Composite Modeling Handbook For Femap NX Nastran and Ls-Dyna 2015

CompositeLaminateModeling
HandbookforFemap,NXNastranandLSDYNAUsers
VenkataBheemReddy,SeniorStaffMechanicalEngineer
AdrianJensen,PE,Senior StaffMechanicalEngineer
GeorgeLaird,PhD,PE,PrincipalMechanicalEngineer
PredictiveEngineeringWhitePaper
2015
WHATTHISHANDBOOKCOVERS
Thisnoteisintendedfornewengineersinterestedinmodelingcompositesandexperiencedengineerswhowouldliketo
getacquaintedwiththeFemapinterface.
Thefollowingtopicsarecovered:
o Alittlebackgroundonthemechanicsofcompositesandhowmicromechanicscanbeleveragedtoobtain
compositematerialproperties
o 2Dcompositelaminatemodeling
Definingamaterialmodel,layup,propertycardandmaterialangles
Symmetricvs.unsymmetriclaminateandwhythisisimportant
Resultspostprocessing
o 3Dcompositelaminatemodeling
Definingamaterialmodel,layup,propertycardandply/stackorientation
Whenisa3Dmodelpreferredovera2Dmodel
o Modelingasandwichcomposite
Methodsofmodelingasandwichcomposite
3Dvs.2Dsandwichcompositemodelsandtheirprosandcons
o Failuremodelingofa2Dcompositelaminate
Definingalaminatefailuremodel
Postprocessinglaminateandlaminafailureindices
o Additionalexamplesandtheory
PredictiveEngineeringDocument,FeelFreetoShareWithYourColleagues
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TABLEOFCONTENTS
1.
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................................................7
1.1 TERMINOLOGY..................................................................................................................................................................................................7
1.2 TYPESOFMATERIALS.........................................................................................................................................................................................8
2.
1.2.1
AnisotropicMaterial...........................................................................................................................................................................8
1.2.2
OrthotropicMaterial..........................................................................................................................................................................9
1.2.3
IsotropicMaterial...............................................................................................................................................................................9
COMPOSITEMICROMECHANICS...................................................................................................................................10
2.1 RULEOFMIXTURES........................................................................................................................................................................................10
2.1.1
3.
ApplicationExample........................................................................................................................................................................10
LAMINATEMODELINGINFEMAP.................................................................................................................................12
3.1 IMPORTANTENTITIES......................................................................................................................................................................................13
3.2 DEFININGANORTHOTROPICMATERIAL..............................................................................................................................................................14
3.3 UNDERSTANDINGTHELAYUPEDITOR.................................................................................................................................................................15
3.4 PROPERTYCARD:2DLAMINATEMODELING........................................................................................................................................................17
3.5 ASSIGNINGMATERIALANGLES..........................................................................................................................................................................18
3.5.1
DefiningaMaterialAngleontheElement......................................................................................................................................19
3.5.2
DefiningaMaterialAngleinthePropertyCard..............................................................................................................................21
3.5.3
AdvancedApplicationExampleofAssigningMaterialAngletoaComplexGeometry...................................................................22
3.6 PROPERTYCARD:3DLAMINATEMODELING........................................................................................................................................................27
3.7 MULTIMATERIALANGLEEXAMPLEOFA3DCOMPOSITEMODEL...........................................................................................................................28
4.
EXAMPLE1:CREATINGA2DLAMINATEMODELINFEMAP..........................................................................................31
4.1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................................................................................31
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4.2 CREATINGTHEMATERIALPROPERTY..................................................................................................................................................................31
4.3 DEFININGTHELAYUP......................................................................................................................................................................................32
4.4 DEFININGTHELAMINATEPROPERTY(PCOMP)...................................................................................................................................................33
4.5 SPECIFYINGMATERIALANGLES.........................................................................................................................................................................34
4.6 ANALYSISSETUPANDPOSTPROCESSING.............................................................................................................................................................34
5.
4.6.1
AnalysisSetManagerSetupforComposites...................................................................................................................................36
4.6.2
PostProcessingtheResults.............................................................................................................................................................37
EXAMPLE2:CREATINGA3DLAMINATEMODELINFEMAP..........................................................................................41
5.1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................................................................................41
5.4 DEFININGTHELAMINATEPROPERTY(PCOMPS).................................................................................................................................................42
5.5 SPECIFYINGMATERIALANGLES.........................................................................................................................................................................43
5.6 POSTPROCESSINGTHERESULTS........................................................................................................................................................................43
6.
EXAMPLE3:MODELINGASANDWICHCOMPOSITE.....................................................................................................45
6.1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................................................................................45
6.4 DEFININGTHEPROPERTYCARDS.......................................................................................................................................................................45
6.5 POSTPROCESSINGTHERESULTS........................................................................................................................................................................46
6.6 OTHERMETHODSFORSANDWICHCOMPOSITEMODELING....................................................................................................................................48
7.
LAMINATEFAILURETHEORIESINFEMAP.....................................................................................................................50
7.1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................................................................................50
7.2 HILLSTHEORY...............................................................................................................................................................................................50
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7.3 HOFFMANSTHEORY.......................................................................................................................................................................................51
7.4 TSAIWUTHEORY..........................................................................................................................................................................................52
7.5 MAXIMUMSTRAINTHEORY..............................................................................................................................................................................52
7.6 ONSETFAILURETHEORY..................................................................................................................................................................................53
8.
EXAMPLE4:MODELINGTHEFAILUREBEHAVIOROFCOMPOSITELAMINATES...........................................................53
8.2 DEFININGTHELAMINATEPROPERTY...................................................................................................................................................................54
8.3 RESULTS.......................................................................................................................................................................................................54
9.
ADDITIONALREADING..................................................................................................................................................59
10. MATERIALDATABASE....................................................................................................................................................60
11. FOURPOINTBENDINGOFASANDWICHCOMPOSITEUSINGFEMAPANDNXNASTRAN............................................63
11.1
HANDCALCULATION..................................................................................................................................................................................64
11.1.1 BasicLaminate.................................................................................................................................................................................64
11.1.2 SandwichComposite.......................................................................................................................................................................74
11.2
FINITEELEMENTSIMULATION......................................................................................................................................................................80
11.3
SUMMARYOFRESULTS...............................................................................................................................................................................89
12. ADDENDUM..................................................................................................................................................................91
12.1
EXAMPLE1(2DLAMINATEWITHAHOLE)......................................................................................................................................................91
12.1.1 DisplacementContour.....................................................................................................................................................................91
12.1.2 MajorPrincipalStressinPly4(0)...................................................................................................................................................92
12.1.3 UnsymmetricLaminate....................................................................................................................................................................93
12.2
EXAMPLE2(3DLAMINATEWITHAHOLE)......................................................................................................................................................94
12.2.2 MajorPrincipalStressinPly4(0)...................................................................................................................................................95
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12.2.3 3DSolidLaminatewithOneElementforEachLayerThroughThickness.......................................................................................96
12.3
EXAMPLE3(3DSANDWICHCOMPOSITE).......................................................................................................................................................98
12.3.2 TransverseShearStress(ZX)inCore...............................................................................................................................................99
12.4
EXAMPLE4(2DLAMINATEWITHFAILURE)...................................................................................................................................................100
12.4.1 LaminateFailure............................................................................................................................................................................100
12.4.2 FailureinLongitudinalTension......................................................................................................................................................101
12.4.3 FailureinTransverseTension........................................................................................................................................................102
13. APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................................................103
13.1
CLASSICALLAMINATIONTHEORY.................................................................................................................................................................103
13.1.1 KinematicEquations......................................................................................................................................................................103
13.1.2 ConstitutiveEquations...................................................................................................................................................................103
13.1.3 Resultants......................................................................................................................................................................................104
13.1.4 EquilibriumEquations....................................................................................................................................................................104
13.1.5 StiffnessMatricesA,B,andD........................................................................................................................................................104
13.2
UNSYMMETRICLAYUP..............................................................................................................................................................................106
13.3
CHAMISMODEL......................................................................................................................................................................................108
13.4
ONSETFAILURETHEORY...........................................................................................................................................................................108
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CompositeLaminateModelingUsingFemap
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
TERMINOLOGY
Compositematerial:Acombinationoftwoormorematerialstoformanewmaterialsystemwithenhanced
materialproperties.
Examplesofreinforcementsareglassfibers,carbonfibers,siliconcarbidefibersetc.
Examplesofmatrixmaterialsareepoxy,polyurethane,siliconcarbideetc.
Lamina:Alaminaisathinlayerofcompositematerial.Thethicknessofthelaminaisusually0.1to1mm.Itisalso
referredtoasaply.
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Laminate:Alaminateisconstructedbystackinganumberoflaminae.Thebuildingblockforalaminateislamina.
1.2
TYPESOFMATERIALS
Inengineeringapplications,materialscanbebroadlyclassifiedasanisotropic,orthotropic,andisotropic.Ananisotropic
materialhasthegeneralizedformulation,whileothertwoarederivedbysomesimplifications.
1.2.1
ANISOTROPICMATERIAL
Ananisotropicmaterialhasnoplanesofmaterialsymmetry.Examplesofanisotropicmaterialsarefemur,shortfiber
compositesetc.Thenumberofconstantsrequiredtodescribeanisotropicmaterialsis21.Thestiffnessmatrixshown
belowissymmetricaboutthediagonalterms.Accordingly,allthediagonaltermsandthetermsabove/belowthe
diagonaltermshavetobedefinedinthematerialmodel.
1 C11
C
2 12
3 C13

23 C14
13 C15

12 C16
C12
C 22
C 23
C 24
C13
C 23
C33
C 34
C14
C 24
C 34
C 44
C15
C 25
C 35
C 45
C 25
C 26
C 35
C 36
C 45
C 46
C 55
C 56
C16 1
C 26 2

C 36 3

C 46 23
C 56 13

C 66 12
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1.2.2
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ORTHOTROPICMATERIAL
Anorthotropicmaterialhasthreeplanesofmaterialsymmetry.Examplesoforthotropicmaterialsarewood,
unidirectionallaminaetc.Thenumberofconstantsrequiredtodescribeorthotropicmaterialsis9.Thestiffnessmatrixis
symmetricandallthediagonaltermsandtermsabove/belowthediagonaltermshavetobedefined.However,
commercialfiniteelementsoftwareallowdefiningtheelasticmoduli(E1,E2,E3),shearmoduli(G12,G13,G23),and
Poissonsratio(12,13,23)insteadofcalculatingeachofthestiffnessterms.Thefiniteelementsoftwarecaninternally
evaluatethesestiffnessterms.
1 C11
C
2 12
3 C13

