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Eligibility for admission to Career Related First Degree Programme in Botany and
Biotechnology (BSc.Botany and Biotechnology)
Candidatesshallbeadmittedtothecourseprovidedhe/shehaspassedplustwoexaminationsof
thestateorcentralboardwithbiologyasoneofthesubjects
Aim and Objectives
TheCareerrelatedfirstdegreeprogrammeinGroup2(a)isatwomaincoursewithBotanyas
coreandBiotechnologyasVocationalCoresubjectisdesignedtodevelopascientificattitudeandan
interesttowardsthemodernareasofbiotechnologyinparticularandlifescienceingeneral.Itisaimed
togetanaptitudeinBiotechnologywithoutlosingtheimportanceofbasicsciencesuchasBotany.It
willhelpthestudentstobecomecriticalandcuriousintheiroutlook.Thecoursesaredesignedto
imparttheessentialbasicsinbotany,Zoology,chemistry,BiochemistryandBiotechnology.
TheprogrammeconsistsofLanguagecourses,foundationcourses,Complementarycourses,Core
coursesandopenorElectivecourses.Therearetwofoundationcourses,oneisfocusedonthemodern
informationtechnology,statisticsanditsapplicationinmodernlifesciences,andageneralintroduction
andawarenessonBiotechnologyanditsinfluenceinhumanlife.Thesecondfoundationcourseisto
giveageneralintroductionandawarenessinthegeneralinstrumentationanditsprinciplesandapplication
inbiologyandbiotechnology,inadditiontogivebiophysicalbasics.
Thevariouscoursesintheprogrammeisaimedtodevelopproficiencyinthetheoryaswellas
practicalexperiments,commonequipments,laboratory,alongwiththecollectionandinterpretation
andpresentationofscientificdatainpropermanner.Inadditiontothis,studentswillbeequippedwith
knowledgeinthemodernareasofbiotechnologyanditsapplicationinmedicalscience,agriculture,
industry, proteomics, genomics, bioinformatics, nanobiotechnology etc.Apart from understanding
biotechnologyanditspowerindevelopingthenation,itwillcreateawarenessaboutbiotechnology
andwillhelpineliminatingpublicfearaboutthecontributionofbiotechnologyandconfusiononGM
crops, GM foods and transgenic organisms. Students, who pursue this programme and pass out
successfully, will surely have an urge to continue higher studies in Biotechnology and contribute
significantlyinitsdevelopment.
Thetotalminimumcreditsoftheprogrammeis120andthevariouscoursesanditscorresponding
creditsaredepictedinthefollowingtable,whichisfollowedbythegeneralstructureandsemester
wiseallocationofcourses,itscreditsandcontacthours.
ThesubjectcodeisBB(Botany&Biotechnology)
1
1.1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Language
AdditionalLanguage
Foundationcourse
ComplementaryCourse
Corecourses
Opencourse
Project
VocationalCoreCourse
ElectiveCourse

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EvaluationofExamination
DistributionofmarksintheoryandpracticalsbetweenexternalandInternalassessmentis80:
20.Passminimumof40%forexternalandoverallcomponents
CareerRelatedFirstDegreeProgramme
Group2(a)
BOTANY&BIOTECHNOLOGY
Summaryofcourses
Study
Components

Languages
1
English
2
AdditionalLanguage
FoundationCourse
1
MethodologyandPerspectiveofBiotechnology
2
BiophysicsandInstrumentation
ComplementaryCourses
Biochemistry
1
IntroductiontoBiochemistry
2
GeneralBiochemistry
3
PhysiologicalaspectsofBiochemistry
4
Metabolism
5
PracticalBiochemistryIV(Practicalof1,2,3&4)
CoreCourses
Botany
1
Phycology,Mycology,Lichenology&PlantPathology
2
Bryology,Pteridology,Gymnosperms&Paleobotany
3
PracticalBotanyI(Practicalof1&2)
4
AngiospermAnatomyandReproductiveBotany
5
EnvironmentalStudies
6
Horticulture,MushroomCultivation&Marketing
7
Cellbiology,Plantbreedingandevolutionarybiology
8
PracticalBotanyII(Practicalof4,5,6&7)
9
PlantPhysiology
10
AngiospermMorphology&SystematicBotany
11
Genetics
12
EconomicBotany,Ethanobotany&MedicinalBotany
13
PracticalBotanyIII(Practicalof9,10,11&12)

No.of
courses

Credits
/course

Max/
Total
Credits

4
2
2
1
1
5

3
3
2-3
3
2
2-4

12
6
5

T
3
3
4
2

14
P

2
27 2-4
13
L
P
2
3
2
3
4
2
2
2
4
4
3
2

75
35

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Biotechnology(Vocational)

14

40

1
2

Microbiology
MicrobialMetabolism,Genetics&Diseases

1
1

BiotechniquesI(Practicalof1and2)

ProtistaandAnimalDiversity

AnimalPhysiologyandAnatomy

MolecularBiology

7
8

Immunology
BiotechniquesII(Practicalof4,5,6,&7)

RecombinantDNATechnology

10

PlantBiotechnology

11

AnimalBiotechnology

12

FoodandIndustrialBiotechnology

13
14

EnvironmentalBiotechnology
BiotechniquesIII(Practicalof9,10,11,12&13)

4
3
2

OpenCoursesofVocationalSubject

Bioinformatics

FoodanddairyBiotechnology

BasicsofEnvironmentalBiotechnology

ElectiveCoursesofVocationalSubject
1
BioinformaticsandNanobiotechnology

2
2

GeneticEngineering

FoodanddairyBiotechnology

Project

TotalC

4
120

T-Theory
P-Practical
Course structure and syllabus of Career Related First Degree in Biotechnology (2a) as per the
regulations of CBCS
TheCareerrelatedfirstdegreeprogrammeinGroup2(a)BotanyascoresubjectBiotechnology
asVocationalCoresubjectconsistsoftotalof42coursesincludingthelanguagecoursesdistributedin
eightcategories.Theyarelanguagecourses,foundationcourses,Complementarycourses,Corecourses,
CorecourseofVocationalsubject,Opencourseofcoresubjectsandvocationalcoresubjectanda
project.Theprojectiscompulsoryandthestudentsmaybeassignedatopicfortheprojectinthe5th
semesteritselfandshouldbecompletedandsubmittedduringthepracticalassessmentattheendofVI
semester.Thetotalcreditsoftheentireprogrammeis120,andthedistributionofcredits,contacthours
etcforeachcourseineachsemesterissummarizedbelowastables.Totalcreditsforeachsemesteris
20andcontacthoursis25perweekandthetotalworkinghoursforasemesteris450.

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Eachcoursetitleisrepresentedbyacoursecodeconsistingofatwolettersubjectcodefollowed
byfourdigits.Thefirstdigitindicatesthefirstdegreeprogramme,whichisalwaysone.Thesecond
digitindicatedthesemesternumberwhichis1-6,the3rddigitdenotesthecategoryofthecoursewhich
rangesfrom1-8,sincethereareeightcategoriesandthelastdigitindicatestheserialnumberofthe
coursewithinasemester.ThefollowingarethecategoryofcoursesincludedintheCareerOriented
FirstDegreeProgrammeunderthegroup2(a).
Summary of Semester wise hour distribution
SEMESTERI
Course
code

CourseTitle

Teaching
hrs./week
T

Total
Hrs

Total Durationof Marksfor


Credits University Evaluation

Exam

CE

ESE

EN1111

English

90

3Hrs.

20

80

1111.1

Additionallanguage

90

3Hrs.

20

80

BB1121

MethodologyandPerspectiveof
Biotechnology
IntroductiontoBiochemistry

54

3Hrs.

20

80

90

3Hrs.

20

80

BB1141

Phycology,Mycology,
Lichenology&PlantPathology

72

3Hrs.

20

80

BB1171

Microbiology

54

3Hrs.

20

80

450

18

BB1131

Total

25

Hourdistribution:BT-3+3,BO-4,CC-5,LC-5+5=25
SEMESTERII
Course
code

CourseTitle

Teaching
hrs./week
T

Total
Hrs

Total Durationof Marksfor


Credits University Evaluation

Exam

CE

ESE

EN1211

English

90

3Hrs.

20

80

1211.1

Additionallanguage

90

3Hrs

20

80

BB1221

BiophysicsandInstrumentation

36

3Hrs

20

80

BB1231

GeneralBiochemistry

90

3Hrs

20

80

BB1241

EnvironmentalStudies

90

3Hrs

20

80

BB1242

PracticalBotanyI
(PracticalofBB1141&BB1241)

3Hrs

20

80

BB1271

MicrobialMetabolism,Genetics
andDiseases

3Hrs

20

80

BB1272

BiotechniquesI
(PracticalofBB1171,BB1271)

3Hrs

20

80

Total

25

54

450

22

Hourdistribution:BT-3+2,BO-5,CC-5,LC-5+5=25

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SEMESTERIII
Course
code

CourseTitle

Teaching
hrs./week
T

EN1311

English

BB1331

Physiologicalaspectsof
Biochemistry

BB1341

AngiospermAnatomyand
ReproductiveBotany

BB1342

Total
Hrs

Total Durationof Marksfor


Credits University Evaluation

Exam

CE

ESE

90

3Hrs

20

80

90

3Hrs.

20

80

72

3Hrs

20

80

Bryology,Pteridology,
Gymnosperms&Paleobotany

72

3Hrs

20

80

BB1371

ProtistaandAnimalDiversity

72

3Hrs

20

80

BB1372

AnimalPhysiologyandanatomy

54

3Hrs

20

80

25

450

20

Total

Hourdistribution:BT-7,BO-8,CC-5,EN-5=25
SEMESTERIV
Course
code

CourseTitle

Teaching
hrs./week
T

Total Durationof Marksfor


Credits University Evaluation

EN1411

English

BB1431

Metabolism

BB1432

PracticalBiochemIV
(PracticalsofBB1131,BB1231,
BB1331,&BB1431)

BB1441

Horticulture,Mushroom
Cultivation&Marketing

BB1442

Cellbiology,Plantbreedingand
evolutionarybiology

BB1443

PracticalBotanyII
(PracticalsofBB1341,BB1342,
BB1441&BB1442)

BB1471

MolecularBiology

BB1472

Immunology

BB1473

BiotechniquesII
(PracticalofBB1371,BB1372,
BB1471&BB1472)
Total

Total
Hrs

\2

25

Exam

CE

ESE

90

3Hrs.

20

80

90

3Hrs.

20

80

3Hrs.

20

80

72

3Hrs.

20

80

72

3Hrs.

20

80

3Hrs.

20

80

72

3Hrs.

20

80

54

3Hrs.

20

80

3Hrs.

20

80

450

20

Hourdistribution:BT-7,BO-8,CC-5,EN-5=25

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SEMESTERV
Course
code

CourseTitle

Teaching
hrs./week
T

Total
Hrs

Total Durationof Marksfor


Credits University Evaluation
Exam

CE

ESE

BB1541

PlantPhysiology

108

3Hrs

20

80

BB1542

AngiospermMorphology,
systematicBotany

108

3Hrs

20

80

BB1571

RecombinantDNATechnology

72

3Hrs

20

80

BB1572

PlantBiotechnology

54

3Hrs

20

80

BB1573
BB1581

AnimalBiotechnology
OpencourseBioinformatics

2
3

54
54

3
2

3Hrs
3Hrs

20
20

80
80

BB1582

FoodandDairyBiotechnology

54

3Hrs

20

80

BB1583

BasicsofEnvironmental
Biotechnology

54

3Hrs

20

80

Total

19

450

20

Hourdistribution:BT-11+EC2,BO-12=25
SEMESTERVI
Course
code

CourseTitle

Teaching
hrs./week
T

Total
Hrs

Total Durationof Marksfor


Credits University Evaluation
Exam

CE

ESE

BB1641

Genetics

126

3Hrs.

20

80

BB1642

108

3Hrs.

20

80

BB1643

EconomicBotany,Ethanobotany
&MedicinalBotany
PracticalBotanyIII
(PracticalofBB1541,BB1542,
BB1641,BB1642)

3Hrs.

20

80

BB1671

FoodandIndustrialBiotechnology

90

3Hrs.

20

80

BB1672

EnvironmentalBiotechnology

72

3Hrs.

20

80

BB1673

BiotechniquesIII
(PracticalofBB1571,BB1572,
BB1573,BB1671&BB1672)

3Hrs.

20

80

BB1681

ElectiveCourseBioinformatics
andNanobiotechnology

36

3Hrs.

20

80

BB1682
BB1683

GeneticEngineering
Food&DairyBiotechnology

2
2

36
36

2
2

3Hrs.
3Hrs.

20
20

80
80

BB1661

ProjectonBiotechnology

Tutorial1

18

3Hrs.

20

80

25

450

20

Hourdistribution:BT-10+EC2,BO-7+6=25

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TotalworkLoadinHours
Subjects

Work Load in Hours

MainCore-Botany

900

Vocationalcore-Biotechnology

900

Complementary-Biochemistry

360

English

360

SecondLanguage

180

Total

2700
SemesterI
FoundationCourse
BB1121MethodologyandPerspectiveofBiotechnology

Credits3

Contacthours-54

Aim and Objective of the course


Theaimistointroducethemodernscientificmethodsandtofamiliarizebiotechnologyandits
variousareas.Thestudentswillbeabletounderstandhowscienceworks.Studentswilllearnhowto
applystatisticsandITinBiologicalscience.Theywillreceiveageneralawarenessaboutbiotechnology
anditsapplicationinvariousfields.
ModuleI
Science,Designandplanningofexperiment

8hrs

BasicconceptsofWhatisScience,Needforscientificresearch,researchproblem,Importance
ofreviewingtheliterature,Hypothesisformulation(Nullandalternatehypothesis),designingresearch
(sampledesignandresearchdesign),typesofdataandmethodsofdatacollection,Interprerationand
reportwriting.
ModuleII
DatahandlinginscienceandBiostatistics

10hrs

Significance of statistical methods in biological investigations; classification and tabulation,


graphicalanddiagrammaticrepresentation,centraltendency-Mean,Median,Mode-anyonemethod
with simple problems. Standard Deviation, Variance, standard error, Basics of Hypothesis testing
(excludingproblems)
ModuleIII:
OverviewofInformationofTechnology

15hrs

Introduction to Computers, Types, Features of modern personal computers and peripherals,


Characteristicofhardwareandsoftware,overviewofoperatingsystemsandmajorapplicationsoftware,.
IntroductiontouseofITinteachingandlearning-educationalsoftware-INFLIBNET,NICNET,BRNET,
internet as a knowledge repository- google scholar, science direct.Application of IT in medicine,

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healthcareBusiness,Commerce,Industry,Defence,Law,crimedetection,publishing,communication,
resourcemanagement,weatherforecasting,education,filmandmedia.Cyberethics,Cybersecurity,
cybercrime,securityprivacyissues
ModuleIV:

15hrs

Origin and development of Biotechnology- Introduction and definitions, Historic perspectives,


classicalconceptsofbiotechnology,beginningofmodernBiotechnology.ScopeofBiotechnologyCommercialpotential,BiotechnologyinIndiaanditsglobaltrends,MajorBiotechnologyinstitutes
andcompaniesinIndia.
Applicationofbiotechnology(Basicideawithonlyapplicationsneeded).
Industrial Biotechnology, Environmental Biotechnology, Genetic engineering-gene cloning;
applicationsinforensicscience.MedicalBiotechnology-Saferandcheapermedicinesbybiotechnology;
AgricultureBiotechnology;GeneticallyModifiedcrops;GeneticallymodifiedLivestockandpoultry;
FoodBiotechnology-applicationofbiotechnologyinfoodprocessing,Traditionalandmodernfood
processing.
ModuleV
SafetyandEthicsinBiotechnology-

6hrs

GoodLaboratoryPractices(GLP),GoodLaboratoryPracticesforStudents,Qualitycontrolin
manufacturing,GoodmanufacturingPractices(GMP),MarketingofBiotechnologyProducts.Impact
ofBiotechnologyonSociety,Ethicalissuesinbiotechnology.IPRandPatentsinBiotechnology-basic
conceptsofIPR,patentsandcopyrights,plagiarism.
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

AnIntroductiontoBiostatistics:AManualforstudiesinHealthSciences.,P.SundarRao,and
J.Richard.,PrenticeHall.
BiotechnologiesandthePublic:AnInternationalStudyofPolicy,MediaCoverageandPublic
Attitudesfrom1973to1996(1995-1998),HelgeTorqersen,InstituteofTechnologyAssessment.
BiotechnologyandEthics:ABlueprintfortheFuture,DanielCallahanPresident,HastingsCenter,
CenterforBiotechnology,NorthwesternUniversity.
Biotechnology:Issues,EthicsandRegulations,TinaM.Prow,CommunicationsSpecialist,Office
ofAgriculturalCommunicationsandEducation.
ComputersToday,AlexisLeonandMathewsLeon.,LeonVikas.
ConceptualIntegratedscience,Hewitt,PaulG,SuzanneLyons,ohnA.Suchocki&enniferYeh.,
Addison-Wesley.2007.
CulturalBoundariesofScience,Gieryn,T.F.UniversityofChicagoPress,1999.
FundamentalsofInformationTechnology,AlexisandMathewLeon.,LeonVikas
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&biotechn9ology,Nair,A.J.,InfinitySciencePress,USA.
IntroductiontoInformationTechnology,V.Rajaraman.,PrenticeHll.
LearningComputerFundamentals.,RameshBangia.,KhannaBookPublishers
MethodsforTeachingScienceasInquiry,Bass,Joel,Eandet.al.,Allyn&Bacon,2009Thetruth
ofscience,NewtonR.G.,
PatentinginBiotechnology-PartI,R.StephenCrespi,Tibtech,Vol.9,117-122,1991.

