
.(pa/m) + Residual pressure

where Residual pressure is the work pressure of fixture

. Then the head of farthest floor pump = the sum of (x-y)

and the flow rate of farthest floor pump = the sum of cold water
supply fixture unit (CWSFU) for the farthest floor only

: Then estimate the following table to find the head of HWC pump

bath

type

1-2
2-6
6-7
7-8
8-7
7-6
6-2
2-3
3-4
4-5

Cold water
Cold water
Cold water
Cold water
Hot water
Hot water
Hot water
Hot water
Hot water
Hot water

Positive pressure(
pgh)
(x)

negative***
pressure
(y)

(x-y)

Negative pressure = 1.5*pipe length * pressure drop (pa/m) + Residual pressure***

(table 2)

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. Then the head of HWC pump = the sum of (x-y)

and the flow of (HWC) pump = the sum of hot water supply fixture
unit (HWSFU) for building
the second method is to select one pump for both (HWC and farthest 2
:floor) then
.The head of pump = the sum of (x-y) from table (2)
and the flow of pump =((( the sum of hot water supply fixture unit
(HWSFU) for building + the sum of cold water supply fixture unit
. (CWSFU) for the farthest floor only))) * 0.75

Hot Water Storage and Demand *

The table below is used to calculate the hot water demand using the type
and function of the building and the number of fixture used. This will be
useful to calculate individual electrical water heater and HWC volume

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And The tables below use the type of the building to determine the hot
:water demand

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:B - Hot Water Return Pump

The concept of the hot water return pump is to keep the temperature of
the water in the hot water pipes since the non circulating water will loss
.energy
: To calculate the flow rate of the hot Water Return Pump then *
the total length of the hot water and the hot water return pipes shall - 1
.be determined
:use the Following equation to find the flow rate of pump 2

The heat loss can be calculated by multiplying the total length of the hot
water and hot water return pipes by the loss value (w/m) of each pipe size
which obtained from ASHRAE Application (service water heating chapter)
:as follows

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The pump head can be calculated as explained previously in water - 3

.supply pump calculations

:Connections methods of hot water return pipes

the first method is to take the return pipes from the main pipes which 1
.connected to cabinets
this method save materials and pumping energy , but the circulating of
hot water will be between HWC and cabinets which mean that some losses
will occur in the hot water in the pipes which connected between cabinets
and fixtures which make the person or customer waiting for a few minutes
.for reaching the hot water
the second method is to take a return pipe from each fixture supply 2
pipe and the size of this pipe determined by selecting the first smaller size
after supply pipe size, for example if the supply pipe size 20 mm then the
.size of return pipe will be 16 mm
Although this method consumes pumping energy and materials, but the
hot water will be available at any time without waiting which reducing
. water consumption
the third method is same as the second method but the size of return 3
.pipe taken as the size of supply pipe
Note : the most commonly used method is method no (1) then (2) then
(3), but methods 2 and 3 not used in water supply system which contains
.cabinets
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:Large systems (B)

. When you say large system, that means hospitals, hotels, factories

:The design steps in large systems is the same in small systems but
without point (2) , because the cabinets contain the main valves of 1
supply pipes which means that anyone can adjust the flow or close system
, and you can imagine for example what will occur in operations room in
hospitals when the water closed suddenly. It is
!!!!!!!looooooooooooooooooooool
without point (4), because in large systems underground tanks - 2
installed instead of roof tanks since the heavy weight of roof water tanks
efects on the structure of building, and the shape of tanks on roofs not
.acceptable by architect engineers

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