23 0
13 0

12 0
1.2.3
C12
C13
C 22
C 23
0
0
0
C 23
C33
0
0
0
0
0
C 44
0
0
0
0
0
C55
0
0 1
0 2

0 3

0 23
0 13

C 66 12
ISOTROPICMATERIAL
Allplanesareplanesofsymmetry.Examplesofisotropicmaterialsaremetalslikesteel,aluminumetc.Thereareonly
2independentconstants(C11andC12)foranisotropicmaterial.Similartotheorthotropicmaterialmodel,onecandefine
Eandinsteadofcalculatingthestiffnessterms.
C11 C12
1 C12 C11

2 C12 C12
3
0
0
23
13 0
0

12 0
0
C12
C12
C11
0
0
0
0
C11 C12
2
0
0
0
0
C11 C12
2
1

2

0
3
23

0
13
C11 C12 12
0
0
0
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2.
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COMPOSITEMICROMECHANICS
Studyofcompositematerialbehaviorwhereintheinteractionofconstituentmaterialsareexaminedona
microscopicscaletodeterminetheireffectonthepropertiesofthecompositematerial.
Predictthepropertiesofcomposite,giventhecomponentpropertiesandtheirgeometricarrangement.
Themechanicalpropertiesofthecompositedependonthepercentagesoffibersandmatrix.
2.1
RULEOFMIXTURES
Ifthefiberandmatrixpropertiesareavailable,areasonableestimationofthelaminapropertiescanbeobtained
usingtheruleofmixtures(strengthofmaterialsapproach).
E L E f Vf E m Vm
V V
1
f m
Ef Em
ET
1
V
V
f m
G LT G f G m
LT f Vf m Vm
Here,ELandETcorrespondtolongitudinalandtransversemoduliofthecompositelamina,GLTandLTcorrespondto
inplaneshearmodulusandPoissonsratio,respectively.Suffixfcorrespondstofiberpropertyandmcorresponds
tomatrixproperty.Intheaboveequations,Vcorrespondstovolumefraction.
2.1.1
APPLICATIONEXAMPLE
Wewillconsiderthemechanicalpropertiesofacarbonfiberandanepoxyresintoapplytheruleofmixturesand
estimatethelaminamechanicalproperties.Forthisexample,wewillconsiderafibervolumefractionof56%.For
moststructuralapplications,afibervolumefractiongreaterthan55%istypicallyused.Increasingthefibervolume
fractioncanfavorintermsoftheloadcarryingcapacityasfiberstakemajorityoftheload.However,fibervolume
fractioncannotbeincreasedbeyondacertainlimit(typicallyaround65%).Justasanote,thetheoreticalmaximum
volumefractionforafiber(cylinder)is78%forsquarepacking.Astheresincontentisreduced,fibersarenot
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completelywetduringthemanufacturingprocessandcanresultinincreaseddryspots(partqualityisreduced).This
willresultinreducedloadtransferbetweenthefibers.
Constituent
EL(GPa)
ET(GPa)
G(GPa)
Vf(%)
Carbonfiber
220
22
0.15
25
56
Epoxyresin
3.3
3.3
0.37
1.2
Thecarbon/epoxylaminapropertiesarecalculatedusingtheruleofmixturesasshownbelow.
EL=220*0.56+3.3*0.44=125GPa
1/ET=(0.56/220)+(0.44/3.3)=0.14GPa>ET=7.4GPa
1/GLT=(0.56/25)+(0.44/1.2)=0.39GPa>GLT=2.6GPa
LT=0.56*0.15+0.44*0.37=0.25
Themechanicalproperties(2Dorthotropic)obtainedusingtheruleofmixturesforacarbon/epoxylaminaareshown
below.
Carbon/epoxylamina
EL(GPa)
ET(GPa)
GLT(GPa)
LT
Ruleofmixtures
125
7.4
2.6
0.25
Chamismodel
125
9.1
4.2
0.25
Experimental[1]
125
9.1
0.34
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3.
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LAMINATEMODELINGINFEMAP
Inthissection,weprovidedetailsonmodelingcompositelaminatesinFemap.Therearefourimportantentitiesinwhich
modelinglaminatesdiffersfromconventionalmetalliccomponents.Compositelaminatemodelingdealswiththe
followingmodifications:
anorthotropic/anisotropic(typically)materialconfiguration
laminateshavealayeredconfiguration,soalayupconfigurationhastobespecifiedwiththethicknessofeach
layerandtheirorientationanglesw.r.tareferenceaxis
anelement/propertytypethataccountsforthelayeredconfigurationhastobeused
referenceaxis(materialangle)specification
EachoftheaboveentitiesandtheirdefinitioninFemapissummarizedinthefollowingsubsections.Therearetwowork
flowsthatcanbefollowedtomodelalaminateinFemapdependingonwhetherthelaminatemodelisa2Dor3D.
Definingthematerialcards,layup,andpropertycardsiscommonbetween2Dand3Dmodels;however,materialangles
canbespecifiedusingtwoapproachesina2Dmodelwhileonlyoneapproachisusedfora3Dmodel.In2Dmodels
materialanglescanbespecifiedatelementlevelordirectlyinthepropertycards.Specifyingmaterialanglesonelements
isaconvenientapproachespeciallyforcomplexgeometries;wecanselectasetofelementsandapplythematerialangle
insteadofassigningaspecificmaterialangletoallelementsinapropertycard.For3Dmodels,wehavetodefine
materialanglesinthepropertycardandsoweneedtocreatemultiplepropertycardsforcomplexgeometries.Inthe
followingsubsections,anoverviewofFemapinterfaceforlaminatemodelingisprovidedaccompaniedbyworked
examples.
Workflow1
Workflow2
laminate (2D)
laminate(2D)andsolidlaminate(3D)
materialmodel
materialmodel
layup
layup
propertycard
propertycardwithmaterialangle
definematerialangleonelement
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3.1
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IMPORTANTENTITIES
Modelingcompositescanbeeasierifthefollowingentitiesarecarefullyassigned.
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3.2
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DEFININGANORTHOTROPICMATERIAL
Noticethatwehavedifferentpropertiesinlongitudinal(E1)andtransverse(E2)directions,whereE1isalignedto
theanglespecifiedwithinthelayup.
Dependingonthetypeofanalysis,variousmaterialpropertiesarerequired.
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3.3
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UNDERSTANDINGTHELAYUPEDITOR
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3.4
2015
PROPERTYCARD:2DLAMINATEMODELING
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3.5
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ASSIGNINGMATERIALANGLES
Although,orientationanglesarespecifiedforeachlaminaindividuallyinthelayupeditor,Femapwillnotunderstandas
towhichreferencedirectiontheseorientations(angles)correspond.So,weneedtospecifyamaterialanglesuchthatall
orientations(specifiedinlayup)takethisvectorasthereference.Forexample,ifthematerialangleisdefinedinthe
globalxdirectionthenalltheorientationswilluseglobalxdirectionasthereference.Oneshouldnotbeconfusedwith
theterminologiesmaterialangleandorientationangleinthelayupeditor.Materialangleisareferenceaxisthatwe
assigntotheelementandisindependentoftheshapeoftheelement.Orientationangleistheorientationofthelamina
(fiberdirection).Bydefault,Femapassignsnomaterialangle.Useanyofthefollowingmethodstospecifythematerial
angle.
Imagesource:https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aircraft/amt_airframe_handbook/media/ama_Ch07.pdf
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3.5.1
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DEFININGAMATERIALANGLEONTHEELEMENT
Onecandefine/updatethematerialanglesusingtoolbarModify>UpdateElements>MaterialOrientation.
Thismethodallowsonetodefineamaterialangletoaselectedsetofelementsoralltheelementsatatime.Itis
importanttonotethatthematerialangleisindependentoftheelementcoordinatesystemandtheelementshape.For
example,theimagebelowshowselementsthataredistorted.However,thematerialanglesareallalignedtotheglobalx
direction.Ifamaterialangleisnotdefined,Femapwillshowanerrormessage.Ifyoumissdefiningamaterialanglefora
fewelementsinthemodel,itcanbequitedifficulttotracetheelementswithmissingdefinitions.Wehavedevelopedan
APItofiltertheseelementswithmissingelementsandgroupthem.Byaccessingthisnewlycreatedgroup,onecan
assign/updatethematerialanglestotheseelementsonly.TheAPIiscalledCompositesMaterialAngleChecker,andcan
bedownloadedfromourwebsiteathttp://www.appliedcax.com/supportandtraining/apis/apis.html.Onecanverifythe
materialanglesinthelaminateelementsbyselectingthefollowingoptionsunderF6orViewOptions.
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3.5.2
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DEFININGAMATERIALANGLEINTHEPROPERTYCARD
Inthisapproach,wecandefineamaterialangledirectlyinthepropertycard.However,thiswillassignthematerialangle
toalltheelementsthatthepropertyidisassociatedwith.Onecanalsochecktheassignedmaterialanglesandupdate
them(incaseofanyincorrectmaterialangles)accordinglyusingtheprocedureinapproach1.
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In case of a complex geometry with curved surfaces, material angles can be effectively defined using the cylindrical
coordinatesystembyusingthetangentdirectionifthevectorhastofollowacurvedsurface.Alwaysremembertoverify
yourmaterialangles!
3.5.3
ADVANCEDAPPLICATIONEXAMPLEOFASSIGNINGMATERIALANGLETOACOMPLEXGEOMETRY
Theexamplebelowshowsacompositewingleadingedge.The0materialangleneedstofollowthecurvatureofthe
leadingedge.However,wecanseefromthepicturethatthevectors(representativeofthematerialangles)donot
followthecurvature.
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Vectorsdonotfollowthe
curvatureoftheleadingedge
In order to assign the material angle accurately, we can use the cylindrical coordinate system (R, T, Z) instead of a
rectangular coordinate system (X, Y, Z). We want to create a new cylindrical coordinate system (instead of an existing
cylindricalcoordinatesystem)thatwilldoabetterjobinaccuratelyassigningthematerialangles.Followthestepsbelow
tocreateanewcylindricalcoordinatesystem.
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Thenewcoordinatesystemisshownbelow.
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Wewill usetheproceduredetailedinsection3.5.1(Definingamaterialangleontheelement)to updatethematerial