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14.
15.

16.
17.
18.

PeoplesPerceptionofBiotechnology,RenatoSchibeci,IanBarns.
PlantBiotechnology:FactsandPublicPerception,D.Boulter,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,
UniversityofDurham,SouthRoad,DurhamDH13LE,U.K.Phytochemistry(Vol.40,No.1,
pp.1-9,1995).
PublicAttitudestoGeneticallyEngineeredProducts,WendyRoss,KatyMarsh,AlexiJackson,
JaquiSkoyles,(1998),JohnInnesCentre,Norwich,U.K.
SocialissuesinScienceandTechnology:AnEncyclopedia,DavidE.Newton(ABC-CLIO,Santa
Barbara),1999.
The Golem: What every one should know about science, Collins H. andT. Pinch,Cabridge
UniversityPress,1993.
Semester1
CoreCourse
BB1141Phycology,Mycology,Lichenology&Plantpathology

Credit2

Contacthours72(Theory36+Practical36)

Aim and Objective: Toimpartbasicknowledgeaboutlowerplantssuchasalgae,fungi,Lichen


andthediseasescausedbytheseorganuismsinplants.Thiswillgiveanaccountonthelifecycle,
habitat,anatomy,classificationanditsinvolvementinthelifecycleofothermemebersoflivingworld.
Module-I

14hrs

Phycology
1.
IntroductionRangeofthallusstructurePhylogenictrendsPigmentsReproductionLife
cycleClassificationbasedonF.EFritsch
2.
Salientfeaturesofthefollowingmajorgroupswithreferencetothestructure,reproductionand
lifecycleofthetypesgivenbelow(Excludingthedevelopmentaldetails)
a.
CyanophyceaeNostoc
b.
Chlorophyceae-Chlorella,Volvox,Oedogonium,Cladophora,andChara
c.
XanthophyceaeVaucheria
d.
BacillariophyceaePinnularia
e.
PhaeophyceaeSargassum
f.
Rhodophyceae-Polysiphonia
Economicimportanceofalgae
a.
b.
c.
Module-II
Mycology
1.
2.

Roleofalgaeinsoilfertility-FertilizerNitrogenfixation-Symbiosis
CommercialproductsofalgaeAgar,Alginates,Carrageenin,Diatomaceousearth
Algae-medicinalaspects,algalbloomsandredtides
12hrs

Introduction, structure, reproduction, life cycle, evolutionary trends, Classification based on


Ainsworth.
Distinguishingcharactersofdifferentclassesoffungirepresentingthefollowinggenera(Excluding
Developmentaldetails)

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3.

a.
b.
c.

Myxomycotina-Generalcharacters.
Zygomycotina-Rhizopus
Ascomycotina

Hemiascomycetes-Saccharomyces
Plectomycetes-Penicillium
Pyrenomycetes-Xylaria
DiscomycetesPeziza

d.

Basidiomycotina

Teliomycetes-Puccinia
Hymenomycetes-Agaricus

e.

Deuteromycotina-Cercospora.

EconomicimportanceofFungi

Module-III
Lichenology

4hrs

Lichens-natureofassociation-classification-habitandhabitat-TypeUsnea-thallusmorphology
internalstructurereproduction-economicimportance.
Module-IV
PlantPathology
1.
2.
3.

6hrs

Introductiontoplantpathology.Classificationofplantdiseasesonthebasisofcausativeorganisms
andsymptomsHostparasiteinteraction.
Studyofthefollowingdiseaseswithemphasisonsymptoms,diseasecycleandcontrolmeasures
ofLeafmosaicofTapioca,CitrusCanker,BlastdiseaseofPaddy,RootwiltofCoconut
Briefaccountofthefollowingfungicides-Bordeauxmixture,Limesulphur,Tobaccodecoction,
Neemcake&oil.

Practicals

36hrs

Phycolcogy

16hrs

1.
2.

Makemicropreparationsofvegetativeandreproductivestructuresofthetypesmentionedinthe
syllabus.
Identifythealgalspecimensuptothegenericlevelandmakelabelledsketchesofthespecimens
observed

Mycology

10hrs

A detailed study of structure and reproductive structures of types given in the syllabus and
submissionofrecord.
Rhizopus,Saccharomyces,Penicillium,Xylaria,Peziza.Puccinnia.AgaricusandCercospora
Lichenology

4hrs

MakemicropreparationofvegetativeandreproductivepartsofUsnea.Makesketchesofthe
specimensobserved.

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PlantPathology
1.
2.

6hrs

IdentifytheDiseasesmentionedwithrespecttocausalorganismandsymptoms
StudentsshouldbetrainedtopreparethefungicideBordeauxmixture&Tobaccodecoction.

SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

AlainDurieux2009,AppliedMicrobiology,SpringerInternationalEdition
AlexopoulosC.J&MIMSC.V1988.IntroductoryMycology,JohnWiley&Sons.
ChapmanV.J&ChapmanD.J,TheAlgae,Macmillan.
Dr.G.Gunasekharan-LabortaryManualofMicrobiologyNewAgePub:
FritschF.B1945,StructureandReproductionofAlgaeVol.I&II.CambridgeUniversityPress.
Heritage.L.2007,IntroductoryMicrobiology,CambridgeUniversityPressIndiaPvtLtd
JimDeacon2007,FungalBiology,4thedition,BlackwellPublishing,AneBooksPvt.Ltd.
KanikaSharma2009,ManualofMicrobiology,AneBooksPvt.Ltd.
MamathaRao2009,MicrobesandNonfloweringplants,Impactandapplications;AneBooks
Pvt.Ltd.
R.C.Dubey&D.K.Maheswari-AtextBookofMicrobiologyChand&Co:
Schlegel,2008GeneralMicrobiology,CambridgeUniversityPressIndiaPvtLtd
SinghV,PandeyPCandJamD.K1998,ATextBookofBotanyforUnderGraduateStudents,
RastogiPublications.
SinghV.,PandeyP.CandJainD.K1998,ATextbookofBotanyforUndergraduateStudents,
RastogiPublications.
SmithG.M1955,CryptoganiicBotany,Vol.IMcGrawHill.
VashishtaB.R.1990,BotanyforDegreeStudents,Fungi,S.Chand&Co.
VasishtaB.R1990,BotanyforDegreeStudents,Algae,S.Chand&Co.
WebsterJ1970,IntroductiontoFungi,CambridgeUniversityPress.

Semester-I
ComplementaryCourse
BB1131IntroductiontoBiochemistry
Credits:3

TotalContactHours:90
(Theory54+ractical36)

Aim and Objective: To give basic awareness about the concepts and physical aspects in
biochemistryandtodevelopanalyticalskillsinstudentsinordertopreparethemtouseinstruments.
ModuleI
Structuralfeaturesofwatermolecule,dissociationofwater,ionicproductofwater,acidsand
bases,conceptsofpH,pOH,theoreticalcalculationsofpHandpOH,dissociationofweakacids,
buffersbufferactionandbuffercapacity,buffersinbiologicalsystem,HendersonHasselbalchequation,
simplenumericalproblemsinvolvingapplicationofthisequation.

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ModuleII
Solutions:Meaningofnormality,molality,molarity,percentagesolution,molefraction,parts
permillion,simplenumericalproblemsfromtheabove,fundamentalprinciplesofdiffusion,osmosis,
osmoticpressure,VantHoffslawsofosmoticpressure,simplenumericalproblems,definitionof
isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions, biological importance of osmosis, surface tension,
viscosity.
ModuleIII
Colloids:Definitionoftruesolutions,suspensions,colloidsandcrystalloids,distinction
betweenlyophilicandlyophobiccolloids,propertiesofcolloids,biologicalsignificanceofcolloids,
emulsionsandemulsifyingagents,Donnanmembraneequilibrium,Donnanequationanditssignificance.
ModuleIV
Colorimetry and Spectrophotometery: Beer-Lamberts law, molar extinction coefficient,
colorimeter,spectrophotometer.
Centrifugation:Principleofsedimentationtechnique,principleandprocedureandapplication
of differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, ultra centrifugation, rate zonal
centrifugation,IsopycniccentrifugationpHmeter:Principleandworking.
ModuleV
Chromatography:Principleprocedureandapplicationofpaper,TLC,ion-exchange,affinityand
gelfiltrationchromatography.
Electrophoresis; Principle,procedureandapplicationofzoneelectrophoresispaperelectrophoresis,
gelelectrophoresis(nativePAGE,SDS-PAGE).
ModuleVI
Bio-organicchemistry:(Commonfunctionalgroupsandtheirsignificanceinbiomolecules
OH,-SH,-CHO,-C=O,-COOH,-NH2,-NH.IntraandIntermolecularinteractionsinbiologicalsystem:
Hydrogenbond,Covalentbond,hydrophobicinteraction,disulphidebond,Peptidebonds,glycosidic
bond, Phosphodiester linkage,Watson- Crick basepairings,VanderWalls force. Classification of
isomerismwithexamples.
Practicals
1.

WeighinginChemicalbalance

2.

Preparationofsolutions-percentage,molar&normalsolutions,dilutionfromstocksolutionetc.

3.

Demonstrationofdialysis

4.

DemonstrationofPAGE

5.

DemonstrationofPaperChromatography

6.

DemonstrationofThinLayerChromatography

7.

ColorimetryandSpectrophotometrytechniques

8.

VerificationofBeerLambertslaw

9.

Verificationofmolarextinctioncoefficientofanyknowncompound

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SuggestedReadings
1.
PhysicalBiochemistrybyDavidFreifelderPublisher:W.H.Freeman&CoLtd.(September
1976)
2.
ABiologistsGuidetoPrinciplesandTechniquesofPracticalBiochemistrybyBryan
L.Williams,KeithWilsonHodderEducation,
3.
Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry by Keith M. Wilson, John M. Walker
CambridgeUniversityPress.
4.
TheToolsofBiochemistrybyCooper,T.G.1977.Publisher:JohnWiley&Sons
5.
BiophysicalChemistryPrinciples&TechniquesHandbook(2003)byAvinashUpadhyay,
KakoliUpadhyay,NirmalenduNathPublisher:HimalayaPublishingHouse.
6.
HawksPhysiologicalChemistry,BernardL.Oser(ed)TATAMcGrawHillPublishingCompany
LTD,NewDelhip10-15.
7.
ExperimentalBiochemistry:AStudentCompanion,BeeduSasidharRao&VijayDeshpande,
I.KInternationalPvt.LTD,NewDelhi.
8.
IntroductoryPracticalbiochemistry,S.K.Sawhney&RandhirSingh(eds)NarosaPublishing
House,NewDelhi.
9.
FundamentalsofBiochemistrybyJ.L.Jain,SunjayJainandNitinJain(2008)Publishers:
S.Chand&CoLtd.
10. TextBookofMedicalBiochemistrybyMNChatterjeaandRShinde,3rdedition,JAYPEE
Publishers,NewDelhi.
11. IntroductiontoBiophysicsbyPranabKumarBanerjee(2008)Publishers:S.Chand&Company
ltdISBN:81-219-3016-2.
12. Biochemistry:AStudentssurvivalGuidebyHiram.F.Gilbert(2002)Publishers:McGrawHill
13. PracticalBiochemistryPrinciplesandTechniques,KeithWilsonandJohnWalker,4thEdition.

SemesterI
CoreCourseVocational
BB1171Microbiology
Credits-4

Contacthours-54(T36+P18)

Aim and Objective: The course on microbiology is destined to give a thorough and basic
understandinginvariousaspectsofclassicalMicrobiology,whichformsthebasisofanybiotechnology
application.Studentswereexpectedtomasterthemajortheoreticalandpracticalexpertisefromthis
course.
ModuleI
Introduction

6hrs

Scope and history of microbiology: Pasteurs experiments, Diversity of Microbial world


Sterilization-conceptofsterilization,methodsofsterilization-dryheat,wetheatorsteam,radiation,
chemicalandfiltration.

-14-

ModuleII

6hrs

Classificationofmicroorganisms:bacteria,virus,fungi,protozoa;conceptofmicrobialspecies,
strains,biovars,serovars.IntroductiontoBergeysmanual
Microbialcellstructure-Eukaryoticandprokaryoticcells,GrampositiveandGramnegative
bacteria,Structureofabacteria;Motilityinbacteria,kindsofflagellaandultrastructureofflagella;
Sporulation
ModuleIII
Bacterialnutrition

6hrs

Culturemedia-typesanduses,BacterialGrowthcurve,factorsaffectinggrowthofmicrobes;
measurementofgrowth;Batchculture,fedbatchcultureandcontinuousculture;Synchronousgrowth
ofmicrobes.
PurecultureMethods:Directplating,Serialdilutiontechnique,Spreadplate,streakplate,pour
plate;slantcultureandstabculture,Culturetechniquesofanaerobes(anytwo)
ModuleIV

6hrs

AgriculturalMicrobiology
Biologicalnitrogenfixation,freelivingandsymbioticnitrogenfixation,MechanismofNitrogen
fixation;Mycorrhizalassociations;Biofertilizers-typesandapplications;Rhizosphereeffect
ModuleV
EnvironmentalMicrobiology

6hrs

Biogeochemical cycles-Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulphur and Phospherous; Methanogenic bacteria


Extremphiles-ThermophilesAcidophiles,Halophilesandalkalophiles;Biotechnologicalapplication
ofextremophiles
ModuleVI
Virology

4hrs

Viruses,generalcharacteristics,viralculture,Structureofviruses,Bacteriophages,Structureof
T4bacteriophage;LyticandLysogeniccycles
ExperimentsforMicrobiologyPractical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

18hrs

Laboratorysafetyandgoodlaboratorypractices
PrinciplesandapplicationofLaboratoryinstruments-microscope,incubator,autoclave,centrifuge,
LAF,filterationunit,shaker,pHmeter.
CleaningandSterilizationofglasswares
Preparationofmedia-NutrientAgarandBroth
InoculationandculturingofbacteriainNutrientagarandnutrientbroth
Preparationofagarslant,stab,agarplate
Purificationtechniques-streakplatingmethod-Tstreaking,Quadrant,ZigZag;pourplate,spread
plate
Stainingofbacteria-Simplestaining,Gramstaining,Acidfaststaining,Negativestaining.

-15-

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

GrowthofBacteriainliquidmedia:Determinationofkineticsofbacterialgrowth
MicroscopictestsforbacterialmotilityHangingdropmethod
Isolationofbacteriafromairopenplatemethod
Enumerationofbacteriainagivensoilsampleusingpourplatemethod
Microbiologicalexaminationofvarioustypesofwaterincludingcommercialandordinarydrinking
water
Quantificationoffungiandactinomycetes

SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

ATextbookofMicrobiologyP.Chakraborthy,NewcentralBookagencyPvt.Ltd,calcutta
ModernconceptofMicrobiologyDDKumar,SKumar;VikasPublishingHousePvt.Ltd.
NewDelhi
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-A.J.Nair;Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
IntroductiontoMicrobiology-JHeritage,EGVEvans,RAKillington;CambridgeUniversity
Press.
Microbiology(7thEd)-PrescottL.M.,Harley,J.P.,andKleinD.A.McGrawHill,NewYork
PrinciplesofBiotechnologyA.J.NairLaxmiPublicationsNewDelhi
AdvancesinMicrobiologyJPTewari,TNLakhanpal,ISingh,RGuptaandBPChanola;AP
HPublishingCorporation,NewDelhi.
Microbiology:PrinciplesandExplorationsJacquelynG.Black.PrenticeHall,NewJersey.
Microbiology-PDSharma;RastogiPublications,Meerut
HoltJ.S;KriegN.R;Sneath,P.H.A.andWilliamsS.T1994.BergeysManualofDeterminative
bacteriology.(9thed).Williams&Wilkins,Baltimore
SemesterII
FoundationCourse
BB1221Biophysics&Instrumentation

Credits:2

Contacthours36

AimandObjectives
Theaimistointroducethephysicalaspectsandbioenergeticsofthelivingsystemandtofamiliarize
theprincipleandworkingofvariousinstrumentsusedinbiotechnologyexperiments.Thestudentswill
beabletounderstandthefundamentalsofbiophysicsandthegeneralinstrumentaltechniquesusedin
biotechnology.
ModuleI
Introductiontobiophysics:

8hrs

Laws of thermodynamics(excluding problems);Action potential generation in neurons;


Mechanismofvision,visionfaultsandtheircorrection;muscularmovements;hearing,generationand
reception of sonic vibrations, hearing aids; fluorescence and phosphorescence; Isotopes and
radioisotopes,radioactivetracertechnique.

