Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Eligibility for admission to Career Related First Degree Programme in Botany and
Biotechnology (BSc.Botany and Biotechnology)
Candidatesshallbeadmittedtothecourseprovidedhe/shehaspassedplustwoexaminationsof
thestateorcentralboardwithbiologyasoneofthesubjects
Aim and Objectives
TheCareerrelatedfirstdegreeprogrammeinGroup2(a)isatwomaincoursewithBotanyas
coreandBiotechnologyasVocationalCoresubjectisdesignedtodevelopascientificattitudeandan
interesttowardsthemodernareasofbiotechnologyinparticularandlifescienceingeneral.Itisaimed
togetanaptitudeinBiotechnologywithoutlosingtheimportanceofbasicsciencesuchasBotany.It
willhelpthestudentstobecomecriticalandcuriousintheiroutlook.Thecoursesaredesignedto
imparttheessentialbasicsinbotany,Zoology,chemistry,BiochemistryandBiotechnology.
TheprogrammeconsistsofLanguagecourses,foundationcourses,Complementarycourses,Core
coursesandopenorElectivecourses.Therearetwofoundationcourses,oneisfocusedonthemodern
informationtechnology,statisticsanditsapplicationinmodernlifesciences,andageneralintroduction
andawarenessonBiotechnologyanditsinfluenceinhumanlife.Thesecondfoundationcourseisto
giveageneralintroductionandawarenessinthegeneralinstrumentationanditsprinciplesandapplication
inbiologyandbiotechnology,inadditiontogivebiophysicalbasics.
Thevariouscoursesintheprogrammeisaimedtodevelopproficiencyinthetheoryaswellas
practicalexperiments,commonequipments,laboratory,alongwiththecollectionandinterpretation
andpresentationofscientificdatainpropermanner.Inadditiontothis,studentswillbeequippedwith
knowledgeinthemodernareasofbiotechnologyanditsapplicationinmedicalscience,agriculture,
industry, proteomics, genomics, bioinformatics, nanobiotechnology etc.Apart from understanding
biotechnologyanditspowerindevelopingthenation,itwillcreateawarenessaboutbiotechnology
andwillhelpineliminatingpublicfearaboutthecontributionofbiotechnologyandconfusiononGM
crops, GM foods and transgenic organisms. Students, who pursue this programme and pass out
successfully, will surely have an urge to continue higher studies in Biotechnology and contribute
significantlyinitsdevelopment.
Thetotalminimumcreditsoftheprogrammeis120andthevariouscoursesanditscorresponding
creditsaredepictedinthefollowingtable,whichisfollowedbythegeneralstructureandsemester
wiseallocationofcourses,itscreditsandcontacthours.
ThesubjectcodeisBB(Botany&Biotechnology)
1
1.1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Language
AdditionalLanguage
Foundationcourse
ComplementaryCourse
Corecourses
Opencourse
Project
VocationalCoreCourse
ElectiveCourse
-2-
EvaluationofExamination
DistributionofmarksintheoryandpracticalsbetweenexternalandInternalassessmentis80:
20.Passminimumof40%forexternalandoverallcomponents
CareerRelatedFirstDegreeProgramme
Group2(a)
BOTANY&BIOTECHNOLOGY
Summaryofcourses
Study
Components
Languages
1
English
2
AdditionalLanguage
FoundationCourse
1
MethodologyandPerspectiveofBiotechnology
2
BiophysicsandInstrumentation
ComplementaryCourses
Biochemistry
1
IntroductiontoBiochemistry
2
GeneralBiochemistry
3
PhysiologicalaspectsofBiochemistry
4
Metabolism
5
PracticalBiochemistryIV(Practicalof1,2,3&4)
CoreCourses
Botany
1
Phycology,Mycology,Lichenology&PlantPathology
2
Bryology,Pteridology,Gymnosperms&Paleobotany
3
PracticalBotanyI(Practicalof1&2)
4
AngiospermAnatomyandReproductiveBotany
5
EnvironmentalStudies
6
Horticulture,MushroomCultivation&Marketing
7
Cellbiology,Plantbreedingandevolutionarybiology
8
PracticalBotanyII(Practicalof4,5,6&7)
9
PlantPhysiology
10
AngiospermMorphology&SystematicBotany
11
Genetics
12
EconomicBotany,Ethanobotany&MedicinalBotany
13
PracticalBotanyIII(Practicalof9,10,11&12)
No.of
courses
Credits
/course
Max/
Total
Credits
4
2
2
1
1
5
3
3
2-3
3
2
2-4
12
6
5
T
3
3
4
2
14
P
2
27 2-4
13
L
P
2
3
2
3
4
2
2
2
4
4
3
2
75
35
-3-
Biotechnology(Vocational)
14
40
1
2
Microbiology
MicrobialMetabolism,Genetics&Diseases
1
1
BiotechniquesI(Practicalof1and2)
ProtistaandAnimalDiversity
AnimalPhysiologyandAnatomy
MolecularBiology
7
8
Immunology
BiotechniquesII(Practicalof4,5,6,&7)
RecombinantDNATechnology
10
PlantBiotechnology
11
AnimalBiotechnology
12
FoodandIndustrialBiotechnology
13
14
EnvironmentalBiotechnology
BiotechniquesIII(Practicalof9,10,11,12&13)
4
3
2
OpenCoursesofVocationalSubject
Bioinformatics
FoodanddairyBiotechnology
BasicsofEnvironmentalBiotechnology
ElectiveCoursesofVocationalSubject
1
BioinformaticsandNanobiotechnology
2
2
GeneticEngineering
FoodanddairyBiotechnology
Project
TotalC
4
120
T-Theory
P-Practical
Course structure and syllabus of Career Related First Degree in Biotechnology (2a) as per the
regulations of CBCS
TheCareerrelatedfirstdegreeprogrammeinGroup2(a)BotanyascoresubjectBiotechnology
asVocationalCoresubjectconsistsoftotalof42coursesincludingthelanguagecoursesdistributedin
eightcategories.Theyarelanguagecourses,foundationcourses,Complementarycourses,Corecourses,
CorecourseofVocationalsubject,Opencourseofcoresubjectsandvocationalcoresubjectanda
project.Theprojectiscompulsoryandthestudentsmaybeassignedatopicfortheprojectinthe5th
semesteritselfandshouldbecompletedandsubmittedduringthepracticalassessmentattheendofVI
semester.Thetotalcreditsoftheentireprogrammeis120,andthedistributionofcredits,contacthours
etcforeachcourseineachsemesterissummarizedbelowastables.Totalcreditsforeachsemesteris
20andcontacthoursis25perweekandthetotalworkinghoursforasemesteris450.
-4-
Eachcoursetitleisrepresentedbyacoursecodeconsistingofatwolettersubjectcodefollowed
byfourdigits.Thefirstdigitindicatesthefirstdegreeprogramme,whichisalwaysone.Thesecond
digitindicatedthesemesternumberwhichis1-6,the3rddigitdenotesthecategoryofthecoursewhich
rangesfrom1-8,sincethereareeightcategoriesandthelastdigitindicatestheserialnumberofthe
coursewithinasemester.ThefollowingarethecategoryofcoursesincludedintheCareerOriented
FirstDegreeProgrammeunderthegroup2(a).
Summary of Semester wise hour distribution
SEMESTERI
Course
code
CourseTitle
Teaching
hrs./week
T
Total
Hrs
Exam
CE
ESE
EN1111
English
90
3Hrs.
20
80
1111.1
Additionallanguage
90
3Hrs.
20
80
BB1121
MethodologyandPerspectiveof
Biotechnology
IntroductiontoBiochemistry
54
3Hrs.
20
80
90
3Hrs.
20
80
BB1141
Phycology,Mycology,
Lichenology&PlantPathology
72
3Hrs.
20
80
BB1171
Microbiology
54
3Hrs.
20
80
450
18
BB1131
Total
25
Hourdistribution:BT-3+3,BO-4,CC-5,LC-5+5=25
SEMESTERII
Course
code
CourseTitle
Teaching
hrs./week
T
Total
Hrs
Exam
CE
ESE
EN1211
English
90
3Hrs.
20
80
1211.1
Additionallanguage
90
3Hrs
20
80
BB1221
BiophysicsandInstrumentation
36
3Hrs
20
80
BB1231
GeneralBiochemistry
90
3Hrs
20
80
BB1241
EnvironmentalStudies
90
3Hrs
20
80
BB1242
PracticalBotanyI
(PracticalofBB1141&BB1241)
3Hrs
20
80
BB1271
MicrobialMetabolism,Genetics
andDiseases
3Hrs
20
80
BB1272
BiotechniquesI
(PracticalofBB1171,BB1271)
3Hrs
20
80
Total
25
54
450
22
Hourdistribution:BT-3+2,BO-5,CC-5,LC-5+5=25
-5-
SEMESTERIII
Course
code
CourseTitle
Teaching
hrs./week
T
EN1311
English
BB1331
Physiologicalaspectsof
Biochemistry
BB1341
AngiospermAnatomyand
ReproductiveBotany
BB1342
Total
Hrs
Exam
CE
ESE
90
3Hrs
20
80
90
3Hrs.
20
80
72
3Hrs
20
80
Bryology,Pteridology,
Gymnosperms&Paleobotany
72
3Hrs
20
80
BB1371
ProtistaandAnimalDiversity
72
3Hrs
20
80
BB1372
AnimalPhysiologyandanatomy
54
3Hrs
20
80
25
450
20
Total
Hourdistribution:BT-7,BO-8,CC-5,EN-5=25
SEMESTERIV
Course
code
CourseTitle
Teaching
hrs./week
T
EN1411
English
BB1431
Metabolism
BB1432
PracticalBiochemIV
(PracticalsofBB1131,BB1231,
BB1331,&BB1431)
BB1441
Horticulture,Mushroom
Cultivation&Marketing
BB1442
Cellbiology,Plantbreedingand
evolutionarybiology
BB1443
PracticalBotanyII
(PracticalsofBB1341,BB1342,
BB1441&BB1442)
BB1471
MolecularBiology
BB1472
Immunology
BB1473
BiotechniquesII
(PracticalofBB1371,BB1372,
BB1471&BB1472)
Total
Total
Hrs
\2
25
Exam
CE
ESE
90
3Hrs.
20
80
90
3Hrs.
20
80
3Hrs.
20
80
72
3Hrs.
20
80
72
3Hrs.
20
80
3Hrs.
20
80
72
3Hrs.
20
80
54
3Hrs.
20
80
3Hrs.
20
80
450
20
Hourdistribution:BT-7,BO-8,CC-5,EN-5=25
-6-
SEMESTERV
Course
code
CourseTitle
Teaching
hrs./week
T
Total
Hrs
CE
ESE
BB1541
PlantPhysiology
108
3Hrs
20
80
BB1542
AngiospermMorphology,
systematicBotany
108
3Hrs
20
80
BB1571
RecombinantDNATechnology
72
3Hrs
20
80
BB1572
PlantBiotechnology
54
3Hrs
20
80
BB1573
BB1581
AnimalBiotechnology
OpencourseBioinformatics
2
3
54
54
3
2
3Hrs
3Hrs
20
20
80
80
BB1582
FoodandDairyBiotechnology
54
3Hrs
20
80
BB1583
BasicsofEnvironmental
Biotechnology
54
3Hrs
20
80
Total
19
450
20
Hourdistribution:BT-11+EC2,BO-12=25
SEMESTERVI
Course
code
CourseTitle
Teaching
hrs./week
T
Total
Hrs
CE
ESE
BB1641
Genetics
126
3Hrs.
20
80
BB1642
108
3Hrs.
20
80
BB1643
EconomicBotany,Ethanobotany
&MedicinalBotany
PracticalBotanyIII
(PracticalofBB1541,BB1542,
BB1641,BB1642)
3Hrs.
20
80
BB1671
FoodandIndustrialBiotechnology
90
3Hrs.
20
80
BB1672
EnvironmentalBiotechnology
72
3Hrs.
20
80
BB1673
BiotechniquesIII
(PracticalofBB1571,BB1572,
BB1573,BB1671&BB1672)
3Hrs.
20
80
BB1681
ElectiveCourseBioinformatics
andNanobiotechnology
36
3Hrs.
20
80
BB1682
BB1683
GeneticEngineering
Food&DairyBiotechnology
2
2
36
36
2
2
3Hrs.
3Hrs.
20
20
80
80
BB1661
ProjectonBiotechnology
Tutorial1
18
3Hrs.
20
80
25
450
20
Hourdistribution:BT-10+EC2,BO-7+6=25
-7-
TotalworkLoadinHours
Subjects
MainCore-Botany
900
Vocationalcore-Biotechnology
900
Complementary-Biochemistry
360
English
360
SecondLanguage
180
Total
2700
SemesterI
FoundationCourse
BB1121MethodologyandPerspectiveofBiotechnology
Credits3
Contacthours-54
8hrs
BasicconceptsofWhatisScience,Needforscientificresearch,researchproblem,Importance
ofreviewingtheliterature,Hypothesisformulation(Nullandalternatehypothesis),designingresearch
(sampledesignandresearchdesign),typesofdataandmethodsofdatacollection,Interprerationand
reportwriting.
ModuleII
DatahandlinginscienceandBiostatistics
10hrs
15hrs
-8-
healthcareBusiness,Commerce,Industry,Defence,Law,crimedetection,publishing,communication,
resourcemanagement,weatherforecasting,education,filmandmedia.Cyberethics,Cybersecurity,
cybercrime,securityprivacyissues
ModuleIV:
15hrs
6hrs
GoodLaboratoryPractices(GLP),GoodLaboratoryPracticesforStudents,Qualitycontrolin
manufacturing,GoodmanufacturingPractices(GMP),MarketingofBiotechnologyProducts.Impact
ofBiotechnologyonSociety,Ethicalissuesinbiotechnology.IPRandPatentsinBiotechnology-basic
conceptsofIPR,patentsandcopyrights,plagiarism.
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
AnIntroductiontoBiostatistics:AManualforstudiesinHealthSciences.,P.SundarRao,and
J.Richard.,PrenticeHall.
BiotechnologiesandthePublic:AnInternationalStudyofPolicy,MediaCoverageandPublic
Attitudesfrom1973to1996(1995-1998),HelgeTorqersen,InstituteofTechnologyAssessment.
BiotechnologyandEthics:ABlueprintfortheFuture,DanielCallahanPresident,HastingsCenter,
CenterforBiotechnology,NorthwesternUniversity.
Biotechnology:Issues,EthicsandRegulations,TinaM.Prow,CommunicationsSpecialist,Office
ofAgriculturalCommunicationsandEducation.
ComputersToday,AlexisLeonandMathewsLeon.,LeonVikas.
ConceptualIntegratedscience,Hewitt,PaulG,SuzanneLyons,ohnA.Suchocki&enniferYeh.,
Addison-Wesley.2007.
CulturalBoundariesofScience,Gieryn,T.F.UniversityofChicagoPress,1999.
FundamentalsofInformationTechnology,AlexisandMathewLeon.,LeonVikas
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&biotechn9ology,Nair,A.J.,InfinitySciencePress,USA.
IntroductiontoInformationTechnology,V.Rajaraman.,PrenticeHll.
LearningComputerFundamentals.,RameshBangia.,KhannaBookPublishers
MethodsforTeachingScienceasInquiry,Bass,Joel,Eandet.al.,Allyn&Bacon,2009Thetruth
ofscience,NewtonR.G.,
PatentinginBiotechnology-PartI,R.StephenCrespi,Tibtech,Vol.9,117-122,1991.
-9-
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
PeoplesPerceptionofBiotechnology,RenatoSchibeci,IanBarns.
PlantBiotechnology:FactsandPublicPerception,D.Boulter,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,
UniversityofDurham,SouthRoad,DurhamDH13LE,U.K.Phytochemistry(Vol.40,No.1,
pp.1-9,1995).
PublicAttitudestoGeneticallyEngineeredProducts,WendyRoss,KatyMarsh,AlexiJackson,
JaquiSkoyles,(1998),JohnInnesCentre,Norwich,U.K.
SocialissuesinScienceandTechnology:AnEncyclopedia,DavidE.Newton(ABC-CLIO,Santa
Barbara),1999.
The Golem: What every one should know about science, Collins H. andT. Pinch,Cabridge
UniversityPress,1993.
Semester1
CoreCourse
BB1141Phycology,Mycology,Lichenology&Plantpathology
Credit2
Contacthours72(Theory36+Practical36)
14hrs
Phycology
1.
IntroductionRangeofthallusstructurePhylogenictrendsPigmentsReproductionLife
cycleClassificationbasedonF.EFritsch
2.
Salientfeaturesofthefollowingmajorgroupswithreferencetothestructure,reproductionand
lifecycleofthetypesgivenbelow(Excludingthedevelopmentaldetails)
a.
CyanophyceaeNostoc
b.
Chlorophyceae-Chlorella,Volvox,Oedogonium,Cladophora,andChara
c.
XanthophyceaeVaucheria
d.
BacillariophyceaePinnularia
e.
PhaeophyceaeSargassum
f.
Rhodophyceae-Polysiphonia
Economicimportanceofalgae
a.
b.
c.
Module-II
Mycology
1.
2.
Roleofalgaeinsoilfertility-FertilizerNitrogenfixation-Symbiosis
CommercialproductsofalgaeAgar,Alginates,Carrageenin,Diatomaceousearth
Algae-medicinalaspects,algalbloomsandredtides
12hrs
-10-
3.
a.
b.
c.
Myxomycotina-Generalcharacters.
Zygomycotina-Rhizopus
Ascomycotina
Hemiascomycetes-Saccharomyces
Plectomycetes-Penicillium
Pyrenomycetes-Xylaria
DiscomycetesPeziza
d.
Basidiomycotina
Teliomycetes-Puccinia
Hymenomycetes-Agaricus
e.
Deuteromycotina-Cercospora.
EconomicimportanceofFungi
Module-III
Lichenology
4hrs
Lichens-natureofassociation-classification-habitandhabitat-TypeUsnea-thallusmorphology
internalstructurereproduction-economicimportance.
Module-IV
PlantPathology
1.
2.
3.
6hrs
Introductiontoplantpathology.Classificationofplantdiseasesonthebasisofcausativeorganisms
andsymptomsHostparasiteinteraction.
Studyofthefollowingdiseaseswithemphasisonsymptoms,diseasecycleandcontrolmeasures
ofLeafmosaicofTapioca,CitrusCanker,BlastdiseaseofPaddy,RootwiltofCoconut
Briefaccountofthefollowingfungicides-Bordeauxmixture,Limesulphur,Tobaccodecoction,
Neemcake&oil.
Practicals
36hrs
Phycolcogy
16hrs
1.
2.
Makemicropreparationsofvegetativeandreproductivestructuresofthetypesmentionedinthe
syllabus.
Identifythealgalspecimensuptothegenericlevelandmakelabelledsketchesofthespecimens
observed
Mycology
10hrs
A detailed study of structure and reproductive structures of types given in the syllabus and
submissionofrecord.
Rhizopus,Saccharomyces,Penicillium,Xylaria,Peziza.Puccinnia.AgaricusandCercospora
Lichenology
4hrs
MakemicropreparationofvegetativeandreproductivepartsofUsnea.Makesketchesofthe
specimensobserved.
-11-
PlantPathology
1.
2.
6hrs
IdentifytheDiseasesmentionedwithrespecttocausalorganismandsymptoms
StudentsshouldbetrainedtopreparethefungicideBordeauxmixture&Tobaccodecoction.
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
AlainDurieux2009,AppliedMicrobiology,SpringerInternationalEdition
AlexopoulosC.J&MIMSC.V1988.IntroductoryMycology,JohnWiley&Sons.
ChapmanV.J&ChapmanD.J,TheAlgae,Macmillan.
Dr.G.Gunasekharan-LabortaryManualofMicrobiologyNewAgePub:
FritschF.B1945,StructureandReproductionofAlgaeVol.I&II.CambridgeUniversityPress.
Heritage.L.2007,IntroductoryMicrobiology,CambridgeUniversityPressIndiaPvtLtd
JimDeacon2007,FungalBiology,4thedition,BlackwellPublishing,AneBooksPvt.Ltd.
KanikaSharma2009,ManualofMicrobiology,AneBooksPvt.Ltd.
MamathaRao2009,MicrobesandNonfloweringplants,Impactandapplications;AneBooks
Pvt.Ltd.
R.C.Dubey&D.K.Maheswari-AtextBookofMicrobiologyChand&Co:
Schlegel,2008GeneralMicrobiology,CambridgeUniversityPressIndiaPvtLtd
SinghV,PandeyPCandJamD.K1998,ATextBookofBotanyforUnderGraduateStudents,
RastogiPublications.
SinghV.,PandeyP.CandJainD.K1998,ATextbookofBotanyforUndergraduateStudents,
RastogiPublications.
SmithG.M1955,CryptoganiicBotany,Vol.IMcGrawHill.
VashishtaB.R.1990,BotanyforDegreeStudents,Fungi,S.Chand&Co.
VasishtaB.R1990,BotanyforDegreeStudents,Algae,S.Chand&Co.
WebsterJ1970,IntroductiontoFungi,CambridgeUniversityPress.
Semester-I
ComplementaryCourse
BB1131IntroductiontoBiochemistry
Credits:3
TotalContactHours:90
(Theory54+ractical36)
Aim and Objective: To give basic awareness about the concepts and physical aspects in
biochemistryandtodevelopanalyticalskillsinstudentsinordertopreparethemtouseinstruments.
ModuleI
Structuralfeaturesofwatermolecule,dissociationofwater,ionicproductofwater,acidsand
bases,conceptsofpH,pOH,theoreticalcalculationsofpHandpOH,dissociationofweakacids,
buffersbufferactionandbuffercapacity,buffersinbiologicalsystem,HendersonHasselbalchequation,
simplenumericalproblemsinvolvingapplicationofthisequation.
-12-
ModuleII
Solutions:Meaningofnormality,molality,molarity,percentagesolution,molefraction,parts
permillion,simplenumericalproblemsfromtheabove,fundamentalprinciplesofdiffusion,osmosis,
osmoticpressure,VantHoffslawsofosmoticpressure,simplenumericalproblems,definitionof
isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions, biological importance of osmosis, surface tension,
viscosity.
ModuleIII
Colloids:Definitionoftruesolutions,suspensions,colloidsandcrystalloids,distinction
betweenlyophilicandlyophobiccolloids,propertiesofcolloids,biologicalsignificanceofcolloids,
emulsionsandemulsifyingagents,Donnanmembraneequilibrium,Donnanequationanditssignificance.
ModuleIV
Colorimetry and Spectrophotometery: Beer-Lamberts law, molar extinction coefficient,
colorimeter,spectrophotometer.
Centrifugation:Principleofsedimentationtechnique,principleandprocedureandapplication
of differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, ultra centrifugation, rate zonal
centrifugation,IsopycniccentrifugationpHmeter:Principleandworking.
ModuleV
Chromatography:Principleprocedureandapplicationofpaper,TLC,ion-exchange,affinityand
gelfiltrationchromatography.
Electrophoresis; Principle,procedureandapplicationofzoneelectrophoresispaperelectrophoresis,
gelelectrophoresis(nativePAGE,SDS-PAGE).
ModuleVI
Bio-organicchemistry:(Commonfunctionalgroupsandtheirsignificanceinbiomolecules
OH,-SH,-CHO,-C=O,-COOH,-NH2,-NH.IntraandIntermolecularinteractionsinbiologicalsystem:
Hydrogenbond,Covalentbond,hydrophobicinteraction,disulphidebond,Peptidebonds,glycosidic
bond, Phosphodiester linkage,Watson- Crick basepairings,VanderWalls force. Classification of
isomerismwithexamples.
Practicals
1.
WeighinginChemicalbalance
2.
Preparationofsolutions-percentage,molar&normalsolutions,dilutionfromstocksolutionetc.
3.
Demonstrationofdialysis
4.
DemonstrationofPAGE
5.
DemonstrationofPaperChromatography
6.
DemonstrationofThinLayerChromatography
7.
ColorimetryandSpectrophotometrytechniques
8.
VerificationofBeerLambertslaw
9.
Verificationofmolarextinctioncoefficientofanyknowncompound
-13-
SuggestedReadings
1.
PhysicalBiochemistrybyDavidFreifelderPublisher:W.H.Freeman&CoLtd.(September
1976)
2.
ABiologistsGuidetoPrinciplesandTechniquesofPracticalBiochemistrybyBryan
L.Williams,KeithWilsonHodderEducation,
3.
Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry by Keith M. Wilson, John M. Walker
CambridgeUniversityPress.
4.
TheToolsofBiochemistrybyCooper,T.G.1977.Publisher:JohnWiley&Sons
5.
BiophysicalChemistryPrinciples&TechniquesHandbook(2003)byAvinashUpadhyay,
KakoliUpadhyay,NirmalenduNathPublisher:HimalayaPublishingHouse.
6.
HawksPhysiologicalChemistry,BernardL.Oser(ed)TATAMcGrawHillPublishingCompany
LTD,NewDelhip10-15.
7.
ExperimentalBiochemistry:AStudentCompanion,BeeduSasidharRao&VijayDeshpande,
I.KInternationalPvt.LTD,NewDelhi.
8.
IntroductoryPracticalbiochemistry,S.K.Sawhney&RandhirSingh(eds)NarosaPublishing
House,NewDelhi.
9.
FundamentalsofBiochemistrybyJ.L.Jain,SunjayJainandNitinJain(2008)Publishers:
S.Chand&CoLtd.
10. TextBookofMedicalBiochemistrybyMNChatterjeaandRShinde,3rdedition,JAYPEE
Publishers,NewDelhi.
11. IntroductiontoBiophysicsbyPranabKumarBanerjee(2008)Publishers:S.Chand&Company
ltdISBN:81-219-3016-2.
12. Biochemistry:AStudentssurvivalGuidebyHiram.F.Gilbert(2002)Publishers:McGrawHill
13. PracticalBiochemistryPrinciplesandTechniques,KeithWilsonandJohnWalker,4thEdition.
SemesterI
CoreCourseVocational
BB1171Microbiology
Credits-4
Contacthours-54(T36+P18)
Aim and Objective: The course on microbiology is destined to give a thorough and basic
understandinginvariousaspectsofclassicalMicrobiology,whichformsthebasisofanybiotechnology
application.Studentswereexpectedtomasterthemajortheoreticalandpracticalexpertisefromthis
course.
ModuleI
Introduction
6hrs
-14-
ModuleII
6hrs
Classificationofmicroorganisms:bacteria,virus,fungi,protozoa;conceptofmicrobialspecies,
strains,biovars,serovars.IntroductiontoBergeysmanual
Microbialcellstructure-Eukaryoticandprokaryoticcells,GrampositiveandGramnegative
bacteria,Structureofabacteria;Motilityinbacteria,kindsofflagellaandultrastructureofflagella;
Sporulation
ModuleIII
Bacterialnutrition
6hrs
Culturemedia-typesanduses,BacterialGrowthcurve,factorsaffectinggrowthofmicrobes;
measurementofgrowth;Batchculture,fedbatchcultureandcontinuousculture;Synchronousgrowth
ofmicrobes.
PurecultureMethods:Directplating,Serialdilutiontechnique,Spreadplate,streakplate,pour
plate;slantcultureandstabculture,Culturetechniquesofanaerobes(anytwo)
ModuleIV
6hrs
AgriculturalMicrobiology
Biologicalnitrogenfixation,freelivingandsymbioticnitrogenfixation,MechanismofNitrogen
fixation;Mycorrhizalassociations;Biofertilizers-typesandapplications;Rhizosphereeffect
ModuleV
EnvironmentalMicrobiology
6hrs
4hrs
Viruses,generalcharacteristics,viralculture,Structureofviruses,Bacteriophages,Structureof
T4bacteriophage;LyticandLysogeniccycles
ExperimentsforMicrobiologyPractical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
18hrs
Laboratorysafetyandgoodlaboratorypractices
PrinciplesandapplicationofLaboratoryinstruments-microscope,incubator,autoclave,centrifuge,
LAF,filterationunit,shaker,pHmeter.