angle.GototoolbarModify>UpdateElements>MaterialOrientation.
Thiswillpromptyoutoselecttheelementsforwhichthematerialanglehastodefined/updated.Forthisexample,we
willselectallthelaminateplateelements.Next,youwillbepromptedtoselectthematerialorientationdirection(shown
below).
Theaboveprocedurewillorienttheallthematerialanglesalongthecurvatureoftheleadingedge.
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3.6
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PROPERTYCARD:3DLAMINATEMODELING
In3Dlaminatemodeling,wedefineaply/stackdirectioninsteadofamaterialangle.Forexample,ifthematerialangleis
inglobalxandthelayupstackinginglobalz,thenwespecifytheply/stackdirectionasXZ(13).Unlike2D,wecannotuse
approach1(Modify>UpdateElements>MaterialOrientation)for3Dsolidlaminateelements.Wecancreatemultiple
propertycards(ifnecessary)withdifferentply/stackdirectionsforsectionsofyourgeometry.Andtrytoexploreother
coordinatesystemsforspecifyingtheply/stackdirection.
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3.7
MULTIMATERIALANGLEEXAMPLEOFA3DCOMPOSITEMODEL
Thisexampleshowsacompositecomponentwithsectionsorientedindifferentdirections.Thecomponentismodeled
usinglaminatesolidelements.Here,wecannotuseasingleply/stackdirectionforallthesectionsofthecomponent.
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In this example, we will create three property cards (identified by color as shown above) to define ply/stack direction
separately for each of the three sections of the composite component. The following images will show how ply/stack
directionshavebeendefinedforthesesections.
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4.
2015
EXAMPLE1:CREATINGA2DLAMINATEMODELINFEMAP
4.1
INTRODUCTION
Inthisexample,wewillanalyzeasimplecompositelaminatewithaholesubjectedtouniaxialtension.Composite
laminatesareoftenstudiedforopenholetensionintheaerospaceindustry.Thematerial,layup,andthethicknesses
usedinthisexamplearefromarealworldcompositepart.Here,wewillstudytwotypesoflayupswiththesamenumber
oflayersandsameorientationsbutstackedindifferentways.Wewillanalyzethedifferencesintheresultsjustby
alteringthelayupstackingorder.Wewilllearnthisuniquebehaviorofcompositesbyworkingoutthisexample.With
multiplepliesinthelayup,thisisalsoagoodexampleforpostprocessing.
4.2
CREATINGTHEMATERIALPROPERTY
Thematerialpropertiesusedforthelaminatecorrespondtoaunidirectionalcarbon/epoxylamina.Accordingly,the
materialtypeneedstobe2DOrthotropicforthisproblem.ThematerialpropertiesareshowninTable1.
Table1:MechanicalpropertiesofaunidirectionalT800S/39002lamina
Property
Unit T800S/39002
Longitudinalelasticmodulus(E1)
GPa
147
Transverseelasticmoduli(E2=E3)
GPa
7.58
Inplaneshearmodulus(G12)=Interlaminarshearmodulus(G13)
GPa
3.96
Interlaminarshearmodulus(G23)
GPa
3.00
InplanePoissonsratio(12)=InterlaminarPoissonsratio(13)
0.33
InterlaminarPoissonsratio(v23)
0.38
Longitudinaltensilestrength(Xt)=Longitudinalcompressivestrength(Xc) GPa
2.86
Transversetensilestrength(Yt)=Transversecompressivestrength(Yc)
GPa
1.55
Shearstrength(S)
GPa
0.104
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Sincethelaminatemodelis2D,thedirection3propertiescanbeignoredforthisproblem.
4.3
DEFININGTHELAYUP
Wewillanalyzetwotypesoflayupsinthismodel.Theideaistoobservehowthelayupcanaffectyouranalysisevenif
thelaminateeffectivelyhasthesamenumberoflayers,sameorientationangles,butstackedupinadifferentsequence.
Layup1:[45/90/45/0]switheachlayerat0.195mmthickness.Thesubscriptsinthelayupdefinitionshowsthatitis
symmetriclaminate.Thisimpliesthatthelayupconfigurationis[45/90/45/0/0/45/90/45].
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Layup2:[45/90/45/0/45/90/45/0].Layup2has8layersaslayup1exceptthatthelayupconfigurationisno
longersymmetricaboutlaminatesmidplane.
ThelayupeditorwithLayup1definedisshownbelow.Layup2canbedefinedinasimilarmannerbychangingthe
orientationangles.
4.4
DEFININGTHELAMINATEPROPERTY(PCOMP)
TheNastranpropertycardfor2DlaminatesisPCOMP.DetailedinformationonthePCOMPcardisavailableinthe
NastranUserGuide.The2Dlaminateformulationisbasedonclassicallaminationtheory.SelecttheLaminate
element/propertytypeinthepropertycard.Bydefault,Femapassignsplateelementtypefor2Dmodels.Thelayup
definedinthepreviousstepcanbeassignedinthepropertycard.Sincewehavedefinedallthe8layersinthelayup,
optionsislefttoitsdefaultAsSpecifiedinthepropertycard.Alternatively,wecandefine4layersonlyinthelayupand
useSymmetricoption.However,thisoptionhastobeusedwithcautionasitcannotbeusedforunsymmetric
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laminates.Ideally,onecandefineallthelayersinthelayupeditorunlesstherearealargenumberoflayers(e.g.,thick
composite).
4.5
SPECIFYINGMATERIALANGLES
Forthisproblem,wewilluseglobalxdirectionasourmaterialangle.Wecanuseoneoftheprocedureswhichwere
introducedearlier.
4.6
ANALYSISSETUPANDPOSTPROCESSING
Forthismodel,aforceof10kNisappliedonthenodesononeendandfixedconstraintsareappliedontheotherendas
shownbelow.Tosimulatetheexperimentalloadingbehavior,the10kNloadisappliedonanindependentnodeandthis
nodeisrigidlylinkedtonodesontherightendofthelaminatemodel(shownbelow).Whentheloadisappliedonthe
independentnode,theresultingdisplacementistranslatedtothedependentnodes.
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Themodelisreadytobeanalyzedandissolvedforalinearstaticcase.Themodelisanalyzedforthetwolayupsandthe
deformationsobservedinboththesecasesarediscussed.
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4.6.1
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ANALYSISSETMANAGERSETUPFORCOMPOSITES
SRCOMPScontrolsthecomputationandprintoutofplystrengthratios.Whenon,plystrengthratiosareoutputfor
compositeelementsthathavefailureindicesrequested.
NOFISRcontrolstheprintoutofthecompositefailureindicesandstrengthratios.Whenon,thefailureindicesand
strengthratioswillnotbeprinted.
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4.6.2
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POSTPROCESSINGTHERESULTS
Initially,themodelwiththesymmetriclaminate([45/90/45/0/0/45/90/45])wasanalyzed.Thetotaltranslation
inthismodelisshownbelow.Thedeformationsaresymmetricaboutthexaxis.Undertheapplieduniaxialtensileload,
deformationswereinplaneasexpected.Nooutofplanedeformationswereobserved.
Next,themodelwithunsymmetriclaminate([45/90/45/0/45/90/45/0])wasanalyzed.Fromthecontours(shown
below),itcanbeobservedthatthedeformationswerenotsymmetricaboutthexaxis.Also,wecannowseethatthe
unsymmetriclaminateresultedinanoutofplanedeformationalthoughtheloadingwasuniaxial.
SymmetriclaminateNo
outofplanedeformations
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Unsymmetriclaminatewith
outofplanedeformations
Thiskind ofbehavioris unique infiberreinforcedcompositelaminatesandoften notexploreddueto inherent design