-16-

ModuleII
BiophysicsofRespiration
Oxidativephosphorylation-Respiratoryelectrontransportchainandsequenceofelectroncarriers,
synthesisofATP;structureofATPsynthase,chemiosmotichypothesis,Bioenergieticsofrespiration
ModuleIII

6hrs

Microscopy
PrincipleofMicroscopy,varioustypesofMicroscopy-Simple,phasecontrast,fluorescenceand
electronmicroscopy(TEMandSEM),ModerndevelopmentsinMicroscopy-Atomicforcemicroscopy,
Confocalmicroscopy
ModuleIV

8hrs

Bioinstrumentation
Basicprinciplesandworkingofinstruments-pHmeter,spectrophotometer(UVandVisible)and
colorimeter- Beer-Lambert law. Brief account of densitometry, fluorimetry, atomic absorption
spectroscopy,IR, NMRandX-raycrystallographyandMassspectrometry,differential anddensity
gradientcentrifugation.
ModuleV

6hrs

Electrophoresis-Principleofelectrophoresis,ComponentsofPolyacrylamidegels,nativegel
electrophoresis,SDSPAGE,immunoelectrophoresis,isoelectricfocusing,Submarineelectrophoresis,
Autoradiography
Practicals
Familiarizingtheworkingofthefollowinginstruments
1.
2.
3.
4.

pHMeterUseofpHMeter,FamiliarizationoftheinstrumentandPreparationPhosphatebuffers
anddeterminationofpH.
SpectrophotometerFamiliarizationoftheworkingoftheinstrument,Quantitativeestimation
ofSugarsbyDinitrosalysilicacidandProteinsbyLowrysMethod
Developmentofabsorptionspectraofchlorophylloranyotherbiologicalsample
ElectrophoresisdemonstrationofPAGEandAgaroseGelElectrophoresis

SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

ATextbookofBiophysics-RNRoy,NewcentralBookAgencyPvt.Ltd,Calcutta.
Biochemistry.,Voet,D&Voet,J.G
Biophysics-S.ThiruviaRaj,SarasPublications,Tamilnadu.
Biophysics,Volkenstein,M.V
IntroductiontobiophysicalchemistryMartin
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-A.J.Nair;Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
LehningersBiochemistry,NelsonD.LandCox,M.M.,WorthPublishers,NewYork
MolecularBiologyofthegene,Watsonetal.
PrinciplesofBiotechnology-AJNair,LaxmiPublications,Newdelhi
Biochemistry;LubertStryer;(5thEd)W.H.FreemanandCompany,NewYork

-17-

SemesterII
CoreCourse
BB1241EnvironmentalStudies
Credits4

ContactHours90(T72+P18)

Aim and Objective: Studentsshouldacquireabasicunderstandingaboutthestructurefunctionofthe


environmentanditsinteractionwiththelivingsystems.Itwillimpartthegeographicaldistributionof
plantsandtheimpactofhumaninterventionintheenvironmentandthedelicatebalanceofvarious
factorsintheenvironment.Itgivesanideaaboutthevarioustypesofbiodiversityandtheinfluenceof
environmentalpollutiononthebiodiversity.
ModuleI
1.

14hrs

Definition-Scopeandrelevancetosocietyandhumanenvironment.Needforpublicawareness

NaturalResources
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Renewableandnon-renewableresources.
Forestresources:Useandoverexploitation.Deforestation.
Mineralresources:Useandexploitation,Environmentaleffectsofextractingandusingmineral
resources.
Waterresources:Useandoverexploitationofsurfacewaterandgroundwater,floods,drought,
Foodresources:Foodproblems-Changescausedbyagricultureandovergrazing,effectsof
modernagriculture,fertilizer-pesticideproblems,waterloggingandsalinity.
Energyresources:Growingenergyneeds,renewableandnon-renewableenergysources,useof
alternateenergysources.
Landresources:Landasaresource,landdegradation,Maninducedlandslides,soilerosionand
desertification.
Roleofanindividualinconservationofnaturalresources.

ModuleII

6hrs

Ecosystems
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

Ecosystems-Conceptofanecosystem-structureandfunctionofanecosystemBioticandabioticcomponents-Energyflowinanecosystem.
Ecologicalsuccession-Definition&types.
Foodchains-Foodweb&ecologicalPyramids.
Introduction-types,characteristicfeatures,structureandfunctionsofthefollowingecosystems
(Briefstudyonly).
A1.Forestecosystem2.Grasslandecosystem3.Desertecosystem4.Aquaticecosystems-Ponds,
Streams,Rivers,Oceans,Estuaries.
B Morphological, anatomical& physiological adaptations of Hydrophytes, Xerophytes,
Halophytes,Epiphytes,Parasites.

ModuleIII
Biodiversityanditsconservation
1.

Introduction

14hrs

-18-

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Definition-genetic,speciesandecosystemdiversity.
Bio-geographicalclassificationofIndia.
Valueofbio-diversity:social,ethical,aestheticandoptionvalues.
Biodiversityatglobal,Nationalandlocallevels.Indiaasmega-diversitynation
Hot-spotsofbiodiversity.Threatstobiodiversity:habitatloss,poachingofwildlife,man-wild
lifeconflicts.
Endangered and endemic species of India. Conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and Ex-situ
conservationofbiodiversity.NationalParksandWildlife sanctuaries.Ecologicalniche,ecotypes&ecologicalindicators.

Environmentalpollution
1.
2.
3.

Definitioncauses,effectsandcontrolmeasuresof1.Airpollution2.Waterpollution3.Soil
pollution4.Marinepollution5.Noisepollution6.Thermalpollution7.Nuclearhazards.
SolidwasteManagement-(Briefaccountonly):Causes,effectsandcontrolmeasuresofurban
andindustrialwastes.
Disastermanagement(Briefaccountonly):Floods,earthquake,cycloneandlandslides

ModuleIV

14hrs

SocialissuesandtheEnvironment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

From unsustainable to sustainable development. Urban problems related to energy. Water


conservation,Rainwater
Harvesting,watershedmanagement.Environmentalethics:Issuesandpossiblesolutions.
Climatechange.Globalwarming,acidrain,ozonelayerdepletion,nuclearaccidentsandholocaust.
EnvironmentprotectionAct.Air[preventionandcontrolofpollution]Act.Water[preventionand
controlofpollution]Act.WildlifeProtectionAct.ForestconservationAct.HillpreservationAct.
Publicawareness.ForestManagement.
BriefstudyofthemajorforestsinIndia.Influenceofforestonenvironment.Socialforestry.
MangrovevegetationofKerala
Needofprotectionofmangrovevegetation.

ModuleV
Phytogeography

6hrs

PrinciplesandvegetationaltypesofIndia-tropicalrainforest,sholasanddeciduousforestsanddunesandmangroves,scrubjungle,phytogeographicalregionsofIndia.
Practical
1.
2.
3.
4.

Study of ecological and anatomical modifications of Xerophytes, Hydrophytes, halophytes,


epiphytesandParasites.
Studyofplantcommunitybyquadratmethod.
Observationandstudyofdifferentecosystemsmentionedinthesyllabus.
PhytogeograpgicalregionsofIndia.

SuggestedReading
1.

18hrs

AhluwaliaVKandSunithaMalhotra2009,Environmentalscience,AneBooksPvt.Ltd.

-19-

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

AmbashtR.S.TextbookofPlantEcology,StudentsandFriends&Co.Varanashi.
Chandoco.SWeaverandClementsPlantEcology,McGrawHillPublications,NewYork.
ChapmanJ.L.(2006)Ecology-PrinciplesandApplication.CambridgeUniversityPressIndia
Pvt.LtdCourses,UniversitiesPress,UniversityGrantsCommission
ErachBharuchaTextbookofenvironmentalStudiesforundergraduate
KumaresanB.PlantEcology&PhytogeographyRastrogiPub:
MisraSPandPandeySN,2009,EssentialEnvironmentalstudies,AneBooksPvt.Ltd.
OdumEugenePFundamentalsofEcology,Edn.Philladephia&Saunders,Tokyo,Toppon.
Periasamy,K.ElementsofPlantEcology,(M.K.Publications).
PrithipalSingh2007-AnIntroductiontoBiodiversity.AneBooksPvt.Ltd
Sharma,P.D.ElementsofEcology(RastogisCompanyLtd.,Publications).
TheGeographyofFloweringPlants-Good
VashistaP.CPlantEcologyEdu.VishaliPublications.
VermaandAgarwalPrinciplesofEcology,S.ChandandCo.
Verma,P.S.andV.K.Agrawal.2004.CellBiology,Genetics,MolecularBiology,Evolutionand
Ecology.S.Chand&CompanyLtd.,NewDelhi.
SemesterII
CoreCourse
BB1242PracticalBotany-I
(PracticalofBB1141&BB1241)

Credit2

Phycolcogy
1.
2.

2.

16hrs

Makemicropreparationsofvegetativeandreproductivestructuresofthetypesmentionedinthe
syllabus.
Identifythealgalspecimensuptothegenericlevelandmakelabelledsketchesofthespecimens
observed

Mycology
1.

PracticalofBB1141ContactHours:72
36hrs

10hrs

A detailed study of structure and reproductive structures of types given in the syllabus and
submissionofrecord.
Rhizopus,Saccharomyces,Penicillium,Xylaria,Peziza.Puccinnia.AgaricusandCercospora

Lichenology

4hrs

MakemicropreparationofvegetativeandreproductivepartsofUsnea.Makesketchesofthe
specimensobserved.
PlantPathology
1.
2.

6hrs

IdentifytheDiseasesmentionedwithrespecttocausalorganismandsymptoms
StudentsshouldbetrainedtopreparethefungicideBordeauxmixture&Tobaccodecoction.

-20-

PracticalofBB1241

36Hrs

Bryology

10hrs

1.
2.
3.

RicciaHabit-InternalstructureofthallusV.S.ofthallusthrougharchegonia,antheridiaand
sporophyte
MarchantiaHabit-thallusT.S.,thalluswithArchegonialreceptacle,Antheridialreceptacle,Male
receptacleV.S.,FemalereceptacleeVS.,T.S.ofthallusthroughgemma,SporophyteV.S.
Funaria-Habit,V.S.ofarchegonialcluster,V.S.ofantheridialcluster,SporophyteV.S.

Pteridology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

12hs

Psilotum:Externalfeatures,stemT.S.,synangiumT.S.
Lycopodium:Habit,stemT.S.,stobilusV.S.
Selaginella : Habit , rhizophore T. S , stem T . S, axis with strobilus, V .S. of strobilus,
Megasporophyllandmicrosporophyll.
Equisetum-Habit,rhizomeandstemT.S.andV.S.ofstrobilus.
Pteris-Habit,PetioleT.S.,sporophyllT.S.,prothallus
Marsilea-Habit,RhizomeandpetioleT.S.,sporocarpT.S,V.S.&R.L.S.

Gymnosperms

10hrs

Practical
1
2.
3.

Cycasseedling,coralloidrootandcoralloidrootT.S.,T.S.ofleafletandpetiole,microand
megasporophyll,maleconeV.S.,microsporophyllT.S.,entireandV.S.ofovule.
Pinus-Branchofindefinitegrowth,spurshoot,T.SofoldstemandneedleR.L.SandT.L.S.of
stem,maleandfemalecone,V.S.ofmaleandfemalecone.
Gnetum-:Habit,stemT.S(youngandmature),leafT.S,maleandfemalestrobilus,V.S.ofmale
andfemalecone,ovuleV.S.andseed

Plaeobotany
1.
2.

4hrs

FossilpteridophytesRhyniaStem,Lepidodendron,Lepidocarpon.
Gymnosperm-Lygenopteris
Semester-II
ComplementaryCourse
BB1231GeneralBiochemistry

Credits:3

ContactHours:90(T54+P36)

Aim and Objective: Tofamiliarizethestudentswiththebuildingblocksoflivingmatter,thebiomolecules,


theirstructure,components,reactions,theirderivatives,biologicalsignificanceandthebasicteststo
identifythem.
ModuleI
Chemistryofcarbohydrates:Classification,opticalisomerism,DandLseries,epimers,aldoses
andketoses,structuralrelationshipsofaldoses,ringstructureofmonosaccharides,anomers,mutarotation,

-21-

chemicalreactionsofglucose,glycosides,deoxysugars,aminosugars,sugaralcoholsandsugaracids,
O-acylO-methylderivativesofmonosaccharides,ozazone,disaccharides,structureandimportant
properties of sucrose, maltose, isomaltose, lactose and cellobiose, Trisaccharide (examples only),
structureandimportantpropertiesofpolysaccharides-starch,glycogen,cellulose,andchitin.Qualitative
testforcarbohydrates.
ModuleII
ChemistryofLipids:Classification,fattyacids,structureandproperties,reactionsoffattyacids,
triglycerides-generalstructureandproperties,acidnumber,Saponificationnumberandiodinenumber
fats, glycerol, Acrolein test. Phospholipids- structure and function of phosphatidyl choline and
phosphatidylethanolamine.Sphingolipids,-structureandfunctionofcerebrosidesandgangliosides.
Steroids-structureofcholesterolandergosterol.Colourreactionsofsterols.
ModuleIII
ChemistryofAminoacidsandproteins:Classificationofaminoacids,aminoacidsoccurringin
proteins,opticalactivity,UVabsorption,Zwitterions,chemicalreactionsofaminoacids,proteins,
biological significance, classification fibrous proteins, globular proteins, conjugated proteins,
hydrolysisofproteinsandseparationofaminoacids.
ModuleIV
Proteins:Physicalproperties,solubility,isoelectricpointandisoelectricprecipitation,elementary
studyofprimarysecondary,tertiaryandquaternarystructureofproteins,colourreactions,precipitation
reactions, denaturation, oligopeptides,aminoacidanalysis ofproteins,hemoglobin- functionsand
componentsofplasmaproteins.
ModuleV
ChemistryofNucleicacids:Basecompositions,structureofpurinesandpyrimidines,riboseand
deoxyribose,nucleosidestructure,nucleotides-nomenclature,structureofpolynucleotideDNA,RNA
primarystructureandinternucleotidelinkage.WatsonandCrickdoublehelixmodelofDNA,different
typesofRNA.
ModuleVI
Enzymes:Classificationandnomenclature,unitsofenzymeactivity,progresscurve,effectof
enzymeconcentration,substrateconcentration,temperatureandpHonreactionvelocityofenzyme
catalyzed reactions. Michaelis - Menten constant, enzyme affinity, Michaelis - Menten equation
(Derivationnotexpected),Enzymespecificity,differenttypes,enzymeactivation,enzymeinhibitioncompetitiveandnon-competitive,LineweaverBurkplot,applicationofLBplot,allostericregulation
(Briefstudy).Coenzymes.
Practical
1.

GeneralreactionsofCarbohydratesandLipids

Carbohydrates-Glucose,Fructose,Xylose,Sucrose,Maltose,Starch&DextrinCarbohydratesMolischstest,Anthronetest,Fehlingstest,Benedictstest,Picricacidtest,Barfoedstest,Bialstest,
Seliwanoffstest,Iodinetest,HydrolysisofSucroseandStarch,Ozazonetest.Fattyacids:Stearicacid/
Oleicacid.Tests-Solubility,Translucentspottests,TestforUnsaturationGlycerolTests-Acroleintest,
Boraxfusiontest,Solubility.CholesterolTests-Solubility,Salkowskireaction,Liebermann-Burchard
reaction

-22-

SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

LehningerPrinciplesofBiochemistry,4thEditionbyDavidL.Nelson
E.S.West,W.R.Todd,H.S.MasonandJ.T.vanBruggen,ATextBookofBiochemistry,
OxfordandIBHPublishingCo.,NewDelhi,1974.
Biochemistry(2004)byDonaldVoet,JudithG.VoetPublisher:JohnWiley&SonsInc
PrinciplesOfBiochemistry(1995)byGeoffreyLZubay,WilliamWParson,DennisEVance
Publisher:McGraw-HillBookCompanyKoga
FundamentalsofBiochemistrybyJ.L.Jain,SunjayJainandNitinJain(2008)Publishers:
S.Chand&CoLtd.
TextBookofBiochemistry,5theditionbyDMVasudevanandSreekumarS,JAYPEEPublishers,
NewDelhi,.
HawksPhysiologicalChemistry,BernardL.Oser(ed)TATAMcGrawHillPublishingCompany
LTD,NewDelhip10-15.
ExperimentalBiochemistry:AStudentCompanion,BeeduSasidharRao&VijayDeshpande,
I.KInternationalPvt.LTD,NewDelhi.
IntroductoryPracticalbiochemistry,S.K.Sawhney&RandhirSingh(eds)NarosaPublishing
House,NewDelhi.
SemesterII
CoreCourseVocational
BB1271MicrobialMetabolism,GeneticsandDiseases

Credits:3

Contacthours-54(T36+P18)

Aim and Objective:Thiscourseisdesignedtogetanin-depthknowledgeinMicrobialmetabolism,


microbialgenetics,andmicrobialdiseases.ThisknowledgeisveryimportantasfarasBiotechnology
isconcerned.Thestudentsareexpectedtomasterallmicrobialrelatedtechniquestopursuestudiesin
biotechnology.
ModuleI
IntroductiontoMicrobialmetabolism

12Hrs

Overviewofmetabolism,EnergyandATP;Metabolicdiversityamongmicrobes-autotrophsand
hetrotrophs;Nutritionalclassificationofbacteria;Uptakeofsolutesintobacterialcell.
Photosynthesis in bacteria - photosynthetic pigments of bacteria- chlorophyll a and bacterio
chlorophyll,carotenoids,phycobiliproteins,leghaemoglobin,mechanismofphotosynthesisinbacteria
andcyanobacteria
Respirationinbacteria-aerobicrespiration,Glycolysisandtricarboxylicacidcycle,Electron
transportandoxidativephosphorylationinBacteria;Anaerobicrespiration-Fermentation-lacticacid
andalcoholfermentation
ModuleII

12Hrs

Bacterialgenetics
Transferofgeneticinformationinbacteria,Bacterialchromosomes-DNA,Plasmids,different
typesofplasmids-stringentandrelaxed;Colplasmids,non-conjugative,mobilizableplasmids,resistance
plasmidsandtransferabledrugresistance.