CleaningandSterilizationofglasswares
Preparationofmedia-NutrientAgarandBroth
InoculationandculturingofbacteriainNutrientagarandnutrientbroth
Preparationofagarslant,stab,agarplate
Purificationtechniques-streakplatingmethod-Tstreaking,Quadrant,ZigZag;pourplate,spread
plate
Stainingofbacteria-Simplestaining,Gramstaining,Acidfaststaining,Negativestaining.
-15-
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
GrowthofBacteriainliquidmedia:Determinationofkineticsofbacterialgrowth
MicroscopictestsforbacterialmotilityHangingdropmethod
Isolationofbacteriafromairopenplatemethod
Enumerationofbacteriainagivensoilsampleusingpourplatemethod
Microbiologicalexaminationofvarioustypesofwaterincludingcommercialandordinarydrinking
water
Quantificationoffungiandactinomycetes
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
ATextbookofMicrobiologyP.Chakraborthy,NewcentralBookagencyPvt.Ltd,calcutta
ModernconceptofMicrobiologyDDKumar,SKumar;VikasPublishingHousePvt.Ltd.
NewDelhi
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-A.J.Nair;Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
IntroductiontoMicrobiology-JHeritage,EGVEvans,RAKillington;CambridgeUniversity
Press.
Microbiology(7thEd)-PrescottL.M.,Harley,J.P.,andKleinD.A.McGrawHill,NewYork
PrinciplesofBiotechnologyA.J.NairLaxmiPublicationsNewDelhi
AdvancesinMicrobiologyJPTewari,TNLakhanpal,ISingh,RGuptaandBPChanola;AP
HPublishingCorporation,NewDelhi.
Microbiology:PrinciplesandExplorationsJacquelynG.Black.PrenticeHall,NewJersey.
Microbiology-PDSharma;RastogiPublications,Meerut
HoltJ.S;KriegN.R;Sneath,P.H.A.andWilliamsS.T1994.BergeysManualofDeterminative
bacteriology.(9thed).Williams&Wilkins,Baltimore
SemesterII
FoundationCourse
BB1221Biophysics&Instrumentation
Credits:2
Contacthours36
AimandObjectives
Theaimistointroducethephysicalaspectsandbioenergeticsofthelivingsystemandtofamiliarize
theprincipleandworkingofvariousinstrumentsusedinbiotechnologyexperiments.Thestudentswill
beabletounderstandthefundamentalsofbiophysicsandthegeneralinstrumentaltechniquesusedin
biotechnology.
ModuleI
Introductiontobiophysics:
8hrs
-16-
ModuleII
BiophysicsofRespiration
Oxidativephosphorylation-Respiratoryelectrontransportchainandsequenceofelectroncarriers,
synthesisofATP;structureofATPsynthase,chemiosmotichypothesis,Bioenergieticsofrespiration
ModuleIII
6hrs
Microscopy
PrincipleofMicroscopy,varioustypesofMicroscopy-Simple,phasecontrast,fluorescenceand
electronmicroscopy(TEMandSEM),ModerndevelopmentsinMicroscopy-Atomicforcemicroscopy,
Confocalmicroscopy
ModuleIV
8hrs
Bioinstrumentation
Basicprinciplesandworkingofinstruments-pHmeter,spectrophotometer(UVandVisible)and
colorimeter- Beer-Lambert law. Brief account of densitometry, fluorimetry, atomic absorption
spectroscopy,IR, NMRandX-raycrystallographyandMassspectrometry,differential anddensity
gradientcentrifugation.
ModuleV
6hrs
Electrophoresis-Principleofelectrophoresis,ComponentsofPolyacrylamidegels,nativegel
electrophoresis,SDSPAGE,immunoelectrophoresis,isoelectricfocusing,Submarineelectrophoresis,
Autoradiography
Practicals
Familiarizingtheworkingofthefollowinginstruments
1.
2.
3.
4.
pHMeterUseofpHMeter,FamiliarizationoftheinstrumentandPreparationPhosphatebuffers
anddeterminationofpH.
SpectrophotometerFamiliarizationoftheworkingoftheinstrument,Quantitativeestimation
ofSugarsbyDinitrosalysilicacidandProteinsbyLowrysMethod
Developmentofabsorptionspectraofchlorophylloranyotherbiologicalsample
ElectrophoresisdemonstrationofPAGEandAgaroseGelElectrophoresis
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
ATextbookofBiophysics-RNRoy,NewcentralBookAgencyPvt.Ltd,Calcutta.
Biochemistry.,Voet,D&Voet,J.G
Biophysics-S.ThiruviaRaj,SarasPublications,Tamilnadu.
Biophysics,Volkenstein,M.V
IntroductiontobiophysicalchemistryMartin
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-A.J.Nair;Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
LehningersBiochemistry,NelsonD.LandCox,M.M.,WorthPublishers,NewYork
MolecularBiologyofthegene,Watsonetal.
PrinciplesofBiotechnology-AJNair,LaxmiPublications,Newdelhi
Biochemistry;LubertStryer;(5thEd)W.H.FreemanandCompany,NewYork
-17-
SemesterII
CoreCourse
BB1241EnvironmentalStudies
Credits4
ContactHours90(T72+P18)
14hrs
Definition-Scopeandrelevancetosocietyandhumanenvironment.Needforpublicawareness
NaturalResources
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Renewableandnon-renewableresources.
Forestresources:Useandoverexploitation.Deforestation.
Mineralresources:Useandexploitation,Environmentaleffectsofextractingandusingmineral
resources.
Waterresources:Useandoverexploitationofsurfacewaterandgroundwater,floods,drought,
Foodresources:Foodproblems-Changescausedbyagricultureandovergrazing,effectsof
modernagriculture,fertilizer-pesticideproblems,waterloggingandsalinity.
Energyresources:Growingenergyneeds,renewableandnon-renewableenergysources,useof
alternateenergysources.
Landresources:Landasaresource,landdegradation,Maninducedlandslides,soilerosionand
desertification.
Roleofanindividualinconservationofnaturalresources.
ModuleII
6hrs
Ecosystems
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Ecosystems-Conceptofanecosystem-structureandfunctionofanecosystemBioticandabioticcomponents-Energyflowinanecosystem.
Ecologicalsuccession-Definition&types.
Foodchains-Foodweb&ecologicalPyramids.
Introduction-types,characteristicfeatures,structureandfunctionsofthefollowingecosystems
(Briefstudyonly).
A1.Forestecosystem2.Grasslandecosystem3.Desertecosystem4.Aquaticecosystems-Ponds,
Streams,Rivers,Oceans,Estuaries.
B Morphological, anatomical& physiological adaptations of Hydrophytes, Xerophytes,
Halophytes,Epiphytes,Parasites.
ModuleIII
Biodiversityanditsconservation
1.
Introduction
14hrs
-18-
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Definition-genetic,speciesandecosystemdiversity.
Bio-geographicalclassificationofIndia.
Valueofbio-diversity:social,ethical,aestheticandoptionvalues.
Biodiversityatglobal,Nationalandlocallevels.Indiaasmega-diversitynation
Hot-spotsofbiodiversity.Threatstobiodiversity:habitatloss,poachingofwildlife,man-wild
lifeconflicts.
Endangered and endemic species of India. Conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and Ex-situ
conservationofbiodiversity.NationalParksandWildlife sanctuaries.Ecologicalniche,ecotypes&ecologicalindicators.
Environmentalpollution
1.
2.
3.
Definitioncauses,effectsandcontrolmeasuresof1.Airpollution2.Waterpollution3.Soil
pollution4.Marinepollution5.Noisepollution6.Thermalpollution7.Nuclearhazards.
SolidwasteManagement-(Briefaccountonly):Causes,effectsandcontrolmeasuresofurban
andindustrialwastes.
Disastermanagement(Briefaccountonly):Floods,earthquake,cycloneandlandslides
ModuleIV
14hrs
SocialissuesandtheEnvironment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
ModuleV
Phytogeography
6hrs
PrinciplesandvegetationaltypesofIndia-tropicalrainforest,sholasanddeciduousforestsanddunesandmangroves,scrubjungle,phytogeographicalregionsofIndia.
Practical
1.
2.
3.
4.
SuggestedReading
1.
18hrs
AhluwaliaVKandSunithaMalhotra2009,Environmentalscience,AneBooksPvt.Ltd.
-19-
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
AmbashtR.S.TextbookofPlantEcology,StudentsandFriends&Co.Varanashi.
Chandoco.SWeaverandClementsPlantEcology,McGrawHillPublications,NewYork.
ChapmanJ.L.(2006)Ecology-PrinciplesandApplication.CambridgeUniversityPressIndia
Pvt.LtdCourses,UniversitiesPress,UniversityGrantsCommission
ErachBharuchaTextbookofenvironmentalStudiesforundergraduate
KumaresanB.PlantEcology&PhytogeographyRastrogiPub:
MisraSPandPandeySN,2009,EssentialEnvironmentalstudies,AneBooksPvt.Ltd.
OdumEugenePFundamentalsofEcology,Edn.Philladephia&Saunders,Tokyo,Toppon.
Periasamy,K.ElementsofPlantEcology,(M.K.Publications).
PrithipalSingh2007-AnIntroductiontoBiodiversity.AneBooksPvt.Ltd
Sharma,P.D.ElementsofEcology(RastogisCompanyLtd.,Publications).
TheGeographyofFloweringPlants-Good
VashistaP.CPlantEcologyEdu.VishaliPublications.
VermaandAgarwalPrinciplesofEcology,S.ChandandCo.
Verma,P.S.andV.K.Agrawal.2004.CellBiology,Genetics,MolecularBiology,Evolutionand
Ecology.S.Chand&CompanyLtd.,NewDelhi.
SemesterII
CoreCourse
BB1242PracticalBotany-I
(PracticalofBB1141&BB1241)
Credit2
Phycolcogy
1.
2.
2.
16hrs
Makemicropreparationsofvegetativeandreproductivestructuresofthetypesmentionedinthe
syllabus.
Identifythealgalspecimensuptothegenericlevelandmakelabelledsketchesofthespecimens
observed
Mycology
1.
PracticalofBB1141ContactHours:72
36hrs
10hrs
A detailed study of structure and reproductive structures of types given in the syllabus and
submissionofrecord.
Rhizopus,Saccharomyces,Penicillium,Xylaria,Peziza.Puccinnia.AgaricusandCercospora
Lichenology
4hrs
MakemicropreparationofvegetativeandreproductivepartsofUsnea.Makesketchesofthe
specimensobserved.
PlantPathology
1.
2.
6hrs
IdentifytheDiseasesmentionedwithrespecttocausalorganismandsymptoms
StudentsshouldbetrainedtopreparethefungicideBordeauxmixture&Tobaccodecoction.
-20-
PracticalofBB1241
36Hrs
Bryology
10hrs
1.
2.
3.
RicciaHabit-InternalstructureofthallusV.S.ofthallusthrougharchegonia,antheridiaand
sporophyte
MarchantiaHabit-thallusT.S.,thalluswithArchegonialreceptacle,Antheridialreceptacle,Male
receptacleV.S.,FemalereceptacleeVS.,T.S.ofthallusthroughgemma,SporophyteV.S.
Funaria-Habit,V.S.ofarchegonialcluster,V.S.ofantheridialcluster,SporophyteV.S.
Pteridology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
12hs
Psilotum:Externalfeatures,stemT.S.,synangiumT.S.
Lycopodium:Habit,stemT.S.,stobilusV.S.
Selaginella : Habit , rhizophore T. S , stem T . S, axis with strobilus, V .S. of strobilus,
Megasporophyllandmicrosporophyll.
Equisetum-Habit,rhizomeandstemT.S.andV.S.ofstrobilus.
Pteris-Habit,PetioleT.S.,sporophyllT.S.,prothallus
Marsilea-Habit,RhizomeandpetioleT.S.,sporocarpT.S,V.S.&R.L.S.
Gymnosperms
10hrs
Practical
1
2.
3.
Cycasseedling,coralloidrootandcoralloidrootT.S.,T.S.ofleafletandpetiole,microand
megasporophyll,maleconeV.S.,microsporophyllT.S.,entireandV.S.ofovule.
Pinus-Branchofindefinitegrowth,spurshoot,T.SofoldstemandneedleR.L.SandT.L.S.of
stem,maleandfemalecone,V.S.ofmaleandfemalecone.
Gnetum-:Habit,stemT.S(youngandmature),leafT.S,maleandfemalestrobilus,V.S.ofmale
andfemalecone,ovuleV.S.andseed
Plaeobotany
1.
2.
4hrs
FossilpteridophytesRhyniaStem,Lepidodendron,Lepidocarpon.
Gymnosperm-Lygenopteris
Semester-II
ComplementaryCourse
BB1231GeneralBiochemistry
Credits:3
ContactHours:90(T54+P36)
-21-
chemicalreactionsofglucose,glycosides,deoxysugars,aminosugars,sugaralcoholsandsugaracids,
O-acylO-methylderivativesofmonosaccharides,ozazone,disaccharides,structureandimportant
properties of sucrose, maltose, isomaltose, lactose and cellobiose, Trisaccharide (examples only),
structureandimportantpropertiesofpolysaccharides-starch,glycogen,cellulose,andchitin.Qualitative
testforcarbohydrates.
ModuleII
ChemistryofLipids:Classification,fattyacids,structureandproperties,reactionsoffattyacids,
triglycerides-generalstructureandproperties,acidnumber,Saponificationnumberandiodinenumber
fats, glycerol, Acrolein test. Phospholipids- structure and function of phosphatidyl choline and
phosphatidylethanolamine.Sphingolipids,-structureandfunctionofcerebrosidesandgangliosides.
Steroids-structureofcholesterolandergosterol.Colourreactionsofsterols.
ModuleIII
ChemistryofAminoacidsandproteins:Classificationofaminoacids,aminoacidsoccurringin
proteins,opticalactivity,UVabsorption,Zwitterions,chemicalreactionsofaminoacids,proteins,
biological significance, classification fibrous proteins, globular proteins, conjugated proteins,
hydrolysisofproteinsandseparationofaminoacids.
ModuleIV
Proteins:Physicalproperties,solubility,isoelectricpointandisoelectricprecipitation,elementary
studyofprimarysecondary,tertiaryandquaternarystructureofproteins,colourreactions,precipitation
reactions, denaturation, oligopeptides,aminoacidanalysis ofproteins,hemoglobin- functionsand
componentsofplasmaproteins.
ModuleV
ChemistryofNucleicacids:Basecompositions,structureofpurinesandpyrimidines,riboseand
deoxyribose,nucleosidestructure,nucleotides-nomenclature,structureofpolynucleotideDNA,RNA
primarystructureandinternucleotidelinkage.WatsonandCrickdoublehelixmodelofDNA,different
typesofRNA.
ModuleVI
Enzymes:Classificationandnomenclature,unitsofenzymeactivity,progresscurve,effectof
enzymeconcentration,substrateconcentration,temperatureandpHonreactionvelocityofenzyme
catalyzed reactions. Michaelis - Menten constant, enzyme affinity, Michaelis - Menten equation
(Derivationnotexpected),Enzymespecificity,differenttypes,enzymeactivation,enzymeinhibitioncompetitiveandnon-competitive,LineweaverBurkplot,applicationofLBplot,allostericregulation
(Briefstudy).Coenzymes.
Practical
1.
GeneralreactionsofCarbohydratesandLipids
Carbohydrates-Glucose,Fructose,Xylose,Sucrose,Maltose,Starch&DextrinCarbohydratesMolischstest,Anthronetest,Fehlingstest,Benedictstest,Picricacidtest,Barfoedstest,Bialstest,
Seliwanoffstest,Iodinetest,HydrolysisofSucroseandStarch,Ozazonetest.Fattyacids:Stearicacid/
Oleicacid.Tests-Solubility,Translucentspottests,TestforUnsaturationGlycerolTests-Acroleintest,
Boraxfusiontest,Solubility.CholesterolTests-Solubility,Salkowskireaction,Liebermann-Burchard
reaction
-22-
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
LehningerPrinciplesofBiochemistry,4thEditionbyDavidL.Nelson
E.S.West,W.R.Todd,H.S.MasonandJ.T.vanBruggen,ATextBookofBiochemistry,
OxfordandIBHPublishingCo.,NewDelhi,1974.
Biochemistry(2004)byDonaldVoet,JudithG.VoetPublisher:JohnWiley&SonsInc
PrinciplesOfBiochemistry(1995)byGeoffreyLZubay,WilliamWParson,DennisEVance
Publisher:McGraw-HillBookCompanyKoga
FundamentalsofBiochemistrybyJ.L.Jain,SunjayJainandNitinJain(2008)Publishers:
S.Chand&CoLtd.
TextBookofBiochemistry,5theditionbyDMVasudevanandSreekumarS,JAYPEEPublishers,
NewDelhi,.
HawksPhysiologicalChemistry,BernardL.Oser(ed)TATAMcGrawHillPublishingCompany
LTD,NewDelhip10-15.
ExperimentalBiochemistry:AStudentCompanion,BeeduSasidharRao&VijayDeshpande,
I.KInternationalPvt.LTD,NewDelhi.
IntroductoryPracticalbiochemistry,S.K.Sawhney&RandhirSingh(eds)NarosaPublishing
House,NewDelhi.
SemesterII
CoreCourseVocational
BB1271MicrobialMetabolism,GeneticsandDiseases
Credits:3
Contacthours-54(T36+P18)
12Hrs
Overviewofmetabolism,EnergyandATP;Metabolicdiversityamongmicrobes-autotrophsand
hetrotrophs;Nutritionalclassificationofbacteria;Uptakeofsolutesintobacterialcell.
Photosynthesis in bacteria - photosynthetic pigments of bacteria- chlorophyll a and bacterio
chlorophyll,carotenoids,phycobiliproteins,leghaemoglobin,mechanismofphotosynthesisinbacteria
andcyanobacteria
Respirationinbacteria-aerobicrespiration,Glycolysisandtricarboxylicacidcycle,Electron
transportandoxidativephosphorylationinBacteria;Anaerobicrespiration-Fermentation-lacticacid
andalcoholfermentation
ModuleII
12Hrs
Bacterialgenetics
Transferofgeneticinformationinbacteria,Bacterialchromosomes-DNA,Plasmids,different
typesofplasmids-stringentandrelaxed;Colplasmids,non-conjugative,mobilizableplasmids,resistance
plasmidsandtransferabledrugresistance.
-23-
BacterialMutationSpontaneousmutation,inducedmutations,Isolationofauxotrophs-replica
platingtechnique;Testformutagenicity-Amestest;Briefaccountonrepairmechanisms
Bacterialrecombination:Conjugation-Fertilityfactors,F+andF-cells,Fpili,Highfrequency
recombination.Transformation-Griffithseffect,evidenceofDNAasgeneticmaterial;TransductionLambdapahage-bacterialrecombinationthroughtransduction.
ModuleIII
12Hrs
BacterialDiseasesofHumans
Airbornebacterialdiseasesstreptococcaldiseases,tuberculosis;Foodborneandwaterborne
bacterialdiseases;Foodborneandwaterborneintoxications-Botulism,Staphylococcalfoodpoisoning;
Food borne and waterborne infections- Typhoid fever, salmonellosis, Cholera, Shigellosis, E.coli
Diarrhea;Soilbornebacterialdiseases-Anthrax,Tetanus,Leptospirosis.
ViraldiseasesofHumans-Pneumotropicviraldiseases-Influenza,Adenoviralinfections,Rhinoviral
infections,Dermatoviraldiseases-Herpessimplex,chickenpox,Measles,Rubella;ViscerotropicViral
diseases-yellowfever,Denguefever;Neurotropicviraldiseases-rabies,Polio.
Practical
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
18Hrs
IsolationandidentificationofE.colifromwatersamplesanditsidentification.
Isolationofmicroorganismsfromspoiledfoodmaterials
Isolationofstarchdegradingmicroorganisms-fungus/bacteria.
Examinationofmicrobialfloraoftheskin
Examinationofthemicrobialfloraofmouth.
Inhibitionofmicroorganismsbyantibacterialagentsbydiscdiffusionmethod
IsolationofPlaque-formingBacteriophagefromsewagesamples
Growthkineticsofbacteriaoryeast.
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
ATextbookofMicrobiologyP.Chakraborthy,NewcentralBookagencyPvt.Ltd,calcutta
ModernconceptofMicrobiologyDDKumar,SKumar;VikasPublishingHousePvt.Ltd.
NewDelhi
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-A.J.Nair;Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
IntroductiontoMicrobiology-JHeritage,EGVEvans,RAKillington;CambridgeUniversity
Press.
MicrobiologyLMPrescott,BrownPublishers,Australia
PrinciplesofBiotechnologyA.J.NairLaxmiPublicationsNewDelhi
AdvancesinMicrobiologyJPTewari,TNLakhanpal,ISingh,RGuptaandBPChanola;AP
HPublishingCorporation,NewDelhi.
Microbiology:PrinciplesandExplorationsJacquelynG.Black.PrenticeHall,NewJersey.
Microbiology-PDSharma;RastogiPublications,Meerut
Microbiology(7thEd)-PrescottL.M.,Harley,J.P.,andKleinD.A.McGrawHill,NewYork
-24-
SemesterII
CoreCourseVocational
BB1272Biotechniques-I(PracticalofBB1171&BB1271)
Credit2
Contacthours:36
PracticalofBB1171
ExperimentsforMicrobiologyPractical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
18hrs
Laboratorysafetyandgoodlaboratorypractices
PrinciplesandapplicationofLaboratoryinstruments-microscope,incubator,autoclave,centrifuge,
LAF,filterationunit,shaker,pHmeter.
CleaningandSterilizationofglasswares
Preparationofmedia-NutrientAgarandBroth
InoculationandculturingofbacteriainNutrientagarandnutrientbroth
Preparationofagarslant,stab,agarplate
Purificationtechniques-streakplatingmethod-Tstreaking,Quadrant,ZigZag;pourplate,spreadplate
Stainingofbacteria-Simplestaining,Gramstaining,Acidfaststaining,Negativestaining.
GrowthofBacteriainliquidmedia:Determinationofkineticsofbacterialgrowth
MicroscopictestsforbacterialmotilityHangingdropmethod
Isolationofbacteriafromairopenplatemethod
Enumerationofbacteriainagivensoilsampleusingpourplatemethod
Microbiologicalexaminationofvarioustypesofwaterincludingcommercialandordinarydrinkingwater
Quantificationoffungiandactinomycetes
PracticalofBB1271
ExperimentsforMicrobialMetabolism,genetics&diseases
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
18hrs
IsolationandidentificationofE.colifromwatersamplesanditsidentification.
Isolationofmicroorganismsfromspoiledfoodmaterials
Isolationofstarchdegradingmicroorganisms-fungus/bacteria
Examinationofmicrobialfloraoftheskin
Examinationofthemicrobialfloraofmouth.
Inhibitionofmicroorganismsbyantibacterialagentsbydiscdiffusionmethod
IsolationofPlaque-formingBacteriophagefromsewagesamples
Growthkineticsofbacteriaoryeast.
SemesterIII
CoreCourse
BB1341AngiospermAnatomyandReproductiveBotany
Credits3
ContactHours72(T54+P18)
Aimandobjective:Thecourseisaimedtobringthebasicconceptandunderstandingbouttheanatomy
ofthefloweringplantsanditsrelationshiptothephysiologyandenvironmentaladaptabilityofthe
-25-
plants.Italsogivesabasicideaonthereproductionanddevelopmentofthefloweringplantsandits
adaptationtosuittoitsenvironment.
Module-I
AngiospermAnatomy
1.
2.
8hrs
Objectiveandscopeofplantanatomy
Cellwallorganization-Grossstructure-PrimaryandsecondarywallpitsplasmodesmatamicroscopicandsubmicroscopicstructuresExtracellwallmaterial.Nonlivinginclusionsof
thecellReservefood-secretaryproducts,byproducts.
ModuleII
15hrs
3.
TissuesMeristems,Definition,Classificationbasedonorigin,position,growthpatterns,functions.
4.
Apicalmeristems&theoriesonapicalorganization-Apicalcelltheory,Histogentheory,Tunica
-Corpustheory.Organizationofrootapexindicots&monocots.
5.
PermanenttissuesDefinition,classification-simple,complexandsecretory.
6.
TissuesystemsEpidermaltissuesystems-stomata,structureandfunctions,Groundtissuesystems
&vasculartissuesystems.Differenttypesofvasculararrangements
ModuleIII
7.
8.
9.
13hrs
PrimarystructureRoot,stemandleaf[Dicot&Monocot].
Secondarygrowth-Rootandstem-cambium(structureandfunction)annularrings,heartwood
andsapwood,tyloses,ringporouswoodanddiffuseporouswood,peridermformation-phellum,
phellogenandphelloderm;lenticels
Anomaloussecondarygrowth-Bignonia,Boerhaavia,Dracaena.
ModuleIV
ReproductiveBotany
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
14hrs
Introductiontoangiospermembryology
Microsporogenesis-structureandfunctionsofwalllayers.
Developmentofmalegametophyte-Dehiscenceofanther.
Megasporogenesis-Developmentoffemalegametophyte-Embryosac-Developmentandtypes
-MonosporicPolygonumtype,Bisporic-Alliumtype,TetrasporicAdoxatype.
Pollination -Fertilization- Barriers offertilization -Germinationof pollengrainsDouble
fertilization.
StructureofEmbryo-Dicot[Capsella],Monocot[Sagittaria]Endospermtypes,itsdevelopment
andfunctions.
ModuleV
4hrs
Palynology: Pollen structure, pollen morphology, pollen allergy - viability test for pollen grains,
Economicimportanceanditsimportanceintaxonomy
Practical
Anatomy
1.
Nonlivinginclusions-Cystolith,Raphide,Sphaero-raphide,Aleuronegrains.
18hrs
-26-
2.
Starchgrains(Eccentric,concentric,compound)
3.
Simplepermanenttissue-Parenchyma,Chlorenchyma,Aerenchyma,CollenchymaandSclerenchyma
4.
PrimarystructureDicotstem:Hydrocotyle,Eupatorium.
5.
Monocotstem:GrassandAsparagus.
6.
Dicotroot:PeaandLimnanthemum
7.
8.
Monocotroot:Colocasiaoranymonocotroot.
Secondarystructure-Stem[Normaltype]-Vernonia
9.
Secondarystructure-Root[Normaltype]-Tinospora,Caricapapaya,oranynormaltype
10.
Secretory tissue: Resin canal, Nectary, Latex vessel, Lysigenous and Schizogenous cavities.
LaticifersArticulatedandnonarticulated.
EpidermalstructuresStomata.
Anomaloussecondarythickening-Bignonia,Dracaena,Boerhaavia
Leafanatomy-Dicotleaf:Ixora.Monocotleaf:Grass
11.
12.
13.
ReproductiveBotany
Studentsshouldbefamiliarwiththestructureofantherandembryo(Permanentslidescanbe
used)
Palynology
StudyofpollenmorphologyofthefollowingplantsHibiscus,Vinca,Balsam,Ixora,Crotalaria,
Bougainvilleabymicroscopicobservation.
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
EsauK.(1965)-PlantAnatomyWileyEastern,NewYork.
FahnA.(1985)-PlantAnatomyPergamonPress,Oxford.
MaheswariP.-EmbryologyofAngiosperms-VikasPub:
NairPKKPalynologyofAngiosperms
Pandey,B.P.(1997)-PlantAnatomy-S.Chandandco.NewDelhiBiology-McGrawHillCo,
NewYork.
PrasadandPrasad(1972)OutlinesofBotanicalMicrotechnique,Emkaypublishers,NewDelhi
CoutlerE.G.(1969)PlantAnatomyPartICellsandTissuesEdwardArnold,London.