challenges. An unsymmetric layup can result in warping of the laminate as early as during the manufacturing process
whenthelaminateiscuredathightemperatures.Thus,itisquitechallengingtodesignanunsymmetriclaminatetosuita
specific loading environment. One practical example of an unsymmetric laminate application is in the forward swept
compositewingsoftheX29aircraft[2].
Page36of110
2015
X29aircraft
PhotocourtesyofStructuralMechanicsCorporation
http://structuralmechanics.com/about/resources/newsletter/articles/youpullittwiststailoredcomposites/
Ifthissubjectinterestsyou,pleaseseetheAppendix.Next,weproceedtostressdistributionsintheindividualplies.For
thisdiscussion,wewillusethesymmetriclaminateresults.
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Thestresscontourshownabovecorrespondstothemajorprincipalstressinply4(0layer).Similarly,wecanplotstress
distributioninotherlayers.Femaphasbunchofoutputoptionsandsometimesitcanbedifficulttofindthesameoutput
vectorforanotherply.TherearesomecustomtoolsavailableinFemapwhichcanbeeffectivelyusedforlaminates.For
example,wecanusetheLaminatePrevPlytooltoplotply3MajorPrincipalStress(providedwehaveaplotofply4
Major Principal Stress) without putting effort in finding the output vector amongst large set of results. This will be
particularlyusefulifyouhavealargenumberoflayersinthelaminate.Someofthetoolswhicharespecifictolaminates
areshownbelow.ThesetoolscanbeaccessedfromCustomTools>PostProcessing.
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IfyouwouldliketousetheseAPIsfrequently,wecancreateacustomizedtoolbarwiththesecommands.Itiseasierthis
waytofindacommandinthetoolbarratherthansearchingforthesecommandsintheCustomTools.Wehavecreateda
videooncreatingacustomizedtoolbarandcanbeaccessedfromhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RT_7uIor6Ww
5.
EXAMPLE2:CREATINGA3DLAMINATEMODELINFEMAP
5.1
INTRODUCTION
Inthisexample,wewilldevelopa3Dlaminatemodeltoanalyzeasimplecompositelaminatewithaholesubjectedto
uniaxialtension.Thisisanextensionofexample1toa3Dlaminatemodel.Thegoalistounderstandtheapplicabilityof
boththemodels.Thematerial,layup,thicknesses,andtheapproachusedinthisexamplearesameasintheexample1.
Amajordifferencebetweenthe2Dlaminatemodelandthe3Dlaminatemodelisthattheformerwillnottakeoutof
planestressesintoaccountwhilethelatterwill.The3Dlaminatemodelswillbeusefulifyouaremodelingacomposite
structurewithfreeedgeslikeholeswheretheoutofplaneshearstressescanbeimportant.
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5.2
2015
Definingthematerialpropertiesfora3Dlaminatemodelissimilartothe2Dmodelexceptthatthematerialtypeisnow
3Dorthotropic.Accordingly,direction3propertiesshouldalsobedefined.Alltherequiredpropertiesaredefinedin
Table1.
5.3
DEFININGTHELAYUP
Specifyingthelayupconfigurationissimilartothe2Dcase.However,thematerialproperty(3Dorthotropic)createdin
thepreviousstephastobeusedinsteadof2Dorthotropicpropertiesasinexample1.
5.4
DEFININGTHELAMINATEPROPERTY(PCOMPS)
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TheNastranpropertycardfor3DlaminatesisPCOMPS.DetailedinformationonthePCOMPScardisavailableinthe
NastranUserGuide.SelecttheSolidLaminateelement/propertytypeinthepropertycard.Bydefault,Femapassigns
Solidelementtypefor3Dmodels.Thelayupdefinedinthepreviousstepcanbeassignedinthepropertycard.The
interfaceforthe3Dlaminatepropertycardisslightlydifferentfromthe2Dcase.HerePly/StackDirectionhastobe
assigned.Forexample,forthe3DlaminatemodelthePly/StackDirectionisspecifiedasXZ(13).Here,Xcorrespondsto
thedirectionofthematerialangle(asdefinedin2Dcase)andZcorrespondstothestackingdirection.Unlikethe2D
laminates,the3Dlaminateformulationisnotbasedonclassicallaminationtheory.
5.5
SPECIFYINGMATERIALANGLES
Theonlydifferencebetweenspecifyingmaterialanglesfora2Dcaseand3Dcaseisthatthe3Dmodelrequiresspecifying
thePly/StackDirection.Theoverallconceptisstillthesame.
5.6
Theimagebelowshowsthefiniteelementmeshofthe3Dlaminatemodel.Inthisexample,onlyonesolidelementis
definedthroughthethickness.Thethicknessoftheelementcorrespondstothetotalthicknessofthelaminate1.56
mm.
Topview
Frontview
1.56 mm
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The3Dlaminatemodelisanalyzedwiththesymmetriclayupconfiguration.Theobserveddisplacementsandstressesare
shownbelow.Thedisplacementresultsarequitesimilartothe2Dcase.
Themajorprincipalstressdistributioninply4(0layer)isshownbelow.
Page42of110
6.
2015
EXAMPLE3:MODELINGASANDWICHCOMPOSITE
6.1
INTRODUCTION
Inthisexample,a3Dsandwichcompositemodelisanalyzedforauniformpressureloading.Thesandwichcomposites
haveacore(e.g.,honeycomb,foam,etc.)sandwichedbetweentwofacesheets.Typically,thefacesheetscarrythe
majorityoftheinplaneandbendingloadswhilethecoretakesshear.Asandwichcompositecanbeconveniently
modeledusingthe2Dlaminatelayupbydefiningthecoreasoneofthelayersinthelayupeditor(shownattheendof
thisexample).Whilethisprocedureiseasy,interlaminarshearstresses(aroundfreeedges)becomeimportantin
sandwichcompositesand2Dlaminatemodels(basedonclassicallaminationtheory)donotaccountfortheoutofplane
stresses.
6.2
Twomaterialmodels,eachforthecompositefacesheetandcorearedefined.Thecompositefacesheetismodeledasa
3DorthotropicmaterialandthepropertiesareshowninTable1(example1).Thecoreismodeledasanisotropic
materialwithE=4GPaand=0.25[3].
6.3
DEFININGTHELAYUP
Definingthelaminatelayupforthefacesheetsissameasinexample2.However,itshouldbenotedthatwehavetwo
facesheetsandsowehavetocreatetwosolidlaminatepropertycards,oneforthetopfacesheetandoneforthebottom
facesheet.Iftwolayupsarenotcreatedseparatelyforeachofthefacesheets,wewillseeoutputvectorscorresponding
to8pliesonlyintheresultsset.Iftwolayupsarecreated,thenwecanseeoutputvectorsfor16plies,8forthebottom
facesheetand8forthetopfacesheet.
6.4
DEFININGTHEPROPERTYCARDS
Threepropertycardshavetobecreated,twoofsolidlaminatetypeforfacesheetsandonesolidtypeforthecore.Each
ofthesolidlaminatepropertycardshavetobeassignedtothecorrespondingfacesheets.Thematerialangles
specificationforthesolidlaminatesissimilartothepreviousexample.
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2015
6.5
Clampedboundaryconditionshavebeenappliedonthesandwichcompositeedgesandapressureloadof1MPais
appliedonthetopsurface.
Frontview
Topview
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Thedeformationplotofthesandwichcompositeduetotheappliedpressureloadisshownbelow.
The interlaminar shear stress distribution in the core is shown below. One can mask the facesheet elements while
plottingtheshearstressdistributioninthecore.
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Thebondbetweenthecoreandfacesheetsisoneofthecriticalregionsfordelaminationinsandwichcomposites.These
interlaminarshearstressesarehigheratthefreeedgesandtheseareasarepotentialregionsfordelaminationinitiation.
One can compare the interlaminar shear stresses to the coretofacesheet bond shear allowable and analyze for any
possibledelaminations.
6.6
OTHERMETHODSFORSANDWICHCOMPOSITEMODELING
Inthisexamplewehavedevelopeda3Dsandwichcompositemodelinwhichthefacesheetsandthecorearemodeledas
solids.Othermethodsbywhichtheaboveproblemcanbeanalyzedare:
1. 2Dsandwichcompositemodelinginwhichthefacesheetsandthecoreareall2Dandcanbedefinedinasingle
layupdefinition.Thisisaconvenientapproachhowever,asdiscussedearlier,the2Dlaminatemodelsarebasedon
classicallaminationtheoryanddonotaccountfortheoutofplanestresses.Secondarymethodsareusedto
estimatetheinterlaminarstresses.
2. Amixof2Dlaminatesand3Dcore.Inthismethod,thefacesheetscanbemodeledas2Dandthecorecanbe
modeledasasolid.Oneshouldbecarefulaboutdefiningthelaminatesforthisconfiguration.Boththefacesheets
havetobeplacedatanoffsetofhalfthelaminatethicknessfromthesolidcore.
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3. Usingtheclassicalplatetheorytomodelsandwichcomposites.Thismodelrequiressomehandcalculationtobe
doneandiscomplexascomparedtothe2Dlaminatemodel.TheNastranpropertycardcorrespondingtotheplate
modelisthePSHELLcard.Inthemethod1describedabove,NastranconvertsaPCOMPpropertyintoan
equivalentPSHELL.So,bothmethod1andmethod2shouldgivesimilarresultsifallthepropertiesareaccurately
defined.Toavoidconfusion,method1ispreferredovermethod2asbotharethesameintermsofhowNastran
interpretsthepropertycard.Alternatively,Femaphasacustomtooltodefineasandwichcompositeusingthe
PSHELLmethod.OnecandohandcalculationsandcomparetheirvalueswiththeFemapcalculatedvalueasshown
below.ThiscustomtoolforsandwichcompositescanbeaccessedfromCustomtools>HoneycombPSHELL>
HoneycombPSHELLProperty.
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7.
2015
LAMINATEFAILURETHEORIESINFEMAP
7.1
INTRODUCTION
Thebehaviorofcompositesiscomplex(asaresultofheterogeneousproperties)whencomparedtomonolithic
materials.Understandingthebehaviorofcompositesunderextremeconditionsofmechanicalloading,temperature,and
otherenvironmentalfactorsposesagreatchallenge.Theeffectoftheseserviceconditionsonthecompositecanrange
fromaminorlossofstiffnessatmicroleveltocatastrophicfailuresatstructurallevel.Themicrostructureofthe
compositeevolvesinmultiplewaysbeforeevidencingmeasurabledegradation.Typicalformsofmicromechanical
failuresincludefiberbreaking,matrixcracking,fiber/matrixinterfacedebondingetc.Factorssuchasmicrocracking
(typicallyinamatrix)areunavoidableandcanbeinherentinthemanufacturedcompositepart.Microcrackingcanresult
fromprocessingthecompositesathightemperatures(curecycle),duetodifferencesofthermal
conductivities/coefficientsofthermalexpansionbetweentheconstituents(fiber,matrix).Otherformsofcomposite
materialpropertydegradationcanresultfromhygrothermalloadingandoxidation.
Inthissection,wewilldealwiththefailureatplylevelandnotthemicromechanicalfailures.Severalfailuretheorieshave
beendevelopedtostudyfailureenvelopesofcompositelaminates.ThefailuretheoriesthatareavailableinFemapare
discussedbelow.Someofthesemodels(maximumstresstheory,maximumstraintheory)arebasedonpurecomparison
ofobservedstresses/strainsinthelaminatewiththeirrespectiveallowables.OthermodelssuchasHillstheory,TsaiWu
theory,andHoffmanstheoryconsiderinteractionoflongitudinal/transversestresses/strainstopredictthefailure
envelope.Althoughfailuretheoriescanbehandytocheckthefailureindicesanddecideiffailureoccursinthelaminate,
itisimportanttounderstandthestressdistributioninthemodel,interlaminarstressesandtheireffectsondelamination,
ABDmatricesetc.
7.2
HILLSTHEORY
Hillsfailuretheoryisapplicablefororthotropicmaterialsthathavethesamestrengthintensionandcompression,
i.e.,Xt=XcandYt=Yc.FailureIndex(FI)isgivenby:
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Xisallowablestressin1direction
Yisallowablestressin2direction
Sisallowablestressinshear
Xt=Allowabletensilestressin1direction
Xc=Allowablecompressivestressin1direction
Yt=Allowabletensilestressin2direction
Yc=Allowablecompressivestressin2direction
X=Xtif1ispositiveorX=Xcif1isnegativeandsimilarlyforYand2.Fortheinteractionterm12/X2,X=Xtif
12ispositiveorX=Xcif12isnegative.
StrengthRatio(SR)isgivenby,
7.3
HOFFMANSTHEORY
Hoffmanstheoryforanorthotropiclaminainageneralstateofplanestresswithunequaltensileandcompressive
strengthsisgivenby,
Thefailureindexisobtainedbyevaluatingthelefthandsideoftheaboveequation.
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7.4
2015
TSAIWUTHEORY
ThetheoryofstrengthforanisotropicmaterialsproposedbyTsaiandWuspecializedtothecaseofanorthotropic
laminainageneralstateofplanestresswithunequaltensileandcompressivestrengthsis,
Thefailureindexisobtainedbyevaluatingthelefthandsideoftheaboveequation.
F12istobeevaluatedexperimentally.Bydefault,thistermissettozeroinFemap(TsaiWuinteractionterm).
7.5
MAXIMUMSTRAINTHEORY
Themaximumstraincriterionhasnostraininteractionterms.Thefailureindexiscalculatedusing,
X,Y,andSareallowablestrainsinlongitudinaldirection,transversedirectionandinplane,respectively.
Afailureindexformaximumstresstheory(availablefor3Dlaminatemodeling)canbederivedsimilartomaximum
