FORD GROUP: September 14, 2016

Example: Youth is lovely, age is lonely; Youth is fiery, age is

frost. (Longfellow)

Cawid, Kevin Jones

Ngadao, Creslie Ann

Mejia, Fathe Sarah

Bastarde, Zandra Mae
Cacho, Aubrey

Chiasmus
noun | chiasmus | \k- az-ms, k-\

: A rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced

against each other by the reversal of their structures in order to
produce an artistic effect.
: reversing the order of words in the second of two parallel phrases.

Juxtaposition

Example: In the days of old men made manners. Manners now

make men. (Byron)

noun | juxtaposition | \ jk-st-p- zi-shn\

: A literary technique in which two or more ideas, places, characters
and their actions are placed side by side in a narrative or a poem for
the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts.
Origin: Latin juxta near + English position more at joust
First Use: 1654
Devices built on the principle of juxtaposition:

Antithesis
noun | antithesis | \an- ti-th-ss\

: means opposite and is used as a literary device to put two contrasting

ideas together. This emphasizes the difference between the two ideas
and adds interest to writing.

Climax
noun | climax | \ kl- maks\

: Words are arranged according to the value of their importance;

the most important word is the climax.
Example: We strive for the good, aim for the better, and seize
the best.
They looked at hundreds of houses, they climbed thousands of
stairs, and they inspected innumerable kitchens. (Maugham).

: a complete, ordered listing of all the items in a collection.

Example: The principle production of these towns... appear to
be soldiers, sailors, Jews, chalk, shrimps, officers, and dockyard men. (Dickens)

(2): A tone of most extravagant comparison Miss Tox

said it in. (Dickens)

Enumeration
noun | [ih-noo-muh-rey-shuh n, ih-nyoo-]

Detached constructions

: a secondary part of a sentence, placed so that it seems formally

independent of the word it logically refers to. The detached part,
being torn away from its referent, assumes a greater degree of
significance.

: a balance within one or more sentences of similar phrases or

clauses that have the same grammatical structure.
: (also called parallelism) is the repetition of a chosen grammatical
form within a sentence. By making each compared item or idea in
your sentence follow the same grammatical pattern, you create a
parallel construction.
Examples:

Example: Steyne rose up, grinding his teeth, pale, and with fury
in his eyes.

Not Parallel: Ellen likes hiking, the rodeo, and to take

afternoon naps.

: this stylistic device is akin to inversion, detached construction

produces a much stronger effect.

Parallel: Ellen likes hiking, attending the rodeo, and

taking afternoon naps.

Example: I want to go, he said, miserable.

Inversion
noun inversion \in- vr-zhn, -shn\

: a change of the usual word order (subject-verb-object).

Example: (1) away they fly; up go the windows; out run the
people

Parallel constructions

OR : Ellen likes to hike, attend the rodeo, and take

afternoon naps.

Repetition
noun | repetition | \ re-p- ti-shn\

: a literary device that repeats the same words or phrases a few

times to make an idea clearer.

Example: For glances beget ogles, ogles sighs, sighs wishes,

wishes words, and words a letter. (Byron)

Suspense
noun | suspense | \s- spen(t)s\

:Suspense is the intense feeling that an audience goes through

while waiting for the outcome of certain events. It basically leaves
the reader holding their breath and wanting more information. The
amount of intensity in a suspenseful moment is why it is hard to put
a book down.
Example: Know ye the land where the cypress and myrtleKnow ye the land of the cedar and vine..

Devices based by the peculiar use of colloquial constructions:

aposiopesis with punctuation an em dash or an ellipsis may be

used.
: sudden break in the narration has the function to reveal
agitated state of the speaker.

Aposiopesis
noun | aposiopesis | \ a-p- s-- p-ss\

A rhetorical device wherein a sentence is deliberately broken off and

left unfinished, the ending to be supplied by the imagination, giving an
impression of unwillingness or inability to continue.

Example: An example would be the threat "Get out, or else!"

: this device often portrays its users as overcome with passion
(fear, anger, excitement) or modesty. To mark the occurrence of

Example: On the hall table there were a couple of letters

addressed to her. One was the bill. The other..