Vashista.P.C(1984)-PlantAnatomyPradeepPublicationsJalandhar
SemesterIII
CoreCourse
BB1342Bryology,Pteridology,Gymnosperms&Paleobotany
Credit:3
Contacthours:90(Theory54+Practical36)
Aim and Objective: Students should be trained in basic botany such as lower plants like
Bryophytes,Pteridophytes,Gymnosperms,etc.togetanin-depthknowledgeinthe4variousaspectsof
Biotechnology.Thisisthemainpurposeofthiscourse.
-27-
Module-I
Bryology
12hrs
1.
IntroductionandClassification
2.
Studyofthehabit,thallusorganization,vegetativeandsexualreproductionandalternationof
generationofthefollowingtypes(Developmental details are notrequired). Riccia,Marchantia,
Funaria
3.EconomicImportanceofBryophytes.
Module-II
8hrs
Pteridology
1.
Introduction:GeneralcharactersmorphologicalandclassificationbySmith.
2.
Studyofthehabitat,habit,internalstructure,reproductionandlifecycleofthefollowingtypes
(Developmental details not required).Psilotum,Lycopodium,Selaginella,Equisetum,Pteris
andMarsilea.
Module-III
3.
8hrs
GeneralTopics:StelarevolutioninPteridophytes,heterosporyandseedhabit,relationshipsof
pteridophyteswithbryophytesandgymnosperms,economicimportanceofpteridophytes.
Module-IV
22hrs
Gymnosperms
1.
Introductionandclassificationofgymnosperms.
2.
StudyoftheHabit,Anatomy,Reproductionandlifecycleofthefollowingtypes(Developmental
details are not required) Cycas,PinusandGnetum
3.
4.
Module-V
Plaeobotany
4hrs
1.
FossilformationTechniquesofstudy.
2.
3.
4.
Geologicaltimescale.Evolutionarytrends
FossilpteridophytesRhynia,Lepidodendron,Lepidocarpon.FossilGymnosperm-Lygenopteris.
AppliedaspectsofPalaeobotany-Explorationoffossils22
Practical
36Hrs
Bryology
10hrs
1.
2.
RicciaHabit-InternalstructureofthallusV.S.ofthallusthrougharchegonia,antheridiaand
sporophyte
MarchantiaHabit-thallusT.S.,thalluswithArchegonialreceptacle,Antheridialreceptacle,Male
receptacleV.S.,FemalereceptacleeVS.,T.S.ofthallusthroughgemma,SporophyteV.S.
-28-
3.
Funaria-Habit,V.S.ofarchegonialcluster,V.S.ofantheridialcluster,SporophyteV.S.
Pteridology
12hs
1.
Psilotum:Externalfeatures,stemT.S.,synangiumT.S.
2.
Lycopodium:Habit,stemT.S.,stobilusV.S.
3.
4.
Equisetum-Habit,rhizomeandstemT.S.andV.S.ofstrobilus.
5.
Pteris-Habit,PetioleT.S.,sporophyllT.S.,prothallus
6.
Marsilea-Habit,RhizomeandpetioleT.S.,sporocarpT.S,V.S.&R.L.S.
Gymnosperms
10hrs
1.
Cycasseedling,coralloidrootandcoralloidrootT.S.,T.S.ofleafletandpetiole,microand
megasporophyll,maleconeV.S.,microsporophyllT.S.,entireandV.S. ofovule.
2.
Pinus-Branchofindefinitegrowth,spurshoot,T.SofoldstemandneedleR.L.SandT.L.S.of
stem,maleandfemalecone,V.S.ofmaleandfemalecone.
3.
Gnetum-:Habit,stemT.S(youngandmature),leafT.S,maleandfemalestrobilus,V.S.ofmale
andfemalecone,ovuleV.S.andseed
Plaeobotany
1.
2.
4hrs
FossilpteridophytesRhyniaStem,Lepidodendron,Lepidocarpon.
Gymnosperm-Lygenopteris
SuggestedReading
1.
AndrewsH.N.(1967)-StudiesonPalaeobotanyC.J.Felix.
2.
ArnoldC.A(1947)-IntroductiontoPalaeobotany-McGrawHillCo.NewDelhi.
3.
ChopraRNandP.K.BiologyofBryophytes-WileyEasternLtd.NewDelhi
4.
Coutler.J.M.-andChamberlainC.J.(1958)MorphologyofGymnosperms-CentralBook
Depot,Allahabad
5.
GuptaV.K.andVarshneyaU.D(1967)AnIntroductiontoGymnospermsKedarnath,Ramnath
Meerut.
6.
PariharN.S.AnintroductiontoBryophyta-CentralBookDepot.Alahabad
7.
SmithG.M.(1955)-CryptogamicBotanyVol.IIMcGrawHillCo.NewDelhi
8.
SporneK.R.(1966)-MorphologyofPteridophytes-HutchinUniversityLibrary,London
9.
SporneK.R.(1967)-MorphologyofGymnosperms-HutchinUniversityLibrary,London
10.
VashistaB.R.(1993)-PteridophytaS.Chandandco.NewDelhi
11.
VashistaB.R.(1993)Gymnosperms-S.Chandandco.NewDelhi
12.
VasishtaB.R.-Bryophyta-S.ChandandCo.NewDelhi
-29-
Semester-III
ComplementaryCourse
BB1331PhysiologicalaspectsinBiochemistry
Credits:4
ContactHours:90(Theory54,Practical36)
10Hrs.
BiochemistryofBlood:Physicalpropertiesandconstituentsofblood,typesofbloodcells-RBC,
WBC, lymphocytes and platelets. Hemoglobin: Structure and function of hemoglobin, types of
hemoglobin,abnormalhemoglobin,bilepigmentsformation,ironmetabolism-absorptionand
transport.Bloodclotting:Mechanismofbloodclotting(Intrinsicandextrinsicpathway),clottingfactors,
anticoagulants, bleeding time, clotting time, hemopoesis, - blood forming organs, erythropoeisis,
leucopoiesis.Bloodgroups:Classification,chemicalbasisforbloodgroupspecificity.
ModuleII
10Hrs.
Nutrition:Vitamins-Definition,classification-fatsolubleandwatersoluble,source,chemical
nature(withoutstructure)functionsofvitamins.Deficiencydiseases.Nutrition:Caloricvalue,BMR,
Carbohydrates,fatsandproteins.Minerals:OutlinestudyofsourcesandfunctionsofCa,Na,K,Iand
Fe.
ModuleIII
7Hrs
Detoxification:Metabolismofforeigncompoundsintheliver-oxidation,conjugation,hydrolysis,
reduction,examplesofeachtype.Liverfunctiontest.Structureofnephron,formationofurine,renal
functiontest,renalthreshold,constituentsofurine.
ModuleIV
9Hrs
9Hrs
Clinical BiochemistryandEndocrinology:Elementarystudyof:Diabetes,hypercholesterolemia,
Hemophilia,Arthrosclerosis,ObesityandJaundice.
Endocrinology:Organizationofendocrinesystem,classificationandfunctionsofadrenalin,nor
adrenalin,cortisone,Cortisol,corticosterone,deoxycorticosterone,Estradiol,thyroxine,TSH,ACTH,
Gonadotropin,GH,Oxytocinandvasopressin,peptidehormones.(Structureofadrenalin,nor-adrenalin,
cortisone,T3andT4alonerequired)
ModuleVI
9Hrs
Photosynthesis:Outlinesofcyclicandnon-cyclicphotophoshorylation,photosystemsIandII,
Pathofcarbonindarkreaction-Calvincycle,photorespirationandC4pathway(basicstudy),nitrogen
-30-
cycle,nitrogenfixation-nitrogenasecomplex,nitrogenassimilation-roleofglutamatedehydrogenase
andsynthetase(outlinestudyonly).
Practicals
36Hrs
GeneralreactionsofAminoacids&Proteins
Aminoacids-Tests-Solubility,Ninhydrinreaction,Xanthoproteicreaction,Millonstest,Mornerstest,
Glyoxalicacidtest,Ehrlichstest,Nitroprussidetest,Leadacetate,TestforMethionine,Aldehydetest,
Sakaguchireaction,Isatintest(anyfour)
Proteins-Tests-Solubility,Ninhydrinreaction,Xanthoproteicreaction,Folins,Lowry,Heatdenaturation,
TCAprecipitation,Alcoholprecipitation.
Demonstration experiments
EnzymeAssays
Urease/Trypsin
KineticsofUrease/Trypsin(EffectofpH,substrateConcentration,enzymeconcentrationand
temperature)
ProgresscurveofUrease/Trypsin
Digestionofcarbohydratesactionofsalivaryamylase
SuggestedReadings:
1.
AdvancedTextBookonFoodandNutrition,VolIandII,Dr.MSSwaminathan.2ndedition.The
BangalorePrintingandPublishingCoLtd.
2.
ArthurVander,JamesSherman,andDorothyLucianoVanderetal.:HumanPhysiology:The
MechanismofBodyFunction,EighthEditionTheMcGraw-HillCompanies.
3.
ExperimentalBiochemistry:AStudentCompanion,BeeduSasidharRao&VijayDeshpande,
I.KInternationalPvt.LTD,NewDelhi,
4.
HawksPhysiologicalChemistry,BernardL.Oser(ed)TATAMcGrawHillPublishingCompany
LTD,NewDelhip10-15.
5.
6.
HumanPhysiology(2001)byBipinKumarPublisher:CampusBooksInternational
7.
HumanPhysiology(2001)byKCSawantPublisher:DominantPublishers&Distributors
8.
IntroductoryPracticalbiochemistry,S.K.Sawhney&RandhirSingh(eds)NarosaPublishing
House,NewDelhi,
9.
PlantBiochemistrybyHans-WalterHeldtProfessorEm(3ed2004)Publisher:Academic
10.
PrinciplesOfBiochemistry,6e(1959)byAbrahamWhite,PhilipHandlerPublisher:TataMcGrawhillPublishingCompanyLimited
11.
TextbookofMedicalBiochemistryforMedicalStudentsbyDMVasudevanandSreekumari
S.5thedition,JapeeBrothers,MedicalPublishers,
12.
TextbookofMedicalPhysiology,11/ewithStudentConsultAccess(2005)byArthurCGuyton,
JohnEHallPublisher
-31-
SemesterIII
CoreCourseVocational
BB1371ProtistaandAnimalDiversity
Credits4
ContactHours72(Theory54+Practical18)
4hrs
Twokingdomsystem;Threekingdomsystem;Fourkingdomsystem;Fivekingdomsystem
ModuleII
KingdomProtista
6hrs
Taxonomicpositions,generalfeaturesandclassification.Salientfeaturesofthefollowingphyla
withbriefnoteontheexamplescited
PhylumRhizopoda.eg.Entamoeba;PhylumDinoflagellataeg.Noctiluca;PhylumParabasalia
eg.Trichonympha;PhylumCiliophoraeg.Paramecium;PhylumApicomplexaeg.Plasmodium(Detailed
studyoflifehistoryandpathogenicity)
ModuleIII
KingdomAnimalia
28hrs
Salientfeatures;Levelsoforganization:cellular,tissue,organandsystem;Branches-Mesozoa,
parazoaandeumetazoa;Eumetazoa-Radiataandbilateria;Bilateria-Protostomiaanddeuterostomia;
Acoelomata,pseudocoelomataandeucoelomata;Schizocoelaandenterocoela;Bodysegmentation,
metamerismandpseudometamerism.
Salientfeaturesofthefollowingphyla;Classificationuptoclasses;Externalfeatures,adaptations
andeconomicimportanceofexamplescited
PhylumPorifera
ClassCalcareaeg.Sycon;ClassHexactinellida;ClassDemospongiae
PhylumCnidaria(Coelenterata)
ClassHydrozoaeg.Obelia(mentionalternationofgeneration)ClassScyphozoaeg.Aurelia;
ClassAnthozoaeg.Seaanemone
PhylumPlatyhelminthes
ClassTurbellariaeg.Bipalium;ClassCestodaeg.Taeniasolium;ClassTrematodaeg.Fasciola
PhylumNematoda
ClassSecernentea(Phasmida)eg.Ascaris;ClassAdenophorea(Aphasmida)eg.Trichinella
-32-
PhylumAnnelida
Polychaeta-Class Polychaeta eg. Nereis; Clitellata-Class Oligochaeta eg. Earthworm; Class
Hirudomorphaeg.Hirudinaria
PhylumMollusca
ClassAplacophora eg. Neomenia; Class Monoplacophora eg. Neopilina; Class Bivalvia
(PelecypodaorLamellibranchiata)eg.Pearloyster;ClassPolyplacophoraeg.Chiton;ClassGastropoda
eg.Pia;ClassCephalopodaeg.Sepia;ClassScaphopodaeg.Dentalium
PhylumOnychophoraeg.Peripatus
PhylumArthropoda
SubphylumTrilobitomorpha-ClassMerostomataeg.Limulus; ClassArachnidaeg. Scorpion;
ClassPycnogonida.
SubphylumMandibulata-ClassCrustaceaeg.Prawn(Penaeus);ClassChilopodaeg.Scolopendra;
ClassSymphylaeg.Scutigeralla;ClassDiplopodaeg.Spirostreptus;ClassPauropodaeg.Pauropus;
ClassInsectaeg.Cockroach(mouthparts;digestivesystemandnervoussystem)
Pestsof:(1)Paddy:LeptocorisaacutaandSpodopteramauritia(2)Storedfoodgrains:Sitophilus
oryzaeandTribolium
PhylumEchinodermata
ClassAsteroideaeg.Starfish;ClassOphiuroideaeg.Brittlestar;ClassEchinoideaeg.seaurchin;
ClassHolothuroideaeg.Seacucumber;ClassCrinoideaeg.Sealily
ModuleIII
PhylumChordata
16hrs
Salientfeaturesofthephylumchordata;Classificationuptoclasses;Externalfeatures,adaptations
andeconomicimportanceofexamplescited.
SubphylumUrochordataeg.Ascidia;SubphylumCephalochordataeg.Amphioxus;Subphylum
Vertebrata;SuperclassAgnathaeg.Petromyzon;SuperclassPisceseg.Scoliodon;SuperclassTetrapoda
ClassAmphibia:Frog(Rana)generalcharacters;detailedstudyonNervoussystemeg:,Ambystoma
(mentionaxolotllarva).
ClassReptiliaeg.Calotes
Snakes:Identificationofnonpoisonousandpoisonoussnakes-Nonpoisonoussnakeseg.Ptyas
Poisonoussnakeseg.Naja,Viper,Bungarus
ClassAves(Birds):Flightlessbirds.eg.Ostrich
Flyingbirdseg.Pigeon(morphologyanddifferenttypesoffeathers);Flightadaptationsofbirds
ClassMammalia
eg.Echidna,kangaroo,bluewhale
Adaptationsofaquaticmammals
-33-
Practicals
18Hrs
Identificationandassigningthesystematicpositionofthefollowingspecimens:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Protozoa-any4.
Porifera-any2.
Coelenterata-any5.
Aschelminthes-any2.
Platyhelminthes-any4(adaptationsofparasiticformstobestressed)
Annelida-any4.
Minorphyla-any2.
Arthropoda-any10(includingatleast5insectpestsofpaddy/bananaplant/storedfoodgrains
and2beneficialinsects).
Mollusca-any8(includingany2beneficialandany2harmfulspecies).
Echinodermata-any5(representingoneeachfromfivedifferentclasses).
Prochordates-Ascidia,Branchiostoma(Amphioxus).
Pisces-any8(including2cartilaginousfishes,2fisheswithaccessoryrespiratoryorgans,4common
foodfishes).
Amphibia-any3(representingtheordersApoda,UrodelaandAnura).
Reptilia-any5(includungatleastonepoisonousandonenon-poisonoussnakeofKerala).
Aves-any3commonbirdsofKerala(basedonmuseumspecimensorfieldobservations).
Mammalia-any5(basedonmuseumspecimensorfieldobservations).
Note:
Practicalexaminationsshallgiveemphasisonsystematicsofanimals.Questionsontaxonomy
maybedesignedsoastoassessthestudentsknowledgeinidentificationoforganismsandassigning
thesystematicpositiondowntotheprescribedtaxa.Studentsmaybeaskedtoarrangeamiscellaneous
groupofanimalsintodifferenttaxonomicgroupsinchartformmentioningthesalientfeaturesofthe
groups.
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
RuppertE.E.,FoxRandBarnesR.D.(2004)InvertebrateZoology.ThomsonBooks/Cole.USA.
EkambaranathaAyyar,M.andAnanthakrishnan,T.N.AManualofZoology.VolII
Jordan,E.L.andVerma,P.S.InvertebrateZoology.S.ChandandCo.
Jordan,E.L.andVerma,P.S.VertebrateZoology.S.ChandandCo.
Kotpal,R.L.(2002)ModernTextBookofZoology:Invertebrates.RastogiPublishers.
Kotpal,R.L.(2002)ModernTextBookofZoology:Vertebrates.RastogiPublishers.
MayerE.(1980)PrinciplesofSystematicZoology.TataMcGrawHillPublishingCo.NewDelhi.
Vijayakumaran Nair K, J. Jayakumar and P.I. Paul (2007) Protista andAnimal Diversity.
Academica.
Nayar,K.K.etal.General&AppliedEntomologyTMH
NigamS.(1978)InvertebrateZoology.S.NaginandCo.
HickmanC.P.andRobertsL.S.(1994)AnimalDiversity.Wm.C.Brown,Dubuque,IA
VenugopalRaoetal.(2003)IntegratedInsectPestManagement.Agro.
-34-
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
TheNewEncyclopediaBritannica,Macropedia,(1998).EncyclopediaBritannicaInc.,Chicago.
GreenN.P.O.,etal(2000)BiologicalScience.CambridgeUniversityPress.
OutlinesofZoology-EkambaranathaIyer;ChandPublications,NewDelhi
BruscaR.C.andBruscaG.J.(1990)Invertebrates.SinauerAssociates,Sunderland,MA.
PearseVandPearseJ,BuchsbaumMandBuchsbaumR.(1987)LivingInvertebratesBlackwell
ScientificPublications,California.
Chandler,A.C.andRead.Parasitology.
Dhami,P.S.andDhami,J.K.InvertebrateZoology.R.ChandandCo.
Dhami,P.S.andDhami,J.K.VertebrateZoology.R.ChandandCo.
EkambaranathaAyyar,M.andAnanthakrishnan,T.N.AManualofZoology.VolI
InvertebrateZoology-Chandpublications,NewDelhi
ManualofZoologyEkambaranathaIyer;ChandPublications,NewDelhi
VertebrateZoology-ChandPublications,NewDelhi
SemesterIII
CoreCourseVocational
BB1372AnimalPhysiologyandAnatomy
Credits3
ContactHours54(T36+P18)
5hrs
Animalcell,Tissues,organsandorgansystems
Nutrition:feedingmechanisms,digestion-typesofdigestion,basicmechanismsofdigestion,digestive
systemanditsfunction,Humandigestivesystem
ModuleII
4hrs
Respiratorysystem-Respiration,typesofrespiration,cellularrespiration-oxidationofglucose,Human
respiratorysystem,pulmonaryrespiration
ModuleIII
5hrs
Circulatorysystem:Circulation,typesofcirculation-openandclosedcirculation,Humancirculatory
system,HumanHeart,heartbeat;Tissuefluid,Lymphaticsystem-comparisonofbloodandlymph
ModuleIV
5hrs
Reproductivesystem-reproduction,typesofreproduction-asexual,sexualandvegetativereproduction
Humanreproductivesystem-gametogenesis,spermatogenesis,structureofhumansperm,Oogenesis,
Menstrualcycle,Humanembryogenesis
ModuleV
5hrs
Excretorysystem:Excretionanditssignificance,excretoryproductsofbody,Excretoryorgansof
invertebrates,excretoryorgansofvertebrates,
-35-
Nephrones-structureandfunction,Kidneysstructureandfunction,Formationofurine,Dialysis,
Accessoryexcretoryorgans-skin,itsstructureandfunction.
ModuleVI
4hrs
Bioregulatorysystem:Glands,Hormones,Endocrineglandsandfeedbackmechanism
ModuleVII
5hrs
Nervoussystem:Neurons-structureandfunction,nervoussystemofinvertebratesandvertebrates,
HumanNervoussystem
ModuleVIII
3hrs
Skeletalandmuscularsystem-Humanskeletonandmuscularsystem
Practical
MinorPracticals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
Nereis-parapodium.
Earthworm-bodysetae.
Cockroach-mouthparts.
Cockroach-salivaryglands.
Prawn-appendages.
Fishes-differenttypesofscales(placoid,ctenoidandcycloidscales).
Majorpracticals
1.
2.
3.
4.
Earthworm-nervoussystem.
Cockroach-alimentarycanal.
Cockroach-nervoussystem.
Prawn-nervoussystem.
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
ArthurC.Guyton,TextbookofMedicalPhysiology,W.B.SuandersCo.
C.C.Chatterjee,HumanPhysiologyVol.1&2-;MedicalAlliedAgency
Chandler,A.C.andRead.Parasitology.
Dhami,P.S.andDhami,J.K.InvertebrateZoology.R.ChandandCo.
Dhami,P.S.andDhami,J.K.VertebrateZoology.R.ChandandCo.
EkambaranathaAyyar,M.andAnanthakrishnan,T.N.AManualofZoology.VolII
EkambaranathaAyyar,M.andAnanthakrishnan,T.N.AManualofZoology.VolI
HTYost,Cellularphysiology,PrenticeHall
JohnB.West,PhysiologicalBasisofMedicalPractice,William&Wilkins
Jordan,E.L.andVerma,P.S.InvertebrateZoology.S.ChandandCo.
Jordan,E.L.andVerma,P.S.VertebrateZoology.S.ChandandCo.
Kotpal,R.L.(2002)ModernTextBookofZoology:Invertebrates.RastogiPublishers.
Kotpal,R.L.(2002)ModernTextBookofZoology:Vertebrates.RastogiPublishers.
18hrs
-36-
14.
15.
16.
MayerE.(1980)PrinciplesofSystematicZoology.TataMcGrawHillPublishingCo.NewDelhi.
Vijayakumaran Nair K, J. Jayakumar and P.I. Paul (2007) Protista andAnimal Diversity.
Academica.
WilliamSHoarGeneralandComparativephysiology,PrenticeHall
SemesterIV
ComplementaryCourse
BB1431Metabolism
Credits:2
ContactHours:90(Theory54,Practical36)
-37-
ModuleV
Genetic aspects of Metabolism: DNA structure-nucleosomes, 30nm fibers and radial loops.
ProkaryoticDNAreplication-DNApolymerases,replicationforks,Okazakifragmentsandaccessory
proteins.BriefstudyofstructureandtypesofRNAandtheirfunctions.Prokaryotictranscriptionprocess.
Geneticcode-propertiesofgeneticcode.Proteinbiosynthesisinprokaryotes-synthesisofaminoacyl
tRNA, initiation-Shine Dalgarno sequence, elongation- aminoacyl tRNA binding, peptide bond
formation,translocationfollowedbytermination.
Practical
18Hrs
QuantitativeAnalysisofAminoacidsandProteinsEstimationofTyrosinebyFolin-Lowrymethod.
EstimationofProteinbyBiuretmethod.EstimationofProteinbyFolin-Lowrymethod.
QuantitativeAnalysisofNucleicAcidsEstimationofDNAbydiphenylaminemethod.Estimationof
RNAbyOrcinolmethodDemonstration experiments
EnzymeAssays
Urease/Trypsin
KineticsofUrease/Trypsin(EffectofpH,substrateConcentration,enzymeconcentrationand
temperature)
ProgresscurveofUrease/Trypsin
Digestionofcarbohydratesactionofsalivaryamylase
SuggestedReadings
1.LehningerPrinciplesofBiochemistry,4thEditionbyDavidL.NelsonDavidL.NelsonMichaelM.
CoxMichaelM.Cox(Author),Publisher:W.H.Freeman;FourthEdition(April23,2004)
2.
E.S.West,W.R.Todd,H.S.MasonandJ.T.vanBruggen,ATextBookofBiochemistry,Oxford
andIBHPublishingCo.,NewDelhi,1974
3.
Biochemistry(2004)byDonaldVoet,JudithG.VoetPublisher:JohnWiley&SonsInc
4.
PrinciplesOfBiochemistry(1995)byGeoffreyLZubay,WilliamWParson,DennisEVance
Publisher:McGraw-HillBookCompanyKoga
5.
PrinciplesOfBiochemistry,4/e(2006)byRobertHortonH,LaurenceAMoran,GrayScrimgeour
KPublisher:Pearsarson
6.
Biochemistry(2008)byRastogiPublisher:McGrawHill.
7.
PlantBiochemistrybyHans-WalterHeldtProfessorEm(3ed2004)Publisher:Academic.
8.
TextBookofBiochemistry,5theditionbyDMVasudevanandSreekumarS,JAYPEEPublishers,
NewDelhi.
-38-
Semester-IV
ComplementaryCourse
BB1432PracticalBiochemistry
(PracticalofBB1131,BB1231,BB1331,&BB1431)
Credits:2
ContactHours:144(4x36+144)
PracticalofBB1131 36hrs
WeighinginChemicalbalance
Preparationofsolutions-percentage,molar&normalsolutions,dilutionfromstocksolutionetc.
Demonstrationofdialysis
DemonstrationofPAGE
DemonstrationofPaperChromatography
DemonstrationofThinLayerChromatography
ColorimetryandSpectrophotometrytechniques
VerificationofBeerLambertslaw
Verificationofmolarextinctioncoefficientofanyknowncompound
GeneralreactionsofCarbohydrates
QualitativeanalysisofCarbohydrates.
Carbohydrates-Glucose,Fructose,Xylose,Sucrose,Maltose,Starch&Dextrin
Tests- Molischs test,Anthrone test, Fehlings test, Benedicts test, Picricacidtest, Barfoeds test,
Bialstest,Seliwanoffstest,Iodinetest,HydrolysisofSucroseandStarch,Osazonetest.
QuantitativeAnalysisofcarbohydratesEstimationofglucosebyNelson-SomogyimethodEstimation
ofreducingsugarbyanthronemethod.EstimationofpentosebyOrcinolmethod.Estimationofketose
byRoe-Papedopaulosemethod.
PracticalofBB1231
36hrs
QualitativeanalysisofLipids
Fattyacids:Stearicacid/Oleicacid.Tests-Solubility,Translucentspottests,TestforUnsaturation
Glycerol
Tests-Acroleintest,Borax-fusiontest,Solubility.
Cholesterol
Tests-Solubility,Salkowskireaction,Liebermann-Burchardreaction
QuantitativeAnalysisofLipids
EstimationofCholesterolbyCarr-Drecktormethod.EstimationofCholesterolbyZaksmethod.
DeterminationofAcidValue.DeterminationofSaponificationvalue.DeterminationofIodinenumber
ofoil
-39-
PracticalofBB1331
36Hrs
AminoacidsandProteins
QualitativeanalysisofAminoacidsandProteins
Aminoacids-(any4aminoacids)
Tests-Solubility,Ninhydrinreaction,Xanthoproteicreaction,Millonstest,Mornerstest,Glyoxalic
acidtest,Ehrlichstest,Nitroprussidetest,Leadacetate,TestforMethionine,Aldehydetest,
Sakaguchireaction,Isatintest
ProteinsTests-Solubility, Ninhydrin reaction,Xanthoproteic reaction, Folins test, Lowrys test, Biuret test,
Heatdenaturation,TCAprecipitation,Alcoholprecipitation.
PracticalofBB1431
36hrs
QuantitativeAnalysisofAminoacidsandProteinsEstimationofTyrosinebyFolin-Lowrymethod.
EstimationofProteinbyBiuretmethod.
EstimationofProteinbyFolin-Lowrymethod.
QuantitativeAnalysisofNucleicAcids
Estimation of DNA by diphenylamine method. Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method
Demonstration experiments
EnzymeAssays
Urease/Trypsin
KineticsofUrease/Trypsin(EffectofpH,substrateConcentration,enzymeconcentrationand
temperature)
ProgresscurveofUrease/Trypsin
Digestionofcarbohydratesactionofsalivaryamylase
SuggestedReadings
1.
