Solution:

a. Plot the input-output characteristics :

(DuongThiNguyen)

p1=20:100;
h1=8*p1+0.024*p1.^2+80;
subplot(2,1,1);

M962B205

plot(p1,h1)
p2=20:100;

Computer Based Application in Power System

Assignment

h2=6*p2+0.04*p2.^2+120;
subplot(2,1,2);

Problem 3.1(not included part b):

plot(p2,h2)

Assume that the fuel inputs in Mbtu/hr for unit 1 and 2 which are both online:
input-output characteristics unit1

H1= 8P1 + 0.024P12 + 80

1500

+ 120

Where Hn is fuel input to unit n in Mbtu/hr

1000
H

H2= 6P2 +

0.04P22

500

Pn is unit output in MW
0

a. Plot the input-output characteristics for each unit expressing input in MBtu
per hour and output in megawatts. Assume that the minimum loading of each
unit is 20 MW and that the maximum loading is 100 MW.

20

40

60

80
100
120
140
P
input-output characteristics unit2

160

180

200

20

40

60

160

180

200

60
80
100
120
140
160
P
incremental production cost per MWh unit2

180

200

180

200

1200
1000

c. Assume that the cost of fuel is 1.5 $/MBtu. Calculate the incremental
production cost in F/MWh of each unit, and plot against output in megawatts.
H

800
600
400
200

80

100
P

120

140

Figure1: input-output characteristics

b. Calculate the incremental production cost in F/MWh of each unit,

and plot against output in megawatts

incremental production cost per MWh unit1

20
18
dF/dP

Method 1: manual calculating:

H1= 8P1 + 0.024P12 + 80

16

H2= 6P2 + 0.04P22 + 120

14

F1= 12P1 + 0.036P12 + 120

12

F2= 9P2 + 0.06P22 + 180

20

40

20

40

25

= 12 + 0.072P1

Plot the incremental production cost of each unit by Matlab we get the
figure2:

dF/dP

20

= 9 + 0.12P2

15

10

60

80

100
P

120

140

160

p1=20:100;
df1=12+0.072*p1;

Figure2: incremental production cost of each unit by manual calculation

subplot(2,1,1);
plot(p1,df1)

Method 2: using the Matlab:

p2=20:100;

We get the same results in the figure3

df2=9+0.12*p2;

p1=20:100;

p2=20:100;

subplot(2,1,2);

h1=8*p1+0.024*p1.^2+80;

h2=6*p2+0.04*p2.^2+120;

plot(p2,df2)

f1=1.5*h1;

f2=1.5*h2;

df1=diff(f1);

df2=diff(f2);

p1=21:100;

p2=21:100;

subplot(2,1,1);

subplot(2,1,2);

plot(p1,df1)

plot(p2,df2)

Solution:

incremental production cost unit1

20

Draw again the incremental production cost of two units in problem 3.1 in the
same axis by the matlab program:

dF1

18
16

p1=20:100;

14
12

df1=12+0.072*p1;
0

20

40

60

80

100
120
140
P
incremental production cost unit2

160

180

200

p2=20:100;
df2=9+0.12*p2;

25

plot(p1,df1,p2,df2)
20
dF2

%find the intersection point

A=[0.072 -1

15

0.12 -1];
10

20

40

60

80

100
P

120

140

160

180

200

B=[-12
-9];

Figure3: incremental production cost of each unit by Matlab calculation

Problem 3.5:

P=A\B

We get this figure and the answer for the intersection point value :

This problem demonstrates the complexity involved when we must commit

P = 62.5000

(turn on) generating units, as well as dispatch them economically. This problem is
known as the unit commitment problem and is the subject of Chapter 5.
Given the two generating units in Problem 3.1, assume that they are both
off-line at the start. Also, assume that load starts at 50 MW and increases to 200
MW. The most economic schedule to supply this varying load will require
committing one unit first, followed by commitment of the second unit when the
load reaches a higher level. Determine which unit to commit first and at what load
the remaining unit should be committed. Assume no start-up costs for either unit.

Also, assume that a cost of 180 $ is incurred in taking either unit off-line and

Incremental production Cost

25

returning it to service after 12 h. Consider the 24-h period from 0600 one morning

dF1
dF2

to 0600 the next morning.

A, Would it be more economical to keep both units in service for this 24-h
period or to remove one of the units from service for the 12-h period from 1800

20

dF/dP

one evening to 0600 the next morning?

B, What is the economic schedule for the period of time from 0600 to 1800
(load = 150 MW)?
15

C, What is the economic schedule for the period of time from 1800 to 0600
(load = 50 MW)?
Solution:

10
20

30

40

50

60
P

70

80

90

100

A, From the equation in problem 3.1 we have:

The production cost when P=50MW
F1(50)= 810;

From the figure we can see the incremental cost of unit 1 is higher than unit 2
if P< 62.5 MWh. So for the optimal production cost, unit 2 must start first at the
load of 50MW. But when the load increases to 62.5 MW and more, using unit 2
costs more than using unit 1. So for the economic benefit the unit 1 should be
committed.

F2(50)=780;

Problem 3.6:

F2 = 960;

The system to be studied consists of two units as described in Problem 3.1.