-23-

BacterialMutationSpontaneousmutation,inducedmutations,Isolationofauxotrophs-replica
platingtechnique;Testformutagenicity-Amestest;Briefaccountonrepairmechanisms
Bacterialrecombination:Conjugation-Fertilityfactors,F+andF-cells,Fpili,Highfrequency
recombination.Transformation-Griffithseffect,evidenceofDNAasgeneticmaterial;TransductionLambdapahage-bacterialrecombinationthroughtransduction.
ModuleIII

12Hrs

BacterialDiseasesofHumans
Airbornebacterialdiseasesstreptococcaldiseases,tuberculosis;Foodborneandwaterborne
bacterialdiseases;Foodborneandwaterborneintoxications-Botulism,Staphylococcalfoodpoisoning;
Food borne and waterborne infections- Typhoid fever, salmonellosis, Cholera, Shigellosis, E.coli
Diarrhea;Soilbornebacterialdiseases-Anthrax,Tetanus,Leptospirosis.
ViraldiseasesofHumans-Pneumotropicviraldiseases-Influenza,Adenoviralinfections,Rhinoviral
infections,Dermatoviraldiseases-Herpessimplex,chickenpox,Measles,Rubella;ViscerotropicViral
diseases-yellowfever,Denguefever;Neurotropicviraldiseases-rabies,Polio.
Practical
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

18Hrs

IsolationandidentificationofE.colifromwatersamplesanditsidentification.
Isolationofmicroorganismsfromspoiledfoodmaterials
Isolationofstarchdegradingmicroorganisms-fungus/bacteria.
Examinationofmicrobialfloraoftheskin
Examinationofthemicrobialfloraofmouth.
Inhibitionofmicroorganismsbyantibacterialagentsbydiscdiffusionmethod
IsolationofPlaque-formingBacteriophagefromsewagesamples
Growthkineticsofbacteriaoryeast.

SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

ATextbookofMicrobiologyP.Chakraborthy,NewcentralBookagencyPvt.Ltd,calcutta
ModernconceptofMicrobiologyDDKumar,SKumar;VikasPublishingHousePvt.Ltd.
NewDelhi
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-A.J.Nair;Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
IntroductiontoMicrobiology-JHeritage,EGVEvans,RAKillington;CambridgeUniversity
Press.
MicrobiologyLMPrescott,BrownPublishers,Australia
PrinciplesofBiotechnologyA.J.NairLaxmiPublicationsNewDelhi
AdvancesinMicrobiologyJPTewari,TNLakhanpal,ISingh,RGuptaandBPChanola;AP
HPublishingCorporation,NewDelhi.
Microbiology:PrinciplesandExplorationsJacquelynG.Black.PrenticeHall,NewJersey.
Microbiology-PDSharma;RastogiPublications,Meerut
Microbiology(7thEd)-PrescottL.M.,Harley,J.P.,andKleinD.A.McGrawHill,NewYork

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SemesterII
CoreCourseVocational
BB1272Biotechniques-I(PracticalofBB1171&BB1271)
Credit2

Contacthours:36
PracticalofBB1171

ExperimentsforMicrobiologyPractical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

18hrs

Laboratorysafetyandgoodlaboratorypractices
PrinciplesandapplicationofLaboratoryinstruments-microscope,incubator,autoclave,centrifuge,
LAF,filterationunit,shaker,pHmeter.
CleaningandSterilizationofglasswares
Preparationofmedia-NutrientAgarandBroth
InoculationandculturingofbacteriainNutrientagarandnutrientbroth
Preparationofagarslant,stab,agarplate
Purificationtechniques-streakplatingmethod-Tstreaking,Quadrant,ZigZag;pourplate,spreadplate
Stainingofbacteria-Simplestaining,Gramstaining,Acidfaststaining,Negativestaining.
GrowthofBacteriainliquidmedia:Determinationofkineticsofbacterialgrowth
MicroscopictestsforbacterialmotilityHangingdropmethod
Isolationofbacteriafromairopenplatemethod
Enumerationofbacteriainagivensoilsampleusingpourplatemethod
Microbiologicalexaminationofvarioustypesofwaterincludingcommercialandordinarydrinkingwater
Quantificationoffungiandactinomycetes
PracticalofBB1271

ExperimentsforMicrobialMetabolism,genetics&diseases
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

18hrs

IsolationandidentificationofE.colifromwatersamplesanditsidentification.
Isolationofmicroorganismsfromspoiledfoodmaterials
Isolationofstarchdegradingmicroorganisms-fungus/bacteria
Examinationofmicrobialfloraoftheskin
Examinationofthemicrobialfloraofmouth.
Inhibitionofmicroorganismsbyantibacterialagentsbydiscdiffusionmethod
IsolationofPlaque-formingBacteriophagefromsewagesamples
Growthkineticsofbacteriaoryeast.

SemesterIII
CoreCourse
BB1341AngiospermAnatomyandReproductiveBotany
Credits3

ContactHours72(T54+P18)

Aimandobjective:Thecourseisaimedtobringthebasicconceptandunderstandingbouttheanatomy
ofthefloweringplantsanditsrelationshiptothephysiologyandenvironmentaladaptabilityofthe

-25-

plants.Italsogivesabasicideaonthereproductionanddevelopmentofthefloweringplantsandits
adaptationtosuittoitsenvironment.
Module-I
AngiospermAnatomy
1.
2.

8hrs

Objectiveandscopeofplantanatomy
Cellwallorganization-Grossstructure-PrimaryandsecondarywallpitsplasmodesmatamicroscopicandsubmicroscopicstructuresExtracellwallmaterial.Nonlivinginclusionsof
thecellReservefood-secretaryproducts,byproducts.

ModuleII
15hrs
3.
TissuesMeristems,Definition,Classificationbasedonorigin,position,growthpatterns,functions.
4.
Apicalmeristems&theoriesonapicalorganization-Apicalcelltheory,Histogentheory,Tunica
-Corpustheory.Organizationofrootapexindicots&monocots.
5.
PermanenttissuesDefinition,classification-simple,complexandsecretory.
6.
TissuesystemsEpidermaltissuesystems-stomata,structureandfunctions,Groundtissuesystems
&vasculartissuesystems.Differenttypesofvasculararrangements
ModuleIII
7.
8.

9.

13hrs

PrimarystructureRoot,stemandleaf[Dicot&Monocot].
Secondarygrowth-Rootandstem-cambium(structureandfunction)annularrings,heartwood
andsapwood,tyloses,ringporouswoodanddiffuseporouswood,peridermformation-phellum,
phellogenandphelloderm;lenticels
Anomaloussecondarygrowth-Bignonia,Boerhaavia,Dracaena.

ModuleIV
ReproductiveBotany
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

14hrs

Introductiontoangiospermembryology
Microsporogenesis-structureandfunctionsofwalllayers.
Developmentofmalegametophyte-Dehiscenceofanther.
Megasporogenesis-Developmentoffemalegametophyte-Embryosac-Developmentandtypes
-MonosporicPolygonumtype,Bisporic-Alliumtype,TetrasporicAdoxatype.
Pollination -Fertilization- Barriers offertilization -Germinationof pollengrainsDouble
fertilization.
StructureofEmbryo-Dicot[Capsella],Monocot[Sagittaria]Endospermtypes,itsdevelopment
andfunctions.

ModuleV

4hrs

Palynology: Pollen structure, pollen morphology, pollen allergy - viability test for pollen grains,
Economicimportanceanditsimportanceintaxonomy
Practical
Anatomy
1.

Nonlivinginclusions-Cystolith,Raphide,Sphaero-raphide,Aleuronegrains.

18hrs

-26-

2.

Starchgrains(Eccentric,concentric,compound)

3.

Simplepermanenttissue-Parenchyma,Chlorenchyma,Aerenchyma,CollenchymaandSclerenchyma

4.

PrimarystructureDicotstem:Hydrocotyle,Eupatorium.

5.

Monocotstem:GrassandAsparagus.

6.

Dicotroot:PeaandLimnanthemum

7.
8.

Monocotroot:Colocasiaoranymonocotroot.
Secondarystructure-Stem[Normaltype]-Vernonia

9.

Secondarystructure-Root[Normaltype]-Tinospora,Caricapapaya,oranynormaltype

10.

Secretory tissue: Resin canal, Nectary, Latex vessel, Lysigenous and Schizogenous cavities.
LaticifersArticulatedandnonarticulated.
EpidermalstructuresStomata.
Anomaloussecondarythickening-Bignonia,Dracaena,Boerhaavia
Leafanatomy-Dicotleaf:Ixora.Monocotleaf:Grass

11.
12.
13.

ReproductiveBotany
Studentsshouldbefamiliarwiththestructureofantherandembryo(Permanentslidescanbe
used)
Palynology
StudyofpollenmorphologyofthefollowingplantsHibiscus,Vinca,Balsam,Ixora,Crotalaria,
Bougainvilleabymicroscopicobservation.
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

EsauK.(1965)-PlantAnatomyWileyEastern,NewYork.
FahnA.(1985)-PlantAnatomyPergamonPress,Oxford.
MaheswariP.-EmbryologyofAngiosperms-VikasPub:
NairPKKPalynologyofAngiosperms
Pandey,B.P.(1997)-PlantAnatomy-S.Chandandco.NewDelhiBiology-McGrawHillCo,
NewYork.
PrasadandPrasad(1972)OutlinesofBotanicalMicrotechnique,Emkaypublishers,NewDelhi
CoutlerE.G.(1969)PlantAnatomyPartICellsandTissuesEdwardArnold,London.
Vashista.P.C(1984)-PlantAnatomyPradeepPublicationsJalandhar

SemesterIII
CoreCourse
BB1342Bryology,Pteridology,Gymnosperms&Paleobotany
Credit:3

Contacthours:90(Theory54+Practical36)

Aim and Objective: Students should be trained in basic botany such as lower plants like
Bryophytes,Pteridophytes,Gymnosperms,etc.togetanin-depthknowledgeinthe4variousaspectsof
Biotechnology.Thisisthemainpurposeofthiscourse.

-27-

Module-I
Bryology

12hrs

1.

IntroductionandClassification

2.

Studyofthehabit,thallusorganization,vegetativeandsexualreproductionandalternationof
generationofthefollowingtypes(Developmental details are notrequired). Riccia,Marchantia,
Funaria

3.EconomicImportanceofBryophytes.
Module-II

8hrs

Pteridology
1.

Introduction:GeneralcharactersmorphologicalandclassificationbySmith.

2.

Studyofthehabitat,habit,internalstructure,reproductionandlifecycleofthefollowingtypes
(Developmental details not required).Psilotum,Lycopodium,Selaginella,Equisetum,Pteris
andMarsilea.

Module-III
3.

8hrs

GeneralTopics:StelarevolutioninPteridophytes,heterosporyandseedhabit,relationshipsof
pteridophyteswithbryophytesandgymnosperms,economicimportanceofpteridophytes.

Module-IV

22hrs

Gymnosperms
1.

Introductionandclassificationofgymnosperms.

2.

StudyoftheHabit,Anatomy,Reproductionandlifecycleofthefollowingtypes(Developmental
details are not required) Cycas,PinusandGnetum

3.

Evolutionary trends in gymnosperms - Relationship of gymnosperm with pteridophytes and


angiosperms
Economicimportanceofgymnosperms.

4.

Module-V
Plaeobotany

4hrs

1.

FossilformationTechniquesofstudy.

2.
3.
4.

Geologicaltimescale.Evolutionarytrends
FossilpteridophytesRhynia,Lepidodendron,Lepidocarpon.FossilGymnosperm-Lygenopteris.
AppliedaspectsofPalaeobotany-Explorationoffossils22

Practical

36Hrs

Bryology

10hrs

1.
2.

RicciaHabit-InternalstructureofthallusV.S.ofthallusthrougharchegonia,antheridiaand
sporophyte
MarchantiaHabit-thallusT.S.,thalluswithArchegonialreceptacle,Antheridialreceptacle,Male
receptacleV.S.,FemalereceptacleeVS.,T.S.ofthallusthroughgemma,SporophyteV.S.

-28-

3.

Funaria-Habit,V.S.ofarchegonialcluster,V.S.ofantheridialcluster,SporophyteV.S.

Pteridology

12hs

1.

Psilotum:Externalfeatures,stemT.S.,synangiumT.S.

2.

Lycopodium:Habit,stemT.S.,stobilusV.S.

3.

Selaginella : Habit , rhizophore T. S , stem T . S, axis with strobilus, V .S. of strobilus,


Megasporophyllandmicrosporophyll.

4.

Equisetum-Habit,rhizomeandstemT.S.andV.S.ofstrobilus.

5.

Pteris-Habit,PetioleT.S.,sporophyllT.S.,prothallus

6.

Marsilea-Habit,RhizomeandpetioleT.S.,sporocarpT.S,V.S.&R.L.S.

Gymnosperms

10hrs

1.

Cycasseedling,coralloidrootandcoralloidrootT.S.,T.S.ofleafletandpetiole,microand
megasporophyll,maleconeV.S.,microsporophyllT.S.,entireandV.S. ofovule.

2.

Pinus-Branchofindefinitegrowth,spurshoot,T.SofoldstemandneedleR.L.SandT.L.S.of
stem,maleandfemalecone,V.S.ofmaleandfemalecone.

3.

Gnetum-:Habit,stemT.S(youngandmature),leafT.S,maleandfemalestrobilus,V.S.ofmale
andfemalecone,ovuleV.S.andseed

Plaeobotany
1.
2.

4hrs

FossilpteridophytesRhyniaStem,Lepidodendron,Lepidocarpon.
Gymnosperm-Lygenopteris

SuggestedReading
1.
AndrewsH.N.(1967)-StudiesonPalaeobotanyC.J.Felix.
2.

ArnoldC.A(1947)-IntroductiontoPalaeobotany-McGrawHillCo.NewDelhi.

3.

ChopraRNandP.K.BiologyofBryophytes-WileyEasternLtd.NewDelhi

4.

Coutler.J.M.-andChamberlainC.J.(1958)MorphologyofGymnosperms-CentralBook
Depot,Allahabad

5.

GuptaV.K.andVarshneyaU.D(1967)AnIntroductiontoGymnospermsKedarnath,Ramnath
Meerut.

6.

PariharN.S.AnintroductiontoBryophyta-CentralBookDepot.Alahabad

7.

SmithG.M.(1955)-CryptogamicBotanyVol.IIMcGrawHillCo.NewDelhi

8.

SporneK.R.(1966)-MorphologyofPteridophytes-HutchinUniversityLibrary,London

9.

SporneK.R.(1967)-MorphologyofGymnosperms-HutchinUniversityLibrary,London

10.

VashistaB.R.(1993)-PteridophytaS.Chandandco.NewDelhi

11.

VashistaB.R.(1993)Gymnosperms-S.Chandandco.NewDelhi

12.

VasishtaB.R.-Bryophyta-S.ChandandCo.NewDelhi

-29-

Semester-III
ComplementaryCourse
BB1331PhysiologicalaspectsinBiochemistry
Credits:4

ContactHours:90(Theory54,Practical36)

Aim and Objective: Thecourseisintendedtointroducethestudenttothebasicsofphysiological


aspectsandtofamiliarizethestudentswiththebasicsofhumannutrition.
ModuleI

10Hrs.