ExperimentalBiochemistry:AStudentCompanion,BeeduSasidharRao&VijayDeshpande
(ed),I.KInternationalPvt.LTD,NewDelhiISBN81-88237-41-8.
2.
IntroductoryPracticalbiochemistry,S.K.Sawhney&RandhirSingh(eds)NarosaPublishing
House,NewDelhi,ISBN81-7319-302-9.
3.
StandardMethodsofBiochemicalAnalysis,S.K.Thimmaiah(Ed),KalyaniPublishers,Ludhiana
ISBN81-7663-067-5.
4.
HawksPhysiologicalChemistry,BernardL.Oser(ed).TATAMcGRAWHillPublishingCompany
LTD,NewDelhi.
5.
ESWest,WRTodd,HSMasonandJTvanBruggen.AtextBookofBiochemistry,Oxfordand
IBHPublishingCo.,NewDelhi,1974.
-40-
SemesterIV
CoreCourse
BB1441Horticulture,MushroomCultivation&Marketing
Credits:2
Contacthours:72(T54+P18)
12hrs
Introduction
Divisionsofhorticulture,Importanceandscopeofhorticulture.,Principlesofgardenmaking,
Typesofpotsandcontainers,Pottingmixtureandpottingmediasoil,sand,peat,sphagnummoss,
vermiculite, Soil types, Soil preparation, Irrigation methods, Hydroponics Propagation methodsCuttings,LayeringAirlayering,Groundlayering(Tip,TrenchandCompound)
BuddingT-budding,GraftingApproachgrafting,Bridgegrafting,whipandtonguegrafting.,
Gardentoolsandimplements(pruningshears,secateurs,spade,trowel,gardenrake,handrake,sprinkers/
sprayers,showelandlawnmower)
Manures and fertilizers- Farmyard manure, compost, vermicompost and biofertilizers. Chemical
fertilizersNPK.,Timeandapplicationofmanuresandfertilizers.Foliarsprays
ModuleII
14hrs
ComponentsofGarden-Lawnsandlandscaping,Trees,shrubsandshrubberies,climbersandcreepers,
Flower bedsand borders, ornamental hedges, edges,Drives, roads, walksand paths,Carpet beds,
topiary,trophy,rockery,ConservatoryorgreenhousesIndoorgarden,Roofgarden,Bonsai
FlowerArrangement-Containersandrequirementsforflowerarrangements,Freestyle,Shallowand
Mass arrangement, Japanese Ikebana, Bouquet and garland making, Dry flower arrangement
Harvesting-Methods,Storage,MarketingofFruits,vegetablesandflowers,Preservationandprocessing
offruitsandvegetables
ModuleIII
10hrs
Growthregulatorsinhorticulture-Rootinghormones,Growthpromoters,Flowerinduction,Parthenocarpy
Plantprotection-Commondiseasesoffruitsandvegetablecrops,Weedicides,Fungicides,Pesticides
Practical
Propagationmethods-Layering,Buddingandgrafting
Flowerarrangement
FieldStudy:VisittoaBotanicalgardenundertheguidanceoftheteacherisencouraged.
18hrs
-41-
SemesterIV
CoreCourse
BB1442CellBiology,PlantBreedingandEvolutionaryBiology
Credits2
Contacthours:72(Theory54+Practical18)
AimandObjective:Thiscoursewillprovideabasicunderstandingincellbiology,plantbreedingand
evolution,whichisneededasastudentofbiologyandcansupplementinunderstandingandpursuing
studiesinBiotechnology.
Module-I
Cellbiology
30hrs
1.
Historyandprogressofcellbiology
2.
Ultrastructureandfunctionsofthecellcomponentsandorganelles(Abriefaccountonly)-Cell
wall; The cell membrane, Endoplasmic reticulum, Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes,
Peroxisomes,Vacuole,Mitochondria,Chloroplast&Nucleus
3.
The chromosomes- Chromosome morphology- Eukaryotic chromosomes and its molecular
organization.Chromatin-compositionandstructure;heterochromatinandeuchromatin;Chemical
organization .Nucleoproteins histones and non histones. Nucleosome model of DNA
organization.
4.
Specialtypesofchromosomes-Salivarygland,LampbrushandBchromosomes
5.
VariationinChromosomenumber(Numericalaberrations)-anueploidyandEuploidy-haploidy,
polyploidy-significance
6.
Variation in Chromosome structure(Structural aberrations)- deletion,duplication, inversion
andtranslocation;significance.
7.
MitosisandMeiosis:Transmissionofgeneticinformation-cellcycle:Significanceofmitosis
andmeiosis
ModuleII
14hrs
Plantbreeding
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Introduction,objectivesinplantbreeding.
Plant introduction.Agencies of plant introduction in India, Procedure of introduction Acclimatization-Achievements.
Selection-massselection,purelineselectionandclonalselection.Geneticbasisofselection
methods.
Hybridization:Procedureofhybridization,intergeneric,interspecific,intervarietalhybridization
withexamples.Compositeandsyntheticvarieties.
Heterosisanditsexploitationinplantbreeding.
MutationbreedingmethodachievementsinIndia.
Breedingforpest,diseasesandstressresistance.
Module-III
EvolutionaryBiology
1.
ProgressiveandRetrogressiveevolution.
10hrs
-42-
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
ParallelandConvergentevolution.
MicroandMacroevolution.
TheoryofLamarck,WiesmanandDeVries,Darwinism,Neo-Darwinism
Isolation,Mutation,Geneticdrift,Speciation
VariationandEvolutionHybridizationandEvolutionPolyploidyandevolutionMutation
andevolution.
Practical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
18Hrs
StudyofMicroscopes-differentmagnificationoflightmicroscopes
Examinationofdifferenttypesofcells-singlecelledandmulticellularsystems
Makeacetocarminesquashpreparationofonionroottipandtoidentifydifferentstagesofmitosis
DeterminationofMitoticIndex
Makesquashpreparationoftheflowerbudsofanyofthefollowingplants.Rhoeo,Capsicum(To
identifyMeiosis)
PreparationofKaryotype
Microscopicalexaminationandassessmentofstarchgranulesfrompotato,rice,tapiocaetc
Fixationofspecimensforcytologicalstudies,Preparationofcytologicalstainslikeacetocarmine
andsafranin.
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
AggarwalSK(2009)FoundationCourseinBiology,2ndEdition,AneBooksPvt.Ltd
AllardRW(1960)PrinciplesofPlantBreeding.JohnwilleyandSons.Inc.NewYork
BDSingh(2003)PlantBreeding.KalyaniPublishers
Cohn,N.S.(1964)ElementsofCytology.BraceandWorldInc,NewDelhi
Darnel, J.Lodish, Hand Baltimore, D. (1991) Cell and molecular biology. Lea and Fibiger,
Washington.
DeRobertis,E.D.PandRobertis,E.M.P(1991)CellandmolecularbiologyScientificAmerican
books.
Dobzhansky,B(1961)Geneticandoriginofspecies,ColumbiauniversityPressNewYork
Durbin(2007)BiologicalSequenceAnalysis.CambridgeUniversityPressIndiaPvt.Ltd
GeraldKarp(1985)Cellbiology,McGrawHillcompany..
Lewin,B,(1994)Genes,OxfordUniversityPress,NewYork.
Lewis,W.H(1980)Polyploidy.PlenumPress,NewYork.
NichollT(2007)AnIntroductiontoGeneticEngineering,CambridgeUniversityPressIndia
Pvt.Ltd
RoyS.C.andKalayankumarDe(1997)Cellbiology.NewcentralBoosCalcutta
Sandhyamitra,(1998)Elementsofmolecularbiology.Macmillan,IndiaLtd.
SharmaJR(1994)PrinciplesandPracticesofPlantBreeding.TataMcGraw-HillPub.Co.New
Delhi
Sharma,A.KandSharmaa(1980)ChromosometechniqueTheoryandpractice,AdityaBooks,
NewYork
Swanson,C.P(1957)CytologyandGenetics.Englewoodcliffs,NewYork.
-43-
18.
19.
20.
Taylor(2008)BiologicalSciences.CambridgeUniversityPressIndiaPvt.Ltd
Twymann,R.M.(1998)AdvancedmolecularbiologyVivabooksNewDelhi.
VeerBalaRastogi(2008),FundamentalsofMolecularBiologyAneBooksPvt.Ltd
SemesterIV
CoreCourse
BB1443PracticalBotanyII
(PracticalofBB1341,BB1342,BB1441&BB1442)
Credits:2
BB1341AngiospermAnatomyandReproductiveBotany
ContactHours:72
18Hrs
Anatomy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Nonlivinginclusions-Cystolith,Raphide,Sphaero-raphide,Aleuronegrains.
Starchgrains(Eccentric,concentric,compound)
Simple permanent tissue Parenchyma, Chlorenchyma ,Aerenchyma , Collenchyma and
Sclerenchyma
PrimarystructureDicotstem:Hydrocotyle,Eupatorium.
Monocotstem:GrassandAsparagus.
Dicotroot:PeaandLimnanthemum
Monocotroot:Colocasiaoranymonocotroot.
Secondarystructure-Stem[Normaltype]-Vernonia
Secondarystructure-Root[Normaltype]-Tinospora,Caricapapaya,oranynormaltype
Secretory tissue: Resin canal, Nectary, Latex vessel, Lysigenous and Schizogenous cavities.
LaticifersArticulatedandnonarticulated.
EpidermalstructuresStomata.
Anomaloussecondarythickening-Bignonia,Dracaena,Boerhaavia
Leafanatomy-Dicotleaf:Ixora.Monocotleaf:Grass
ReproductiveBotany
Studentsshouldbefamiliarwiththestructureofantherandembryo(Permanentslidescanbe
used)
Palynology
StudyofpollenmorphologyofthefollowingplantsHibiscus,Vinca,Balsm,Ixora,Crotalaria,
Bougainvilleabymicroscopicobservation.
BB1342EnvironmentalStudiesandPhytogeography
18hrs
1.
Study of ecological and anatomical modifications of Xerophytes, Hydrophytes, halophytes,
epiphytesandParasites.
2.
Studyofplantcommunitybyquadratmethod.
3.
Observationandstudyofdifferentecosystemsmentionedinthesyllabus.
4.
PhytogeographicalregionsofIndia
-44-
BB1441Practical
PracticalofHorticulture,MushroomCultivation&Marketing 18hrs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
FamiliarizationanduseoftoolsinHorticulture
PracticeofHorticulturalmethods
Cuttings,LayeringAirlayering,Groundlayering
BuddingT-budding,GraftingApproachgrafting,Bridgegrafting,whipandtonguegrafting.,
Gardentoolsandimplements
PreparationofFarmyardmanure,compost,vermicompostandbiofertilizers.
Flowerarrangement
StudyoftheCommonIndianmushrooms-AgaricusandPleurotus
methodsofcultivationofselectedediblemushroomsusingpaddystrawassubstrate
FieldStudy:VisittoaBotanicalgardenundertheguidanceoftheteacherisencouraged.
FieldStudy:VisittoamushroomcultivatingLaboratory
BB1442CellBiology,PlantBreedingandEvolutionaryBiology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
18Hrs
StudyofMicroscopes-differentmagnificationoflightmicroscopes
Examinationofdifferenttypesofcells-singlecelledandmulticellularsystems
Makeacetocarminesquashpreparationofonionroottipandtoidentifydifferentstagesofmitosis
DeterminationofMitoticIndex
Makesquashpreparationoftheflowerbudsofanyofthefollowingplants.Rhoeo,Capsicum(To
identifyMeiosis)
PreparationofKaryotype
Microscopicalexaminationandassessmentofstarchgranulesfrompotato,rice,tapiocaetc
Fixationofspecimensforcytologicalstudies,Preparationofcytologicalstainslikeacetocarmine
andsafranin.
SemesterIV
CoreCourseVocational
BB1471MolecularBiology
Credits3
Totalcontacthours72(Theory54+Practical18)
8hrs
Introduction
Historyandsignificantdiscoveriesinmolecularbiology;Molecularbasisoflife,Experiments
demonstratingDNAasthegeneticmaterial,Centraldogma
-45-
StructureofDNA;ReplicationofDNAbothprokaryoticandeukaryotic,enzymesofDNA
replication,actionoftelomerase.
ModuleII
8hrs
Genesandgeneticcode
Organisationofprokaryoticandeukaryoticgene-splitgenes,intronsandexons,readingframe,
promoters and enhancers; Genetic code- properties of genetic code, Codons, codon assignment,
redundancyandwobbleconcept
ModuleIII
12hrs
Geneexpression:
ProkaryoticandEukaryoticTranscription-Initiationfactors,transcriptionproducts,typesofRNAmRNA,tRNA,rRNAandsmallnuclearRNA(snRNA),miRNA;post-transcriptionalmodificationof
mRNAineukaryotes-cappingandsplicingmechanisms.
Translation-translationofprokaryoticandeukaryoticmRNA,Initiationcomplex,Posttranslational
modificationofproteins.
ModuleIV
12hrs
Generegulation:prokaryoticgeneregulation,regulationofoperon,(lac,hisandtrpoperon),catabolic
repression,attenuation.Regulationofeukaryoticgeneexpression,levelofcontrolofgeneexpression,
regulationofRNAprocessing,mRNAdegradationandproteindegradationcontrol,RNAinterference.
ModuleV
8hrs
Eukaryoticchromosomes-molecularorganization,nucleosomes,transposons-insertionalelements
ModuleVI
6hrs
CytoplasmicgenomemitochondrialDNAandchloroplastDNAstructure,importantgenes
Practical
ExperimentsforMolecularbiology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Instrumentsandequipmentsusedinmolecularbiology.
IsolationofGenomicDNA
ExaminationofthepurityofDNAbyagarosegelelectrophoresis.
QuantificationofDNAbyUV-spectrophotometer
ExtractionofProteinandRNAfromplantsamples.
IsolationandpurificationofplasmidDNA
AgarosegelanalysisofplasmidDNA
RestrictiondigestionofplasmidDNA
DemonstrationofPCR
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
AppliedMoleculargeneticsRLMiesfeld;Wiley.Liss,NewDelhi.
BasicBiotechnology-A.J.Nair,LaxmiPublications,NewDelhi
18hrs
-46-
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
EssentialmolecularBiology-ApracticalApproach,TABrown;Oxford,NewYork
GeneVIII-BenjaminLewin;OffordUniversityPress.
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-A.J.Nair;Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
IntroductiontoMolecularbiology-P.Paolella;McGrawHill,NewYork
MolecularBiologyofthegeneWatson,Baker,BellGann,Lewinw,Losick;PearsonEducation
Pvt.Ltd,NewDelhi
MolecularcellbiologyHSBhamrah;AnmolPublicationsPvt.Ltd.,NewDelhi.
PCR3-PracticalApproachC.SimonHearington&JohnJOLeary;Oxford,NewYork
PrinciplesofGenemanipulation-R.W.Old&S.B.Primrose;BlackwellScientificPublications
Microbiology(7thEd)-PrescottL.M.,Harley,J.P.,andKleinD.A.McGrawHill,NewYork
SemesterIV
CoreCourse
BB1472Immunology
Credits-2 Contacthours54(Theory36+Practical18)
Aim and Objective: To givea basic training to the students of Biotechnology onimmune system,
immunologyandimmunologyrelatedtechniques.Trainingin thiscoursewillcreateaninterestin
immunologyandisessentialforfurtherstudiesinBiotechnology.
ModuleI
Introductiontoimmunology
7hrs
Historicalperspectiveofimmunology;haematopoisis;LineagesTheHumanImmuneSystem:
Organsandcellsofimmunesystem-structureandfunctions
ModuleII
6hrs
Typesofimmunity-Innateandspecificoracquiredimmunity,Humoralimmunityandcellmediated
immunity;Briefaccounton-antigens,Immunogens,haptens,adjuvants
ModuleIII
6hrs
Immunoglobulins:
Antibodystructureandfunctions,antigenbinding,epitopeandparatope,typesofantibodiesand
theirstructures:isotypes,allotypesandidiotypes
ModuleIV
7hrs
Measurmentofantigen
Antibody-antigeninteraction,antigen-antibodyreactions,agglutination,ABObloodgrouping
andRhincompatibility,immuno-diffusion,immuno-electrophoresis,ELISA-types,RIA;production
ofmonoclonalantibodiesusinghybridomatechnology;BriefaccountoncomplementsystemandMHC
-47-
ModuleV
Immunoglobulingene
6hrs
Geneticbasisofantibodydiversity-VDJrecombination,Clonalproliferationtheoryofantibody
production.
Immunitytoinfectionsofdiseases:,ImmunologyofAIDS;BriefaccountonVaccinesandtoxoids
ModuleVI
4hrs
Autoimmunediseaseandhypersensitivity:Hashimotosthyroiditis;Myastheniagravis;Rheumatoid
Arthritis,PerniciousanemiaHypersensitivitydisease-Asthma.
ExperimentsforImmunologyPractical
1.
Immunecellsobservationandidentificationbystaining
2.
EnumerationofRBC
3.
EnumerationofWBC
4.
Separationofimmunecellsfromlymphoidorgansoflabanimals/blood.
5.
BloodgroupingDeterminationofbloodgroupsandRhtyping
6.
Precipitinreaction-Doubleimmunodiffusion-Ochterlonymethod
7.
DemonstrationofImmuno-electrophoresisandstaining
8.
WIDALtest-demonstration
9.
DemonstrationofRadioimmunoassay
10.
ELISAtechnique-demonstration(Dotmethod)
18hrs
SuggestedReadings
1.
AnIntroductiontoImmunologyCVRao,NarosaPublishingHouse,NewDelhi
2.
BasicsofBiotechnology-AJNair;LaxmiPublications,NewDelhi
3.
ImmunologyJoshi,Osama;AgroBotanica,NewDelhi
4.
ImmunologyRAGoldsby,TJKindt,BAOsborne,JanisKuby;WHFreeman&Company,
NewYork
5.
InstantNotesinImmunologyPMAbbas,AHLichtman,MWFanger;VivaBooksPvt.Ltd,
NewDelhi.
6.
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-A.J.Nair;Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
7.
PrincipleCellularandMolecularImmunology-JonathanMAustyn7KathrynJWood;Oxford,
NewYork
8.
Microbiology(7thEd)-PrescottL.M.,Harley,J.P.,andKleinD.A.McGrawHill,NewYork
-48-
SemesterIV
CoreCourseVocational
BB1473BiotechniquesII
(PracticalofBB1371,BB1372,BB1471&BB1472)
Credits:2
ContactHrs:72(PracticalHoursoftheabovecourses)
PracticalofBB1371
ProtistaandAnimalDiversity
18hrs
Identificationandassigningthesystematicpositionofthefollowingspecimens:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Protozoa-any4.
Porifera-any2.
Coelenterata-any5.
Aschelminthes-any2.
Platyhelminthes-any4(adaptationsofparasiticformstobestressed)
Annelida-any4.
Minorphyla-any2.
Arthropoda-any10(includingatleast5insectpestsofpaddy/bananaplant/storedfoodgrains
and2beneficialinsects).
Mollusca-any8(includingany2beneficialandany2harmfulspecies).
Echinodermata-any5(representingoneeachfromfivedifferentclasses).
Prochordates-Ascidia,Branchiostoma(Amphioxus).
Pisces-any8(including2cartilaginousfishes,2fisheswithaccessoryrespiratoryorgans,4
commonfoodfishes).
Amphibia-any3(representingtheordersApoda,UrodelaandAnura).
Reptilia-any5(includungatleastonepoisonousandonenon-poisonoussnakeofKerala).
Aves-any3commonbirdsofKerala(basedonmuseumspecimensorfieldobservations).
Mammalia-any5(basedonmuseumspecimensorfieldobservations).
Note:
Practicalexaminationsshallgiveemphasisonsystematicsofanimals.Questionsontaxonomy
maybedesignedsoastoassessthestudentsknowledgeinidentificationoforganismsandassigning
thesystematicpositiondowntotheprescribedtaxa.Studentsmaybeaskedtoarrangeamiscellaneous
groupofanimalsintodifferenttaxonomicgroupsinchartformmentioningthesalientfeaturesofthe
groups.
PracticalofBB1372
AnimalPhysiologyandAnatomy
Minor Practicals
1.
2.
Nereis-parapodium.
Earthworm-bodysetae.
18hrs
-49-
3.
Cockroach-mouthparts.
4.
Cockroach-salivaryglands.
5.
Prawn-appendages.
6.
Fishes-differenttypesofscales(placoid,ctenoidandcycloidscales).
Major practicals
1.
Earthworm-nervoussystem.
2.
Cockroach-alimentarycanal.
3.
Cockroach-nervoussystem.
4.
Prawn-nervoussystem.
PracticalofBB1471
ExperimentsforMolecularbiologyPractical
1.
Instrumentsandequipmentsusedinmolecularbiology.
2.
IsolationofGenomicDNA
3.
ExaminationofthepurityofDNAbyagarosegelelectrophoresis.
4.
QuantificationofDNAbyUV-spectrophotometer
5.
ExtractionofProteinandRNAfromplantsamples.
6.
IsolationandpurificationofplasmidDNA
7.
AgarosegelanalysisofplasmidDNA
8.
RestrictiondigestionofplasmidDNA
9.
DemonstartionofPCR
18Hrs
PracticalofBB1472
ExperimentsforImmunologyPractical
1.
Immunecellsobservationandidentificationbystaining
2.
EnumerationofRBC
3.
EnumerationofWBC
4.
Separationofimmunecellsfromlymphoidorgansoflabanimals/blood.
5.
BloodgroupingDeterminationofbloodgroupsandRhtyping
6.
Precipitinreaction-Doubleimmunodiffusion-Ochterlonymethod
7.
DemonstrationofImmuno-electrophoresisandstaining
8.
WIDALtest-demonstration
9.
DemonstrationofRadioimmunoassay
10.
ELISAtechnique-demonstration(Dotmethod)
18hrs
-50-
SemesterV
CoreCourse
BB1541PlantPhysiology
Credit4
ContactHours108(Theory72+Practical36)
Aim: To give basic information on plant physiology and the related biochemical and biophysical
aspectstothestudentsofBiotechnology.Thiscoursewillequipthestudentstounderstandthefunctions
oftheplantsystemonbiophysicalandbiochemicalapproach.
ModuleI
3Hrs
Introductiontoplantphysiology-Physiologicalprocesses,theirsignificanceotherapplications
ModuleII
10Hrs
WaterrelationsofPlants
Waterabsorption
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Importanceofwatertoplants-thephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofwater.
Organsofabsorptionrootandroothairs.
Membranes-permeable,differentiallypermeableandimpermeable.
Physicalaspectsofabsorption,imbibition,diffusionandosmosis.
Plantcellasanosmoticsystem,osmoticpressure,turgorpressure,wallpressureanddiffusion
pressuredeficit,waterpotentialosmoticpotential,pressurepotentialmatrixpotentialPlasmolysis
anditssignificance.
Mechanismofabsorptionofwateractiveandpassiveabsorption-rootpressure.
AscentofSap
Vitaltheories.
PhysicaltheoriesCohesiontensiontheory.
Lossofwaterfromplants:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Transpiration-cuticular,lenticularandstomatalmechanism.
Factorsaffectingtranspiration
Significanceoftranspiration.
Guttation.
Waterstressanditsphysiologicalsignificance.
ModuleIII
6Hrs
MineralNutrition
Grosschemicalanalysisofplant-Essentialandnon-essentialelementsCriteriaofessentiality
ofelements,Essentialelements:majorendminor.Roleofessentialelementstheirdeficiencydiseases.
Culturemethods:Solutionculture,Sandculture,Hydroponics,Aeroponics,FoliarnutritionSoil
assourceofnutrientsMechanismofmineralabsorption.
-51-
(a)
(b)
Passiveabsorption-ionexchange-Donnanequilibrium.
ActiveabsorptionCarrierconcept
ModuleIV
6hrs
Enzymes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Structure-coenzymes,cofactor
Properties
Nomenclature
Classification-IUBsystem
Enzymeaction
Competitiveinhibitionandnoncompetitiveinhibition
ModuleV
14hrs
Photosynthesis
1.
2.
3.
4.
Significanceandgeneralequation
Photosyntheticapparatusandpigmentsystems-chromatographictechniquesfortheseparation
ofphotosyntheticpigments
Rawmaterialsofphotosynthesis
Mechanism
a)
Lightreaction
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
b)
Radiantenergyanditseffectsonchlorophyllpigments
Cyclicandnon-cyclicphotophosphorylation
Sourceofoxygenliberated
Hillreaction
Darkreaction
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
Tracethepathofcarboninphotosynthesis
Calvincycle
C3andC4plants.CAMplants.
Photorespiration
Factorsaffectingphotosynthesis.Lawoflimitingfactors
ModuleVI
Respiration
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Definitionandgeneralequation
Significance
Respiratorysubstrates
Mechanism-Glycolysis,Kerbscycle,terminaloxidation
Oxidativepentosephosphatepathway
Factorsaffectingrespiration
12hrs
-52-
7.
8.
9.
10.
Anaerobicrespiration-Alcoholicfermentationandlacticacidfermentation
Energyrelationsaerobicandanaerobicrespiration
Respiratoryquotientanditssignificance
OxidationofFats
ModuleVII
8hrs
Nitrogenmetabolism
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Sourceofnitrogen
Nitrification,DenitrificationandAmmonification
Symbioticnitrogenfixation
Rotationofcrops
NitrogenCycle
ModuleVIII
4hrs
Translocationofsolutes
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pathwayoforganicsolutes
Mechanismofpholemtransport
Massflowhypothesis
Protoplasmstreamingtheory
ModuleIX
7hrs
GrowthandDevelopment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Definition
Dormancyandgerminationofseeds.
Phasesofgrowth-measurementandfactorsaffectinggrowth.
Differentiation,morphogenesisandsenescence.
GrowthHormones-Auxins,Gibberellins,Kinins,Abscissicacid,Ethyleneandtheirpractical
applications
Photoperiodism
Vernalization
ModuleX
5hrs
PlantMovementsandStressPhysiology
Tropicandnasticmovements,Circadianrythm
GeneralaccountonStressphysiology(briefstudy)
Practicals
1.
Waterpotentialofonionpeel,Rheopeelbyplasmolyticmethod
2.
SeparationofplantpigmentsbypaperchromatographyDemonstrationExperiments
36hrs
-53-
1.
Thistlefunnelexperiment
2.
Tissuetension
3.
RootPressure
4.
Suctionforceduetotranspiration
5.
Foliartranspirationbyusingbelljar
6.
Transpiringsurface-4leafexperiment
7.
PotometerFarmerandGanongs,
8.
WaterbalanceRelationbetweentranspirationandabsorption.
9.
Evolutionofoxygenduringphotosynthesis
10.
Necessityofchlorophyll,CO2andlightinphotosynthesis
11.
Measurementofphotosynthesis.
12.
Simplerespiroscope
13.
ResperometerofR.Q.
14.
Anaerobicrespiration
15.
Fermentation
16.
GeotropismandphototropismKlinostt
17.
Hydrotropism
18.
MeasurementofgrowthArcandLiverAuxonometer
Textbooks
1.
Devlin&WithamPlantPhysiology,CBSpublishers.
2.
DevlinR.M(1979)PlantPhysiology
3.
DieterHess;(1975):Plantphysiology
4.
Jain.V.K(1996)FundamentalsofPlantPhysiology
5.
KochharP.L.&KrishnamoorthyH.N.PlantPhysiology.Atmaram&SonsDelhi,Lucknow.
6.
Kumar&PurohitPlantPhysiology-FundamentalsandApplications,Agrobotanicalpublishers
7.
MalicC.P.&SrivastavaA.K.TextbookofPlantPhysiologyKalyaniPublishersNewDelhi.
8.
NoggleGR&FritzGJ(1991)IntroductoryPlantphysiology,PrenticeHallofIndia.
9.