straintheory.
Page50of110
7.6
2015
ONSETFAILURETHEORY
TheOnsetfailuretheoryortheStrainInvariantFailureTheory(SIFT)iswidelyusedintheaerospaceindustry.Abrief
overviewofthisfailurecriterionisprovidedintheappendix.
8.
EXAMPLE4:MODELINGTHEFAILUREBEHAVIOROFCOMPOSITELAMINATES
Forthisexample,wewillusethe2Dlaminatemodelfromexample1.Allthemodelingprocedurethatwehavedonefor
the2Dlaminatemodelwillbesupplementedbydefiningfailurestrengthsofthelaminaandafailurecriterion.Thegoalis
tostudythefailureincompositelaminatesandalsoexploretheoutputvectorsthatcanbehandyinvisualizingthe
failureatplylevelandlaminatelevel.
8.1
Page51of110
8.2
2015
DEFININGTHELAMINATEPROPERTY
Thelaminatelayupisthesameasinexample1.Thelaminatepropertycardisalsodefinedinasimilarmanner.
Additionally,wespecifyafailurecriteriontocalculatethefailureindicesatplylevelandforthewholelaminate.Forthis
example,wewillusetheHoffmansfailurecriterion.Thebondshearallowabletermisdefinedtopredictinterlaminar
bondfailure.Ifoneisnotinterestedintheinterlaminarfailure,thistermcanbelefttoitsdefaultvalue0.
Thespecificationofmaterialanglesfollowsthesameapproachasinexample1.
8.3
RESULTS
Inthisexample,wearemainlyinterestedatlookingintothefailureindicesandevaluatethelaminateandindividual
lamina.Auniaxialtensileloadof50kNisapplied.Thecontourbelowshowsthelaminatefailureindexandcanbe
accessedfromtheoutputvector6060LaminateMaxFailureIndex.Thisoutputvectorshowstheoverallfailureindex
ofthelaminate.Acontourvalue(failureindex)greaterthanorequalto1impliesfailure.Basedonthisinformation,one
canassumethatthereareoneormorelayersinwhichthefailurehasoccurred.
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Next,wecancheckthefailureindexoutputvectoronaplybyplybasistofindoutthelayersinwhichthefailurehas
occurred. We can contour the output vector Lam Ply Fib Fail Index for a particular ply and then use the custom tool
optionsLaminateNextPlyorLaminatePrevPlyandcheckthefailureindices.
Within Custom Tools > PostProcessing, Femap has an API for Laminate Envelope Failure Indices. Currently, this API
generatesthesameoutputvectoras6060LaminateMaxFailureIndex.However,thisAPIcanbecustommodifiedto
envelopotheroutputvectors(e.g.,bondfailureindices).
Instead,ifyouareinterestedinmanuallyselectingtheoutputvectorsandenvelopingthemtoasingleoutputvector,you
canuseModel>Output>Process
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An example of enveloping major principal stresses in all the plies is shown below. This procedure can be followed to
envelopeanyoutputvector.
Iftheanalysishasonlyoneoutputset,thenwecanenvelopetheoutputvectorsfromthatoutputset.However,ifwe
havemultipleoutputsets,thenweneedtoselectoneormoreoutputsetsfromwhichwewouldliketoenvelopethe
outputvectors.
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Thiswillcreatenewoutputvectorsasshownbelow.
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Other output vectors are also created which allow finding the location info (ply and element) of the maximum major
principalstress.Forexample,fromtheabovecontour,wecanseethelocationoftheelementwiththemaximummajor
principalstress.However,wedonotknowtherespective plythathasthismaximumvalue.Thenewlycreatedoutput
vectorEnvelopeLocationInfowillhavethisinformation.Onecanmodifythecontour/criteriastyletodisplayonlythe
maxvalue,minvalueorboth.Because,weareinterestedinmaxvalueonly,requiredchangesweredoneusingF6(View
Options)>PostProcessing>Contour/CriteriaStyle>MaxOnly.Fromthecontourbelow,wecanseethatthemaximum
valueofmajorprincipalstressisobservedinply4.
9.
ADDITIONALREADING
Chapter24:Laminates,NXNastranUsersGuide
PCOMPandPCOMPSinNXNastranQuickReferenceGuide
Chapter6:ElementReferenceLaminateElementandSolidLaminateElementinFemapUserGuide
I.M.DanielandO.Ishai,EngineeringMechanicsofCompositeMaterials,2ndEdition,2005.
R.M.Jones,MechanicsofCompositeMaterials,2ndEdition,1998.
B.D.Agarwal,L.J.Broutman,andK.Chandrashekhara,AnalysisandPerformanceofFiberComposites,3rdEdition,
2006.
Page57of110
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10. MATERIALDATABASE
Thissectionprovidesmaterialpropertiesofsomecommonlyusedfibers(Table2),polymerresins(
Page58of110
2015
Table3),andfiberreinforcedpolymercompositematerials(Table4).Typicallyfibersareassumedtobeisotropic.
However,somereferencesalsoconsideredtransverselyisotropicproperties(differentpropertiesinlongitudinaland
transversedirections)forcarbonfibers.Matrixmaterialsaretypicallyisotropicinnature.
Table2:Mechanicalpropertiesofcommonlyusedfibers[4]
Fiber
TensileModulus(GPa)
TensileStrength(MPa)
Density(kg/m3)
EGlass
72.5
3500
2630
SGlass
88
4600
2490
AS4Carbon
245
4000
1800
IM7Carbon
317
4900
1744
Kevlar29
64
2860
1440
Kevlar49
124
3650
1440
Boron
400
3620
2574
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Table3:Mechanicalpropertiesofcommonlyusedpolymerresins[5]
Resin
TensileModulus(GPa)
TensileStrength(MPa)
Density(kg/m3)
Epoxy
3.5
45
1200
Polycarbonate
2.7
77
1200
Polyethylene
0.7
33
950
Polyurethane
0.025
30
1200
PolyvinylChloride
1.5
60
1400
Table4:Mechanicalpropertiesofcommonlyusedfiberreinforcedpolymercompositematerials
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2015
11. FOURPOINTBENDINGOFASANDWICHCOMPOSITEUSINGFEMAPANDNXNASTRAN
Inthissection,thesimulationoffourpointbendingtest(ASTMStandardD7249)ofasandwichcompositeispresented.A
detailedhandcalculationispresentedtoobtaintheplylevelstressesandstrains.Thesimulationresultsarealso
comparedwithexperimentaldataandhandcalculation.
Thegeometryandloadingconfigurationofthefourpointbendspecimenareshownbelow.Table5providestheapplied
loadandthespecimengeometryusedinthefourpointbendtest.
Carbon/epoxy
facesheet
(SL)/2
tf
tf
P/2
P/2
L
Honeycomb
core
b
(SL)/2
t
tc
S
0/90/0/90/Core/90/0/90/0
Table5:Geometryandloadingconfigurationofthefourpointbendspecimen
Parameter
Load
SupportSpan
LoadSpan
BeamWidth
BeamThickness
FacesheetThickness
CoreThickness
IndividualPlyThickness
Symbol
P
S
L
b
t
tf
tc
tply
Value
900.9lbf
22in.
4in.
3in.
1in.
0.02in.
0.96in.
0.005in.
Page61of110
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11.1 HANDCALCULATION
Wewillfirstshowthehandcalculationsforabasiclaminatewhichwillprovideagoodfoundationforsandwich
composites.Forsandwichcomposites,theconceptandtheequationsaresimilarexceptthatwehavetoaccountfor
facesheetoffsetfromthemidplaneduetothecorethickness.
11.1.1
BASICLAMINATE
Consideraneightplycompositelaminatewith[0/90/0/90]slayupconfiguration( =8).Wehaveanindividualply
=0.005in.Wewillusexyzaxisnotationformaterialaxis(plylevel,localaxis)and123axisforlaminate
thickness
axis(globalaxis).Thisconventionisconsistentwiththenotationusedinthetextbook,IntroductiontoComposite
Materials,byStephenW.TsaiandH.ThomasHahn.Thistextbookwasreferredforthetheoryonflexuralloadingof
compositelaminatesandsandwichcomposites.
x
2
1
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Wecancalculatethestiffnessterms
foreachplybyusingthefollowingtransformation.
cos ,
sin
Tobetterunderstandthestiffnesstermsinmaterialcoordinatesystem,thefollowingrelationsareprovided.Here,
correspondstotheinplaneshearstress .
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Theaboverelationsareprovidedintermsofthecompliancematrixasshownbelow(
).
Itiseasiertocalculatethecompliancematrix( )ratherthanthestiffnessmatrix(
becalculatedfromtheelasticpropertiesofaunidirectionallamina(
20.6
,
0.55
,
0.326)asshownbelow.
1
1
20.6
1
1.3
10
10
0.326
20.6 10
1
0.55 10
4.85
10
7.69
10
1.58
1.82
).Thecompliancematrixtermscan
1.3
,
10
10
Now,thestiffnessmatrixcanbeeasilycalculatedbyinvertingthecompliancematrix.
0
0
0
0
0
0
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Weget,
20.7
10
1.31
10
4.27
10
5.50
10
Usingtheoffaxistransformationrelations(providedearlier),wecancalculatethestiffnessterms
0
Stiffnessterm
i,j=1,2,6.
90
20.7
10
1.31
10
1.31
10
20.7
10
4.27
10
4.27
10
5.50
10
5.50
10
Whenacompositelaminateissubjectedtoflexuralloading,themomentcurvaturerelationsareofinterestratherthan
forcestrainrelations(inplaneloadingcase).Themomentsandcurvaturesarerelatedbyanequivalentbendingstiffness
matrixforamultidirectionalcompositelaminate.Wecancalculatethebendingstiffnessmatrix i,j=1,2,6.Fromthe
equationwecaninferthat isdependentonthestackingsequence.
2
3
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Weget,
0
0
0
78.2 2.28
2.28 39.4
0
0
0
0
2.93
Wecancalculatethebendingcompliancematrixbyinvertingthebendingstiffnessmatrix
0
0
1.28 10
7.40 10
0
2.54 10
0
7.40 10
0
0
0
0
3.41 10
Both and matricesarecomparedwiththevaluescomputedbyFemapandtheywerematchingquitewell.One
canalwaysverifytheirhandcalculationswiththecomputedvaluesfromFemaptodebuganyerrors.Asnapshotofthe
layupconfigurationinputtoFemapisshownbelow.
Page66of110
Thecomputed
and
2015
matricesfromFemaparecomparedwiththehandcalculations(shownbelow).
MatrixTerms
BendingStiffnessMatrix
BendingCompliance
Matrix
HandCalculation
Femap
78.2
78.2
39.4
39.4
2.28
2.28
2.93
2.94
1.28
10
1.28
10
2.54
10
2.54
10
7.40
3.41
10
10
7.40
3.40
10
10
Next,wewouldliketoanalyzeplylevelstressesfortheloadingconfigurationshownbelow.Themomentappliedhereis
derivedfromafourpointbendingloadconfigurationwithatotalloadof2lbf.Fromthebendingmomentdiagram,the
momentathalfthelengthofthespecimenis9lbfin.Theplylevelstressevaluationinhandcalculationdoesnotaccount
forthelengthofthespecimen.However,themomentappliedattheendwillbeusedincalculatingthestresses.
1lbf
1lbf
L=11in.
9in.
4in.
9in.
M=9lbfin.
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Inordertocalculatetheplylevelstressesandstrains,weneedtocalculatethecurvaturesusingthemomentsand .
Fromcurvatures,wecancalculatethestrainsandthenstressesfromstrains.Themomentcurvaturerelationisshown
below.Herethemoment isdefinedasthemomentperunitwidth.
Theaboverelationcanbeexpressedintermsofcomplianceasshownbelow([
]=[
]1)
Inourexample,wehave =
/ , =0and
calculatethecurvaturesasshownbelow.
Themomentis
=0. isthetotalmoment.Weknowthemomentsandwecan
1.28 10
7.40 10
0
2.54 10
0
7.40 10
0
0
3.41 10
9lbfin.andthewidthofthespecimenis
3in.
1.28 10
7.40 10
0
Wecancalculatestrainsfromcurvatures.
7.40 10
2.54 10
0
0
0
3.41
10
3
0
0
/
0
0
3.84 10
2.22 10
0
Here, correspondstothedistancefromthemidplaneofthelaminatelayuptomidplaneofaply.
Forthetopmostply(0ply), =0.0175in.Thestrainsinthe0plyareshownbelow.
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3.84 10
0.0175 2.22 10
0
Wecancalculatestressesinthisplyusingthefollowingrelation.
20.7
4.27
10
10
4.27
1.31
6.72 10
3.89 10
0
10
10
5.50
0
0
10
6.72 10
3.89 10
0
13.9
0.24
0
Thestressescomputedaboveareforthetopplyandweseecompressivestresses.Followingtheaboveprocedure,we
cancalculatethestressesinalltheotherplies.Thedisplacementforthisloadingconfigurationiscalculatedasshown
below.
2
Fromhandcalculations,thedisplacementwas2.3in.
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Table6providestheplylevelstressesfromhandcalculations.
Table6:Plylevelstressescomputedfromtheclassicallaminationtheoryfora[0/90/0/90]slayup
PlyStresses(ksi)
Ply1
Ply2
Ply3
Ply4
HandCalculation
13.9
0.24
0.62
0.37
5.97
0.10
0.12
0.07
Page70of110
11.1.2
2015
SANDWICHCOMPOSITE
Intheprevioussection,alltherequiredbasicsarediscussedforanalyzingtheflexuralbehaviorofsandwichcomposite.
Here,weareaddingacoreandseparatingthelaminatedfacesheets.Wewillshowthehandcalculationsforasandwich
compositewithlayupconfiguration[0/90/0/90/Core/90/0/90/0].Thestiffnessmatrices( i,j=1,2,6)willremainthe
sameasweareusingthesameorientations(calculatedintheprevioussectionfora[0/90/0/90]Slayup).Sincethe
stackingsequencenowincludesacore,wehavetoaccountthecorethickness(facesheetseparation)inthebending
stiffnessmatrix( )calculation.
Whenwehaveacoreinthelayup,itistreatedasanequivalentnumberofplies.Accordingly,thelimitsonthe
summationinthebendingstiffnessmatrix[ ]aremodifiedasshownbelow.
2
3
Here, isthetotalnumberofequivalentpliesinthesandwichcompositeand isthenumberofequivalentpliesina