BiochemistryofBlood:Physicalpropertiesandconstituentsofblood,typesofbloodcells-RBC,
WBC, lymphocytes and platelets. Hemoglobin: Structure and function of hemoglobin, types of
hemoglobin,abnormalhemoglobin,bilepigmentsformation,ironmetabolism-absorptionand
transport.Bloodclotting:Mechanismofbloodclotting(Intrinsicandextrinsicpathway),clottingfactors,
anticoagulants, bleeding time, clotting time, hemopoesis, - blood forming organs, erythropoeisis,
leucopoiesis.Bloodgroups:Classification,chemicalbasisforbloodgroupspecificity.
ModuleII

10Hrs.

Nutrition:Vitamins-Definition,classification-fatsolubleandwatersoluble,source,chemical
nature(withoutstructure)functionsofvitamins.Deficiencydiseases.Nutrition:Caloricvalue,BMR,
Carbohydrates,fatsandproteins.Minerals:OutlinestudyofsourcesandfunctionsofCa,Na,K,Iand
Fe.
ModuleIII

7Hrs

Detoxification:Metabolismofforeigncompoundsintheliver-oxidation,conjugation,hydrolysis,
reduction,examplesofeachtype.Liverfunctiontest.Structureofnephron,formationofurine,renal
functiontest,renalthreshold,constituentsofurine.
ModuleIV

9Hrs

RespirationandAcid-Basebalance: Respiration: Partial pressure of gases, chemical and


physiologicaleventsaffectingthediffusionofO2andCO2,exchangeofCO2duringrespiration,
transportofgasesinblood,carbonicanhydrase,chlorideshift,oxygendissociationcurve,Bohreffect.
AcidBasebalance:Bodywaterbalance,buffersinblood,respiratoryacidosisandalkalosis,metabolic
acidosisandalkalosis.
ModuleV

9Hrs

Clinical BiochemistryandEndocrinology:Elementarystudyof:Diabetes,hypercholesterolemia,
Hemophilia,Arthrosclerosis,ObesityandJaundice.
Endocrinology:Organizationofendocrinesystem,classificationandfunctionsofadrenalin,nor
adrenalin,cortisone,Cortisol,corticosterone,deoxycorticosterone,Estradiol,thyroxine,TSH,ACTH,
Gonadotropin,GH,Oxytocinandvasopressin,peptidehormones.(Structureofadrenalin,nor-adrenalin,
cortisone,T3andT4alonerequired)
ModuleVI

9Hrs

Photosynthesis:Outlinesofcyclicandnon-cyclicphotophoshorylation,photosystemsIandII,
Pathofcarbonindarkreaction-Calvincycle,photorespirationandC4pathway(basicstudy),nitrogen

-30-

cycle,nitrogenfixation-nitrogenasecomplex,nitrogenassimilation-roleofglutamatedehydrogenase
andsynthetase(outlinestudyonly).
Practicals

36Hrs

GeneralreactionsofAminoacids&Proteins
Aminoacids-Tests-Solubility,Ninhydrinreaction,Xanthoproteicreaction,Millonstest,Mornerstest,
Glyoxalicacidtest,Ehrlichstest,Nitroprussidetest,Leadacetate,TestforMethionine,Aldehydetest,
Sakaguchireaction,Isatintest(anyfour)
Proteins-Tests-Solubility,Ninhydrinreaction,Xanthoproteicreaction,Folins,Lowry,Heatdenaturation,
TCAprecipitation,Alcoholprecipitation.
Demonstration experiments
EnzymeAssays

Urease/Trypsin
KineticsofUrease/Trypsin(EffectofpH,substrateConcentration,enzymeconcentrationand
temperature)
ProgresscurveofUrease/Trypsin
Digestionofcarbohydratesactionofsalivaryamylase

SuggestedReadings:
1.

AdvancedTextBookonFoodandNutrition,VolIandII,Dr.MSSwaminathan.2ndedition.The
BangalorePrintingandPublishingCoLtd.

2.

ArthurVander,JamesSherman,andDorothyLucianoVanderetal.:HumanPhysiology:The
MechanismofBodyFunction,EighthEditionTheMcGraw-HillCompanies.

3.

ExperimentalBiochemistry:AStudentCompanion,BeeduSasidharRao&VijayDeshpande,
I.KInternationalPvt.LTD,NewDelhi,

4.

HawksPhysiologicalChemistry,BernardL.Oser(ed)TATAMcGrawHillPublishingCompany
LTD,NewDelhip10-15.

5.

Human Physiology (2001) by Andrew Davies, GH Blakeley, Cecil Kidd Publisher:


ChurchillLivingstone

6.

HumanPhysiology(2001)byBipinKumarPublisher:CampusBooksInternational

7.

HumanPhysiology(2001)byKCSawantPublisher:DominantPublishers&Distributors

8.

IntroductoryPracticalbiochemistry,S.K.Sawhney&RandhirSingh(eds)NarosaPublishing
House,NewDelhi,

9.

PlantBiochemistrybyHans-WalterHeldtProfessorEm(3ed2004)Publisher:Academic

10.

PrinciplesOfBiochemistry,6e(1959)byAbrahamWhite,PhilipHandlerPublisher:TataMcGrawhillPublishingCompanyLimited

11.

TextbookofMedicalBiochemistryforMedicalStudentsbyDMVasudevanandSreekumari
S.5thedition,JapeeBrothers,MedicalPublishers,

12.

TextbookofMedicalPhysiology,11/ewithStudentConsultAccess(2005)byArthurCGuyton,
JohnEHallPublisher

-31-

SemesterIII
CoreCourseVocational
BB1371ProtistaandAnimalDiversity
Credits4

ContactHours72(Theory54+Practical18)

Aim and Objective: Thiscourseisdesignedinsuchawaytogetabasicinsightintothediversityof


animalsanditsmorphologicalandphysiologicaladaptationssuitedtotheirecosystems.
ModuleI
Classificationoforganisms

4hrs

Twokingdomsystem;Threekingdomsystem;Fourkingdomsystem;Fivekingdomsystem
ModuleII
KingdomProtista

6hrs

Taxonomicpositions,generalfeaturesandclassification.Salientfeaturesofthefollowingphyla
withbriefnoteontheexamplescited
PhylumRhizopoda.eg.Entamoeba;PhylumDinoflagellataeg.Noctiluca;PhylumParabasalia
eg.Trichonympha;PhylumCiliophoraeg.Paramecium;PhylumApicomplexaeg.Plasmodium(Detailed
studyoflifehistoryandpathogenicity)
ModuleIII
KingdomAnimalia

28hrs

Salientfeatures;Levelsoforganization:cellular,tissue,organandsystem;Branches-Mesozoa,
parazoaandeumetazoa;Eumetazoa-Radiataandbilateria;Bilateria-Protostomiaanddeuterostomia;
Acoelomata,pseudocoelomataandeucoelomata;Schizocoelaandenterocoela;Bodysegmentation,
metamerismandpseudometamerism.
Salientfeaturesofthefollowingphyla;Classificationuptoclasses;Externalfeatures,adaptations
andeconomicimportanceofexamplescited
PhylumPorifera
ClassCalcareaeg.Sycon;ClassHexactinellida;ClassDemospongiae
PhylumCnidaria(Coelenterata)
ClassHydrozoaeg.Obelia(mentionalternationofgeneration)ClassScyphozoaeg.Aurelia;
ClassAnthozoaeg.Seaanemone
PhylumPlatyhelminthes
ClassTurbellariaeg.Bipalium;ClassCestodaeg.Taeniasolium;ClassTrematodaeg.Fasciola
PhylumNematoda
ClassSecernentea(Phasmida)eg.Ascaris;ClassAdenophorea(Aphasmida)eg.Trichinella

-32-

PhylumAnnelida
Polychaeta-Class Polychaeta eg. Nereis; Clitellata-Class Oligochaeta eg. Earthworm; Class
Hirudomorphaeg.Hirudinaria
PhylumMollusca
ClassAplacophora eg. Neomenia; Class Monoplacophora eg. Neopilina; Class Bivalvia
(PelecypodaorLamellibranchiata)eg.Pearloyster;ClassPolyplacophoraeg.Chiton;ClassGastropoda
eg.Pia;ClassCephalopodaeg.Sepia;ClassScaphopodaeg.Dentalium
PhylumOnychophoraeg.Peripatus
PhylumArthropoda
SubphylumTrilobitomorpha-ClassMerostomataeg.Limulus; ClassArachnidaeg. Scorpion;
ClassPycnogonida.
SubphylumMandibulata-ClassCrustaceaeg.Prawn(Penaeus);ClassChilopodaeg.Scolopendra;
ClassSymphylaeg.Scutigeralla;ClassDiplopodaeg.Spirostreptus;ClassPauropodaeg.Pauropus;
ClassInsectaeg.Cockroach(mouthparts;digestivesystemandnervoussystem)
Pestsof:(1)Paddy:LeptocorisaacutaandSpodopteramauritia(2)Storedfoodgrains:Sitophilus
oryzaeandTribolium
PhylumEchinodermata
ClassAsteroideaeg.Starfish;ClassOphiuroideaeg.Brittlestar;ClassEchinoideaeg.seaurchin;
ClassHolothuroideaeg.Seacucumber;ClassCrinoideaeg.Sealily
ModuleIII
PhylumChordata

16hrs

Salientfeaturesofthephylumchordata;Classificationuptoclasses;Externalfeatures,adaptations
andeconomicimportanceofexamplescited.
SubphylumUrochordataeg.Ascidia;SubphylumCephalochordataeg.Amphioxus;Subphylum
Vertebrata;SuperclassAgnathaeg.Petromyzon;SuperclassPisceseg.Scoliodon;SuperclassTetrapoda
ClassAmphibia:Frog(Rana)generalcharacters;detailedstudyonNervoussystemeg:,Ambystoma
(mentionaxolotllarva).
ClassReptiliaeg.Calotes
Snakes:Identificationofnonpoisonousandpoisonoussnakes-Nonpoisonoussnakeseg.Ptyas
Poisonoussnakeseg.Naja,Viper,Bungarus
ClassAves(Birds):Flightlessbirds.eg.Ostrich
Flyingbirdseg.Pigeon(morphologyanddifferenttypesoffeathers);Flightadaptationsofbirds
ClassMammalia
eg.Echidna,kangaroo,bluewhale
Adaptationsofaquaticmammals

-33-

Practicals

18Hrs

Identificationandassigningthesystematicpositionofthefollowingspecimens:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

Protozoa-any4.
Porifera-any2.
Coelenterata-any5.
Aschelminthes-any2.
Platyhelminthes-any4(adaptationsofparasiticformstobestressed)
Annelida-any4.
Minorphyla-any2.
Arthropoda-any10(includingatleast5insectpestsofpaddy/bananaplant/storedfoodgrains
and2beneficialinsects).
Mollusca-any8(includingany2beneficialandany2harmfulspecies).
Echinodermata-any5(representingoneeachfromfivedifferentclasses).
Prochordates-Ascidia,Branchiostoma(Amphioxus).
Pisces-any8(including2cartilaginousfishes,2fisheswithaccessoryrespiratoryorgans,4common
foodfishes).
Amphibia-any3(representingtheordersApoda,UrodelaandAnura).
Reptilia-any5(includungatleastonepoisonousandonenon-poisonoussnakeofKerala).
Aves-any3commonbirdsofKerala(basedonmuseumspecimensorfieldobservations).
Mammalia-any5(basedonmuseumspecimensorfieldobservations).

Note:
Practicalexaminationsshallgiveemphasisonsystematicsofanimals.Questionsontaxonomy
maybedesignedsoastoassessthestudentsknowledgeinidentificationoforganismsandassigning
thesystematicpositiondowntotheprescribedtaxa.Studentsmaybeaskedtoarrangeamiscellaneous
groupofanimalsintodifferenttaxonomicgroupsinchartformmentioningthesalientfeaturesofthe
groups.
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

RuppertE.E.,FoxRandBarnesR.D.(2004)InvertebrateZoology.ThomsonBooks/Cole.USA.
EkambaranathaAyyar,M.andAnanthakrishnan,T.N.AManualofZoology.VolII
Jordan,E.L.andVerma,P.S.InvertebrateZoology.S.ChandandCo.
Jordan,E.L.andVerma,P.S.VertebrateZoology.S.ChandandCo.
Kotpal,R.L.(2002)ModernTextBookofZoology:Invertebrates.RastogiPublishers.
Kotpal,R.L.(2002)ModernTextBookofZoology:Vertebrates.RastogiPublishers.
MayerE.(1980)PrinciplesofSystematicZoology.TataMcGrawHillPublishingCo.NewDelhi.
Vijayakumaran Nair K, J. Jayakumar and P.I. Paul (2007) Protista andAnimal Diversity.
Academica.
Nayar,K.K.etal.General&AppliedEntomologyTMH
NigamS.(1978)InvertebrateZoology.S.NaginandCo.
HickmanC.P.andRobertsL.S.(1994)AnimalDiversity.Wm.C.Brown,Dubuque,IA
VenugopalRaoetal.(2003)IntegratedInsectPestManagement.Agro.

-34-

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

TheNewEncyclopediaBritannica,Macropedia,(1998).EncyclopediaBritannicaInc.,Chicago.
GreenN.P.O.,etal(2000)BiologicalScience.CambridgeUniversityPress.
OutlinesofZoology-EkambaranathaIyer;ChandPublications,NewDelhi
BruscaR.C.andBruscaG.J.(1990)Invertebrates.SinauerAssociates,Sunderland,MA.
PearseVandPearseJ,BuchsbaumMandBuchsbaumR.(1987)LivingInvertebratesBlackwell
ScientificPublications,California.
Chandler,A.C.andRead.Parasitology.
Dhami,P.S.andDhami,J.K.InvertebrateZoology.R.ChandandCo.
Dhami,P.S.andDhami,J.K.VertebrateZoology.R.ChandandCo.
EkambaranathaAyyar,M.andAnanthakrishnan,T.N.AManualofZoology.VolI
InvertebrateZoology-Chandpublications,NewDelhi
ManualofZoologyEkambaranathaIyer;ChandPublications,NewDelhi
VertebrateZoology-ChandPublications,NewDelhi
SemesterIII
CoreCourseVocational
BB1372AnimalPhysiologyandAnatomy

Credits3

ContactHours54(T36+P18)

Aim and Objective: Thiscoursewillgiveveryfundamentalandessentialinformationabouttheanatomy


andfunctioningofthevarioustypesofcell,tissuesandorgansinselectedmodelorganisms.
ModuleI

5hrs

Animalcell,Tissues,organsandorgansystems
Nutrition:feedingmechanisms,digestion-typesofdigestion,basicmechanismsofdigestion,digestive
systemanditsfunction,Humandigestivesystem
ModuleII

4hrs

Respiratorysystem-Respiration,typesofrespiration,cellularrespiration-oxidationofglucose,Human
respiratorysystem,pulmonaryrespiration
ModuleIII

5hrs

Circulatorysystem:Circulation,typesofcirculation-openandclosedcirculation,Humancirculatory
system,HumanHeart,heartbeat;Tissuefluid,Lymphaticsystem-comparisonofbloodandlymph
ModuleIV

5hrs

Reproductivesystem-reproduction,typesofreproduction-asexual,sexualandvegetativereproduction
Humanreproductivesystem-gametogenesis,spermatogenesis,structureofhumansperm,Oogenesis,
Menstrualcycle,Humanembryogenesis
ModuleV

5hrs

Excretorysystem:Excretionanditssignificance,excretoryproductsofbody,Excretoryorgansof
invertebrates,excretoryorgansofvertebrates,

-35-

Nephrones-structureandfunction,Kidneysstructureandfunction,Formationofurine,Dialysis,
Accessoryexcretoryorgans-skin,itsstructureandfunction.
ModuleVI

4hrs

Bioregulatorysystem:Glands,Hormones,Endocrineglandsandfeedbackmechanism
ModuleVII

5hrs

Nervoussystem:Neurons-structureandfunction,nervoussystemofinvertebratesandvertebrates,
HumanNervoussystem
ModuleVIII

3hrs

Skeletalandmuscularsystem-Humanskeletonandmuscularsystem
Practical
MinorPracticals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.

Nereis-parapodium.
Earthworm-bodysetae.
Cockroach-mouthparts.
Cockroach-salivaryglands.
Prawn-appendages.
Fishes-differenttypesofscales(placoid,ctenoidandcycloidscales).

Majorpracticals
1.
2.
3.
4.

Earthworm-nervoussystem.
Cockroach-alimentarycanal.
Cockroach-nervoussystem.
Prawn-nervoussystem.

SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

ArthurC.Guyton,TextbookofMedicalPhysiology,W.B.SuandersCo.
C.C.Chatterjee,HumanPhysiologyVol.1&2-;MedicalAlliedAgency
Chandler,A.C.andRead.Parasitology.
Dhami,P.S.andDhami,J.K.InvertebrateZoology.R.ChandandCo.
Dhami,P.S.andDhami,J.K.VertebrateZoology.R.ChandandCo.
EkambaranathaAyyar,M.andAnanthakrishnan,T.N.AManualofZoology.VolII
EkambaranathaAyyar,M.andAnanthakrishnan,T.N.AManualofZoology.VolI
HTYost,Cellularphysiology,PrenticeHall
JohnB.West,PhysiologicalBasisofMedicalPractice,William&Wilkins
Jordan,E.L.andVerma,P.S.InvertebrateZoology.S.ChandandCo.
Jordan,E.L.andVerma,P.S.VertebrateZoology.S.ChandandCo.
Kotpal,R.L.(2002)ModernTextBookofZoology:Invertebrates.RastogiPublishers.
Kotpal,R.L.(2002)ModernTextBookofZoology:Vertebrates.RastogiPublishers.