PandeyS.N.&SinhaB.K.(1986)Plantphysiology,VikaspublishingHouse-NewDelhi.
10.
Salisbury.F.BandRoss.C.W(2006):PlantPhysiology4e,Wadsworthpublishingcompany
11.
SundaraRajanS.CollegeBotanyVol.IV,HimalayapublishingHouse.
12.
WilliamG.HopkinsIntroductiontoPlantPhysiologyJohnWiley&Sons,NewYork.
-54-
SemesterV
CoreCourse
BB1542AngiospermMorphologyandSystematicBotany
Credit3
Contacthrs108(Theory72+Practical36)
Aim and Objective: The course is designed to give a basic awareness in systematic botany and
morphologyofhigherplantsandthecourseshouldgenerateinterestonstudentstopursuecontinuous
studiesinsystematicbotany.
ModuleI
Morphology
12hrs
Briefaccountonthevarioustypesofinflorescenceincludingspecialtypes(Cyathium,Verticillaster,
Hypanthodium,CoenanthiumandThyrsus)withexamples;floralmorphology-Flower-asamodified
shoot,Flowerparts,theirarrangements,relativeposition,numeric-plan,cohesion,adhesion,symmetry
offlower,aestivationtypes,placentationtypes;floraldiagramandfloralformula.Fruittypes:simple,
aggregateandmultiple.Seeds:albuminousandexalbuminous.
ModuleII
8hrs
Systematic Botany
Definition,scopeandsignificanceofTaxonomy.
Systemsofclassification
1.
2.
3
Artificial-Linnaeussexualsystem
Natural-BenthamandHooker(detailedaccount)
Phylogenetic-EnglerandPrantl(Briefaccountonly)
Module-III
7hrs
BasicrulesofBinomialNomenclatureandInternationalCodeofBotanicalnomenclature(ICBN).
ImportanceofHerbarium,HerbariumtechniquesandBotanicalgardens.Abriefaccountonthemodem
trendsintaxonomy;Chemotaxonomy,NumericalTaxonomy,CytotaxonomyandMoleculartaxonomy
ModuleIV
45hrs
Astudyofthefollowingfamilieswithemphasisonthemorphologicalpeculiaritiesandeconomic
importanceofitsmembers(basedonBentham&Hookerssystem)
1
Annonaceae
Apiaceae
16
Acanthaceae
Nymphaeaceae
10
Rubiaceae
17
Verbenaceae
Malvaceae
11
Asteraceae
18
Amaranthaceae
Rutaceae
12
Sapotaceae
19
Euphorbiaceae
Anacardiaceae
13
Apocynaceae
20
Orchidaceae
Leguminosae
14
Asclepiadiaceae
21
Liliaceae
Myrtaceae
15
Solanaceae
22
Arecaceae
Cucurbitaceae
23
Poaceae
-55-
Practical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
36hrs
Studyonvarioustypesofinflorescenceswithvividrecordofpracticalwork.
Studentsmustbeabletoidentifytheangiospermmembersincludedinthesyllabusuptothe
leveloffamilies.
Drawlabeleddiagramofthehabit,floralparts,LSofflower,TSofovary,floraldiagram,floral
formulaanddescribethesalientfeaturesofthememberintechnicalterms
Studentsmustsubmitpracticalrecords,Herbariumsheets(25Nos:)andFieldbookatthetimeof
practicalexamination.
Fieldtripsaretobeconductedforthreedayseitherascontinuousoronedaytrips.
SuggestedReadings
1.
Davis,P.11.andHaywood,V.H,1963.PrinciplesofAngiospermTaxonomy.OliverandRoyd,
London.
2.
Heywood,V.H.andMooreD.M.1984.CurrentConceptsinPlantTaxonomy.AcademicPress,
London.
3.
Jeffrey,C.1982.AnIntroductiontoPlantTaxonomy.CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge
London.
4.
Jones,S.B.Jr.andLuchsinger,A.E.1986.PlantSystematics(2ndedition).McGraw-HillBook
Co.,NewYork.
5.
KapoorLD,2001HandBookofAyurvedicMedicinalPlants,CRCPressNewYork,AneBooks
Pvt.Ltd
6.
Lawrence.G.H.M.1951.TaxonomyofVascularPlants.Macmillan,NewYork.
7.
Naik,V.N.1984.TaxonomyofAngiosperms.TataMcGrawHill,NewYork.
8.
Nordenstam.B..,El-Gazaly,G.andKassas.M.2000.PlantSystematicsfor21stCentury
9.
PandeySNandMisraSP,2008TaxonomyofAngiospenus;AneBooksPvt.Ltd.
10. Radford.A.E.1986.FundamentalsofPlantSystematicsHarperandRow,NewYork.
11. Singh.G.1999.PlantSystematics:TheoryandpracticeOxford&IBHPvt,Ltd.NewDelhi.
12. Sivarajan,V.V. Introduction to the principle of plant taxonomy, Oxford and IBH Publishing
Company
13. Stace.C.A.1989.PlantTaxonomyandBiosystematics.2nded.EdwardArnold,London.
14. VermaV,2009TextBookofEconomicBotany;AneBooksPvt.Ltd.
15. Woodland.D.E.1991.ContemporaryPlantSystematics.PrenticeHall,NewJersay.
SemesterV
CoreCourseVocational
BB1571RecombinantDNATechnology
Credits-4
Contacthours72(Theory54+Practical18)
-56-
ModuleI
8hrs
Introductiontogenecloninganditsapplications:
ToolsofrecombinantDNAtechnology-Restrictionendonucleases-Classificationandgeneral
characteristicsofEndonucleases;OtherenzymesusedintherecombinantDNAtechnique-DNAligase,
Alkalinephosphatase
ModuleII
15hrs
Vectors,thevehicleforcloning:Specialfeaturesneededforavector,Varioustypesofcloningvectorsplasmidcloningvectors-pBR322,pUCseriesBacteriophagecloningvectors-phagecloningvectors,
M13basedvectors,PhagmidsandCosmidvectors,YeastArtificialvectors(YACs),Bacterialartificial
Vectors(BACs),ApplicationforYACandBAC,GeneTherapy
ModuleIII
15hrs
Cloningofgenes
Hostcells,Competentcellpreparation,ConstructionofrecombinantDNA,screeningandselection
oftransformedcells.DNAlibraries:GenomiclibrariesandcDNAlibraries.Applicationofgenomic
librariesandcDNAlibraries,Variousmethodsofgenetransfer-Directgenetransferandvectormediated
genetransfer
ModuleIV
TechniquesinrDNAtechnology
10hrs
PreparationofthereagentsforrDNAexperiments
PurificationofPlasmidfrombacterialCultures.
ElectrophoresisandevaluationofplasmidDNA-pUC18/pBR322
EstimationofplasmidDNAbyUV-VISspectrophotometer
RestrictionDigestionofpUC18andanalysisbyagarosegelelectrophoresis
TransformationofE.coliwithpUC18andselectionofampicillinresistantclones
ExtractionandpurificationofGenomicDNA
Competentcellpreparation
PAGEdemonstaration
QuantificationofDNAusingdiphenylaminemethod
6hrs
18Hrs
-57-
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Animalcellculture-JohnRWMaster;OxfordUniversityPress
CultureofanimalcellsAmanualofbasictechnique,RIanFreshney;Wiley-LissPublication,
NewYork.
BasicsofBiotechnology-A.J.Nair;LaxmiPublications,NewDelhi.
IntroductiontoBiotechnology&GeneticEngineering,Jones&BartlettPublishers,Boston.
ModernconceptofBiotechnology-HDKumar;VikasPublishingHouse,Pvt.Ltd.,NewDelhi.
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-Nair,A.J.,Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
BiotechnologyBDSinghKalyaniPublishers,NewDelhi
Microbiology(7thEd)-PrescottL.M.,Harley,J.P.,andKleinD.A.McGrawHill,NewYork
SemesterV
CoreCourseVocational
BB1572PlantBiotechnology
Credits3
Contacthours54(T36+P18)
6hrs
Introductiontoplanttissueculture
Briefhistoryofplanttissueculture.Fundamentalprinciplesofinvitroplantcultures:useof
plantgrowthregulators,Basictechniqueofplanttissueculture,componentsoftissueculturemedia,
preparationanditsfunctions;Sterilizationofexplants.
ModuleII
8hrs
6hrs
Applicationofin vitrocultures
Embryogenesisandorganogenesis-abriefunderstanding;Plantsecondarymetabolitesproduction,
hairyrootcultures,Advantagesanddisadvantagesofinvitromethods
-58-
ModuleIV
8hrs
Geneticengineeringofplants
MethodsofgenetransferinplantsPhysical,chemicalandbiologicalmethods-Agrobacterium
tumefaciens,tumorformationinplantsbyA.tumefaciens,applicationofA.tumefaciensinplantgenetic
engineering,Virusmediatedgenetransferinplants.
ModuleV
8hrs
Transgenicplants
Transgeniccrops,ImpactoftransgenicplantsinagricultureandHorticulture,NonAgricultural
applicationsoftransgenicplants-Biopharming-productionoftherapeuticproteinsintransgenicplants,
ediblevaccines,diseaseresistant,salttolerant,pestresistantandstresstolerantcropandmedicinal
plants
Practical
18Hrs
ExperimentsforPlantBiotechnologyPractical
1.
Familiarizationofinstrumentsandspecialequipmentsusedintheplanttissuecultureexperiments
2.
Preparationofplanttissueculturemedium,andsterilization,Preparationofstocksolutionsof
nutrientsforMSMedia.
3.
Surfacesterilizationofplantmaterialsforinoculation(implantationinthemedium)
4.
Developmentofcallusculturesanditssub-culturing
5.
Organogenesis-shootregeneration,rootregeneration,somaticembryogenesis
6.
Micropropagationofpotato/tomato/-Demonstration
7.
ProtoplastisolationandculturingDemonstration
8.
Productionofartificialseeds(encapsulationmethod)
Suggestedreadings
1.
AnIntroductiontoPlantTissueCultureMKRaxdan;Oxfird&IBHPublishingCo.Pvt.Ltd.,
NewDelhi
2.
BasicsofBiotechnology-A.J.Nair;LaxmiPublications,NewDelhi.
3.
Biotechnology-FundamentalsandApplication-SSPurohitandSKMathur;Agrobotanica,India.
4.
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-A.J.Nair;Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
5.
IntroductiontoPlantBiotechnology-HSChawla;Oxford&IBHpublishingCo.Pvt.Ltd.,New
Delhi.
6.
ModernconceptofBiotechnology-HDKumar;VikasPublishingHouse,Pvt.Ltd.,NewDelhi.
7.
Plantbiotechnology,RecentAdvances-PCTrivedi;PanimaPublishingCorporation,NewDelhi.
8.
Plantvell,TissueandOrganCulture-FundamentalMethods,OLGamborg,GCPhilips;Narosa
PublishingHouse,NewDelhi.
9.
RoleofBiotechnologyinMedicinalandaromaticplants-IrfanAKhanandAtiyaKhanum;
UkaazPublications,Hyderabad.
-59-
SemesterV
CoreCourseVocational
BB1573AnimalBiotechnology
Credits3
Contacthours54(Theory36+Practical18)
12hrs
Animalcellculture
History,organ,tissueandcellculture,animalcellculturetechniques,Primarycellculturesand
secondarycellcultures,celllines,cellstrain,immortalizedcellcultures,transformedcelllines.Media
mediacomponentsandphysicalparameters,cellviabilityassaysInstrumentsandequipmentsneeded
foranimalcellcultures,usesofanimalcellcultures.
ModuleII
6hrs
ApplicationofAnimalCellCultures
Characterization of cell lines, Products of animal cell cultures- hormones (insulin, growth
hormones),interferon,t-plasminogenactivator,factorVIII,FactorIXandviruscultivation.
ModuleIII
8hrs
Scaleupofanimalcellcultures
Specialbioreactorsforlarge-scalecultivationofanimalcells,anchordependedcellsandsuspension
cultures,Cellculturevessels-Rollerbottlesandspinnerflasks
ModuleIV
10hrs
Stemcelltechnology
Stem cell cultureand its clinical uses, typesof stem cells; gene therapyand tissue grafting;
GrowthfactorspromotingproliferationofanimalcellculturesPreservationandmaintenanceofanimal
cellcultures-cryopreservationandtransportofanimalcellcultures;Animalbioreactors.Transgenic
animalsanditspracticaluses,Bioethicsinanimalcellculture,stemcelltechnologyandtransgenic
animals
Practical
ExperimentsforPracticalinAnimalBiotechnology
1.
2.
Familiarizationofmethods,equipmentsandtechniquesofanimalcellculture
Isolationoflymphocytesfromblood
3.
4.
5.
Cellviabilityassaybydieexclusionmethodandcellcounting
MTTassayofcells
Proteinpurificationbyionexchangechromatographyfromserum
18hrs
-60-
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Biotechnology-FundamentalsandApplication-SSPurohitandSKMathur;Agrobotanica,India.
BasicsofBiotechnology-A.J.Nair;LaxmiPublications,NewDelhi.
Animalcellculture-JohnRWMaster;OxfordUniversityPress
CultureofanimalcellsAmanualofbasictechnique,RIanFreshney;Wiley-LissPublication,
NewYork.
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-A.J.Nair;Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
ModernconceptofBiotechnology-HDKumar;VikasPublishingHouse,Pvt.Ltd.,NewDelhi.
BiotechnologyU.SathyanarayanaBooksandAllied(P)Ltd,Kolkata
SemesterV
OpencourseforNonBiotechnologystudents
BB1581Bioinformatics
Credits:2
Contacthours:54
10hrs
Bioinformatics-definition,scope,limitationsHistoryandevolutionofbioinformatics,Impactof
bioinformaticsinmodernbiologyandresearch.Databases-varioustypesofdatabases,Biological
Databases-Importanceofdatabasesinbiotechnology,NCBI,Genebank,PubMed.
ModuleII
10hrs
Sequencealignment-Pairwisesequencealignment-sequencehomologyvssimilarity;similarity
andidentity.Databasesimilaritysearching-BLAST,FASTAformat;Multiplesequencealignment,
scoringfunction,CLUSTALW
ModuleIII
10hrs
Phylogenetictreeconstruction-distancebasedmethodsandcharacterbasedmethods,PHYLIP
ModuleIV
14hrs
Proteomicstechnologyofproteinexpressionanalysis,2DPAGE,MS,Proteinidentification
throughdatabasesearch,proteindatabank
ModuleV
10hrs
FunctionalGenomics-Sequencebasedapproaches,MicroarraybasedapproachesApplications
ofproteomicsandgenomics
PracticalsinBioinformatics
1.
UseofComputersinBiologicalscience-Databasecreation,DatabaseretrievalOnlineuseof
Computationaltools.
-61-
2.
3.
4.
5.
IdentificationofagivensequenceasDNA,RNAorProteins
ToanalyzethesequenceofagivenDNAandfindoutsequencecomposition
TofindoutthenumberoftimesasequenceisrepeatedinagivenDNAsequence
Tofindoutthecomplementarysequenceofagivennucleotidesequence
SuggestedReadings
1.
IntroductiontoBioinformaticsV.Kothekar,DruvPublication
2.
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-A.J.Nair;Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
3.
Bioinformatics-GenomicsandPost-genomics,FrederichDardel&FrancoisKepes;JohnWiley
&Sons.
4.
AtextbookofBiotechnology,R.C.Dubey,S.ChandPublications,NewDelhi
5.
EssentialBioinformatics-JinXiong,CambridgeUniversityPress,UK.
6.
Nanobiotechnology:Concepts,ApplicationsandPerspectives-C.M.NiemeyerandC.A.Mirkin,
Wiley,US
7.
Bioinformatics-Databases,toolsandalgorithms-BosuO.UandThukralS.K.OxfordUniversity
Press,NewDelhi.
8.
Bioinformaticsbasics:applicationsinbiologicalscienceandmedicine-H.H.RashidiandL.K.
BuehlerCRCPress,London.
9.
Bioinformatics- sequence, structure and databases- Des Higgins and Willie Taylor. Oxford
UniversityPress.
SemesterV
OpencourseforNonBiotechnologystudents
BB1582Food&DairyBiotechnology
Credit2
Contacthours:54
15hrs
Conceptandscopeoffoodbiotechnology-foodcomposition,typesoffoods;fermentedfoods
andmicroorganismsinvolvedinfermentationoffoodmaterials,foodcontaminationanditssources.
Microbiological examination of foods- indicator organisms, cultural techniques, direct methods,
immunologicalmethodsetc.
ModuleII
15hrs
Foodspoilageandpoisoning
Spoilageoffoods,Microorganisminfoodspoilage,chemicalchanges,microbesinthespoilage
ofcannedfoods,meat,fish;FactorsaffectinggrowthofspoilageorganismsPrinciplesofpreservation
offoods;foodpoisoning,mycotoxins;foodbornediseasesandintoxications;
-62-
ModuleIII
14hrs
Foodpreservation-principlesofpreservationoffoods,methodsoffoodpreservation,Physical
&ChemicalMethods,Osmoticpressurepreservingfoodsinsugarandsalt,chemicalpreservatives,
Radiationaspreservationmethods
ModuleIV
DairyBiotechnology
10hrs
Microbes in dairy industry, contamination, spoilage, microbes of milk and dairy products,
fermenteddairyproducts,Pasteurization;Industrialprocessofcheesemaking,milkbornediseases,
Milkqualitytesting-resazurin,methylenebluereductiontest,Standardplatecount.
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
FoodMicrobiology-MRAdamsandMoss
FoodProcessing-BiotechnologicalapplicationsMarwah&Arora
FoodMicrobiology-WilliamCFrazer
Industrialmicrobiology-LECasida
Basicfoodmicrobiology(2ndEd)-GeorgeJ.Banwart,CBSpublishersanddistributers,New
Delhi
Amodernintroductiontofoodmicrobiology-BoardRC.,Blackwellscientificpublishers,Oxford.
Microbiology(7thEd)-PrescottL.M.,Harley,J.P.,andKleinD.A.McGrawHill,NewYork
SemesterV
OpencourseforNonBiotechnologystudents
BB1583BasicsofEnvironmentalBiotechnology
Credits:2
Contacthours54
15hrs
Introduction
Environment Basic concepts-Atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere Scope and
ImportanceofEnvironmentalBiotechnology;Pollution-sourcesofpollution,generalcharacteristics;
Environmentallegislation-waterAct;ForestAct;EnvironmentalProtectionact.
ModuleII
15hrs
Waterpollution
Organicloadinaquaticsystems-BODandCOD,microbialqualityofwater,Laboratorymethods
forthedetectionofcoliformsindrinksandfood;fecalandnon-fecalbacteria;Treatmentofmunicipal
wastesandhazardousindustrialeffluents.
-63-
ModuleIII
12hrs
Non-conventionalenergysources
Biomass:utilizationofbiomassasenergysourceapplicationofmicrobesinproductionoffuels
frombiomass-biogasandmethanogenicbacteria,StepsandprocessofBiogasproduction;vegetable
oilsasenginefuels,energycrops-jojoba;Bioplastics
ModuleIV
12hrs
EnvironmentalBiotechnology-AlanScragg;Longman,England
BiotechnologyfundamentalsandapplicationsPurohit&Mathur;Agrobotanica,India
BiotechnologyBDSingh;KalyaniPublishers,NewDelhi
Biologicalwastewatertreatment2ndEdition-GradyCPL
BiologicalConservationSpellergergIF
EnvironmentalissuesandOptionsMishraC.
Biodiversity-StatusandProspects-PramodtandonetalNarosaPublishingHouse,NewDelhi
Ecology2ndEdn,SubrahmanyamNS,SambamurtyV.S.S;NarosaPublishingHouse.
BiotechnologyU.Sathyanarayana;BiotechnologyU.SathyanarayanaBooksandAllied(P)
Ltd,Kolkata
BasicsofBiotechnology-A.J.Nair;LaxmiPublications,NewDelhi.
Microbiology(7thEd)PrescottL.M.,Harley,J.P.,andKleinD.A.McGrawHill,NewYork
SemesterVI
CoreCourseVocational
BB1671FoodandIndustrialBiotechnology
Credits:4
ContactHours:90(T54+P36)
6hrs
Conceptsanddevelopment-Microbesinindustry-Industriallyimportantmicroorganisms,screening
andisolation;Importantindustrialfermentationproducts
ModuleII
8hrs
Fermentation
Thebiological process offermentation-varioustypesof fermentation, alcoholfermentation,
scaleupofbiologicalreactionsintobioprocess;Bioreactors-typesofbioreactors/Fermentors,partsof
abioreactor.
-64-
ModuleIII
10hrs
Upstream Processing: Media for fermentation, characteristics of ideal production media, media
sterilization, aeration, pH, temperature; batch fermentation, continuous fermentation, chemostatic
cultures
Down stream processing: Down stream processing and product recovery, Different physical and
chemicalmethodsfortheseparationoffermentationproducts
ModuleIV
10hrs
Agricultural waste and food industry wastes as the substrate for fermentation, solid state
fermentation;productionofsinglecellproteins,microbialproductionofenzymes-proteaseandamylase;
Immobilizationofcellsandenzymes-applications
ModuleV
6hrs
Microbialproductionofantibiotics-Penicillin,vitamins-B12,aminoacids-Glutamicacid;Organic
acid-Citricacid;Beverages-beer;solvents-butanol
ModuleVI
14hrs
FoodBiotechnology
Microorganisminfoodspoilage,typesofspoilage,microbesinthespoilageofcannedfoods,
meat,fishHazardouseffectoffoodspoilage-foodpoisoning,mycotoxins;foodbornediseasesand
intoxications.Foodpreservation-principlesofpreservationoffoods,methodsoffoodpreservation:
Dairy Biotechnology-Microbes in dairy industry, contamination, spoilage, dairy products,
Pasteurization,Industrialprocessofcheesemaking,milkbornediseases.
Practicals
ExperimentsforIndustrialBiotechnologyPractical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
36hrs
Isolationofyeastfromfruitsamplesanditsculturing.
Preparationofmediaforalcoholfermentationbyyeast.
PreparationofEthylalcoholfromglucosebyYeastfermentation
Separationandquantificationofethanolbydistillation(demonstration)
Productionofwine(Demonstration)
Isolationofmicroorganismsfromspoiledfoodandidentification
Isolationoforganismsfromcurd/milkandfermentationoflactose
Demonstrationofsettinglaboratoryfermentor-basicfeatures,purpose,procedure
SuggestedReading
1.
2.
3.
4.
ModernConceptofBiotechnology-HDKumar;VikasPublishingHousePvt.Ltd.,NewDelhi.
FoodProcessingBiotechnolgicalApplications-SSMarwaha&JKArora,AsiatechPublishers
Inc.,NewDelhi
FoodMicrobiology-MRAdamas&MOMoss;PanimaPublishingCorporation,NewDelhi.
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-A.J.Nair;Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
-65-
5.
IndustrialMicrobiologyAHPatel,PanimaPublishingHouseNewDelhi.
6.
Fermentationtechnology-Whittaker,
7.
FundamentalsofMicrobiology,Jones&BartlettPublishers,Boston,USA.
8.
Microbiology(7thEd)-PrescottL.M.,Harley,J.P.,andKleinD.A.McGrawHill,NewYork
SemesterVI
CoreCourse
BB1542Genetics
Credits4
ContactHours:126(T90+P30)
32hrs
1.
Mendelian Genetics- Mendel and his experiments, Mendels success, Mendelian principles,
Mendelianratios,monohybridanddihybridcrosses,backcrossandtestcross
2.
Genetics after Mendel- Modified Mendelian ratios; Incomplete dominance -Flower color in
Mirabilis;Interactionofgenes-Combpatterninpoultry.9:3:3:1.Epistasis-Recessive.Coat
colorinmice.9:3:4;Dominantepistasis.Fruitcolourinsummersquash.12:3:1;Complementary
genes.FlowercolorinLathyrus9:7;Duplicategenewithcumulativeeffect.Fruitshapeinsummer
squash.9:6:1;Duplicatedominantgenesinshepherdspurse.15:1;Inhibitoryfactor.Leafcolor
inPaddy.13:3
3.
Multiplealleles-Generalaccount.ABObloodgroupinman.Rhfactor.SelfsterilityinNicotiana.
4.
Quantitativecharacters-Generalcharactersofquantitativeinheritance,polygenicinheritance;
Skincolorinman,earsizeinMaize.
ModuleII
34hrs
5.
Linkageandcrossingover-Linkageanditsimportance,linkageandindependentassortment.
Completeandincompletelinkage.Crossingoverageneralaccount,twopointandthreepoint
test cross. Determination of gene sequence. Interference and coincidence. Mapping of
chromosomes.
6.
Sexdetermination-Sexchromosomes,chromosomalbasisofsexdeterminationXX-XY,XXXOmechanism.Sexdeterminationinhigherplants(Melandriumalbum)Genicbalancetheory
of sex determination in Drosophila. Sex chromosomal abnormalities in man. Klinefelters
syndrome,Turnerssyndrome.Sexlinkedinheritance.EyecolorinDrosophila,Hemophiliain
man.Y-Linkedinheritance.
7.
Extranuclearinheritance-Generalaccount,maternalinfluence.PlastidinheritanceinMirabilis.
Shellcoilinginsnails,kappaparticleinParamecium.
-66-
Module-III
MolecularGenetics
20hrs
1.
DNAasgeneticmaterial-StructureofDNA;A,BandZformsofDNA,satelliteandrepetitive
DNA
2.
ReplicationofDNA,CircularandhelicalDNA.Semiconservativemodel,experimentalsupport,
MeselsonandStahlexperiment.Enzymologyofreplication:topoisomerase,helicase,primase,
polymeraseandligase.DNArepairingmechanism.
3.
RNAstructure-PropertiesandfunctionsoftRNA,mRNAandrRNA.Geneticcode.
4.
Synthesisofprotein:Transcription,translation-Centraldogma-reversetranscription
5.
Conceptofgene-Unitsofagene,cistron,recon,muton;Typesofgenes-Housekeepinggenes
(constitutivegenes),Luxurygenes(nonconstitutivegenes),interruptedgenes(Splitgenes)introns,overlappinggene.
6.
Transposablegeneticelements-Generalaccount,Characteristic,Transposons(jumpinggenes),
Cellularoncogenes(generalaccountonly).
ModuleIV
4Hrs
PopulationGenetics
HardyWeinbergLaw,factorsaffectingequilibriumMutation,migrationandselection.
Practical
36hrs
Workoutproblemsin
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Monohybridcross(Dominanceandincompletedominance)
Dihybridcross(Dominanceandincompletedominance)
Geneinteractions(Alltypesofgeneinteractionsmentionedinthesyllabus)
a.
Recessiveepistasis9:3:4.
b.
Dominantepistasis12:3:I
c.
Complementarygenes9:7
d.
Duplicategeneswithcumulativeeffect9:6:1
e.
Inhibitorygenes13:3
f.
Duplicatedominantgene15:1
g.
Combpatterninpoultry9:3:3:1
Linkageandcrossingover
Twopointandthreepointcrosses
Constructionofgeneticmap.
SuggestedReading
2.
3.
AggarwalSK(2009)FoundationCourseinBiology,2ndEdition,AneBooksPvt.Ltd
Dobzhansky,B(1961)Geneticandoriginofspecies,ColumbiauniversityPressNewYork
4.
Durbin(2007)BiologicalSequenceAnalysis.CambridgeUniversityPressIndiaPvt.Ltd
5.
Gardner,E.JandSnustad,D.P(1984)PrinciplesofGenetics.JohnWiley,NewYork.
6.
GuptaP.K.Genetics(Rastogipublications).
-67-
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Gupta,P.K.Genetics,RastogiPublications.
JohnRingo(2004)FundamentalGenetics.CambridgeUniversityPressIndiaPvt.Ltd.
Lewin,B,(1994)Genes,OxfordUniversityPress,NewYork.
Lewis,W.H(1980)Polyploidy.PlenumPress,NewYork.