core.Inourexample,wehaveatotalthicknessof1in.forthesandwichcompositeand0.96in.forthecore.Wehavean
=0.005in.So, =1/0.005=200and =0.96/0.005=192.Intheaboveequation, istheply
individualplythickness
numberandrangesfrom97to100.Wecanalsoseethatthebendingstiffnessmatrixaccountsforthestiffnessofthe
facesheetonly.
Substituting
of0and90pliesfromtheprevioussection,weget,
0
0
0
1.07
4.10
10
10
4.10
1.05
10
10
5.28
0
0
10
Page71of110
2015
Wecancalculatethebendingcompliancematrixbyinvertingthebendingstiffnessmatrix
0
0
9.37 10
3.66 10
0
9.54 10
0
3.66 10
0
0
0
0
1.89 10
Similartotheprevioussection,wewouldliketoverifythehandcalculationswiththeFemapcomputedvalues.Thelayup
configurationinputtoFemapisshownbelow.
Page72of110
Thecomputed
and
2015
matricesfromFemaparecomparedwiththehandcalculations(shownbelow).
MatrixTerms
BendingStiffnessMatrix
BendingCompliance
Matrix
Femap
1.07
10
1.07
10
1.05
10
1.05
10
4.10
10
4.10
10
5.28
10
5.30
10
9.37
10
9.37
10
9.54
10
9.54
10
HandCalculation
3.66
1.89
10
10
3.66
1.89
10
10
Next,wewouldliketoanalyzeplylevelstressesfortheloadingconfigurationshownbelow.Themomentappliedhereis
derivedfromafourpointbendingloadconfigurationwithatotalloadof900.9lbf.Fromthebendingmomentdiagram,
themomentathalfthelengthofthespecimenis4054lbfin.
450.45lbf 450.45lbf
L=11in.
9in.
4in.
9in.
M=4054.05lbfin.
Page73of110
2015
isdefinedasthemomentperunitwidth.
Themomentcurvaturerelationisshownbelow.Herethemoment
Theaboverelationcanbeexpressedintermsofcomplianceasshownbelow([
]=[
]1)
Inourexample,wehave =
/ , =0and
calculatethecurvaturesasshownbelow.
Themomentis
=0. isthetotalmoment.Weknowthemomentsandwecan
9.37 10
3.66 10
9.54 10
3.66 10
0
0
4054lbfin.andthewidthofthespecimenis
9.37 10
3.66 10
9.54 10
3.66 10
0
0
Wecancalculatestrainsfromcurvatures.
1.89
0
0
0
0
1.89 10
3in.
10
1351.35
0
0
/
0
0
1.27 10
4.95 10
0
Here, correspondstothedistancefromthemidplaneofthesandwichcompositetomidplaneofthecorrespondingply
layer.
Page74of110
2015
Forthetopmostply(0ply), =0.4975in.Thestrainsinthe0plyareshownbelow.
1.27 10
0.4975 4.95 10
0
Wecancalculatestressesinthisplyusingthefollowingrelation.
20.7
4.27
10
10
4.27
1.31
6.30 10
2.46 10
0
10
10
5.50
0
0
10
6.30 10
2.46 10
0
131
2.37
0
Sinceitisthetopmostply,thestressesarecompressive.Similarly,wecancalculatethestressesinotherpliesby
changingthedistance andalsoaccountingforoffaxistoonaxistransformation.
Page75of110
2015
Table7providestheplylevelstressesfromhandcalculations.
Table7:Plylevelstressescomputedfromtheclassicallaminationtheoryfora[0/90/0/90/Core/90/0/90/0]layup
PlyStresses(ksi)
HandCalculation
131
2.37
8.06
2.39
128
2.32
7.90
2.34
Ply1
Ply2
Ply3
Ply4
Forthefourpointbendingproblem,thedeflection
.Here,
canbeexpressedas
(refertothe
textbook)
2
3
48
0.6 .
Page76of110
2015
11.2 FINITEELEMENTSIMULATION
Ahalfsymmetricmodelofthefourpointbendingspecimenwasusedinthefiniteelementsimulation.Itisimportantto
notethishalfsymmetryapproachwillnotbeapplicablewhenwehaveplyorientationanglesotherthan0and90.The
sandwichcompositeismodeledusinglaminateplateelements(procedurediscussedinsection6.6method1).The
screenshotsofthematerialpropertiesusedforthefacesheetandthecoreareprovidedbelow.Imperialunitsystemwas
usedforthisexample.Theclassicallaminationtheoryassumesthelaminatedplateisnonsheardeformable.Accordingly,
thetransverseshearmoduliofthecorearesettoahighvalue.
Page77of110
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Ascreenshotofthelayupconfigurationusedinthefiniteelementmodelisshownbelow.
Theboundaryconditionsusedinthefiniteelementmodelareshownbelow.
Page78of110
2015
Therequiredload(P/2=450.45lbf)wasappliedonthenodesusingacombinationofGAPelementsandRBE2sasshown
below.Thisprocedureallowsforabetterdistributionofloadsonthenodes.Anewsetofnodeshavebeencreatedby
duplicatingandoffsettingthenodesalongtheloadingregionbyafinitedistance(here0.1in.).Thesenewsetofnodes
areconnectedtothecorrespondingnodesontheloadingregionusingGAPelements.TheGAPelementproperties(i.e.,
compressionstiffnessisadjustedinanincreasingfashionuntilthereisaminimalchange(~0.01%)intheforces
distributedonthenodes.AsnapshotoftheGAPelementpropertiesisshownbelow.
Page79of110
2015
Theloadapplicationprocedureisillustratedbelow.Thefreebodydiagramshowsthenodalforcedistribution.Onecan
manuallycalculatetheforceateachnode(accountingfordifferenceinthecontributionofforceatendnodesandmid
nodes) and compare them with the values obtained using the GAP elements. The latter procedure will give a more
gradualdistributionofforcesascomparedtotheformercase.Anonlinearstaticanalysisisusedinthiscase(withGAP
elements).Thisprocedureisusedasaninitialsteptogettheloaddistributionateachnode.GAPelementsarenonlinear
elementsandwillinvolvestiffnessupdatesduringtheanalysisdependingontheGAPstatus(i.e.,openorclosed).These
GAPstiffnessupdateswillmodifytheglobalstiffnessmatrix.
Page80of110
2015
InthisexampleGAPelementsareusedonlytogettheloaddistributiononthenodes.Alinearstaticanalysisisperformed
withthenodalforcesobtainedfromanonlinearstaticanalysis.Inthiscase,noGAPelementsareusedandtheforcesare
directlyappliedonthenodes.
Fromthefiniteelementsimulation,themaximumdisplacementinthesandwichcompositeunderfourpointbendingis
0.6in.
Page81of110
2015
Themaximumtensilestressinthebottomply(0ply1)is131ksi.
Animportantnoteonpostprocessingthesimulationresultsforoffaxisplies(otherthan0forexample90,45etc.)is
thatNXNastranprintsoutstressesinthefiberandmaterialdirectionsandnottheelementcoordinatesystem(aswith
anisotropicmaterial).Wecancheckthisbyprintingthestressesinthe.fo6file.
Page82of110
2015
Asnapshotofthestressesprintedinthe.fo6fileisshownbelow.
NoticethatNormal1andNormal2conventionisusedunlikeNormalXandNormalY.However,whilepostprocessing
FemapusesthesestressesandstoresthemintheoutputvectorLamPlyXNormalStressandLamPlyYNormalStress.
AlthoughFemapcallsitXNormalStressandYNormalStress,theycorrespondtoNormal1andNormal2respectively.
This implies that Lam Ply X Normal Stress is in the ply fiber direction and Lam Ply Y Normal Stress is in the ply matrix
direction(transversedirection).Ifoneiscomparingwiththehandcalculations,thesestresseshavetobetransformedas
hand calculations correspond to global X and Y directions (or 0 angle for the entire laminate as specified in the
propertycard).Inthisexamplethematerialangle(specifiedonelementpropertycard)isintheglobalXdirection(shown
below).
Page83of110
2015
Sinceply1is0(inthisexample),notransformationisrequired.Ply2is90andrequirestransformation.Accordingly,the
stressescanbetransformedtoglobalXandYasshownbelow.Thesetransformationshavetobeusedcarefullyasthey
would significantly change the results. Another option is to transform the stresses in the hand calculations to the ply
orientationangle(notransformationinFemapisrequiredinthatcase).
Page84of110
2015
11.3 SUMMARYOFRESULTS
Fromthefourpointbendingexperimentaltesting,themaximumdeflectionfortheappliedloadwas0.85in.Fromthe
finiteelementsimulationandhandcalculations,thecalculateddisplacementsforthe[0/90/0/90/Core/90/0/90/0]layup
were0.6in.each.Itshouldbenotedthatthethicknessofeachplyusedinhandcalculationsandfiniteelement
simulationwas0.005in.Accordingly,thesandwichintoanequivalentnumberofpliesgivingaroundnumberforthe
handcalculation.Ifanactualthicknessfromtheexperimentwasused,adeflectionwithin10%differencefromthe
experimentalvaluecouldbeobtained.
Thestressescalculatedusingthefiniteelementsimulationandhandcalculationsareshownbelow.Thefiniteelement
simulationwasrepeatedfor[0/45/0/45/Core/45/0/45/0]usingafullmodel(nosymmetrydueto45plies)andthe
stressesarecomparedwithhandcalculations.Itshouldbenotedthattheclassicallaminationtheorydoesnotaccount
forplylevelstressdistributioninthespecimenwidthdirection.Whena[0/90/0/90/Core/90/0/90/0]wasused,the
stressesareuniforminthewidthdirection.However,fora[0/45/0/45/Core/45/0/45/0]layup,thestressesvaryinthe
widthdirectionduetotheoffaxisplies.Asaresult,thesimulatedstressesdeviatefromthehandcalculationswhen
actualspecimenwidthsareusedinthefiniteelementmodel.Toreducethiseffect,aninfinitesimallythinwidthspecimen
hastobemodeledwhenoffaxispliesareusedsuchthatthemodelconformstotheclassicallaminationtheory
assumptionsandsodoestheplylevelstresses.
Page85of110
2015
Table8providesthecomparisonoftheplylevelstressescomputedusinghandcalculationsandfiniteelement
simulations.
Table8:ComparisonofplylevelstressesbetweenhandcalculationsandFEAresults
Ply
Ply1
Ply2
Ply3
Ply4
(ksi)
0/90/0/90/Core/90/0/90/0
Finite
Hand
Difference
Element
Calculation
(%)
Analysis
131
131
0
0/45/0/45/Core/45/0/45/0
Finite
Hand
Difference
Element
Calculation
(%)
Analysis**
124
124
0
(ksi)
2.37
2.38
0.4
3.26
3.26
(ksi)
2.39
2.40*
0.4
16.5
16.5*
(ksi)
8.06
8.10*
0.5
1.38
1.39*
0.7
(ksi)
128
129
0.8
121
121
(ksi)
2.32
2.33
0.4
3.20
3.20
(ksi)
2.34
2.36*
0.8
16.6
16.7*
0.6
(ksi)
7.90
7.94*
0.5
1.34
1.33*
0.7
*TransformedstressesintofiberandmatrixdirectionstobeconsistentwithFemapoutputvectors
**FEAresultsforthislayuparebasedonalaminatewiththinwidth(0.1in.)
Note:ASTMStandardD7249isoftenusedforevaluatingtheflexuralbehaviorofsandwichcomposites.Thisstandard
providesequationsforcalculatingthestressesinthefacesheetcorrespondingtoamaximumload.However,itshouldbe
notedthatthestandardisnotidealforcalculatingstressesinthefacesheetwithdifferentplyorientations.Rather,the
standardisapplicableforfacesheetswithunidirectionalplyorientationandhomogeneousfacesheets(e.g.aluminum).
Page86of110
2015
12. ADDENDUM
Inthissection,theexamplespresentedinthewhitepaperwiththeNXNastranSolverarereplicatedusingtheLSDYNA
solver.FemapisthepreprocessorhoweversomemodificationsweredoneinLSPrePostforTSHELL(LSDYNAslayered
solid)elements.ThefollowingisthesummaryofresultsusingtheLSDYNAsolver.Abriefcomparisonoftheresultswas
alsopresentedtounderstandtheapplicabilityofboththesolvers.
12.1 EXAMPLE1(2DLAMINATEWITHAHOLE)
12.1.1
DISPLACEMENTCONTOUR
LSDYNA
NXNASTRAN
Remark:Displacementplotsmatchquitewell
Page87of110
12.1.2
2015
MAJORPRINCIPALSTRESSINPLY4(0)
LSDYNA
NXNASTRAN
Remark:MajorPrincipalStressplotsmatchwell.Inordertoanalyzeplylevelstresses,thenumberofintegrationpoints
(plies)inthelaminatehastobeenteredinDATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY(MAXINT=8forthisexample).
Page88of110
12.1.3
2015
UNSYMMETRICLAMINATE
LSDYNA
NXNASTRAN
Remark:Theoutofplanedeformationsobservedfromboththesolversaresimilar.Althoughthisexampleusesshell
elements,whenmodelinganunsymmetriclaminateinLSDYNA,themoduliandPoissonsratioindirection3(outof
plane)shouldalsobeentered.Otherwise,erroneousresultscanbeencountered.Thereasoningbehindtheoutofplane
deformationsobservedinanunsymmetriclaminatedespitetheuniaxialloadisdetailedintheAppendix.
Page89of110
2015
12.2 EXAMPLE2(3DLAMINATEWITHAHOLE)
12.2.1
DISPLACEMENTCONTOUR
LSDYNA
NXNASTRAN
Remark:Displacementplotsmatchquitewell
Page90of110
12.2.2
2015
MAJORPRINCIPALSTRESSINPLY4(0)
LSDYNA
NXNASTRAN
Remark:Thecontourofthemajorprincipalstressforply4lookssimilarbetweenLSDYNAandNXNastran.However,the
resultsdeviate(maxresultvariesby~19%).TheLSDYNAresultwithTSHELL(thickshell)wasobservedtobesimilarto
shellformulation(example1).
Page91of110
12.2.3
2015
3DSOLIDLAMINATEWITHONEELEMENTFOREACHLAYERTHROUGHTHICKNESS
Remark:Here,onesolidelementforeachplyisexplicitlydefinedasshownabove.Thisisacomputationallyexpensive
procedurewhichisparticularlysignificantwhenmodelingcompositelaminateswithseverallayers(e.g.,>50).Thisledto
thedevelopmentofaTSHELLelement(discussedpreviously)usingwhichallthepliescouldbedefinedinasingle
elementlayerthroughthelaminatethickness.
Page92of110
2015
Displacement
contour
MajorPrincipal
StressinPly4(0)
LSDYNA
NXNASTRAN
Remark:Forthisexample,thedisplacementandstressplotsaresimilarbetweentheregularsolidelementandNX
NastransLaminateSolidelement.
Page93of110
2015
12.3 EXAMPLE3(3DSANDWICHCOMPOSITE)
12.3.1
DISPLACEMENTCONTOUR
LSDYNA
NXNASTRAN
Remark:Displacementplotsmatchwell
Page94of110
12.3.2
2015
TRANSVERSESHEARSTRESS(ZX)INCORE
LSDYNA
NXNASTRAN
Remark:Thetransverseshearstressplotsonthecorelooksimilarhowevertheyvaryby~10%.
Page95of110
2015
12.4 EXAMPLE4(2DLAMINATEWITHFAILURE)
12.4.1
LAMINATEFAILURE
LSDYNA
NXNASTRAN
Remark:Thefailureregionpredictedbyboththesolversissimilar.InLSDYNAaflag=1impliesnofailureandflag=0
impliescompletefailure.Weseethatintheregionsotherthanred,failurehasinitiatedinsomeplies.Theminimalvalue
isnotzeroimplyingthattheelementdidnotfailcompletely.Thismeansthatinsomeplies,forthesameelement,failure
didnotoccur.Forplylevelfailures,LSDYNAcanexplicitlyspecifythemodeoffailurewhereasinNXNastranwesawthat
itonlyindicatesifaplyhasfailedornot(butnotthefailuremode).Inordertoanalyzeplylevelfailures(failuremodes),
additionalhistoryvariablesneedtoberequestedinadditiontospecifyingthetotalnumberofintegrationpoints.The
NEIPSparameterinDATABASE_EXTENT_BINARYissetto6forthisexample.Theoutputvectorcorrespondingtoeachof
thesehistoryvariablesislistedintheLSDYNAmanuals.Forthisexample,wehaveusedMAT_54asourmaterialmodel.
Historyvariable5(forMAT_54)givesthelaminatefailureindex.
Page96of110
12.4.2
2015
FAILUREINLONGITUDINALTENSION
Remark:Ply4andPly5(0)havepartiallyfailedinlongitudinaltension.Thisisoutputusinghistoryvariable1.
Noneoftheplieshavefailedinlongitudinalcompression(historyvariable2).
Page97of110
12.4.3
2015
FAILUREINTRANSVERSETENSION
Remark:Plies1,8(45)andPlies3,6(45)havepartiallyfailedintransversetension.Thisisoutputusinghistoryvariable
3.
Noneoftheplieshavefailedintransversecompression(historyvariable4).
Page98of110
2015
13. APPENDIX
13.1 CLASSICALLAMINATIONTHEORY
Theclassicallaminationtheory(CLT)issimilartotheclassicalplatetheory(CPT),theonlydifferenceisthatCPTassumes
thatthematerialisisotropic,whiletheCLTisanextensiontofiberreinforcedcompositelaminateswithmultiplelayers
resultingincomplicatedstressstrainrelations[6].SimilartotheEulerBernoullibeamtheoryandtheplatetheory,the
CLTisonlyvalidforthinlaminates(spanandwidth>10thinckness)withsmalldisplacementsinthetransversedirection.
ThefourcornerstonesoftheCLTarethekinematic,constitutive,forceresultant,andequilibriumequations.
13.1.1
KINEMATICEQUATIONS
Here,u0,v0,andw0arethedisplacementsofthemiddleplaneinthex,y,andzdirections.Similarly,x0,y0,andxy0are
themidplanestrains,andx,y,andxyarethecurvatures.
13.1.2
CONSTITUTIVEEQUATIONS
th
wherethesubscriptkindicatesthek layercountingfromthetopofthelaminate.
Page99of110
13.1.3
2015
RESULTANTS
Thetermsonthelefthandsideareforceandmomentresultants.
13.1.4
EQUILIBRIUMEQUATIONS
13.1.5
STIFFNESSMATRICESA,B,ANDD
The relations between the resultants (forces N and moments M) and the strains (strains and curvatures ) are of
interest in composite laminates. By replacing the stresses in the force and moment resultants with strains via the
constitutiveequations,wehave
Page100of110
2015
Byapplyingthesummationandintegrationoperationstotheirrespectivecomponents,theforceandmomentresultants
canbeexpressedas,
Theaboveequationscanbeexpressedas,
whereAiscalledtheextensionalstiffness,Biscalledthecouplingstiffness,andDiscalledthebendingstiffnessofthe
laminate.Thecomponentsofthesethreestiffnessmatricesaredefinedasfollows:
Page101of110
2015
Heretkisthethicknessofthekthlayerand
isthedistancefromthemidplanetothecentroidofthekthlayer.
13.2 UNSYMMETRICLAYUP
Fromtheclassicallaminationtheory,wehavethefollowingrelationbetweenforce/momentresultants,andthestrains
andcurvatures.
Forexampleconsideronlytheaxialforcecomponent
.Wehave,
2
Foranisotropicmaterial,wehaveonly and .Theremainingcomponents , , ,and areallzero.Thus,