18hrs

-36-

14.
15.
16.

MayerE.(1980)PrinciplesofSystematicZoology.TataMcGrawHillPublishingCo.NewDelhi.
Vijayakumaran Nair K, J. Jayakumar and P.I. Paul (2007) Protista andAnimal Diversity.
Academica.
WilliamSHoarGeneralandComparativephysiology,PrenticeHall

SemesterIV
ComplementaryCourse
BB1431Metabolism
Credits:2

ContactHours:90(Theory54,Practical36)

Aim and Objective: Thecourseaimsatprovidinganoverviewofenergyproductionbyexplainingthe


generalprinciplesofcellularenergymetabolismandschematizingthedifferentmetabolicpathways.
ModuleI
Metabolismofcarbohydrates:Digestionofcarbohydratesandabsorption(outlinestudy).
Glycolysis-Reactions,fateofpyruvate,regulationofglycolysis,Gluconeogenesis-reactionpathway,
reciprocalregulationofgluconeogenesisandglycolysis.Coricycle.PentosePhosphatePathwayreactions,biologicalsignificance,regulationofpathway.Glycogenmetabolism-glycogenesis,
glycogenolysis,controlofglycogenmetabolism-allostericandhormonalregulation.(Onlypathway
outlineswithoutstructures).
ModuleII
MetabolismofLipids:Digestionandabsorptionoflipids,compositionandfunctionofbile,
enterohepaticcirculation(outlinestudy).Schemeof-oxidation,ATPyieldin-oxidation(Stearate&
Palmitate as examples) and regulation. Basics of - and -oxidation. Ketone body formation.
Cytoplasmicsystemoffattyacidbiosynthesisandregulationofthepathway.Essentialfattyacids.
Synthesis ofTriacylglycerols (outlinestudy). Outlinestudyof biosynthesis ofcholesterol andbile
acids.Physiologicalfunctionsofphospholipids(Structureofintermediatesofmetabolicpathwaynot
required).
ModuleIII
MetabolismofAminoacidsandProteins:ZymogenactivationofproteolyticenzymesofGItract.
Digestionofproteinsandabsorptionofaminoacids-roleofglutathionecycle.Reactionsinvolvedin
themetabolismofaminoacids-deamination,transaminationanddecarboxylation-coenzymesinvolved
inthesereactions.Ureacycle.
ModuleIV
Bioenergetics:Redoxreactions,redoxpotentialandfreeenergy,mitochondrialelectron
transportchain,coenzymesandprostheticgroupsofrespiratorychainenzymes-sitesofATPproduction,
P/Oratio,inhibitorsofelectrontransportchain,oxidativephosphorylation-chemiosmotichypothesis
(outlinesonly),uncouplersofoxidativephosphorylation.FormationofATP-oxidativeandsubstrate
levelphosphorylation.Highenergycompoundswithstructures(ATP,ADP,Creatinephosphate,1,3
bisphosphoglycerate,PEPetc.).Roleofhighenergyphosphategroups.

-37-

ModuleV
Genetic aspects of Metabolism: DNA structure-nucleosomes, 30nm fibers and radial loops.
ProkaryoticDNAreplication-DNApolymerases,replicationforks,Okazakifragmentsandaccessory
proteins.BriefstudyofstructureandtypesofRNAandtheirfunctions.Prokaryotictranscriptionprocess.
Geneticcode-propertiesofgeneticcode.Proteinbiosynthesisinprokaryotes-synthesisofaminoacyl
tRNA, initiation-Shine Dalgarno sequence, elongation- aminoacyl tRNA binding, peptide bond
formation,translocationfollowedbytermination.
Practical

18Hrs

QuantitativeAnalysisofAminoacidsandProteinsEstimationofTyrosinebyFolin-Lowrymethod.
EstimationofProteinbyBiuretmethod.EstimationofProteinbyFolin-Lowrymethod.
QuantitativeAnalysisofNucleicAcidsEstimationofDNAbydiphenylaminemethod.Estimationof
RNAbyOrcinolmethodDemonstration experiments
EnzymeAssays

Urease/Trypsin
KineticsofUrease/Trypsin(EffectofpH,substrateConcentration,enzymeconcentrationand
temperature)
ProgresscurveofUrease/Trypsin
Digestionofcarbohydratesactionofsalivaryamylase

SuggestedReadings
1.LehningerPrinciplesofBiochemistry,4thEditionbyDavidL.NelsonDavidL.NelsonMichaelM.
CoxMichaelM.Cox(Author),Publisher:W.H.Freeman;FourthEdition(April23,2004)
2.
E.S.West,W.R.Todd,H.S.MasonandJ.T.vanBruggen,ATextBookofBiochemistry,Oxford
andIBHPublishingCo.,NewDelhi,1974
3.
Biochemistry(2004)byDonaldVoet,JudithG.VoetPublisher:JohnWiley&SonsInc
4.
PrinciplesOfBiochemistry(1995)byGeoffreyLZubay,WilliamWParson,DennisEVance
Publisher:McGraw-HillBookCompanyKoga
5.
PrinciplesOfBiochemistry,4/e(2006)byRobertHortonH,LaurenceAMoran,GrayScrimgeour
KPublisher:Pearsarson
6.
Biochemistry(2008)byRastogiPublisher:McGrawHill.
7.
PlantBiochemistrybyHans-WalterHeldtProfessorEm(3ed2004)Publisher:Academic.
8.
TextBookofBiochemistry,5theditionbyDMVasudevanandSreekumarS,JAYPEEPublishers,
NewDelhi.

-38-

Semester-IV
ComplementaryCourse
BB1432PracticalBiochemistry
(PracticalofBB1131,BB1231,BB1331,&BB1431)
Credits:2

ContactHours:144(4x36+144)

PracticalofBB1131 36hrs

WeighinginChemicalbalance
Preparationofsolutions-percentage,molar&normalsolutions,dilutionfromstocksolutionetc.
Demonstrationofdialysis
DemonstrationofPAGE
DemonstrationofPaperChromatography
DemonstrationofThinLayerChromatography
ColorimetryandSpectrophotometrytechniques
VerificationofBeerLambertslaw
Verificationofmolarextinctioncoefficientofanyknowncompound

GeneralreactionsofCarbohydrates
QualitativeanalysisofCarbohydrates.
Carbohydrates-Glucose,Fructose,Xylose,Sucrose,Maltose,Starch&Dextrin
Tests- Molischs test,Anthrone test, Fehlings test, Benedicts test, Picricacidtest, Barfoeds test,
Bialstest,Seliwanoffstest,Iodinetest,HydrolysisofSucroseandStarch,Osazonetest.
QuantitativeAnalysisofcarbohydratesEstimationofglucosebyNelson-SomogyimethodEstimation
ofreducingsugarbyanthronemethod.EstimationofpentosebyOrcinolmethod.Estimationofketose
byRoe-Papedopaulosemethod.
PracticalofBB1231

36hrs

QualitativeanalysisofLipids
Fattyacids:Stearicacid/Oleicacid.Tests-Solubility,Translucentspottests,TestforUnsaturation
Glycerol
Tests-Acroleintest,Borax-fusiontest,Solubility.
Cholesterol
Tests-Solubility,Salkowskireaction,Liebermann-Burchardreaction
QuantitativeAnalysisofLipids
EstimationofCholesterolbyCarr-Drecktormethod.EstimationofCholesterolbyZaksmethod.
DeterminationofAcidValue.DeterminationofSaponificationvalue.DeterminationofIodinenumber
ofoil

-39-

PracticalofBB1331

36Hrs

AminoacidsandProteins
QualitativeanalysisofAminoacidsandProteins
Aminoacids-(any4aminoacids)
Tests-Solubility,Ninhydrinreaction,Xanthoproteicreaction,Millonstest,Mornerstest,Glyoxalic
acidtest,Ehrlichstest,Nitroprussidetest,Leadacetate,TestforMethionine,Aldehydetest,
Sakaguchireaction,Isatintest
ProteinsTests-Solubility, Ninhydrin reaction,Xanthoproteic reaction, Folins test, Lowrys test, Biuret test,
Heatdenaturation,TCAprecipitation,Alcoholprecipitation.
PracticalofBB1431

36hrs

QuantitativeAnalysisofAminoacidsandProteinsEstimationofTyrosinebyFolin-Lowrymethod.
EstimationofProteinbyBiuretmethod.
EstimationofProteinbyFolin-Lowrymethod.
QuantitativeAnalysisofNucleicAcids
Estimation of DNA by diphenylamine method. Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method
Demonstration experiments
EnzymeAssays

Urease/Trypsin

KineticsofUrease/Trypsin(EffectofpH,substrateConcentration,enzymeconcentrationand
temperature)

ProgresscurveofUrease/Trypsin

Digestionofcarbohydratesactionofsalivaryamylase

SuggestedReadings
1.

ExperimentalBiochemistry:AStudentCompanion,BeeduSasidharRao&VijayDeshpande
(ed),I.KInternationalPvt.LTD,NewDelhiISBN81-88237-41-8.

2.

IntroductoryPracticalbiochemistry,S.K.Sawhney&RandhirSingh(eds)NarosaPublishing
House,NewDelhi,ISBN81-7319-302-9.

3.

StandardMethodsofBiochemicalAnalysis,S.K.Thimmaiah(Ed),KalyaniPublishers,Ludhiana
ISBN81-7663-067-5.

4.

HawksPhysiologicalChemistry,BernardL.Oser(ed).TATAMcGRAWHillPublishingCompany
LTD,NewDelhi.

5.

ESWest,WRTodd,HSMasonandJTvanBruggen.AtextBookofBiochemistry,Oxfordand
IBHPublishingCo.,NewDelhi,1974.

-40-

SemesterIV
CoreCourse
BB1441Horticulture,MushroomCultivation&Marketing
Credits:2

Contacthours:72(T54+P18)

Aim and Objective: Thiscoursewillgiveanideaabouttheapplicationofbiologicalscience particularly


plantscienceinbusinessgenerationsandselfemployment.Thisfocusesonthehorticulture,Mushroom
cultivation,itsmarketingandalsoinforestdependedeconomyanditsimpactonsociety.
ModuleIHorticulture

12hrs

Introduction
Divisionsofhorticulture,Importanceandscopeofhorticulture.,Principlesofgardenmaking,
Typesofpotsandcontainers,Pottingmixtureandpottingmediasoil,sand,peat,sphagnummoss,
vermiculite, Soil types, Soil preparation, Irrigation methods, Hydroponics Propagation methodsCuttings,LayeringAirlayering,Groundlayering(Tip,TrenchandCompound)
BuddingT-budding,GraftingApproachgrafting,Bridgegrafting,whipandtonguegrafting.,
Gardentoolsandimplements(pruningshears,secateurs,spade,trowel,gardenrake,handrake,sprinkers/
sprayers,showelandlawnmower)
Manures and fertilizers- Farmyard manure, compost, vermicompost and biofertilizers. Chemical
fertilizersNPK.,Timeandapplicationofmanuresandfertilizers.Foliarsprays
ModuleII

14hrs

ComponentsofGarden-Lawnsandlandscaping,Trees,shrubsandshrubberies,climbersandcreepers,
Flower bedsand borders, ornamental hedges, edges,Drives, roads, walksand paths,Carpet beds,
topiary,trophy,rockery,ConservatoryorgreenhousesIndoorgarden,Roofgarden,Bonsai
FlowerArrangement-Containersandrequirementsforflowerarrangements,Freestyle,Shallowand
Mass arrangement, Japanese Ikebana, Bouquet and garland making, Dry flower arrangement
Harvesting-Methods,Storage,MarketingofFruits,vegetablesandflowers,Preservationandprocessing
offruitsandvegetables
ModuleIII

10hrs

Growthregulatorsinhorticulture-Rootinghormones,Growthpromoters,Flowerinduction,Parthenocarpy
Plantprotection-Commondiseasesoffruitsandvegetablecrops,Weedicides,Fungicides,Pesticides
Practical

Propagationmethods-Layering,Buddingandgrafting

Flowerarrangement

FieldStudy:VisittoaBotanicalgardenundertheguidanceoftheteacherisencouraged.

18hrs

-41-

SemesterIV
CoreCourse
BB1442CellBiology,PlantBreedingandEvolutionaryBiology
Credits2

Contacthours:72(Theory54+Practical18)

AimandObjective:Thiscoursewillprovideabasicunderstandingincellbiology,plantbreedingand
evolution,whichisneededasastudentofbiologyandcansupplementinunderstandingandpursuing
studiesinBiotechnology.
Module-I
Cellbiology
30hrs
1.
Historyandprogressofcellbiology
2.
Ultrastructureandfunctionsofthecellcomponentsandorganelles(Abriefaccountonly)-Cell
wall; The cell membrane, Endoplasmic reticulum, Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes,
Peroxisomes,Vacuole,Mitochondria,Chloroplast&Nucleus
3.
The chromosomes- Chromosome morphology- Eukaryotic chromosomes and its molecular
organization.Chromatin-compositionandstructure;heterochromatinandeuchromatin;Chemical
organization .Nucleoproteins histones and non histones. Nucleosome model of DNA
organization.
4.
Specialtypesofchromosomes-Salivarygland,LampbrushandBchromosomes
5.
VariationinChromosomenumber(Numericalaberrations)-anueploidyandEuploidy-haploidy,
polyploidy-significance
6.
Variation in Chromosome structure(Structural aberrations)- deletion,duplication, inversion
andtranslocation;significance.
7.
MitosisandMeiosis:Transmissionofgeneticinformation-cellcycle:Significanceofmitosis
andmeiosis
ModuleII

14hrs

Plantbreeding
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Introduction,objectivesinplantbreeding.
Plant introduction.Agencies of plant introduction in India, Procedure of introduction Acclimatization-Achievements.
Selection-massselection,purelineselectionandclonalselection.Geneticbasisofselection
methods.
Hybridization:Procedureofhybridization,intergeneric,interspecific,intervarietalhybridization
withexamples.Compositeandsyntheticvarieties.
Heterosisanditsexploitationinplantbreeding.
MutationbreedingmethodachievementsinIndia.
Breedingforpest,diseasesandstressresistance.

Module-III
EvolutionaryBiology
1.

ProgressiveandRetrogressiveevolution.

10hrs

-42-

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

ParallelandConvergentevolution.
MicroandMacroevolution.
TheoryofLamarck,WiesmanandDeVries,Darwinism,Neo-Darwinism
Isolation,Mutation,Geneticdrift,Speciation
VariationandEvolutionHybridizationandEvolutionPolyploidyandevolutionMutation
andevolution.

Practical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

18Hrs

StudyofMicroscopes-differentmagnificationoflightmicroscopes
Examinationofdifferenttypesofcells-singlecelledandmulticellularsystems
Makeacetocarminesquashpreparationofonionroottipandtoidentifydifferentstagesofmitosis
DeterminationofMitoticIndex
Makesquashpreparationoftheflowerbudsofanyofthefollowingplants.Rhoeo,Capsicum(To
identifyMeiosis)
PreparationofKaryotype
Microscopicalexaminationandassessmentofstarchgranulesfrompotato,rice,tapiocaetc
Fixationofspecimensforcytologicalstudies,Preparationofcytologicalstainslikeacetocarmine
andsafranin.

SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

AggarwalSK(2009)FoundationCourseinBiology,2ndEdition,AneBooksPvt.Ltd
AllardRW(1960)PrinciplesofPlantBreeding.JohnwilleyandSons.Inc.NewYork
BDSingh(2003)PlantBreeding.KalyaniPublishers
Cohn,N.S.(1964)ElementsofCytology.BraceandWorldInc,NewDelhi
Darnel, J.Lodish, Hand Baltimore, D. (1991) Cell and molecular biology. Lea and Fibiger,
Washington.
DeRobertis,E.D.PandRobertis,E.M.P(1991)CellandmolecularbiologyScientificAmerican
books.
Dobzhansky,B(1961)Geneticandoriginofspecies,ColumbiauniversityPressNewYork
Durbin(2007)BiologicalSequenceAnalysis.CambridgeUniversityPressIndiaPvt.Ltd
GeraldKarp(1985)Cellbiology,McGrawHillcompany..
Lewin,B,(1994)Genes,OxfordUniversityPress,NewYork.
Lewis,W.H(1980)Polyploidy.PlenumPress,NewYork.
NichollT(2007)AnIntroductiontoGeneticEngineering,CambridgeUniversityPressIndia
Pvt.Ltd
RoyS.C.andKalayankumarDe(1997)Cellbiology.NewcentralBoosCalcutta
Sandhyamitra,(1998)Elementsofmolecularbiology.Macmillan,IndiaLtd.
SharmaJR(1994)PrinciplesandPracticesofPlantBreeding.TataMcGraw-HillPub.Co.New
Delhi
Sharma,A.KandSharmaa(1980)ChromosometechniqueTheoryandpractice,AdityaBooks,
NewYork
Swanson,C.P(1957)CytologyandGenetics.Englewoodcliffs,NewYork.