NichollT(2007)AnIntroductiontoGeneticEngineering,CambridgeUniversityPressIndia
Pvt.Ltd
Sharma,A.KandSharmaa(1980)ChromosometechniqueTheoryandpractice,AdityaBooks,
NewYork
Swanson,C.P(1957)CytologyandGenetics.Englewoodcliffs,NewYork.
Taylor(2008)BiologicalSciences.CambridgeUniversityPressIndiaPvt.Ltd
VeerBalaRastogi(2008),FundamentalsofMolecularBiologyAneBooksPvt.Ltd
SemesterVI
CoreCourse
BB1642EconomicBotany,Ethnobotany&MedicinalBotany
Credit2
Contacthours108(Theory72+Practical36)
AimandObjective:ThisgivesawarenessabouttheimportanceofMedicinalplantsanditsuseful
parts,economicallyimportant plantsin ourdailylifeandalsoaboutthetraditionalmedicinesand
herbs,anditsrelevanceinmoderntimes.
ModuleI
5hrs
Economic botany
1.
StudyofthemajorcropsinKeralawithspecialreferencetotheirMethodsofcultivation,Botanical
description,morphologyoftheusefulpartandeconomicimportanceCoconutandPaddy.
2.
A brief account on the utility of the following plants, specifying the Binomial, family and
morphologyoftheusefulparts.
Fruits&Vegetables-Banana,Jackfruit,Pineapple,citrus,Apple,Cashew,Watermelon,Tomato,
Brinjal, Common bean, Sword bean, Pumpkin, Cucumber, Snake gourd, Bitter gourd,Ash gourd,
Bottlegourd.
Cerealsandmillets
WheatandRagi
Pulses
BlackgramandBengalgram
SugaryieldingPlants
Sugarcane
Spices
PepperandCardamom
Beverages -Coffee
Fibreyieldingplant
Cotton
DyeYieldingplants
HennaandBixaorellana
Resins
Asafoetida
Tubercrops
Tapioca
OilyieldingPlants
SesameandCoconut
Insecticides-Neem
-68-
ModuleII
Ethnobotany
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
20hrs
Definitionimportance,scope,categoriesandsignificance.
StudyofvariousmethodstocollectEthnobotanicaldata.
Plantpartsusedbytribesintheirdailylifeasfood,clothing,shelter,agricultureandmedicine.
Studyofcommonplantsusedbytribes.Aeglemarmelos,Ficusreligiosa,Cynadondactylon,
OcimumsanctumandTrichopuszeylanicus
Ethnobotanicaspectofconservationandmanagementofplantresources
Preservationofprimevalforestsintheformofsacredgrovesofindividualspecies
ModuleIII
15hrs
Medicinal botany
1.
Importanceandtheneedforitsconservation-Sacredgroves.RoleofICAR,NMPB.BSI,NBGRI
inconservationandcultivationofmedicinalplants
2.
Ageneralaccountofthemedicinalvalueofthefollowingplants-Rhizome-CurcumaandGingiber;
Bulb-AlliumcepaandA.sativa;Root-Asparagus,Hemidesmis,Acoruscalamus;Adhatodavasica,
Ctharanthusroseus,Phyllanthusamarus,Andrographispaniculata;Leaves-Aloevera,Centella
asiaticaAsoka(Saracaindica)andBrahmi(Bacopamonnieri)Aswagandha(Withaniasomnifera),
Sarpagandha(Rauvolfiaserpentina)
3.
Productionofherbaldrugs.Extractionprocedure-Adulterationofdrugs
ModuleIV
1.
2.
DefinitionandscopeofPharmacognosyAncientandmodernmedicines-Sidha,Ayurveda,Unani,
Acupuncture,HomoeopathyandAllopathy
Sourcesofcrudedrugsroots,rhizome,bulb,corm,leaves,stems,flowers,fruitsandseeds
Practical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7hrs
36hrs
Collectionandstudyofeconomicallyimportantplantsandmorphologyoftheusefulparts.
IdentifytheeconomicproductsobtainedfromtheplantsmentionedunderEconomicBotany
Visitatribalareaandcollectinformationontheirtraditionalmethodoftreatmentusingcrudedrugs.
Familiarizewithatleast5folkmedicinesandstudythecultivation,extractionanditsmedicinal
application.
Observetheplantsofethnobotanicalimportanceinyourarea
VisittoanAyurvedacollegeorAyurvedic
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
VermaV,2009TextBookofEconomicBotany;AneBooksPvt.Ltd.
KapoorLD,2001HandBookofAyurvedicMedicinalPlants,CRCPressNewYork,
Davis,P.11.andHaywood,V.H,1963.PrinciplesofAngiospermTaxonomy,OliverandRoyd,London.
K.Jain.GlimpsesofEthnobotany.OxfordandIBHPublishingCompany,NewDelhi.
S.K.Jain,1987.AManualofEthnobotany.ScientificPublishers,Jodhpur
T.EWalles.TextbookofPharmacognosy,
RajivKSinha.Ethnobotany.
-69-
SemesterVI
CoreCourse
BB1643PracticalBotanyIII
(PracticalofBB1541,BB1542,BB1641,BB1642)
Credit2
ContactHours:150
PracticalofBB1541
PlantPhysiology
1.
2.
Waterpotentialofonionpeel,Rheopeelbyplasmolyticmethod
SeparationofplantpigmentsbypaperchromatographyDemonstrationofthefollowing
Experiments
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Thistlefunnelexperiment
Tissuetension
RootPressure
Suctionforceduetotranspiration
Foliartranspirationbyusingbelljar
Transpiringsurface-4leafexperiment
PotometerFarmerandGanongs,
WaterbalanceRelationbetweentranspirationandabsorption.
Evolutionofoxygenduringphotosynthesis
Necessityofchlorophyll,CO2andlightinphotosynthesis
Measurementofphotosynthesis.
Simplerespiroscope
ResperometerofR.Q.
Anaerobicrespiration
Fermentation
GeotropismandphototropismKlinostt
Hydrotropism
MeasurementofgrowthArcandLiverAuxonometer
36Hrs
PracticalofBB1542
Genetics
42hrs
Workoutproblemsin
1.
2.
3.
Monohybridcross(Dominanceandincompletedominance)
Dihybridcross(Dominanceandincompletedominance)
Geneinteractions(Alltypesofgeneinteractionsmentionedinthesyllabus)
a.
b.
Recessiveepistasis9:3:4.
Dominantepistasis12:3:I
-70-
4.
5.
6.
c.
Complementarygenes9:7
d.
Duplicategeneswithcumulativeeffect9:6:1
e.
Inhibitorygenes13:3
f.
Duplicatedominantgene15:1
g.
Combpatterninpoultry9:3:3:1
Linkageandcrossingover
Twopointandthreepointcrosses
Constructionofgeneticmap.
PracticalofBB1641
AngiospermMorphologyandSystematicBotany
36hrs
1.
Studyonvarioustypesofinflorescenceswithvividrecordofpracticalwork.
2.
Studentsmustbeabletoidentifytheangiospermmembersincludedinthesyllabusuptothe
leveloffamilies.
3.
Drawlabeleddiagramofthehabit,floralparts,LSofflower,TSofovary,floraldiagram,floral
formulaanddescribethesalientfeaturesofthememberintechnicalterms
4.
Studentsmustsubmitpracticalrecords,Herbariumsheets(25Nos:)andFieldbookatthetimeof
practicalexamination.
5.
Fieldtripsaretobeconductedforthreedayseitherascontinuousoronedaytrips.
1
Annonaceae
9 Apiaceae
16 Acanthaceae
2
Nymphaeaceae
10 Rubiaceae
17 Verbenaceae
3
Malvaceae
11 Asteraceae
18 Amaranthaceae
4
Rutaceae
12 Sapotaceae
19 Euphorbiaceae
5
Anacardiaceae
13 Apocynaceae
20 Orchidaceae
6
Leguminosae
14 Asclepiadiaceae
21 Liliaceae
7
Myrtaceae
15 Solanaceae
22 Arecaceae
8
Cucurbitaceae
23 Poaceae
PracticalofBB1642
EconomicBotany,Ethanobotany&MedicinalBotany
36hrs
1.
Collectionandstudyofeconomicallyimportantplantsandmorphologyoftheusefulparts.
2.
IdentifytheeconomicproductsobtainedfromtheplantsmentionedunderEconomicBotany
3.
Visitatribalareaandcollectinformationontheirtraditionalmethodoftreatmentusingcrude
drugs.
4.
Familiarizewithatleast5folkmedicinesandstudythecultivation,extractionanditsmedicinal
application.
5.
Observetheplantsofethnobotanicalimportanceinyourarea
6.
VisittoanAyurvedacollegeorAyurvedicResearchInstitute/Hospital
-71-
SemesterVI
CoreCourseVocational
BB1672EnvironmentalBiotechnology
Credits:2
Contacthours72(T36+P36)
4hrs
Introduction
Environment Basic concepts-Atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere Scope and
ImportanceofEnvironmentalBiotechnology;Pollution-sourcesofpollution,generalcharacteristics
ModuleII
5hrs
Waterpollution
Organicloadinaquaticsystems-BODandCOD,microbialqualityofwater,Laboratorymethods
forthedetectionofcoliformsindrinksandfood;fecalandnon-fecalbacteria;Treatmentofmunicipal
wastesandhazardousindustrialeffluents.
ModuleIII
10hrs
Non-conventionalenergysources
Biomass:utilizationofbiomassasenergysourceapplicationofmicrobesinproductionoffuels
frombiomass-biogasandmethanogenicbacteria,StepsandprocessofBiogasproduction;microbial
hydrogen production, the gasohol experiment. Energy production from photosynthetic pigments;
vegetableoilsasenginefuels,energycrops-jojoba;Bioplastics
ModuleIV
8hrs
BioremediationandBioleaching:Microbialdegradationofpesticides,herbicidesandothertoxic
chemicalsintheenvironment;Bioaugmentation;phytoremediation,superbug
Bioleaching-Enrichmentoforesbymicroorganisms(bioaccumulationandbiomineralisation).
Bio-assessmentofenvironmentalquality.
ModuleV
5hrs
Solidwastetreatment
Solidwastetreatment-Composting,vermicomposting;Disposalofsludge-Landfilling,lagooning
ModuleVI
Environmentallegislation:
WaterAct;ForestAct;EnvironmentalProtectionact.
4hrs
-72-
Practical
ExperimentsforEnvironmentalBiotechnology
36hrs
1.
MicrobiologicalassessmentofdrinkingwaterusingMPNtechnique-waterfromwell,river,
watersupplydepartmentandpackageddrinkingwater
2.
Isolationofmicrobesfrompollutedandnonpollutedenvironment
3.
4.
5.
EstimationofDissolvedOxygenusingWinklersmethod
Assessmentoforganicloadinaquaticsystemsandfactoryeffluent-DeterminationofBODand
COD.
Biogasproductionbymethanogenicbacteriaorbymixedculture.
6.
7.
Isolationofnitrogenfixingbacteriafromleguminousplants
Vermicultureforrecyclingsolidwaste
Suggestedreadings
1.
EnvironmentalBiotechnology-AlanScragg;Longman,England
2.
3.
4.
BiotechnologyfundamentalsandapplicationsPurohit&Mathur;Agrobotanica,India
BiotechnologyBDSingh;KalyaniPublishers,NewDelhi
Biologicalwastewatertreatment2ndEdition-GradyCPL
5.
6.
BiologicalConservationSpellergergIF
EnvironmentalissuesandOptionsMishraC.
7.
8.
Biodiversity-StatusandProspects-PramodtandonetalNarosaPublishingHouse,NewDelhi
Ecology2ndEdn,SubrahmanyamNS,SambamurtyV.S.S;NarosaPublishingHouse.
9.
BiotechnologyU.Sathyanarayana;BiotechnologyU.SathyanarayanaBooksandAllied(P)
Ltd,Kolkata
10.
11.
BasicsofBiotechnology-A.J.Nair;LaxmiPublications,NewDelhi.
Microbiology(7thEd)-PrescottL.M.,Harley,J.P.,andKleinD.A.McGrawHill,NewYork
SemesterVI
ElectivecourseforBiotechnologystudents
BB1681BioinformaticsandNanobiotechnology
Credit2
Contacthours:36
8hrs
Bioinformatics-definition,scope,limitationsHistoryandevolutionofbioinformatics,Impactof
bioinformaticsinmodernbiologyandresearch.Databases-varioustypesofdatabases,Biological
Databases-Importanceofdatabasesinbiotechnology,NCBI,Genebank,PubMed.
-73-
ModuleII
6hrs
Sequencealignment-Pairwisesequencealignment-sequencehomologyvssimilarity;similarity
andidentity.Databasesimilaritysearching-BLAST,FASTAformat;Multiplesequencealignment,
scoringfunction,CLUSTALW
ModuleIII
6hrs
Phylogenetictreeconstruction-distancebasedmethodsandcharacterbasedmethods,PHYLIP
ModuleIV
6hrs
Proteomicstechnologyofproteinexpressionanalysis,2DPAGE,MS,Proteinidentification
through database search, protein data bank. Functional Genomics- Sequence based approaches,
Microarraybasedapproaches.Applicationsofproteomicsandgenomics
ModuleV
10hrs
Nanobiotechnology-Introductiontonanoworld,classificationofnanomaterials,applicationofnano
crystals, DNA chip, nano biosensors DNA sensors; Quantum dots; Drug delivery systems and
techniques-prosthesisandimplants-diagnosisandscreening;ApplicationsofNanobiotechnologyin
medicineandhealth.
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
IntroductiontoBioinformaticsV.Kothekar,DruvPublication
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-A.J.Nair;Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
Bioinformatics-GenomicsandPost-genomics,FrederichDardel&FrancoisKepes;JohnWiley
&Sons.
AtextbookofBiotechnology,R.C.Dubey,S.ChandPublications,NewDelhi
EssentialBioinformatics-JinXiong,CambridgeUniversityPress,UK.
Nanobiotechnology:Concepts,ApplicationsandPerspectives-C.M.NiemeyerandC.A.Mirkin,
Wiley,US
Bioinformatics-Databases,toolsandalgorithms-BosuO.UandThukralS.K.OxfordUniversity
Press,NewDelhi.
Bioinformaticsbasics:applicationsinbiologicalscienceandmedicine-H.H.RashidiandL.K.
BuehlerCRCPress,London.
Bioinformatics- sequence, structure and databases- Des Higgins and Willie Taylor. Oxford
UniversityPress
SemesterVI
ElectivecourseforBiotechnologystudents
BB1682GeneticEngineering
Credit2
Contacthours:36
-74-
ModuleI
Introductiontogenecloning
6hrs
Introductiontogenecloning,enzymesandbasictoolsinvolvedingenecloning.
ModuleII
14hrs
IsolationandpurificationoftotalcellDNA
DNAsequencingmethods,Principleandapplications
Molecularhybridizationtechniques(Northern,southern,westernblotting),InSituhybridization
PCR:Principleandapplications
Techniquesforgenomeanalysis:RFLP,AFLP,RAPD
DNAfingerprinting.
Humangenomeprojectabriefaccount.
ModuleIII
8hrs
Introduction of recombinant DNA into living cells an overview. Selection and screening of
recombinantclones.
ModuleIV
8hrs
DNAlibraries:genomiclibrariesandcDNAlibraries.ApplicationofgenomiclibrariesandcDNA
libraries.Variousmethodsofgenetictransformationineukaryotes-Directgenetransferandvector
mediatedgenetransfer.Screeningmethodsoftransformedcellsandorganisms.
SuggestedReading
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Animalcellculture-JohnRWMaster;OxfordUniversityPress
CutureofanimalcellsAmanualofbasictechnique,RIanFreshney;Wiley-LissPublication,
NewYork.
BasicsofBiotechnology-A.J.Nair;LaxmiPublications,NewDelhi.
IntroductiontoBiotechnology&GeneticEngineering,Jones&BartlettPublishers,Boston.
ModernconceptofBiotechnology-HDKumar;VikasPublishingHouse,Pvt.Ltd.,NewDelhi.
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-Nair,A.J.,Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
BiotechnologyBDSinghKalyaniPublishers,NewDelhi
SemesterVI
ElectivecourseforBiotechnologystudents
BB1683Food&DairyBiotechnology
Credit2
Contacthours:54
-75-
ModuleI
15hrs
Conceptandscopeoffoodbiotechnology-foodcomposition,typesoffoods;fermentedfoods
andmicroorganismsinvolvedinfermentationoffoodmaterials,foodcontaminationanditssources
Microbiological examination of foods- indicator organisms, cultural techniques, direct methods,
immunologicalmethodsetc.
ModuleII
Foodspoilageandpoisoning
15hrs
Spoilageoffoods,Microorganisminfoodspoilage,chemicalchanges,microbesinthespoilage
ofcannedfoods,meat,fish;Factorsaffectinggrowthofspoilageorganisms
Principles of preservation of foods; food poisoning, mycotoxins; food borne diseases and
intoxications;
ModuleIII
14hrs
Foodpreservation-principlesofpreservationoffoods,methodsoffoodpreservation,Physical
&ChemicalMethods,Osmoticpressurepreservingfoodsinsugarandsalt,chemicalpreservatives,
Radiationaspreservationmethods
ModuleIV
DairyBiotechnology
10hrs
Microbes in dairy industry, contamination, spoilage, microbes of milk and dairy products,
fermenteddairyproducts,Pasteurization;Industrialprocessofcheesemaking,milkbornediseases,
Milkqualitytesting-resazurin,methylenebluereductiontest,Standardplatecount.
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
FoodMicrobiology-MRAdamsandMoss
FoodProcessing-BiotechnologicalapplicationsMarwah&Arora
FoodMicrobiology-WilliamCFrazer
Industrialmicrobiology-LECasida
Basicfoodmicrobiology(2ndEd)-GeorgeJ.Banwart,CBSpublishersanddistributors,NewDelhi
Amodernintroductiontofoodmicrobiology-BoardRC.,Blackwellscientificpublishersoxford.
SemesterVI
CoreCourseVocational
BB1673BiotechniquesIII(PracticalofBB1571,BB1572,BB1573,BB1671&BB1672)
Credit:2
PracticalofBB1571
ExperimentsforPracticalofrDNATechnology
1.
PreparationofthereagentsforrDNAexperiments
Contacthours:126
(PracticalHoursofabovecourses)
18Hrs
-76-
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
PurificationofPlasmidfrombacterialCultures.
ElectrophoresisandevaluationofplasmidDNA-pUC18/pBR322
EstimationofplasmidDNAbyUV-VISspectrophotometer
RestrictionDigestionofpUC18andanalysisbyagarosegelelectrophoresis
TransformationofE.coliwithpUC18andselectionofampicillinresistantclones
ExtractionandpurificationofGenomicDNA
Competentcellpreparation
PAGEdemonstration
QuantificationofDNAusingdiphenylaminemethod
PracticalofBB1572
ExperimentsforPlantBiotechnologyPractical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
18hrs
Familiarizationofinstrumentsandspecialequipmentsusedintheplanttissuecultureexperiments
Preparationofplanttissueculturemedium,andsterilization,Preparationofstocksolutionsof
nutrientsforMSMedia.
Surfacesterilizationofplantmaterialsforinoculation(implantationinthemedium)
Developmentofcallusculturesanditssub-culturing
Organogenesis-shootregeneration,rootregeneration,somaticembryogenesis
Micropropagationofpotato/tomato/-Demonstration
ProtoplastisolationandculturingDemonstration
Productionofartificialseeds(encapsulationmethod)
PracticalofBB1573
ExperimentsforPracticalinAnimalBiotechnology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
18hrs
Familiarizationofmethods,equipmentsandtechniquesofanimalcellculture
Isolationoflymphocytesfromblood
Cellviabilityassaybydieexclusionmethodandcellcounting
MTTassayofcells
Proteinpurificationbyionexchangechromatographyfromserum
PracticalofBB1671
ExperimentsforFoodandIndustrialBiotechnologyPractical
1.
Isolationofyeastfromfruitsamplesanditsculturing.
2.
Preparationofmediaforalcoholfermentationbyyeast.
3.
PreparationofEthylalcoholfromglucosebyYeastfermentation
4.
Separationandquantificationofethanolbydistillation(demonstration)
5.
6.
Productionofwine(Demonstration)
Isolationofmicroorganismsfromspoiledfoodandidentification
7.
Isolationoforganismsfromcurd/milkandfermentationoflactose
8.
Demonstrationofsettinglaboratoryfermentor-basicfeatures,purpose,procedure
36hrs
-77-
PracticalofBB1672
ExperimentsforEnvironmentalBiotechnology
36hrs
1.
MicrobiologicalassessmentofdrinkingwaterusingMPNtechnique-waterfromwell,river,
watersupplydepartmentandpackageddrinkingwater
2.
Isolationofmicrobesfrompollutedandnonpollutedenvironment
3.
EstimationofDissolvedOxygenusingWinklersmethod
4.
Assessmentoforganicloadinaquaticsystemsandfactoryeffluent-DeterminationofBODand
COD.
5.
Biogasproductionbymethanogenicbacteriaorbymixedculture.
6.
Isolationofnitrogenfixingbacteriafromleguminousplants
7.
Vermicultureforrecyclingsolidwaste
-78-
-79-
UNIVERSITYOFKERALA
BOTANY&BIOTECHNOLOGY
Model Questions
(For those who joined the course from the academic year 2013 onwards)
FoundationCourses,CoreCoursesComplementaryCoursesandOpen
&ElectiveCourses
2015
-80-
ModelQuestionPapers
CoreCourse
BOTANY
FirstSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
CoreCourse
BB1141PHYCOLOGY,MYCOLOGY,LICHENOLOGYANDPLANTPATHOLOGY
Time:3Hours
Max.Marks:80
SECTIONA
Answerallthequestionsinawordoronetotwosentences.EachquestioncarriesoneMark.
Drawdiagramswherevernecessary.
1.
Whatisacoenobium?
2.
MentionthetypesofpigmentsinPhaeophyceae.
3.
Whatareclampconnections?
4.
Whatarethecellwallconstituentspresentinfungi?
5.
WhyLichensareconsideredasbioindicators?
6.
PointoutthecompositionofBordeauxmixture.
7.
NamethediploidstagesinthelifecycleofPolysiphonia.
8.
Commentonthetypeofseptuminbasidiomycotina.
9.
Whatisaheteroeciousfungus?
10.
Whatisagonidium?
(1x10=10marks)
SECTIONB
Answer any eight questions. Each question carries 2 marks. (Answer not to exceed one
paragraph)
11.
MentionthemodeofbranchinginCladophora.
12.
WhatarethenodalappendagesfoundinChara?
13.
SpecifythestructureoffruitbodyinXylaria.
14.
DescribethemethodsofasexualreproductioninPenicillium.
15.
Whatareauxospores?Mentiontheirsignificance.
16.
BrieflymentionthethallusorganizationofaLichen.
-81-
17.
Mentionthenameofpathogen,symptomsandcontrolmeasuresofrootwiltofpepper.
18.
HowthezoosporesofOedogoniumandVaucheriadifferfromeachother?
19.
WhyChlorellaisusedinspacetrips?
20.
Differentiateaplanosporeandchlmydospore.
21.
Writeonaffinitiesofbacteriaandcyanophyceae.
22.
Discusstheeconomicimportanceofyeasts.
(2x8=16Marks)
SECTIONC
Answeranysixquestions.(Answernottoexceed120words).Eachquestioncarries4marks)
23.
DescribethemodeofreproductioninSargassum.
24.
Withthehelpoflabeleddiagram,explainsexualreproductioninRhizopus.
25.
DifferentiatemacrandrousandnannandrousspeciesofOedogonium.
26.
Giveanaccountoneconomicimportanceoffungi.
27.
Discussthetypesofthallusorganizationinchlorophyceae.
28.
CompareAcomycotinaandbasidiomycotina.
29.
GiveanaccountonthallusstructureandmodeofreproductioninNostoc.
30.
DescribethemodeofreproductioninUsnea.
31.
Explainthehost-parasiteinteractioninpathologicalconditions
(4x6=24Marks)
SECTIOND
Answeranytwoquestions.(Notmorethanthreepages).Eachquestioncarries15Marks
32.
DescribethestructureandreproductionofPolysiphonia.Writenotesonthetypeoflifecycle.
33.
Withthehelpofdiagrams,explainthelifecycleofPuccinia.
34.
GiveanoutlineoftheclassificationofFungibyAinsworth.Brieflymentiontheevolutionary
trendsamongmajorgroups.
35.
Whatarefungicides?Giveanaccountonthetypesoffungicidesandtheirmodeofactionon
pathogens.
(2x15=30Marks)
-82-
SecondSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyand
BiotechnologyDegreeExamination
CoreCourse
BB1241BRYOLOGY,PTERIDOLOGY,GYMNOSPERMS&PALEOBOTANY
Time:3Hours
Max.Marks:80
SECTION-A
Answerallquestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarries1mark.
Drawdiagramsonlyifspecifiedinthequestion.
1.
WhatisthecommonnameforEquisetum?
2.
DefineDiploxyliccondition.
3.
NametheclasstowhichRicciabelongs.
4.
Whatismeantbyheterospory?
5.
Giveanexampleforafossilpteridophyte.
6.
Whatisasynangium?
7.
Whataresporocarps?
8.
Whatisindusium?
9.
Whataregemmae?
10.
Defineplectostele.
(1x10=10marks)
SECTION-B
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.Answernottoexceedoneparagraph
11.
CommentonthefeaturesofassimilatoryzoneofRiccia.
12.
Brieflydescribethephysiologicalchangesassociatedwithsenescence.
13.
DescribetheanatomicalfeaturesofPsilotumstem.
14.
MentionanyfourmorphologicalfeaturesofEquisetum.
15.
Differentiateperigyniumandperichaetium.
16.
ExplainthallusmorphologyofMarchantia.
17.
Whataregirdletraces?
18.
BrieflydescribethethestructureofpollengrainofPinus.
19.
DescribethemorphologyofRhizophore.
20.
ExplainthehydrophyticanatomicalfeaturesofMarseliastem.
-83-
21.
Mentionanyfouraffinitiesofgymnospermstopteridophytes.
22.
Writeabriefaccountoncarbondatingtechnique.
(2x8=16marks)
SECTION-C
Answeranysixofthefollowing.(Answernottoexceed120words).Eachquestioncarries4marks
23.
DescribethestructureofsporophyteofMarchantia.
24.
ExplaintheanatomicalfeaturesofPolytrichumstem.
25.
Discussthemechanismoffossilformation.
26.
MentionthestructureofAdiantumsporophyll.
27.
WhyGnetumisconsideredasanadvancedGymnosperm?
28.
GiveanaccountofthetypesofstelesinspeciesofLycopodium.
29.
ExplaintheanatomicalfeaturesofCycasleaflet.
30.
DiscusstheeconomicimportanceofGymnosperms.
31.
ExplainthestructureofLyginopteris.
(4x6=24marks)
SECTION-D
Answerany2questions.(Notmorethanthreepages).Eachquestioncarries15marks.
32.
ExplainthegeneralcharactersofBryophytesandgiveanoutlineoftheclassificationofBryophytes.
33.
DescribethelifecycleofSelaginella.Whyisitconsideredasforerunnerofseedplants?
34.
DiscussaffinitiesofGymnospermstoothergroupsofplants.
35.
DiscusstheobjectivesofPalaeobotanyandgiveanaccountofthetechniquesoffossilstudy.
(15x2=30marks)
-84-
ThirdSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyand
BiotechnologyDegreeExamination
CoreCourse
BB1341-ANGIOSPERMANATOMYANDREPRODUCTIVEBOTANY
Time:3Hours
Max.Marks:80
SECTION-A
Answerallquestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarries1mark.
Drawdiagramsonlyifspecifiedinthequestion.
1.
Giveanexampleforalivingmechanicaltissueinplants.
2.
Alivingcomponentofxylem.
3.
WhoproposedTunica-Corpustheory?
4.
Whataretyloses?
5.