Assume a daily load cycle as follows.
Time Band Load (M W)

But a cost of 180 $ is incurred in taking either unit off-line and returning it to
service after 12 h so the real cost is:
F1= 990;

About the simultaneous operation of two units. The minimal cost is calculated by
fmincon function.
function f=costfun(p)

0000-0600

50

0600- 1800

150

1800-0000

50

f=12*p(1)+0.036*p(1)^2+120+9*p(2)+0.06*p(2)^2+180;
[P,fval]=fmincon('costfun',[40,10],[],[],[1 1],[50],[20; 20],[100;100])

Then we get the answer of the minimal cost is 878.4 $ when P1=20 MW and
P2=30MW

a. Use the lambda-iteration method to find the economic dispatch for a total

P = 20

b. Use the base-point and participation factor method to find the economic

30

demand of 450 MW.

fval = 878.4000

schedule for a demand of 495 MW. Start from the solution to part a.

In short, we can find out that the best way is running 2 units at the same time.

Solution:

b, The economic schedule for the period of time from 0600 to 1800( load =150) is:

Method 1: from the above table we can find the cost function as

[P,fval]=fmincon('costfun',[40,10],[],[],[1 1],[150],[20; 20],[100;100])

F1=H1(P1)*0.8=180+6.72*P1+0.002*

P = 78.1250 71.8750

F2=H2(P2)*1.02 =743.58+5.04*P1+0.008262*

fval = 2.4141e+003

c, The economic schedule for the period of time from 1800 to 0600( load =50) is
found out by the same way as shown in part a.
P = 20

30

fval = 878.4000

F3=H3(P3)*0.9=360+6.75*P1+0.00225*
Hence,
F=1283.58+6.72*P1+0.002*

+5.04*P1+0.008262*

+6.75*P1+0.00225*

Use the fmincon function to find the optimal point :

function f=costfun37(p)

Problem 3.7:

f=6.72*p(1)+0.002*p(1)^2+1283.58+5.04*p(2)+0.008262*p(2)^2+6.75*p(3)+0.00225*p(3)^2;

Assume that all three of the thermal units described below are running. Find the

>>
[P,fval]=fmincon('costfun37',[100,100,250],[],[],[1
47.5],[350;350;450])

economic dispatch schedules as requested in each part. Use the method and starting

P = 166.5904 141.9969 141.4127

conditions given.

fval = 3.8904e+003

1],[450],[45;

45;

Method 2: Use the lambda-iteration method

Apply the flow chart as in figure 3.3 and project the as in figure 3.5 we write a
simple matlab program as follow:

function lamda=lamda_interation(p1,p2,p3)
lamda(1)=10*rand(1);
p1(1)=(lamda(1)-6.72)/0.004;
p2(1)=(lamda(1)-5.04)/0.016524;
p3(1)=(lamda(1)-6.75)/0.0045;
epsilon(1)=450-p1(1)-p2(1)-p3(1);
lamda(2)=epsilon(1)+sign(epsilon(1))*0.1*epsilon(1);
p1(2)=(lamda(2)-6.72)/0.004;
p2(2)=(lamda(2)-5.04)/0.016524;
p3(2)=(lamda(2)-6.75)/0.0045;
epsilon(2)=450-p1(2)-p2(2)-p3(2);
for i=3:100
lamda(i)=-(lamda(i-1)-lamda(i-2))/(epsilon(i-1)-epsilon(i-2))*epsilon(i-2)+lamda(i-2)
p1(i)=(lamda(i)-6.72)/0.004
p2(i)=(lamda(i)-5.04)/0.016524
p3(i)=(lamda(i)-6.75)/0.0045
epsilon(i)=450-p1(i)-p2(i)-p3(i)
if (epsilon(i)<0.01) break;end;
end

In summary, the results got from two method is the same. The interation

We get the answer:

% for 2 fisrt cycles:

method gives the good result after few interations.

lamda =7.6210

b . Use the base-point and participation factor method to find the economic

6.8589

schedule for a demand of 495 MW. Start from the solution to part a.

p1 = 225.2421 34.7179

Method 1:

p2 = 156.1951 110.0745

Apply the equation:

p3 =193.5485 24.1937
epsilon = -124.9857 281.0139
% for 3 last cycles:
lamda =4.8598

5.3458

7.3864

p1 = -465.0438 -343.5482 166.5898

p2 = -10.9039 18.5068 141.9970

p3 = -420.0390 -312.0429 141.4132

= 0.47

epsilon = 1.0e+003 *
1.3460

1.0871 -0.0000

=0.115

In summary, the interative process as follow:

=0.416
P1

P2

P3

Epsilon

Interation

Start
1

(MW)

(MW)

(MW)

225.2421

156.1951

193.5485

34.7179

110.0745

24.1937

-124.9857
281.0139

PD=495-450=45
Pnew1=P1+

* PD=166.6 + 0.47*45= 187.78;

Pnew2=P2+

* PD=142 + 0. 115*45= 147.17;

Pnew3=P3+

* PD=141.4 + 0. 416*45= 160.12;

7.6210
6.8589

225.2421

156.1951

193.5485

1346.0

7.6210

34.7179

110.0745

24.1937

1087.1

6.8589

166.5898

141.9970

141.4132

-0.0000

7.3864

Method 2:
>> [P,fval]=fmincon('costfun37',[100,100,250],[],[],[1 1 1],[495],[45; 45;
47.5],[350;350;450])
P = 187.7079 147.1087 160.1834
fval =4.6746e+003

Briefly, the results also are the same in two methods. So the base-point and
participation factor method can give the good output if choosing the suitable start
point.