-43-

18.
19.
20.

Taylor(2008)BiologicalSciences.CambridgeUniversityPressIndiaPvt.Ltd
Twymann,R.M.(1998)AdvancedmolecularbiologyVivabooksNewDelhi.
VeerBalaRastogi(2008),FundamentalsofMolecularBiologyAneBooksPvt.Ltd
SemesterIV
CoreCourse
BB1443PracticalBotanyII
(PracticalofBB1341,BB1342,BB1441&BB1442)

Credits:2
BB1341AngiospermAnatomyandReproductiveBotany

ContactHours:72
18Hrs

Anatomy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

Nonlivinginclusions-Cystolith,Raphide,Sphaero-raphide,Aleuronegrains.
Starchgrains(Eccentric,concentric,compound)
Simple permanent tissue Parenchyma, Chlorenchyma ,Aerenchyma , Collenchyma and
Sclerenchyma
PrimarystructureDicotstem:Hydrocotyle,Eupatorium.
Monocotstem:GrassandAsparagus.
Dicotroot:PeaandLimnanthemum
Monocotroot:Colocasiaoranymonocotroot.
Secondarystructure-Stem[Normaltype]-Vernonia
Secondarystructure-Root[Normaltype]-Tinospora,Caricapapaya,oranynormaltype
Secretory tissue: Resin canal, Nectary, Latex vessel, Lysigenous and Schizogenous cavities.
LaticifersArticulatedandnonarticulated.
EpidermalstructuresStomata.
Anomaloussecondarythickening-Bignonia,Dracaena,Boerhaavia
Leafanatomy-Dicotleaf:Ixora.Monocotleaf:Grass

ReproductiveBotany
Studentsshouldbefamiliarwiththestructureofantherandembryo(Permanentslidescanbe
used)
Palynology
StudyofpollenmorphologyofthefollowingplantsHibiscus,Vinca,Balsm,Ixora,Crotalaria,
Bougainvilleabymicroscopicobservation.
BB1342EnvironmentalStudiesandPhytogeography
18hrs
1.
Study of ecological and anatomical modifications of Xerophytes, Hydrophytes, halophytes,
epiphytesandParasites.
2.
Studyofplantcommunitybyquadratmethod.
3.
Observationandstudyofdifferentecosystemsmentionedinthesyllabus.
4.
PhytogeographicalregionsofIndia

-44-

BB1441Practical
PracticalofHorticulture,MushroomCultivation&Marketing 18hrs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

FamiliarizationanduseoftoolsinHorticulture
PracticeofHorticulturalmethods
Cuttings,LayeringAirlayering,Groundlayering
BuddingT-budding,GraftingApproachgrafting,Bridgegrafting,whipandtonguegrafting.,
Gardentoolsandimplements
PreparationofFarmyardmanure,compost,vermicompostandbiofertilizers.
Flowerarrangement
StudyoftheCommonIndianmushrooms-AgaricusandPleurotus
methodsofcultivationofselectedediblemushroomsusingpaddystrawassubstrate

FieldStudy:VisittoaBotanicalgardenundertheguidanceoftheteacherisencouraged.
FieldStudy:VisittoamushroomcultivatingLaboratory
BB1442CellBiology,PlantBreedingandEvolutionaryBiology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

18Hrs

StudyofMicroscopes-differentmagnificationoflightmicroscopes
Examinationofdifferenttypesofcells-singlecelledandmulticellularsystems
Makeacetocarminesquashpreparationofonionroottipandtoidentifydifferentstagesofmitosis
DeterminationofMitoticIndex
Makesquashpreparationoftheflowerbudsofanyofthefollowingplants.Rhoeo,Capsicum(To
identifyMeiosis)
PreparationofKaryotype
Microscopicalexaminationandassessmentofstarchgranulesfrompotato,rice,tapiocaetc
Fixationofspecimensforcytologicalstudies,Preparationofcytologicalstainslikeacetocarmine
andsafranin.
SemesterIV
CoreCourseVocational
BB1471MolecularBiology

Credits3

Totalcontacthours72(Theory54+Practical18)

Aim and Objective: Molecularbiologyisbasisofmodernbiologyandbiotechnology.Thiscourse


impartsaveryessentialfoundationfortheproperunderstandingoflifeatmolecularlevel,whichis
essentialforfurtherstudiesrelatedtogeneticengineering,immunologyandothermodernapplied
aspectsofbiology.
ModuleI

8hrs

Introduction
Historyandsignificantdiscoveriesinmolecularbiology;Molecularbasisoflife,Experiments
demonstratingDNAasthegeneticmaterial,Centraldogma

-45-

StructureofDNA;ReplicationofDNAbothprokaryoticandeukaryotic,enzymesofDNA
replication,actionoftelomerase.
ModuleII

8hrs

Genesandgeneticcode
Organisationofprokaryoticandeukaryoticgene-splitgenes,intronsandexons,readingframe,
promoters and enhancers; Genetic code- properties of genetic code, Codons, codon assignment,
redundancyandwobbleconcept
ModuleIII

12hrs

Geneexpression:
ProkaryoticandEukaryoticTranscription-Initiationfactors,transcriptionproducts,typesofRNAmRNA,tRNA,rRNAandsmallnuclearRNA(snRNA),miRNA;post-transcriptionalmodificationof
mRNAineukaryotes-cappingandsplicingmechanisms.
Translation-translationofprokaryoticandeukaryoticmRNA,Initiationcomplex,Posttranslational
modificationofproteins.
ModuleIV

12hrs

Generegulation:prokaryoticgeneregulation,regulationofoperon,(lac,hisandtrpoperon),catabolic
repression,attenuation.Regulationofeukaryoticgeneexpression,levelofcontrolofgeneexpression,
regulationofRNAprocessing,mRNAdegradationandproteindegradationcontrol,RNAinterference.
ModuleV

8hrs

Eukaryoticchromosomes-molecularorganization,nucleosomes,transposons-insertionalelements
ModuleVI

6hrs

CytoplasmicgenomemitochondrialDNAandchloroplastDNAstructure,importantgenes
Practical
ExperimentsforMolecularbiology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Instrumentsandequipmentsusedinmolecularbiology.
IsolationofGenomicDNA
ExaminationofthepurityofDNAbyagarosegelelectrophoresis.
QuantificationofDNAbyUV-spectrophotometer
ExtractionofProteinandRNAfromplantsamples.
IsolationandpurificationofplasmidDNA
AgarosegelanalysisofplasmidDNA
RestrictiondigestionofplasmidDNA
DemonstrationofPCR

SuggestedReadings
1.
2.

AppliedMoleculargeneticsRLMiesfeld;Wiley.Liss,NewDelhi.
BasicBiotechnology-A.J.Nair,LaxmiPublications,NewDelhi

18hrs

-46-

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

EssentialmolecularBiology-ApracticalApproach,TABrown;Oxford,NewYork
GeneVIII-BenjaminLewin;OffordUniversityPress.
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-A.J.Nair;Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
IntroductiontoMolecularbiology-P.Paolella;McGrawHill,NewYork
MolecularBiologyofthegeneWatson,Baker,BellGann,Lewinw,Losick;PearsonEducation
Pvt.Ltd,NewDelhi
MolecularcellbiologyHSBhamrah;AnmolPublicationsPvt.Ltd.,NewDelhi.
PCR3-PracticalApproachC.SimonHearington&JohnJOLeary;Oxford,NewYork
PrinciplesofGenemanipulation-R.W.Old&S.B.Primrose;BlackwellScientificPublications
Microbiology(7thEd)-PrescottL.M.,Harley,J.P.,andKleinD.A.McGrawHill,NewYork

SemesterIV
CoreCourse
BB1472Immunology
Credits-2 Contacthours54(Theory36+Practical18)
Aim and Objective: To givea basic training to the students of Biotechnology onimmune system,
immunologyandimmunologyrelatedtechniques.Trainingin thiscoursewillcreateaninterestin
immunologyandisessentialforfurtherstudiesinBiotechnology.
ModuleI
Introductiontoimmunology

7hrs

Historicalperspectiveofimmunology;haematopoisis;LineagesTheHumanImmuneSystem:
Organsandcellsofimmunesystem-structureandfunctions
ModuleII

6hrs

Typesofimmunity-Innateandspecificoracquiredimmunity,Humoralimmunityandcellmediated
immunity;Briefaccounton-antigens,Immunogens,haptens,adjuvants
ModuleIII

6hrs

Immunoglobulins:
Antibodystructureandfunctions,antigenbinding,epitopeandparatope,typesofantibodiesand
theirstructures:isotypes,allotypesandidiotypes
ModuleIV

7hrs

Measurmentofantigen
Antibody-antigeninteraction,antigen-antibodyreactions,agglutination,ABObloodgrouping
andRhincompatibility,immuno-diffusion,immuno-electrophoresis,ELISA-types,RIA;production
ofmonoclonalantibodiesusinghybridomatechnology;BriefaccountoncomplementsystemandMHC

-47-

ModuleV
Immunoglobulingene

6hrs

Geneticbasisofantibodydiversity-VDJrecombination,Clonalproliferationtheoryofantibody
production.
Immunitytoinfectionsofdiseases:,ImmunologyofAIDS;BriefaccountonVaccinesandtoxoids
ModuleVI

4hrs

Autoimmunediseaseandhypersensitivity:Hashimotosthyroiditis;Myastheniagravis;Rheumatoid
Arthritis,PerniciousanemiaHypersensitivitydisease-Asthma.
ExperimentsforImmunologyPractical
1.

Immunecellsobservationandidentificationbystaining

2.

EnumerationofRBC

3.

EnumerationofWBC

4.

Separationofimmunecellsfromlymphoidorgansoflabanimals/blood.

5.

BloodgroupingDeterminationofbloodgroupsandRhtyping

6.

Precipitinreaction-Doubleimmunodiffusion-Ochterlonymethod

7.

DemonstrationofImmuno-electrophoresisandstaining

8.

WIDALtest-demonstration

9.

DemonstrationofRadioimmunoassay

10.

ELISAtechnique-demonstration(Dotmethod)

18hrs

SuggestedReadings
1.

AnIntroductiontoImmunologyCVRao,NarosaPublishingHouse,NewDelhi

2.

BasicsofBiotechnology-AJNair;LaxmiPublications,NewDelhi

3.

ImmunologyJoshi,Osama;AgroBotanica,NewDelhi

4.

ImmunologyRAGoldsby,TJKindt,BAOsborne,JanisKuby;WHFreeman&Company,
NewYork

5.

InstantNotesinImmunologyPMAbbas,AHLichtman,MWFanger;VivaBooksPvt.Ltd,
NewDelhi.

6.

IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-A.J.Nair;Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.

7.

PrincipleCellularandMolecularImmunology-JonathanMAustyn7KathrynJWood;Oxford,
NewYork

8.

Microbiology(7thEd)-PrescottL.M.,Harley,J.P.,andKleinD.A.McGrawHill,NewYork

-48-

SemesterIV
CoreCourseVocational
BB1473BiotechniquesII
(PracticalofBB1371,BB1372,BB1471&BB1472)
Credits:2

ContactHrs:72(PracticalHoursoftheabovecourses)

PracticalofBB1371
ProtistaandAnimalDiversity

18hrs

Identificationandassigningthesystematicpositionofthefollowingspecimens:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

Protozoa-any4.
Porifera-any2.
Coelenterata-any5.
Aschelminthes-any2.
Platyhelminthes-any4(adaptationsofparasiticformstobestressed)
Annelida-any4.
Minorphyla-any2.
Arthropoda-any10(includingatleast5insectpestsofpaddy/bananaplant/storedfoodgrains
and2beneficialinsects).
Mollusca-any8(includingany2beneficialandany2harmfulspecies).
Echinodermata-any5(representingoneeachfromfivedifferentclasses).
Prochordates-Ascidia,Branchiostoma(Amphioxus).
Pisces-any8(including2cartilaginousfishes,2fisheswithaccessoryrespiratoryorgans,4
commonfoodfishes).
Amphibia-any3(representingtheordersApoda,UrodelaandAnura).
Reptilia-any5(includungatleastonepoisonousandonenon-poisonoussnakeofKerala).
Aves-any3commonbirdsofKerala(basedonmuseumspecimensorfieldobservations).
Mammalia-any5(basedonmuseumspecimensorfieldobservations).

Note:
Practicalexaminationsshallgiveemphasisonsystematicsofanimals.Questionsontaxonomy
maybedesignedsoastoassessthestudentsknowledgeinidentificationoforganismsandassigning
thesystematicpositiondowntotheprescribedtaxa.Studentsmaybeaskedtoarrangeamiscellaneous
groupofanimalsintodifferenttaxonomicgroupsinchartformmentioningthesalientfeaturesofthe
groups.
PracticalofBB1372
AnimalPhysiologyandAnatomy
Minor Practicals
1.
2.

Nereis-parapodium.
Earthworm-bodysetae.

18hrs

-49-

3.

Cockroach-mouthparts.

4.

Cockroach-salivaryglands.

5.

Prawn-appendages.

6.

Fishes-differenttypesofscales(placoid,ctenoidandcycloidscales).

Major practicals
1.

Earthworm-nervoussystem.

2.

Cockroach-alimentarycanal.

3.

Cockroach-nervoussystem.

4.

Prawn-nervoussystem.

PracticalofBB1471
ExperimentsforMolecularbiologyPractical
1.

Instrumentsandequipmentsusedinmolecularbiology.

2.

IsolationofGenomicDNA

3.

ExaminationofthepurityofDNAbyagarosegelelectrophoresis.

4.

QuantificationofDNAbyUV-spectrophotometer

5.

ExtractionofProteinandRNAfromplantsamples.

6.

IsolationandpurificationofplasmidDNA

7.

AgarosegelanalysisofplasmidDNA

8.

RestrictiondigestionofplasmidDNA

9.

DemonstartionofPCR

18Hrs

PracticalofBB1472
ExperimentsforImmunologyPractical
1.

Immunecellsobservationandidentificationbystaining

2.

EnumerationofRBC

3.

EnumerationofWBC

4.

Separationofimmunecellsfromlymphoidorgansoflabanimals/blood.

5.

BloodgroupingDeterminationofbloodgroupsandRhtyping

6.

Precipitinreaction-Doubleimmunodiffusion-Ochterlonymethod

7.

DemonstrationofImmuno-electrophoresisandstaining

8.

WIDALtest-demonstration

9.

DemonstrationofRadioimmunoassay

10.

ELISAtechnique-demonstration(Dotmethod)

18hrs

-50-

SemesterV
CoreCourse
BB1541PlantPhysiology
Credit4

ContactHours108(Theory72+Practical36)

Aim: To give basic information on plant physiology and the related biochemical and biophysical
aspectstothestudentsofBiotechnology.Thiscoursewillequipthestudentstounderstandthefunctions
oftheplantsystemonbiophysicalandbiochemicalapproach.
ModuleI

3Hrs

Introductiontoplantphysiology-Physiologicalprocesses,theirsignificanceotherapplications
ModuleII

10Hrs

WaterrelationsofPlants
Waterabsorption
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

f.

Importanceofwatertoplants-thephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofwater.
Organsofabsorptionrootandroothairs.
Membranes-permeable,differentiallypermeableandimpermeable.
Physicalaspectsofabsorption,imbibition,diffusionandosmosis.
Plantcellasanosmoticsystem,osmoticpressure,turgorpressure,wallpressureanddiffusion
pressuredeficit,waterpotentialosmoticpotential,pressurepotentialmatrixpotentialPlasmolysis
anditssignificance.
Mechanismofabsorptionofwateractiveandpassiveabsorption-rootpressure.

AscentofSap
Vitaltheories.
PhysicaltheoriesCohesiontensiontheory.
Lossofwaterfromplants:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Transpiration-cuticular,lenticularandstomatalmechanism.
Factorsaffectingtranspiration
Significanceoftranspiration.
Guttation.
Waterstressanditsphysiologicalsignificance.

ModuleIII

6Hrs

MineralNutrition
Grosschemicalanalysisofplant-Essentialandnon-essentialelementsCriteriaofessentiality
ofelements,Essentialelements:majorendminor.Roleofessentialelementstheirdeficiencydiseases.
Culturemethods:Solutionculture,Sandculture,Hydroponics,Aeroponics,FoliarnutritionSoil
assourceofnutrientsMechanismofmineralabsorption.

-51-

(a)
(b)

Passiveabsorption-ionexchange-Donnanequilibrium.
ActiveabsorptionCarrierconcept

ModuleIV

6hrs

Enzymes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Structure-coenzymes,cofactor
Properties
Nomenclature
Classification-IUBsystem
Enzymeaction
Competitiveinhibitionandnoncompetitiveinhibition

ModuleV

14hrs

Photosynthesis
1.
2.
3.
4.