theaxialforcecomponentinanisotropicmaterialisrelatedtoinplanestrainsonly.However,forcompositelaminates,
Page102of110
2015
thecomponents
,
,
,and
canexistandwillinfluencethedeformationbehavior.Thecomputeoptionin
layupeditorcanbehandyincheckingthesecomponents.
ForthesymmetriclaminateinExample1,thefollowinginformationisobtainedwhenthecomputeoptionisselected.
WecanseethatallthecomponentsintheBmatrix(couplingstiffnessmatrix)arezero.Thus,wedonotseeanyoutof
planedeformationinthesymmetriclaminatecase.
9.48215E+7
3.01204E+7
0.00000E+0
A Matrix
3.01204E+7
9.48215E+7
0.00000E+0
0.00000E+0
0.00000E+0
3.23506E+7
0.00000E+0
0.00000E+0
0.00000E+0
B Matrix
0.00000E+0
0.00000E+0
0.00000E+0
0.00000E+0
0.00000E+0
0.00000E+0
1.09875E+1
8.07952E+0
5.17406E+0
D Matrix
8.07952E+0
2.34052E+1
5.17406E+0
5.17406E+0
5.17406E+0
8.53069E+0
9.48215E+7
3.01204E+7
0.00000E+0
A Matrix
3.01204E+7
9.48215E+7
0.00000E+0
0.00000E+0
0.00000E+0
3.23506E+7
-1.3176E+4
2.54946E+3
5.31327E+3
B Matrix
2.54946E+3
8.07707E+3
5.31327E+3
5.31327E+3
5.31327E+3
2.54946E+3
2.12521E+1
6.09339E+0
1.03481E+0
D Matrix
6.09339E+0
1.71129E+1
1.03481E+0
1.03481E+0
1.03481E+0
6.54455E+0
Similarly,fortheunsymmetriclaminate,
Now, we see that the B matrix has finite values and as a result, we see outofplane deformation in the unsymmetric
laminate case. This information is quite useful in designing unsymmetric laminates, by tailoring the layup orientation
anglestoretainrequiredmatrixcomponents(ABDmatrices)only.
Page103of110
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13.3 CHAMISMODEL
13.4 ONSETFAILURETHEORY
Theonsettheory[79]assumesthatthecriticaleffectivepropertiesofthelaminathatcontroldamageinitiationarethe
effective volumetric and equivalent strains of the lamina. Both the volumetric strain and the equivalent strain of the
lamina are defined using strain invariants. The volumetric strain (critical dilatational strain invariant) is defined by the
first invariant of the strain and the equivalent strain (critical distortional strain invariant) is a function of the second
invariantofthestrain.Thestraininvariantsarefunctionsofthreeprincipalstrains.Thevolumetricstrainisgivenby,
Where,
Page104of110
2015
1,2,and3arethethreeprincipalstrains
J1,J2,andJ3aretheinvariantsofthestraintensor
Thesignificantcomponentofthevolumetricstrainisthefirstinvariantofstraintensor.Thereducedformofvolumetric
strainisgivenby,