Giveanexampleforasecondarymeristem.
6.
Whatismeantbyexarchcondition?
7.
Whatareannualrings?
8.
Whatarebulliformcells?
9.
Mentionthechemicalconstituentofexine.
10.
Pointoutthephysiologicalsignificanceoftapetum.
(1x10=10marks)
SECTION-B
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.Answernottoexceedoneparagraph
11.
Commentonthetypesofnon-livinginclusionsinaplantcell.
12.
Brieflydescribethekindsofvasculararrangements.
13.
Pointouthowtheageofatreeisdetermined?
14.
Mentionthetypesofstomatafoundinplants.
15.
Differentiateheartwoodandsapwood.
16.
Explainthecomponentsofperiderm.
17.
Howwillyoudifferentiateshootapexandrootapex?
18.
Brieflydescribethestructureofantherwall.
19.
Describethetypesofpollenaperture.
20.
Explainthestructureofcambium.
-85-
21.
Mentionanyfourdifferencesbetweendicotandmonocotleaf.
22.
Writeabriefaccountondoublefertilization.
(2x8=16marks)
SECTION-C
Answeranysixofthefollowing.(Answernottoexceed120words).Eachquestioncarries4marks
23.
Describethetypesofmeristemsinplants.
21.
Explainthefeaturesofsecondarywallpits.
25.
DiscussthetypeofsecondarythickeninginDracaenastem.
26.
Mentionthestructureofmalegametophyte.
27.
Mentionthetypesofpollinationmechanismsinplants.
28.
Giveanaccountofthetypesofsimplepermanenttissues.
29.
Explainbrieflyonsecretorytissues.
30.
Discussthestructureandchemicalcompositionofplantcellwall.
31.
ExplainHistogentheory.
(4x6=24marks)
SECTION-D
Answerany2questions.(Notmorethanthreepages).Eachquestioncarries15marks.
32.
Explainthetypesofcomplexpermanenttissuesandpointouttheirfunctioninplants.
33.
Describethedevelopmentoffemalegametophyte.Pointoutthetypesanddifferentiatethem.
34.
DiscussthetypesofanomaloussecondarythickeninginDicotstems.
35.
Explainthedevelopmentandfunctionofendosperm.Addanoteontypesofendosperm.
(15x2=30marks)
-86-
ThirdSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
CoreCourse
BB1342-ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIESANDPHYTOGEOGRAPHY
Time:3Hours
Max.Marks:80
SECTIONA
Answerallquestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarries1mark.Draw
diagramsonlyifspecifiedinthequestion.
1.
Giveamethodforin-situconservationofplants.
2.
Mentionanytwoanatomicaladaptationsinxerophytes.
3.
Defineendemism
4.
CitethenamesofanytwoNationalParksinKerala
5.
Giveanexampleforrenewableresource.
6.
Whatismeantbyendangeredspecies?
7.
Whataregreenhousegases?
8.
Mentionthehazardsofleadpollution.
9.
CommentonAcidrain.
10.
Whatismeantbydesertification?
(1x10=10marks)
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.Answernottoexceedoneparagraph
11.
Commentonthetypesofabioticcomponentsofanecosystem.
12.
Brieflydescribethecausesofbiodiversityloss.
13.
Pointouthowepiphytesareadaptedtothriveintheirhabitat?
14.
Mentionthetypesoftrophiclevelsinanecosystem.
15.
Differentiateenvironmentalhazardandenvironmentaldisaster.
16.
Explainthesignificanceofmangrovevegetation.
17.
WhatarethetypesofForestsinIndia.
18.
CommentontherecentecologicalissuesinKasargod.
19.
Discussthecausesfoglobalwarming.
-87-
20.
Explaintheroleofbacteriainecosystem.
21.
Mentionanyfourexamplesfornon-renewablenaturalresources.
22.
Representafoodchaininagrasslandecosystem.
(2x8=16marks)
SECTIONC
Answeranysixofthefollowing.(Answernottoexceed120words).Eachquestioncarries4
marks
23.
Describediversityandbetadiversity.
24.
Whatarehotspots?MentiontheirsignificanceandgiveanexamplefromIndia.
25.
Describethetypesofecologicalpyramids.
26.
Mentionthestagesofsuccessioninadryhabitat.
27.
Mentionthestrategiesforconservationofforestresources.
28.
Giveanaccountofenvironmentallegislation.
29.
ExplainbrieflyonEnvironmentalethics.Commentonmajorissuesandsolutions.
30.
Discussthevariousoptionsforwatermanagement.
31.
Explaintheroleofinformationtechnologyinenvironmentmanagement.
(4x6=24marks)
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.(Notmorethanthreepages).Eachquestioncarries15marks.
32.
ExplainthetypesofvegetationandphytogeographicregionsofIndia.
33.
Discusstheconceptofsustainabledevelopment.Explainwithreferencetoglobalenvironmental
status.
34.
Discusstheimpactofsolidwasteandpointoutthecauses,effectsandcontrolmeasuresofurban
andindustrialwastes.
35.
DiscusstheroleofForestsinenvironment.CommentonthestrategiesenforcedbyGovernment
ofIndiaforForestmanagement.
(15x2=30marks)
-88-
FourthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
CoreCourse
BB1442-CellBiology,PlantBreeding&EvolutionaryBiology
Time:3Hours
Max.Marks:80
SECTION-A
Answerallquestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarries1mark.Draw
diagramsonlyifspecifiedinthequestion.
1.
Whatarehistones?
2.
Whatismeantbyeuploidy?
3.
Whylysosomesarecalledsuicidalbags?
4.
Whatiskinetochore?
5.
MentionthenamesofagenciesinvolvedinplantintroductioninIndia.
6.
Whatismeantbycompositevariety?
7.
Defineapureline.
8.
Anytwoexamplesforintergenerichybrids.
9.
Whatisgeneticdrift?
10.
Whoproposeduseanddisusetheory?
(1x10=10marks)
SECTION-B
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.Answernottoexceedoneparagraph
a.
Differentiateheterochromatinandeuchromatin.
b.
Brieflymentiontheeventsduringinterphase.
c.
Whatissynaptonemalcomplex?Mentionitssignificance.
d.
Differentiateparacentricandpericentricinversion.
e.
Howautopolyploidsdifferfromallopolyploids?
f.
Whydeletionsareconsideredasmoredeleteriousthanduplications?
g.
Discussthetypeofmutagensusedinplantimprovement.
h.
WhatareBchromosomes?Howtheybehaveduringcelldivision?
i.
Mentionthechemicalcompositionofcellmembrane.
j.
Whatareperoxisomes?Commentontheirfunctions.
-89-
k.
Differentiateparallelandconvergentevolution.
l.
Whatismeantbyquarantine?Pointoutitssignificance.
(2x8=16marks)
SECTION-C
Answeranysixofthefollowing.(Answernottoexceed120words).Eachquestioncarries4
marks
m.
Writeanaccountondifferentphasesofcellcycle.
n.
Howclonalselectiondiffersfromotherselectionmethods?
o.
Giveanaccountonmicroandmacroevolution.
p.
Explainthetypesofanueploidsandpointouttheircytologicalfeatures.
q.
Withthehelpofrelevantsketches,outlinetheeventsduringProphaseI.
r.
Explainthetypesofisolationmechanismsandpointouttheirevolutionarysignificance.
s.
Discussthestepsandprinciplesofresistancebreeding.
t.
DescribethestructureofLampbrushchromosome.Howitdiffersfromanormalchromosome?
u.
ExplainNeo-Darwinism.
(4x6=24marks)
SECTION-D
Answerany2questions.(Notmorethanthreepages).Eachquestioncarries15marks.
v.
Withthehelpofdiagrams,explainthetypesofstructuralaberrationsinchromosomes.Pointout
theevolutionarysignificanceofeach.
w.
Explain the various forces operating in evolutionary process. Illustrate with examples and
evolutionaryprinciples.
x.
Explainheterosisandmentionhowisitexploitedbyplantbreeders?
y.
Giveanaccountonultrastructureandfunctionsofcellcomponentsandorganelles.
(15x2=30marks)
-90-
FifthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
CoreCourse
BB1541PlantPhysiology
Time:3Hours
Max.Marks:80
SECTION-A
Answerallquestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarries1mark.Draw
diagramsonlyifspecifiedinthequestion.
1.
WhatisKranzanatomy?
2.
Definechemosynthesis.
3.
Whycytochromea3iscalledterminaloxidase?
4.
Representtheoverallequationofphotosynthesis.
5.
CitetwoexamplesforC4plants.
6.
Whatismeantbythigmotropicmovement?
7.
Whatistonicity?
8.
Whytherateofphotosynthesisdecreasesbeyond690nm?
9.
Whatisincipientplasmolysis?
10.
HowthestomataofCAMplantsdifferfromthatofC3plants?
(1x10=10marks)
SECTION-B
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.Answernottoexceedoneparagraph
11.
Giveanaccountonrawmaterialsofphotosynthesis.
12.
BrieflydescribethephysiologicalroleofAbscisicacidinplants.
13.
Differentiateapoplastandsymplast.
14.
Howrootpressureinfluenceswatermovementinplants?
15.
Definereddrop.Howitcanbecompensated?
1.
Explainthephysiologyofsenescence.
2.
Discusstheconceptofflorigen.
3.
BrieflydescribetherelationbetweenOP,TPandWPinplants.
4.
Commentonhydroponics.
5.
Differentiateabsorptionspectrumandactionspectrum.
-91-
6.
Whyfluorescentradiationhashigherwavelengththanphosphorescentradiation?
7.
Pointoutthedifferencesbetweenphotosynthesisinbacteriaandhigherplants.
(2x8=16marks)
SECTION-C
Answeranysixofthefollowing.(Answernottoexceed120words).Eachquestioncarries4
marks
8.
Describethevitalandphysicaltheoriesexplainingascentofsap.
9.
HowtheprincipleofLimitingfactorsapplyinphotosynthesis?
10.
Giveanaccountoncoenzymesandcofactors.
11.
Explainhowtherelativedaylengthinfluencesfloweringinplants?
12.
Discussthephysiologicalconsequencesofwaterstressinplants.
13.
Explainthemechanismsofmineralabsorptioninplants.
14.
HowanaerobicrespirationdiffersfromaerobicintermsofATPyield?
15.
Discussthemechanismofphotorespiration.Enumerateitsadvantagesanddisadvantages
16.
Explainbiologicalnitrogenfixation.
(4x6=24marks)
SECTION-D
Answerany2questions.(Notmorethanthreepages).Eachquestioncarries15marks.
17.
Discussthevarioustypesofstomataandthemechanismsinstomatalmovement.
18.
ExplaindarkreactionandcomparethephotosyntheticmechanismsinC3andCAMplants.
19.
Discussvarioustypesofmovementsexhibitedbyplants.
20.
Giveanaccountonstructure,classificationandnomenclatureofenzymes.
(15x2=30marks)
-92-
FifthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
CoreCourse
BB1542AngiospermMorphologyAndSystematicBotany
Time:3Hours
Max.Marks:80
SECTION-A
Answerallquestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarries1mark.Draw
diagramsonlyifspecifiedinthequestion.
1.
MentionthenamesofanytwoBotanicgardensinKerala.
2.
Whatarethesymbolsusedinafloralformula?
3.
PointoutanytwocontributionsofCarolusLinnaeus.
4.
Whatisalabellum?
5.
Mentionthebinomialofanytwopulses.
6.
Defineamultiplefruit
7.
WhatisOTU?
8.
Differentiatesimpleracemeandspike.
9.
Whatisresupination?
10.
NametheordertowhichApocynaceaebelongs
(1x10=10marks)
SECTION-B
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.Answernottoexceedoneparagraph
9.
Differentiatehypogynyandepigyny.
10.
DescribeinbriefthetypeofcorollainPapilionoideae.
11.
MentionthetypesofrootsinOrchidaceae.
12.
ComparethegynoeciumofSolanaceaeandAcanthaceae.
13.
WhyAnnonaceaeisplacedunderRanales?
14.
PointouttheeconomicimportanceofRutaceae.
15.
DiscussthefloralcharactersofEuphorbiaceae.
16.
Brieflymentionadnationinsolanaceae.
17.
Mentionthefeaturesofscorpioidcyme.
18.
WhatdifferencedoyounoticeinthecoronaofAsclepiadaceaeandApocynaceae?
-93-
19.
Whatisasyconous?
20.
Whatismeantbytranslatormechanism?Pointoutitssignificance.
(2x8=16marks)
SECTION-C
Answeranysixofthefollowing.(Answernottoexceed120words).Eachquestioncarries4marks
21.
DescribethemorphologyoftendrilinCucurbitaceae.
22.
Discussthefeaturesofspecialtypesofinflorescence.
23.
Evaluatethebasicprinciplesofcytotaxonomy.
24.
ExplainthetypeofinflorescenceandfloralcharactersofPoaceae.
25.
CompareanddifferentiatethesubfamiliesofLeguminosae.
26.
DiscussthebasicrulesofICBN.
27.
Discussthethetypesofplacentationinangiosperms
28.
Outlinethebasicsofmoleculartaxonomy.
29.
WhyApiaceaeisregardedasanadvancedfamily?
(4x6=24marks)
SECTION-D
Answerany2questions.(Notmorethanthreepages).Eachquestioncarries15marks.
30.
Explaintheprinciplesandstepsinpreparationofherbarium.Pointoutthesignificanceofherbaria.
31.
Discussthevarioussystemsofclassification.Compareanddifferentiatenaturalandphylogenetic
systems.
32.
GiveanoutlineofthevegetativeandfloralcharactersofAsteraceae.Discussitsadvancedfeatures
33.
Giveanaccountonfossilangiosperms.Howtheyhelpintracingtheoriginandevolutionof
modernAngiosperms?
(15x2=30marks)
-94-
SixthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotany
andBiotechnologyDegreeExamination
CoreCourse
BB1641-GENETICS
Time:3Hours
Max.Marks:80
SECTION-A
Answerallquestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarries1mark.
Drawdiagramsonlyifspecifiedinthequestion.
1.
Whatismeantbytestcross?
2.
Defineapureline.
3.
Whatareallelomorphs?
4.
Whatismeantbysplitgenes?
5.
Giveanexampleforsexlinkedinheritance.
6.
Whatareplasmagenes?
7.
Definegenotype.
8.
Givethegenotypicandphenotypicratiosinmonohybridincompletedominance.
9.
WhocoinedthetermGenetics?
10.
MentionthefirstlawofMendel.
(1x10=10marks)
SECTION-B
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.Answernottoexceedoneparagraph
11.
Commentonnon-epiststicinteraction.
12.
Brieflydescribetheprincipleofrecessiveepistasis.
13.
WhatarethepossiblebloodgroupsamongoffspringsofamarriagebetweenOgroupmanand
ABgroupwoman.
14.
MentionanyfourcharactersstudiedbyMendelinPisumsativum.
15.
Differentiatemultipleallelesandmultiplegenes.
16.
Whatareholandricgenes?Citeanexample.
17.
WhatareComplementarygenes?MentionhowitdiffersfromMendeliandihybridratio.
18.
GivetwoexamplesforsexchromosomalabnormalitiesinMan.
19.
DiscusstheXX-XOmechanismofsexdetermination.
-95-
20.
PointoutthetypesofchemicalbondsinaDNAmolecule.
21.
Mentiontheroleofsigmafactor.
22.
Writeabriefaccountonduplicategenes.
(2x8=16marks)
SECTION-C
Answeranysixofthefollowing.(Answernottoexceed120words).Eachquestioncarries4
marks
23.
Differentiatecomplementarygeneactionfromsupplementarygeneaction.
24.
ExplaintheGenicbalancetheory.
25.Discussthemechanismofinheritanceofskincolorinman.
26.Mentionthestructureoft-RNA.Pointoutitsfunction.
27.
Whatismeantbylinkage?Howitinfluencesindependentassortment?
28.
Giveanaccountofthemechanismoftranscription.
29.
Differentiatequantitativeandqualitativecharactersonbasistheirpatternofinheritace.
30.
Discussthepropertiesofgeneticcode.
31.
ExplainCentraldogmaandcriticallyevaluateitonbasisofTeminism.
(4x6=24marks)
SECTION-D
Answerany2questions.(Notmorethanthreepages).Eachquestioncarries15marks.
32.
Explainthetypesofinterallelicgeneticinteraction.
33.
Describethesalientfeaturesofjumpinggenesandpointoutthemechanismoftransposition.
34.
DiscussthemechanismsinvolvedinDNArepair.
35.
Citing a relevant example explain sex linked inheritance. How it differs from autosomal
inheritance?
(15x2=30marks)
-96-
SixthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
CoreCourse
BB1642-EconomicBotany,EthnobotanyandMedicinalBotany
Time:3Hours
Max.Marks:80
SECTION-A
Answerallquestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarries1mark.Draw
diagramsonlyifspecifiedinthequestion.
1.
Mentionthebinomialofcotton.
2.
Whataregourdvegetables?
3.
Pointoutthebinomialofanytwoplantsusedbytribesforshelter.
4.
Whatisatotemplant?
5.
MentionthebinomialofTapioca.
6.
Whocoinedthetermethnobotany?
7.
Whyneemisusedasinsecticide?
8.
GivethebinomialofSarpagandha
9.
WhatisNMPB?
10.
Nameaeplantthatyieldcrudedrugfromflowers.
(1x10=10marks)
SECTION-B
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.Answernottoexceedoneparagraph
11.
Brieflymentionthescopeofpharmacognosy..
12.
DescribeinbrieftheprincipleofAcupunture.
13.
Mentionthetypesofextractionmethodsinseparationofherbaldrugs.
14.
Whatarefolkmedicines?
15.
CommentonthemedicinalvalueofAsoka
16.
Pointoutthecrudedrugsobtainedfromcorms.
17.
Defineethnobotany.
18.
BrieflymentiontypesofdrugsobtainedfromAdhatodavasica.
19.
MentiontheethnobotanicalsignificanceofAegle.
20.
Givethebinomialofanytwodyeyieldingplants.
-97-
21.
Whatisshiftingcultivation?
22.
GivethenamesofanytwotribesinKerala.
(2x8=16marks)
SECTION-C
Answeranysixofthefollowing.(Answernottoexceed120words).Eachquestioncarries4
marks
23.
CommentonethnobotanicalsignificanceofFicusreligiosa.
24.
Whyethnobotanyisregardedasinterdisciplinary?Illustratewithreasons.
25.
Mentionthebinomial,familyandmorphologyofpepperandcardamom.
26.
Differentiatecertealsandmillets.Givebinomialsforeach.
27.
Discussthesignificanceofsacredgroves.
28.
WhatIsmeantbydrugadulteration?Commentonadulterants.
29.
Discusstheagenciesandtheirroleincultivationofmedicinalplants
30.
ExplainthebasicsofSidhaandunani.
31.
Giveanaccountoncrudedrugsobtainedfromrhizomes.
(4x6=24marks)
SECTION-D
Answerany2questions.(Notmorethanthreepages).Eachquestioncarries15marks.
32.
ExplainthemethodsofcultivationofPaddy.
33.
Discussthevariousmethodsofcollectionofethnobotanicaldata.Addanoteonsignificanceof
ethnobotanicalstudies.
34.
Give an account on the plants used by tribes. Mention the strategies for preservation and
managementofplantresourcesbytribes.
35.
DescribeindetailthecommonfruitsandvegetablesofKerala.Mentiontheirbinomialanduses.
(15x2=30marks)
-98-
-99-
ModelQuestionPapers
CoreCourse
BOTANYPRACTICALS
CORECOURSE
PRACTICALBOTANYI
-100-
SEMESTERI&II:OPTIONALBOTANY
Phycology,Mycology,Lichenology,PlantPathology,Bryology,
Pteridology,Gymnosperms,andPaleobotany)
Time:3hours
MaximumMark:80
I.
MakeasuitablemicropreparationofA,B,andC.Drawalabelledcellulardiagramofeach.
Identifygivingreasons.Leavethepreparationforvaluation.
(Preparation 3 marks; Identification - 1 mark; Reasons- 4; Labelled diagram- 4)
(Totalmark12x3-36)
II.
WritecriticalnoteonDandE
(TotalMark=2x4=8)
III. WritethepathologicalinterestofF
(Name of disease-1; Causative organism-1; Symptoms-2)
(TotalMark=4)
IV.
IdentifymaterialGgivingreasons
(Identification - 1 mark; Reasons- 2)
(TotalMark=3)
V.
SpotatsightH,I,andJ
(Generic name -1; Part of plant-1; Major group-1)
(TotalMark-3x3=9)
(RECORD=20Mark(Content15Marks;Neatness5Marks)
GRANDTOTAL60+20=80marks
KEYFOREXAMINERS
I.
A-Gymnosperm-mentionedinsyllabus
B-Pteridophyte-mentionedinsyllabus
C-Algae/Fungi-mentionedinsyllabus
II.
D-Algae/FungiexcludingmaterialgivenforC
E-Bryophyte-mentionedinsyllabus
III. FPathology-/fresh/Herbariummaterialmaybegiven(aspersyllabus)
IV.
G-Paleobotany(slide/photograph/diagram)
V.
H-J-MacroscopicspecimenfromAlgae/Fungi(H),Bryophyte(I),Pteridophyte/Gymnosperm(J)
ValuationofRecords
StudentsshouldsubmitaPracticalrecorddulycertifiedbytheTeacherinchargeandHeadof
Department.
Record-20mark
-101-
CoreCourse
PRACTICALBOTANYIICOURSEII
AngiospermAnatomy;ReproductiveBotany,Palynology;Genetics;PlantPhysiology;Cell
Biology;PlantbreedingandEvolutionaryBiology
Time:3Hours
I.
TotalMarks:80
MakeanacetocarminesquashpreparationofmaterialA.Identifywithsketchesanytwostagesof
celldivision(MetaphaseandAnaphase)
(Preparation
Identificationwithreasons
LabeledDiagram
:
:
:
4Marks;
4Marks
4Marks)
(Total=12Marks)
:
:
:
:
3Marks;
4Marks;
1Mark;
4Marks)
(Total=12Marks)
:
:
:
1Mark;
2Marks;
2Marks)
(Total5x2=10Marks)
:
:
:
3Marks;
3Marks;
3Marks)
(Total=9Marks)
II.PrepareaTSofBandIdentify.
(Preparation
Reasons
Identification
LabelledDiagram
III
WritecriticalnotesonCandD
(Identification
Labelledsketch
Criticalnotes
IVWorkoutProblemE
(Explanation
Derivation
Result
V
Withthehelpofalabeleddiagram,explaintheworkingoftheexperimentF
(Aim
Labelledsketch
Principleandworking
VI
:
:
:
1Mark;
3Marks;
4Marks)
(Total=8Marks)
:
:
1Mark;
2Marks)
(TotalMarks=3x3=9Marks)
CommentonG,HandI.
(Identification
Comment
Record=20Marks(Content15Marks;Neatness5Marks)
Grandtotal=80Marks
KEYTOSPECIMENS
A-
Roottips-tobegivenbythecentre
-102-
B-
AnatomymaterialPrimarystructureofmonocotstem,dicotandmonocotroot,Secondary
structureofroot,Anomaloussecondarygrowth
C-
Stomataltypes(Aspersyllabus)
D-
Embryology(AntherT.S/EmbryoDicot)
GeneticsMendelianratios/Incompletedominance/GeneInteraction
Physiologyexperiment(mentionedinthesyllabus)
-103-
CoreCoursePRACTICALBOTANYIII
AngiospermMorphologyandSystematicBotany.EnvironmentalStudiesand
Phytogeography;EconomicBotany,EthnobotanyandMedicinalBotany
Time:3Hours
TotalMarks:80
I.
IdentifyanddescribethemorphologicalfeaturesofAandB.
(Identification:1mark;Morphology:2.5marks)
(Total=3.5x2=7marks)
II.
IdentifyCandDtotheirrespectivefamilieswithreasons.Writedownthesystematicpositionup
toseries
[Systematicpositionwithreasons
:3marks;Familycharacters(vegetativeandfloral):
1.0+3.0=4.0marks;Identificationoffamily:1mark]
(Total=8x2=16marks)
III
DrawalabeledsketchoftheL.SoftheflowerE.Constructafloraldiagramandrepresentits
floralformula.
(Labelledsketch:3.0marks;Floraldiagram:2.0marks;Floralformula :1mark)
(Total=6marks)
IVMentiontheecologicalgrouptowhichthespecimenFbelongs.Mentionitsecologicaladaptations
(Ecologicalgroup:1mark;Adaptations
:2marks)
(Total=3marks)
V.
LocatetwophytogeographicalregionsGandHofIndiainthemapprovided.
(Total=1x2=2marks)
VI.
Givethebinomial,familyandexactmorphologyofusefulpartofIandJ.
(Binomial1mark;Family:1Mark;Morphology:1mark)
(Total=3x2=6marks)
VII. WritethebinomialandEthnobotanicalsignificanceofK.
(Binomial:1mark;significance:3marks)
VIII. IdentifytheherbariumspecimensLandM
(Genericname:1mark;Family:1Mark)
(Total=4marks)
(Total2.0x2=4Marks)
Record:20Marks(Content-15marks;Neatness5marks)
Herbarium:8Marks
FieldNote:4Marks
GrandTotal=80Marks
-104-
KEYTOSPECIMENS
AandB
- MorphologyInflorescence/Fruit/Placentation
CandD
- SystematicBotany-AnytwoDicotfamilies-Polypetalae/Gamopetalae/
Monochlamydeaeanyonefromeachgroup
- SystematicBotany(AnydicotflowermentionedinsyllabusFlowerandBudAvoid
monocots)
- Ecology-Freshorpreservedspecimenorslide(fromthecentre)Hydrophyte/xerophyte/
epiphyte/parasite.
GandH
- PhytogeographyAnytwophytogeographicalregionsofIndia
IandJ
- EconomicBotanyDirectproducts(mentionedinthesyllabus)
- EthnobotanyPlantsusedbyTribesasmedicine(Asmentionedinsyllabus)
LandM
- Herbariumsheets
-105-
ModelQuestionPapers
VocationalCoreCourse
BIOTECHNOLOGY
FirstSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
VocationalCourse
FoundationCourseIBB1121-METHODOLOGYANDPERSPECTIVESOF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Time:3Hours
MaxMarks:80
SECTIONA
Answerallthequestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarriesonemark
(1x10=10Marks)
1.
WhatisType1Error?
2.
MentionthreeapplicationsofMATLAB.
3.
Nametwonitrogenfixingmicrobes.
4.
NamethefirstGMfood.
5.
Definepatent.
6.
Whatisplagiarism?
7.
Definepvalue.
8.
Definescientificexperiment.
9.
Whatismeantbysecondarydata?
10.
WhatisConfidentinterval?
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.(Answernottoexceedoneparagraph).
(2x8=16Marks)
11.
WhatisGLP?ListouttwoGLPs.
12.
WhatiscompulsoryLicence?
13.
Giveanaccountoncopyrights.
14.
DefineScilab.
15.
WriteashortnoteontransgenesisinBtCotton.
-106-
16.
Whatisahypothesis?Explainwithanexample.
17.
Explainthestepsinexperimentalplanning.
18.
Listoutanddescribeanytwoexperimentaldesigns.
19.
WhatisGreenrevolution?
20.
Whatiseffluent?Nametwomethodsineffluenttreatment.
21.
DefineBiopharming.Whatistheimportanceofthistechnique?
22.
Whataremonoclonalantibodies?Howaretheyproduced?
SECTIONC
Answerany6questions.Eachquestioncarries4marks.(Answernottoexceed120words).
(4x6=24Marks)
23.
WriteanoteonCybercrime.
24.
Explainthemethodsincollectionofdata.
25.
Giveadetailedaccountonprobability.
26.
Howwillyougenerateaherbicideresistantplantthroughgeneticengineering?
27.
Explainthepartsandfunctionsoffermenter.
28.
Listouttheusesofinternet.
29.
Giveany4applicationsofagriculturalbiotechnology.