Ellipsis
noun ellipsis \i- lip-ss, e-\
: a mark or series of marks that usually indicate an intentional
omission of a word in the original text. An ellipsis can also be
used to indicate a pause in speech, an unfinished thought, or, at
the end of a sentence, a trailing off into silence (aposiopesis)
(apostrophe and ellipsis mixed). When placed at the end of a
sentence, the ellipsis can also inspire a feeling of melancholy
longing. The ellipsis calls for a slight pause in speech.
: the commonly used series of three dots (...) or pre-composed
triple-dot glyph () , which can be place at the beginning, in the
middle, or at the end of a sentence or clause. These three dots
can stand in for whole sections of text that are omitted that do
not change the overall meaning. The dots can also indicate a
mysterious or unfinished thought, a leading sentence, or a
pause or silence.
Examples: Sowhat happened?
UmIm not sure thats true.
sure.

Questions in the narrative

: changes the real nature of a question and turns it into a
stylistic device. A question in the narrative is asked and
answered by one and the same person, usually the author. It
becomes akin to a parenthetical statement with strong
emotional implications.
Example: For what is left the poet here? For Greeks a blush for Greece a tear.
As is seen from these examples the questions asked, unlike
rhetorical questions do not contain statements.
: question in the narrative is very often used in oratory. This is
explained by one of the leading features of oratorical style - to
induce the desired reaction to the content of the speech.

Represented speech
: there is also a device which coveys to the reader the unuttered
or inner speech of the character, his thoughts and feelings. This
device is also termed represented speech. To distinguish
between the two varieties of represented speech we call the
representation of the actual utterance through the author's
language "uttered represented speech", and the representation
of the thoughts and feelings of the character unuttered or inner
represented speech.

: representation of the actual utterance by a second person, usually

the author, as if it had been spoken, here as it has not really been
spoken but is only represented in the author's words (represented
speech).
: represented speech exists in two varieties:
1) Uttered represented speech
: uttered represented speech demands that the tense should be
switched from present to past and that the personal pronouns
should be changed from 1st and 2nd person to 3rd person as in
indirect speech, but the syntactical structure of the utterance
does not change.
Example: "Could he bring a reference from where he now was?
He could." (Dreiser)
: an interesting example of three ways of representing actual
speech is to be seen in a conversation between Old Jolyon and
June in Galsworthy's "Man of Property."
Examples: 1. No'June said'he was not; she knew that he
was not!' How did she know?
2. She could not tell him, but she knew. She knew
nearly for certain. It was most unlikely; circumstances had
changed!"
: The first sentence is the author's speech. In the second sentence
'Wasn't the "man. .."' there is uttered represented speech: the
actual speech must have been 'Isn't the. ..'. This sentence is
followed by one from the author: 'He never...'. Then again comes

uttered represented speech marked off in inverted commas, which

is not usual. The direct speech 'No', the introductory 'June said'
and the following inverted commas make the sentence half direct
half uttered represented speech.
: The next sentence 'How did she know?' and the following one are
clear-cut models of uttered represented speech: all the peculiarities
of direct speech are preserved,
: In example number 2, the repetition of 'she knew', the colloquial
'nearly for certain', the absence of any connective between the last
two sentences and, finally, the mark of exclamation at the end of
the passage. And yet the tenses and pronouns here show that the
actual utterance passes through the author's mouth.

2) Unuttered or inner represented speech

: uttered represented speech has a long history. As far back as
the 18th century it was already widely used by men-of-letters,
evidently be- , cause it was a means by which what was
considered vulgar might be excluded from literature, i.e.
expletives, vivid colloquial words, expressions and syntactical
structures typical of the lively colloquial speech of the period.

Indeed, when direct speech is represented by the writer, he can

change the actual utterance into any mode of expression he
considers appropriate.
: In Fielding's "History of Tom Jones the Foundling" we find
various ways of introducing uttered represented speech. Here is
some interesting example:
Example: "When dinner was over, and the servants departed,
Mr. Alworthy began to harangue. He set forth, in a long speech,
the many iniquities of which Jones had been guilty, particularly
those which this day had brought to light; and concluded by telling
him, 'That unless he could clear himself of the charge, he was
resolved to banish him from his sight forever."'
: In this passage there is practically no represented speech,
inasmuch as the words marked off by inverted commas are indirect
speech, i.e. the author's speech with no elements of the character's
speech, and the only signs of the change in the form of the
utterance are the inverted commas and capital letter of 'That'.