Theequivalentstrain(distortionalstraininvariant,changeinshape)isgivenby,
Fordetailsontheimplementationoftheonsettheory,itisrecommendedtoreadthereferences[79].
REFERENCES
1. H. Altenbach, J. Altenbach, and W. Kissing, Mechanics of Composite Structural Elements, SpringerVerlag Berlin
Heidelberg,NewYork,2004.
2. http://structuralmechanics.com/about/resources/newsletter/articles/youpullittwiststailoredcomposites/
3. R. Seemann and D. Krause, Numerical Modeling of Nomex Honeycomb Cores for Detailed Analyses of Sandwich
PanelJoints,11thWorldCongressonComputationalMechanics,pp.112,Barcelona,Spain,July2025,2014.
4. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/polymercompositefibersd_1226.html
5. http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/materialsscienceandengineering/311mechanicsofmaterialsfall
1999/modules/props.pdf
6. http://www.efunda.com/formulae/solid_mechanics/composites/comp_laminate.cfm
Page105of110
2015
7. J. Gosse and S. Christensen, Strain Invariant Failure Criteria for Polymers in Composite Materials, 42nd AIAA
Structures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConferenceandExhibit,Seattle,WA,pp.111,2001.
8. L.HartSmith,MechanisticFailureCriteriaforCarbonandGlassFibersEmbeddedinPolymersinPolymerMatrices,
42ndAIAAStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConferenceandExhibit,Seattle,WA,pp.111,2001.
9. S. McNaught, Implementation of the Strain Invariant Failure Theory for Failure of Composite Materials, Thesis,
October2009.
10.S.TsaiandH.Hahn,IntroductiontoCompositeMaterials,TechnomicPublishingCompany,Westport,Connecticut,
1980.
Equivalentlaminatemodelsareusefulwhenonlydisplacements,bucklingloadsandmodes,orvibrationfrequenciesand
modesarerequired(Barberobook).
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CompositeLaminateModeling

Wewill usetheproceduredetailedinsection3.5.1(Definingamaterialangleontheelement)to updatethematerial

Thiskind ofbehavioris unique infiberreinforcedcompositelaminatesandoften notexploreddueto inherent design

Here, isthetotalnumberofequivalentpliesinthesandwichcompositeand isthenumberofequivalentpliesina

Foranisotropicmaterial,wehaveonly and .Theremainingcomponents , , ,and areallzero.Thus,

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