30.
DescribethefeaturesofIPR.
31.
GiveanaccountofGenetherapy.
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.Eachquestioncarries15marks.(Answernottoexceedthreepages).
(2x15=30Marks)
32.
WriteindetailaboutHybridomatechnologywiththehelpofillustrativefigures.
33.
WhataretheimportantapplicationsofMedical/ClinicalBiotechnologyinthemodernworld?
34.
Explainindetailaboutexperimentalplanninganddesigns.
35.
ExplaintheapplicationsofITinvarioussectors.
-107-
SecondSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyand
BiotechnologyDegreeExamination
VocationalCourse
FoundationCourseIIBB1221-BIOPHYSICSANDINSRTUMENTATION
Time:3Hours
MaxMarks:80
SECTIONA
Answerallthequestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarriesonemark
(1x10=10Marks)
1.
DefineBeerLambertLaw
2.
Whatisflourimetry?
3.
Nametwostainsusedinmicroscopy.
4.
Definethefirstlawofconservationofenergy.
5.
Defineentropy.
6.
Whatisautoradiography?
7.
WhatisTEM?
8.
Defineabsorptionspectrum.
9.
Whatismeantbyelectrochemicalgradient?
10.
Whatarehearingaids?
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.(Answernottoexceedoneparagraph).
(2x8=16Marks)
11.
Explainelectronmicroscopy.
12.
Giveanoteoncorrectionofvisionfaults.
13.
Explainchemiosmotichypothesis.
14.
GiveanaccountofNMR.
15.
WriteashortnoteonX-raycrystallography.
16.
Whatarethetypesofmolecularinteractions?Explainwithanexample.
17.
Explaintracertechniques.
18.
Writeaboutheatconservation.
19.
WhatisGibbsFreeEnergy?
20.
Writeaboutgenerationandreceptionofsonicvibration.
-108-
21.
Giveanaccountofexothermicreactionsinbiologicalsystems.
22.
Differentiateentropyandenthalpy.
SECTIONC
Answerany6questions.Eachquestioncarries4marks.(Answernottoexceed120words).
(4x6=24Marks)
23.
WriteanoteonATPsynthesis.
24.
ExplainLawofConservationofenergy.
25.
GiveadetailedaccountonprincipleandtypesofCentrifugation.
26.
Writeaboutlightreceptioninmicrobes.
27.
ExplaintheprincipleandfunctioningofpHmeter.
28.
Listouttheusesofradioisotopesinbiologicalresearch.
29.
Brieflyexplainphasecontrastmicroscopy.
30.
Describethefunctioningandusesofspectrophotometer.
31.
Giveanaccountofmechanismofmuscularmovements.
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.Eachquestioncarries15marks.(Answernottoexceedthreepages).
(2x15=30Marks)
32.
WriteindetailaboutthetypesandusesofElectronmicroscopy.
33.
Giveanaccountofmechanismofvisionandhearing.
34.
Explainindetailaboutmechanismofphotosynthesisandlightharvestingpigments.
Describeelectrophoresis.Giveanoteontypesofelectrophoresis
-109-
ThiredSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
VocationalCourse
CoreCourseIIBB1171-MICROBIOLOGY
Time:3Hours
MaxMarks:80
SECTIONA
Answerallthequestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarriesonemark
(1x10=10Marks)
1.
WhatisColdSterilization?
2.
Definesymbiosis.
3.
Nametwoanaerobicculturemethods.
4.
Namethescientistwhofirstdiscoveredpenicillin.
5.
DefineDPT.
6.
Whatisavaccine?
7.
NamethecausativeorganismofTyphoid.
8.
Whatisanautoclave?
9.
Whatismeantbytransduction?
10.
Whatisanalkalophile?
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.(Answernottoexceedoneparagraph).
(2x8=16Marks)
11.
Whatareextremophiles?Give2examples
12.
Whatistheuseofaninspissator?
13.
GiveanaccountonN2Fixingbacteria.
14.
ExplainstagesofBacterialGrowthcurve.
15.
Writeashortnoteonbacteriophage.
16.
WhatisaCFU?
17.
DefineSexduction.
18.
Listoutanddescribeanytwophysicalsterilizationmethods.
19.
WhatisMcIntoshFildeJarusedfor?
20.
Whatareauxotrophs?
-110-
21.
DefineDownstreamProcessing.Whatistheimportanceofthistechnique?
22.
Givethenutritionalclassificationofbacteria.
SECTIONC
Answerany6questions.Eachquestioncarries4marks.(Answernottoexceed120words).
(4x6=24Marks)
23.
DifferentiateGrampositiveandGramnegativeCellwall.
24.
Summarisethestepsinvolvedinglycolysis.
25.
GiveadetailedaccountonInclusionbodiesfoundinbacterialcell.
26.
ExplaintheLysogeniclifecycleofvirus.
27.
Definefermentation.Explaintheprocessofaceticacidfermentation.
28.
Explaintypesofbacterialmutations.
29.
Explainthetwomechanismsoftransductioninbacteria.
30.
Describethefeaturesofextremophileswithexamples.
31.
Compareandcontrastonsterilizationanddisinfection.
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.Eachquestioncarries15marks.(Answernottoexceedthreepages).
(2x15=30Marks)
32.
Describethestructuralcomponentsofabacterialcell.
33.
Explainbacterialgrowthcurve.Whatarethefactorsaffectinggrowthofbacteria?
34.
Explainindetailaboutanaerobicculturemethods.
35.
ElaborateonthemethodsinvolvedinstrainimprovementinIndustrialMicrobiology.
-111-
FourthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
VocationalCourse
CoreCourseBB1471-MOLECULARBIOLOGY
Time:3Hours
MaxMarks:80
SECTIONA
Answerallthequestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarriesonemark
(1x10=10Marks)
1.
Whataretransposons?
2.
DefineUTRs.
3.
NamethedifferentclassesofRNAmolecules.
4.
Namethescientistwhofirstdiscoveredtransposons.
5.
Definepointmutation.
6.
NamethesubunitsofE.coliRNAPloymeraseholoenzyme.
7.
Whicharethethreeuniversalstopcodons?
8.
WhoperformedBlenderExperiment?
9.
Whatismeantbyanoperon?
10.
Whatisthefunctionofreversetranscriptaseenzyme?
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.(Answernottoexceedoneparagraph).
(2x8=16Marks)
11.
Whatisfootprinting?
12.
WhatarethephysicalformsofDNA?
13.
Compareandcontrasteukaryoticandprokaryoticribosomes.
14.
ExplainthestructureofprokaryoticmRNA.
15.
Writeashortnoteon5cappingineukaryoticmRNA.
16.
Whatareenhancersandsilencers?
17.
WhatismeantbyShineDalgarnosequence.
18.
Listoutany4posttranslationalmodifications.
19.
HowdoestheprimerdependencyofDNAPloymeraseissolvedinbacteria?
20.
Whatisreplicon?
-112-
21.
DefinePromoter.Whatistheimportanceofpromotersingeneexpression?
22.
GivethefunctionalcomponentsofDNAPolI.
SECTIONC
Answerany6questions.Eachquestioncarries4marks.(Answernottoexceed120words).
(4x6=24Marks)
23.
DescribethefeaturesofDNAstructureproposedbyWatson&Crick.
24.
SummarisethestepsinvolvedinDNAreplicationinE.coli.
25.
WhatarethebasicstepsinRNAsynthesis?
26.
Explaintheneedfordiscontinuousreplication.
27.
DefineSpliceosome.NarratetheprocessofRNAsplicing.
28.
Brieflyexplainregulationofeukaryoticgeneexpression.
29.
Explainthestagesofproteinsynthesisinbacteria.
30.
Describethefeaturesandtypesoftransposonswithexamples.
31.
Compareandcontrastthestructureofgeneinprokaryotesandeukaryotes.
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.Eachquestioncarries15marks.(Answernottoexceedthreepages).
(2x15=30Marks)
32.
DescribetheroleofenzymesinDNAreplicationinprokaryotesandeukaryotes.
33.
Narratethemolecularorganisationofeukaryoticchromosomes.
34.
ExplainindetailabouttheCytoplasmicgenome.
Explainthemechanismsofgeneregulationonbacteriawithexamples
-113-
FourthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
VocationalCourse
BB1472-IMMUNOLOGY
Time:3Hours
MaxMarks:80
SECTIONA
Answerallthequestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarriesonemark
(1x10=10Marks)
1.
WhatareChemokines?
2.
Defineself-MHCrestriction.
3.
Whatisanendogenousantigen?
4.
Defineparatope.
5.
Whatisautoimmunity?
6.
WhatareHaptens?
7.
DefineVaccine.
8.
NamethescientistwhodiscoveredDendriticcells?
9.
Whatareimmunoglobulins?
10.
WhatareFreundsincompleteadjuventsusedfor?
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.(Answernottoexceedoneparagraph).
(2x8=16Marks)
11.
Whataremonoclonalantibodies?
12.
WhatisSCID?
13.
Giveanaccountonimmuneelectrophoresis.
14.
ExplaintheimmunemechanisminMyastheniagravis.
15.
Writeashortnoteontherapeuticantibodies.
16.
WhatarethetypesofTcellsincellmediatedimmunity?
17.
DefineMHC.
18.
Describethemechanismofagglutination.
19.
WhatisELISA?
20.
Whatareattenuatedvaccines?
-114-
21.
ExplaintheprincipleofRIA?
22.
Givethesignificanceofnaturalkillercells.
SECTIONC
Answerany6questions.Eachquestioncarries4marks.(Answernottoexceed120words).
(4x6=24Marks)
23.
Giveanaccountoftypesofimmunity.
24.
Explainthemechanismofantibodyclassswitching.
25.
Giveadetailedaccountonautoimmunediseaseswithexamples.
26.
Whataretheprimarylymphoidorgans?
27.
GivethestructureofIgG.
28.
ExplainthetermImmunologicalmemory.
29.
WhatareDNAvaccines?
30.
Describethefeaturesofmononuclearphagocytes.
31.
Whatishypersensitivity?WhatarethetypesofHypersensitivity?
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.Eachquestioncarries15marks.(Answernottoexceedthreepages).
(2x15=30Marks)
32.
ExplainindetailontheproductionofMAbthroughHybridonmatechnology.
33.
Whatarethetypesofantibodies?Giveadetailedaccountonantibodystructure.
34.
ExplainindetailabouttheorgansinvolvedintheImmunesystem.
35.
Explainthefeaturesandfunctionsofcellsofinnateimmunity.
-115-
FifthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
VocationalCourse
BB1571RecombinantDNATechnology
Time:3Hours
MaxMarks:80
SECTIONA
Answerallthequestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarriesonemark
(1x10=10Marks)
1.
WhatisFrameshiftmutation?
2.
DefinePlasmid.
3.
Whatisaribozyme?
4.
DefinerecombinantDNA.
5.
Howcanthehostcellsbemadecompetent?
6.
Whatistransformation?
7.
Nameanytwoengineeredplasmidvectors.
8.
Namethescientistwhodemonstratedthechemicalnatureofnucleicacid?
9.
Whatarerestrictionendonucleases?
10.
WhatisNorthernBlottingusedfor?
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.(Answernottoexceedoneparagraph).
(2x8=16Marks)
11.
Whataremicroarrays?
12.
WhatistheuseofYAC?
13.
GiveanaccountonGenetherapy.
14.
ExplaintheuseofSouthernBlotting.
15.
WriteashortnoteonM13cloningvectors.
16.
Whatisanexpressionvector?
17.
DefineBlueWhitescreening.
18.
Describetheimportanceofalkalinephosphataseingeneticengineering.
19.
WhatisGeneticcode?
20.
GiveexamplesoftwoTGplants?
-116-
21.
ExplaintheprincipleofautomatedDNAsequencing?
22.
Givethesignificanceofshuttlevectors.
SECTIONC
Answerany6questions.Eachquestioncarries4marks.(Answernottoexceed120words).
(4x6=24Marks)
23.
GivethestructuralfeaturesofpBR322.Whataretheusefulpropertiesofthisvector?
24.
ExplainthemechanismofSangersSequencingtechnique.
25.
Giveadetailedaccountonnucleicacidblotting.
26.
Explainthesignificanceofcosmidsandphagmidsingeneticengineering.
27.
Giveanoteonbacteriophagecloningvectors.
28.
ExplainthemethodofconstructionofrDNA.
29.
GivetheoutcomeandsignificanceofHGP.
30.
Describethefeaturesofplasmidvectorswithexamples.
31.
WhatarethescreeningmethodsforrecombinantsinanrDNAexperiment?
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.Eachquestioncarries15marks.(Answernottoexceedthreepages).
(2x15=30Marks)
32.
WhatareDNALibraries?DescribetheTypesandconstructionofDNALibraries.
33.
ExplainthetechniqueofPCR.GivetheapplicationofPCRinvariousfieldsofbiologicalresearch.
34.
Explainindetailaboutmammalianvectors.
35.
ExplaintheroleofenzymesinrDNATechnology.
-117-
FifthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
OpenCourse
BB1581-BIOINFORMATICS
Time:3Hours
MaxMarks:80
SECTIONA
Answerallthequestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarriesonemark
(1x10=10Marks)
1.
Whatisanentryinadatabase?
2.
DefineBLASTp.
3.
WhatwasthecontributionofDayhofftothefieldofBioinformatics?
4.
Defineprimarydatabase.
5.
WhatisEcogene?
6.
Nameanytwoliteraturedatabases.
7.
Whichwasthefirstpublishedcompletedgenesequence?
8.
Whatismetabolomics?
9.
Whataremotifs?Nameamotifidentificationbioinformaticstool.
10.
Whatistandemmassspectrometryusedfor?
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.(Answernottoexceedoneparagraph).
(2x8=16Marks)
11.
Whatisgenomics?
12.
WhatistheuseofPHYLIP?
13.
Whatisgeneticfingerprinting?
14.
Explainthestructureofagenbankrecord.
15.
Whataresplitgenes?
16.
Whatissubtractivehybridisation?
17.
DefinePAMandBLOSUM.
18.
Describetheimportanceoffunctionalgenomicsoverthetraditionalmethodsofgenecloning
andanalysis.
19.
Whatistheroleofbioinformaticsindrugdiscovery?
-118-
20.
WhatisaDNAmicroarray?
21.
Explaintheprincipleofmoleculardocking?
22.
Givethedifferencebetweensimilarityandhomologywithrespecttogenesequenceanalysis.
SECTIONC
Answerany6questions.Eachquestioncarries4marks.(Answernottoexceed120words).
(4x6=24Marks)
23.
ExplaintheNeedlemanandWunschalgorithmforglobalalignment.
24.
Outlinethestructureandcompositionofprokaryoticandeukaryoticgenome.
25.
DescribetheconstructionofphylogenetictreeusingtheUPGMAmethod.
26.
Whyistheproteomelargerthanthegenome?
27.
Whatisamotif?Whatistheuseofaminoacidmotifs?
28.
Explainthebasisofsecondarystructurepredictioninproteins.
29.
Whataresequenceelements?HowaretheyusedinBioinformatics?
30.
Describethefeaturesofanannotateddatabase.
31.
WhataretheusesofNCBI-PUBMED?
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.Eachquestioncarries15marks.(Answernottoexceedthreepages).
(2x15=30Marks)
32.
Whatarethestepsinproteinpredictionandmodellingusingbioinformatics?
33.
Whatareproteinmicroarrays?Whatarethedifferenttypesofproteinmicroarraysandwhatare
theyusedfor?
34.
Explainindetailaboutmultiplesequencealignment.
35.
BrieflyexplainthetoolsofBioinformaticsforsequencealignmentandhomologysearch.
-119-
SixthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
VocationalCourse
BB1671-IndustrialBiotechnology
Time:3Hours
MaxMarks:80
SECTIONA
Answerallthequestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarriesonemark
(1x10=10Marks)
1.
Nametheenzymefirstimmobilisedforindustrialuse.
2.
Giveanexampleofabioinsecticide.
3.
Namethemethodofsterilizationofanantibiotic.
4.
Nameanantifoamagent
5.
DefineBioleaching.
6.
Whatismeantbymoistheatsterilization?
7.
Whicharethemethodsofpasteurisation?
8.
Whichisthemainorganismusedforindustrialproductionofcitricacid?
9.
WhatisYoghurt?
10.
Whatisthefermentedpreparationofcabbage?
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.(Answernottoexceedoneparagraph).
(2x8=16Marks)
11.
Whatisprobiotics?
12.
Whatistheactivatedsludgeprocess?
13.
Compareandcontrastrespirationandfermentation.
14.
Explainthequalitiesofagoodindustrialstrain.
15.
Writeashortnoteonthestructuralcomponentsofafermenterunit.
16.
Whatisdownstreamprocessing?
17.
Whatismeantbysolidsubstratefermentation?
18.
WhatisLagering?
19.
Whatarethecomponentsofagoodfermentationmedium?
20.
Whatarebiofuels?
-120-
21.
DefineBioremediation?
22.
Givetheutilityofcomposting.
SECTIONC
Answerany6questions.Eachquestioncarries4marks.(Answernottoexceed120words).
(4x6=24Marks)
23.
Elaborateonthevariousmethodsoffoodpreservation.
24.
ExplainthestepsinvolvedinCheeseproduction.
25.
WhatisSCP?GivetheadvantagesofSCP.
26.
Explaintheproductionofsilage.
27.
DefineMicrobialspoilage.WhatarethefactorsaffectingMicrobialspoilage?
28.
BrieflyexplainontheroleofindustrialBiotechnologyintheproductionofhealthcareproducts.
29.
ExplaintheadvantagesofBioinsecticideswithexamples.
30.
Describethefeaturesandtypesoftricklingfilters?
31.
Narratetheusefulnessofmicrobialenzymesinfoodindustry.
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.Eachquestioncarries15marks.(Answernottoexceedthreepages).
(2x15=30Marks)
32.
Discussonthemethodsofstrainimprovementinindustrialmicroorganisms.
33.
Narrateanaerobicwastewatertreatment.
34.
Explainindetailaboutthedifferentstepsinvolvedinwineproduction.
35.
WhatarethetypesofBioreactorsusedinIndustrialBiotechnology?Explainthedifferentparts
ofafermenterwithsuitablediagram.
-121-
SixthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
VocationalCourse
BB1672EnvironmentalBiotechnology
Time:3Hours
MaxMarks:80
SECTIONA
Answerallthequestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarriesonemark
(1x10=10Marks)
1.
Namethemicroorganismthatcouldbeusedforthebioaccumulationofsilver.
2.
Giveanexampleofabioinsecticide.
3.
Nameanytwopopularchemicalherbicides.
4.
Givetheutilityofmilbemycin.
5.
DefineBioleaching.
6.
Whatistheheavilypollutedzoneofawaterreservoircalled?
7.
Whatareautotrophs?
8.
DefineBOD.
9.
WhatisBioremediation?
10.
Whatismeantbybiomass?
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.(Answernottoexceedoneparagraph).
(2x8=16Marks)
11.
StatethegeneralcharacteristicsofDomesticwaste.
12.
WhatistheeffectofhighBODonaquaticsystems?
13.
WhatdoesthetermBiodiversitymeans?
14.
Whatisaherbicide?Howcanitberemovedfromthesoil?
15.
WriteashortnoteonBiomineralisation.
16.
WhatisBiodiesel?
17.
Whatismeantbyartificialleaf?
18.
Whataretheusesofmycorrhiza?
19.
Whataretheproblemsassociatedwithusingcoalasafuel?
20.
Howcansugarcanebargassebeusedasafuel?
-122-
21.
DefineBiosphere.Whatarethecomponentsofbiosphere?
22.
GivetheutilityofB.thuringiensisinenvironmentalbiotechnology.
SECTIONC
Answerany6questions.Eachquestioncarries4marks.(Answernottoexceed120words).
(4x6=24Marks)
23.
Elaborateonthemethodofisolationofmicrobefromtheenvironment.
24.
Discussthemethodsofcontrollinginsectpests.
25.
Commentontheeffectsofsolidwastesintheenvironment.
26.
ExplainthemethodofisolationandcultureofNitrogenfixingbacteria.
27.
DefinePollution.Whatarethemethodsofcontrollingpollution?
28.
Howcancombustiblefuelsbeobtainedfromlignocellulosicwastes?
29.
ExplaintheadvantagesofBioinsecticideswithexamples.
30.
Describethefeaturesandtypesofrenewableenergysources.
31.
Narratetheusefulnessofenergycrops.
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.Eachquestioncarries15marks.(Answernottoexceedthreepages).
(2x15=30Marks)
32.
WhatisBioleaching?Describehowmicrobescanbeemployedinenvironmentofores.
33.
Whatarethedifferenttypesofecosystems?
34.
ExplainindetailaboutBioremediation.Inwhatwayisitgoodforenvironmentalcleanup?
35.
WhatareBiofertilizers?Inwhatwayaretheydifferentfromconventionalfertilizers?
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SixthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
ElectiveCourse
BB1682-GeneticEngineering
Time:3Hours
MaxMarks:80
SECTIONA
Answerallthequestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarriesonemark
(1x10=10Marks)
1.
WhatisRAPD?
2.
DefinePlasmid.
3.
Whatisaribozyme?
4.
DefinerecombinantDNA.
5.
Howcanthehostcellsbemadecompetent?
6.
Whatistransformation?
7.
Nameanytwoengineeredplasmidvectors.
8.
WhatispBR322?
9.
Whatarerestrictionendonucleases?
10.
WhatisNorthernBlottingusedfor?
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.(Answernottoexceedoneparagraph).
(2x8=16Marks)
11.
WhatareDNALibraries?
12.
WhatistheuseofYAC?
13.
Giveanaccountonbacteriophagevectors.
14.
ExplaintheuseofSouthernBlotting.
15.
WriteashortnoteonM13cloningvectors.
16.
Whatisanexpressionvector?
17.
DefineBlueWhitescreening.
18.
Describetheimportanceofalkalinephosphataseingeneticengineering.
19.
Whatisnucleicacidsequencingusedfor?
20.
Whatisgeneticcode?
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21.
ExplaintheprincipleofautomatedDNAsequencing?
22.
Givethesignificanceofshuttlevectors.
SECTIONC
Answerany6questions.Eachquestioncarries4marks.(Answernottoexceed120words).
(4x6=24Marks)
23.
GivethestructuralfeaturesofpBR322.Whataretheusefulpropertiesofthisvector?
24.
ExplainthemechanismofSangersSequencingtechnique.
25.
Giveadetailedaccountonnucleicacidblotting.
26.
Explainthesignificanceofcosmidsandphagmidsingeneticengineering.
27.
Giveanoteonbacteriophagecloningvectors.
28.
ExplainthemethodofconstructionofrDNA.
29.
GivetheoutcomeandsignificanceofHGP.
30.
Describethefeaturesofplasmidvectorswithexamples.
31.
WhatarethescreeningmethodsforrecombinantsinanrDNAexperiment?
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.Eachquestioncarries15marks.(Answernottoexceedthreepages).
(2x15=30Marks)
32.
WhatareDNALibraries?DescribetheTypesandconstructionofDNALibraries.
33.
ExplainthetechniqueofPCR.GivetheapplicationofPCRinvariousfieldsofbiologicalresearch.
34.
Explainindetailaboutmammalianvectors.
35.
BrieflyexplainthetoolsofrDNATechnology.
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ModelQuestionPapers
VocationalCoreCourse
BIOTECHNOLOGYPRACTICALS
UNIVERSITYOFKERALA
Career-RelatedFirstDegreeProgramme-CBCSS
Group(2a)-B.Sc.BOTANYBIOTECHNOLOGY
SEMESTERI&II:VOCATIONALCOURSE-BIOTECHNOLOGY
BB1245BIOTECHNIQUES-IPRACTICAL
(PracticalofBB1171,BB1272,)
Time:3hours
MaximumMark:80
SECTIONA-MAJOREXPERIMENT
Ia.
UsingGramstainingtechniqueidentifythebacteriainthegivensampleA.GivethePrinciple
andprocedureofGramstaining.Leavethepreparationforvaluation.
Principle -5 marks; Protocol 8 marks; Preparation 7 marks; Identification- 5 marks
OR
Ib) Determinethegrowthcurveofthebacteria/yeastinthegivensampleA
Procedure 5 marks; Demonstration -10; Results -5; Graphical representation-5
(Totalmark=25)
SECTIONB-MINOREXPERIMENT
II.a) Demonstratestreakplatemethodforisolationandcolonypurification(B).(T-streak/Quadrant
streak/ZigZagstreak)
Principle -5 marks; Procedure 5 marks; Aseptic Plate handling 5 marks ; Result- 5marks
OR
II.b) DemonstratethemotilityofbacteriainsampleBbytheHangingdropmethod.Givetheprocedure
-126-
MaximumMark:80
KEYFOREXAMINERS
I.
A-Sampletobeprovidedbycentre
II.
B-Sampletobeprovidedbycentre
III. SECTIONCC-
D-
Stains/Chemicals-Acidfast,Gramstain,Methyleneblue,Nigrosine,Nutrientagar,EMBagar,
PotatoDextroseagar,MacConkeyAgar,Lactosebrothetc.
E-
Streak plate, Antibiotic disc, Growth curve graph etc, Spoilage of bread, Bacteriophage,
Saccharomyces,Lactobaccilus
ValuationofRecords
StudentsshouldsubmitaPracticalrecorddulycertifiedbytheTeacherinchargeandHeadof
Department.
Record-20marks
-127-
ModelQuestionPaper
ComplementaryCourse
BIOCHEMISTRY
ThirdSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
ComplementaryCourse
BB1331:PhysiologicalaspectsinBiochemistry
Time:3hours
MaximumMarks:80
SectionI
(VeryShortAnswerType-maximumtwosentences)
(Answerallquestions)
(10x1=10marks)
1.
WhatisRubisco?
2.
Whicharethefatsolublevitamins?
3.
Namethe3organellesinvolvedinphotorespiration.
4.
Whatarehighenergycompounds?Give2examples
5.
DeficiencydiseaseofvitC
6.
Nametheionsinvolvedinthephotolysisofwater
7.
Whichglandsecretesgonadotropin
8.
WhatisBMR?
9.
Givethenameof4co-enzymes.
10.
Whatisnitrogenasecomplex?
Section-II
(ShortAnswerQuestions-nottoexceedoneparagraph)
Answeranyeightquestions
(8x2=16marks)
11.
Whataretheconstituentsofblood?
12.
Givethestructureofnephron.
13.
Giveanoteonobesity
14.
Explainrespiratoryacidosisandalkalosis
15.
Whatishemophilia?
-128-
16.
Whatarethefunctionsofcalcium?
17.
GivethefunctionsandsourcesofvitaminE
18.
Whatisaphotosyntheticunit?
19.
Whataretheconstituentsofurine?
20.
Giveanoteonjaundice
21.
Whatarefunctionsofadrenalin?
22.
Whatisglucosetolerancetest?
Section-III
(ShortEssay-nottoexceed120words)
Answeranysixquestions
(6x4=24marks)
23.
WriteaboutC4pathway
24.
Discussliverfunctiontests
25.
WriteanoteonDiabetes
26.
StructureandfunctionofHemoglobin
27.
DeficiencydiseasesofVitA
28.
Explainoxygendissociationcurve
29.
GiveanoteonAtherosclerosis
30.
Outlinecyclicandnon-cyclicphotophosphorylation
31.
Classificationofbloodgroups
Section-IV
(LongEssay)
Answeranytwoquestions
(15x2=30marks)
32.
ExplainCalvincycle.
33.
Detailbloodclotting
34.
Discusstheformationofvariousbloodcells.
35.
Coenzymeformsofvitaminswithexamplesofreaction.
AnnexureI
UNIVERSITYOFKERALA
Career-relatedFirstDegreeprogram
Under CBCS System
Group2(a)
BOTANY&BIOTECHNOLOGY
FoundationCourses,CoreCoursesComplementaryCourses
andOpen/ElectiveCourses
2015
kup221(3)/2014-15