Significanceandgeneralequation
Photosyntheticapparatusandpigmentsystems-chromatographictechniquesfortheseparation
ofphotosyntheticpigments
Rawmaterialsofphotosynthesis
Mechanism

a)

Lightreaction
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

b)

Radiantenergyanditseffectsonchlorophyllpigments
Cyclicandnon-cyclicphotophosphorylation
Sourceofoxygenliberated
Hillreaction

Darkreaction
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)

Tracethepathofcarboninphotosynthesis
Calvincycle
C3andC4plants.CAMplants.
Photorespiration
Factorsaffectingphotosynthesis.Lawoflimitingfactors

ModuleVI
Respiration
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Definitionandgeneralequation
Significance
Respiratorysubstrates
Mechanism-Glycolysis,Kerbscycle,terminaloxidation
Oxidativepentosephosphatepathway
Factorsaffectingrespiration

12hrs

-52-

7.
8.
9.
10.

Anaerobicrespiration-Alcoholicfermentationandlacticacidfermentation
Energyrelationsaerobicandanaerobicrespiration
Respiratoryquotientanditssignificance
OxidationofFats

ModuleVII

8hrs

Nitrogenmetabolism
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Sourceofnitrogen
Nitrification,DenitrificationandAmmonification
Symbioticnitrogenfixation
Rotationofcrops
NitrogenCycle

ModuleVIII

4hrs

Translocationofsolutes
1.
2.
3.
4.

Pathwayoforganicsolutes
Mechanismofpholemtransport
Massflowhypothesis
Protoplasmstreamingtheory

ModuleIX

7hrs

GrowthandDevelopment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Definition
Dormancyandgerminationofseeds.
Phasesofgrowth-measurementandfactorsaffectinggrowth.
Differentiation,morphogenesisandsenescence.
GrowthHormones-Auxins,Gibberellins,Kinins,Abscissicacid,Ethyleneandtheirpractical
applications
Photoperiodism
Vernalization

ModuleX

5hrs

PlantMovementsandStressPhysiology
Tropicandnasticmovements,Circadianrythm
GeneralaccountonStressphysiology(briefstudy)

Practicals
1.

Waterpotentialofonionpeel,Rheopeelbyplasmolyticmethod

2.

SeparationofplantpigmentsbypaperchromatographyDemonstrationExperiments

36hrs

-53-

1.

Thistlefunnelexperiment

2.

Tissuetension

3.

RootPressure

4.

Suctionforceduetotranspiration

5.

Foliartranspirationbyusingbelljar

6.

Transpiringsurface-4leafexperiment

7.

PotometerFarmerandGanongs,

8.

WaterbalanceRelationbetweentranspirationandabsorption.

9.

Evolutionofoxygenduringphotosynthesis

10.

Necessityofchlorophyll,CO2andlightinphotosynthesis

11.

Measurementofphotosynthesis.

12.

Simplerespiroscope

13.

ResperometerofR.Q.

14.

Anaerobicrespiration

15.

Fermentation

16.

GeotropismandphototropismKlinostt

17.

Hydrotropism

18.

MeasurementofgrowthArcandLiverAuxonometer

Textbooks
1.

Devlin&WithamPlantPhysiology,CBSpublishers.

2.

DevlinR.M(1979)PlantPhysiology

3.

DieterHess;(1975):Plantphysiology

4.

Jain.V.K(1996)FundamentalsofPlantPhysiology

5.

KochharP.L.&KrishnamoorthyH.N.PlantPhysiology.Atmaram&SonsDelhi,Lucknow.

6.

Kumar&PurohitPlantPhysiology-FundamentalsandApplications,Agrobotanicalpublishers

7.

MalicC.P.&SrivastavaA.K.TextbookofPlantPhysiologyKalyaniPublishersNewDelhi.

8.

NoggleGR&FritzGJ(1991)IntroductoryPlantphysiology,PrenticeHallofIndia.

9.

PandeyS.N.&SinhaB.K.(1986)Plantphysiology,VikaspublishingHouse-NewDelhi.

10.

Salisbury.F.BandRoss.C.W(2006):PlantPhysiology4e,Wadsworthpublishingcompany

11.

SundaraRajanS.CollegeBotanyVol.IV,HimalayapublishingHouse.

12.

WilliamG.HopkinsIntroductiontoPlantPhysiologyJohnWiley&Sons,NewYork.

-54-

SemesterV
CoreCourse
BB1542AngiospermMorphologyandSystematicBotany
Credit3

Contacthrs108(Theory72+Practical36)

Aim and Objective: The course is designed to give a basic awareness in systematic botany and
morphologyofhigherplantsandthecourseshouldgenerateinterestonstudentstopursuecontinuous
studiesinsystematicbotany.
ModuleI
Morphology

12hrs

Briefaccountonthevarioustypesofinflorescenceincludingspecialtypes(Cyathium,Verticillaster,
Hypanthodium,CoenanthiumandThyrsus)withexamples;floralmorphology-Flower-asamodified
shoot,Flowerparts,theirarrangements,relativeposition,numeric-plan,cohesion,adhesion,symmetry
offlower,aestivationtypes,placentationtypes;floraldiagramandfloralformula.Fruittypes:simple,
aggregateandmultiple.Seeds:albuminousandexalbuminous.
ModuleII

8hrs

Systematic Botany
Definition,scopeandsignificanceofTaxonomy.
Systemsofclassification
1.
2.
3

Artificial-Linnaeussexualsystem
Natural-BenthamandHooker(detailedaccount)
Phylogenetic-EnglerandPrantl(Briefaccountonly)

Module-III

7hrs

BasicrulesofBinomialNomenclatureandInternationalCodeofBotanicalnomenclature(ICBN).
ImportanceofHerbarium,HerbariumtechniquesandBotanicalgardens.Abriefaccountonthemodem
trendsintaxonomy;Chemotaxonomy,NumericalTaxonomy,CytotaxonomyandMoleculartaxonomy
ModuleIV

45hrs

Astudyofthefollowingfamilieswithemphasisonthemorphologicalpeculiaritiesandeconomic
importanceofitsmembers(basedonBentham&Hookerssystem)
1

Annonaceae

Apiaceae

16

Acanthaceae

Nymphaeaceae

10

Rubiaceae

17

Verbenaceae

Malvaceae

11

Asteraceae

18

Amaranthaceae

Rutaceae

12

Sapotaceae

19

Euphorbiaceae

Anacardiaceae

13

Apocynaceae

20

Orchidaceae

Leguminosae

14

Asclepiadiaceae

21

Liliaceae

Myrtaceae

15

Solanaceae

22

Arecaceae

Cucurbitaceae

23

Poaceae

-55-

Practical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

36hrs

Studyonvarioustypesofinflorescenceswithvividrecordofpracticalwork.
Studentsmustbeabletoidentifytheangiospermmembersincludedinthesyllabusuptothe
leveloffamilies.
Drawlabeleddiagramofthehabit,floralparts,LSofflower,TSofovary,floraldiagram,floral
formulaanddescribethesalientfeaturesofthememberintechnicalterms
Studentsmustsubmitpracticalrecords,Herbariumsheets(25Nos:)andFieldbookatthetimeof
practicalexamination.
Fieldtripsaretobeconductedforthreedayseitherascontinuousoronedaytrips.

SuggestedReadings
1.
Davis,P.11.andHaywood,V.H,1963.PrinciplesofAngiospermTaxonomy.OliverandRoyd,
London.
2.
Heywood,V.H.andMooreD.M.1984.CurrentConceptsinPlantTaxonomy.AcademicPress,
London.
3.
Jeffrey,C.1982.AnIntroductiontoPlantTaxonomy.CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge
London.
4.
Jones,S.B.Jr.andLuchsinger,A.E.1986.PlantSystematics(2ndedition).McGraw-HillBook
Co.,NewYork.
5.
KapoorLD,2001HandBookofAyurvedicMedicinalPlants,CRCPressNewYork,AneBooks
Pvt.Ltd
6.
Lawrence.G.H.M.1951.TaxonomyofVascularPlants.Macmillan,NewYork.
7.
Naik,V.N.1984.TaxonomyofAngiosperms.TataMcGrawHill,NewYork.
8.
Nordenstam.B..,El-Gazaly,G.andKassas.M.2000.PlantSystematicsfor21stCentury
9.
PandeySNandMisraSP,2008TaxonomyofAngiospenus;AneBooksPvt.Ltd.
10. Radford.A.E.1986.FundamentalsofPlantSystematicsHarperandRow,NewYork.
11. Singh.G.1999.PlantSystematics:TheoryandpracticeOxford&IBHPvt,Ltd.NewDelhi.
12. Sivarajan,V.V. Introduction to the principle of plant taxonomy, Oxford and IBH Publishing
Company
13. Stace.C.A.1989.PlantTaxonomyandBiosystematics.2nded.EdwardArnold,London.
14. VermaV,2009TextBookofEconomicBotany;AneBooksPvt.Ltd.
15. Woodland.D.E.1991.ContemporaryPlantSystematics.PrenticeHall,NewJersay.

SemesterV
CoreCourseVocational
BB1571RecombinantDNATechnology
Credits-4

Contacthours72(Theory54+Practical18)

Aim and Objective: TogiveabasictrainingtothestudentsofBiotechnologyonrecombinantDNA


andrelatedtechniques.Traininginthiscoursewillcreateaninterestingeneticengineeringandis
essentialforfurtherstudiesinBiotechnology.

-56-

ModuleI

8hrs

Introductiontogenecloninganditsapplications:
ToolsofrecombinantDNAtechnology-Restrictionendonucleases-Classificationandgeneral
characteristicsofEndonucleases;OtherenzymesusedintherecombinantDNAtechnique-DNAligase,
Alkalinephosphatase
ModuleII

15hrs

Vectors,thevehicleforcloning:Specialfeaturesneededforavector,Varioustypesofcloningvectorsplasmidcloningvectors-pBR322,pUCseriesBacteriophagecloningvectors-phagecloningvectors,
M13basedvectors,PhagmidsandCosmidvectors,YeastArtificialvectors(YACs),Bacterialartificial
Vectors(BACs),ApplicationforYACandBAC,GeneTherapy
ModuleIII

15hrs

Cloningofgenes
Hostcells,Competentcellpreparation,ConstructionofrecombinantDNA,screeningandselection
oftransformedcells.DNAlibraries:GenomiclibrariesandcDNAlibraries.Applicationofgenomic
librariesandcDNAlibraries,Variousmethodsofgenetransfer-Directgenetransferandvectormediated
genetransfer
ModuleIV
TechniquesinrDNAtechnology

10hrs

Polmerasechainreactionanditstypes Molecular marker techniques: RFLP,AFLP, RAPD;


DNABarCoding,Nucleicacidsequencing(MaxamandGilbertmethod,Sangersmethod).Gene
expressionanalysisSouthernhybridization,ImmunoBlotting,RT-PCR,Northernhybridizationand
microarrays.
ModuleV
Transgenicorganismsanditsimpactinagriculture,MedicineandEnvironment
BiosafetyandEthicsinGeneticEngineering
Humangenomeprojectabriefaccount.
Practical
ExperimentsforPracticalofrDNATechnology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

PreparationofthereagentsforrDNAexperiments
PurificationofPlasmidfrombacterialCultures.
ElectrophoresisandevaluationofplasmidDNA-pUC18/pBR322
EstimationofplasmidDNAbyUV-VISspectrophotometer
RestrictionDigestionofpUC18andanalysisbyagarosegelelectrophoresis
TransformationofE.coliwithpUC18andselectionofampicillinresistantclones
ExtractionandpurificationofGenomicDNA
Competentcellpreparation
PAGEdemonstaration
QuantificationofDNAusingdiphenylaminemethod

6hrs

18Hrs

-57-

SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Animalcellculture-JohnRWMaster;OxfordUniversityPress
CultureofanimalcellsAmanualofbasictechnique,RIanFreshney;Wiley-LissPublication,
NewYork.
BasicsofBiotechnology-A.J.Nair;LaxmiPublications,NewDelhi.
IntroductiontoBiotechnology&GeneticEngineering,Jones&BartlettPublishers,Boston.
ModernconceptofBiotechnology-HDKumar;VikasPublishingHouse,Pvt.Ltd.,NewDelhi.
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-Nair,A.J.,Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
BiotechnologyBDSinghKalyaniPublishers,NewDelhi
Microbiology(7thEd)-PrescottL.M.,Harley,J.P.,andKleinD.A.McGrawHill,NewYork

SemesterV
CoreCourseVocational
BB1572PlantBiotechnology
Credits3

Contacthours54(T36+P18)

Aim and Objective: Thiscourseisdesignedtoimpartbasicknowledgeintheappliedaspectsofplant


biotechnologyfortheimprovementofagricultureandplantbasedindustries.Itwillgiveanoutlineof
planttissueculturecellcultureandplantgenetictransformationmethods,whichwillhelpthestudents
topursuefurtherstudiesinthisaspects.
ModuleI

6hrs

Introductiontoplanttissueculture
Briefhistoryofplanttissueculture.Fundamentalprinciplesofinvitroplantcultures:useof
plantgrowthregulators,Basictechniqueofplanttissueculture,componentsoftissueculturemedia,
preparationanditsfunctions;Sterilizationofexplants.
ModuleII

8hrs

Typesofin vitro cultures


Callus cultures, Cell culture, cell suspension cultures, organ cultures- root cultures, embryo
cultures,meristemculture,axillarybudandshoottipculture,Productionofgynonenicandandrogenic
haploids;Protoplast-isolationandculturingofprotoplast-principleandapplication,regenerationof
protoplasts,protoplastfusionandsomatichybridization-selectionofhybridcells.
Somaclonalvariation-isolationofSomaclonalvariantsandapplicationsofSomaclonalvariations
ModuleIII

6hrs

Applicationofin vitrocultures
Embryogenesisandorganogenesis-abriefunderstanding;Plantsecondarymetabolitesproduction,
hairyrootcultures,Advantagesanddisadvantagesofinvitromethods

-58-

ModuleIV

8hrs

Geneticengineeringofplants
MethodsofgenetransferinplantsPhysical,chemicalandbiologicalmethods-Agrobacterium
tumefaciens,tumorformationinplantsbyA.tumefaciens,applicationofA.tumefaciensinplantgenetic
engineering,Virusmediatedgenetransferinplants.
ModuleV

8hrs

Transgenicplants
Transgeniccrops,ImpactoftransgenicplantsinagricultureandHorticulture,NonAgricultural
applicationsoftransgenicplants-Biopharming-productionoftherapeuticproteinsintransgenicplants,
ediblevaccines,diseaseresistant,salttolerant,pestresistantandstresstolerantcropandmedicinal
plants
Practical

18Hrs

ExperimentsforPlantBiotechnologyPractical
1.

Familiarizationofinstrumentsandspecialequipmentsusedintheplanttissuecultureexperiments

2.

Preparationofplanttissueculturemedium,andsterilization,Preparationofstocksolutionsof
nutrientsforMSMedia.

3.

Surfacesterilizationofplantmaterialsforinoculation(implantationinthemedium)

4.

Developmentofcallusculturesanditssub-culturing

5.

Organogenesis-shootregeneration,rootregeneration,somaticembryogenesis

6.

Micropropagationofpotato/tomato/-Demonstration

7.

ProtoplastisolationandculturingDemonstration

8.

Productionofartificialseeds(encapsulationmethod)

Suggestedreadings
1.

AnIntroductiontoPlantTissueCultureMKRaxdan;Oxfird&IBHPublishingCo.Pvt.Ltd.,
NewDelhi

2.

BasicsofBiotechnology-A.J.Nair;LaxmiPublications,NewDelhi.

3.

Biotechnology-FundamentalsandApplication-SSPurohitandSKMathur;Agrobotanica,India.

4.

IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-A.J.Nair;Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.

5.

IntroductiontoPlantBiotechnology-HSChawla;Oxford&IBHpublishingCo.Pvt.Ltd.,New
Delhi.

6.

ModernconceptofBiotechnology-HDKumar;VikasPublishingHouse,Pvt.Ltd.,NewDelhi.

7.

Plantbiotechnology,RecentAdvances-PCTrivedi;PanimaPublishingCorporation,NewDelhi.

8.

Plantvell,TissueandOrganCulture-FundamentalMethods,OLGamborg,GCPhilips;Narosa
PublishingHouse,NewDelhi.

9.

RoleofBiotechnologyinMedicinalandaromaticplants-IrfanAKhanandAtiyaKhanum;
UkaazPublications,Hyderabad.

-59-

SemesterV
CoreCourseVocational
BB1573AnimalBiotechnology
Credits3

Contacthours54(Theory36+Practical18)

Aim and Objective: Tointroducethebasicsofthesubjectofanimalbiotechnologyanditsapplications


tothestudentsinanattractiveandsimplemanner
ModuleI

12hrs

Animalcellculture
History,organ,tissueandcellculture,animalcellculturetechniques,Primarycellculturesand
secondarycellcultures,celllines,cellstrain,immortalizedcellcultures,transformedcelllines.Media
mediacomponentsandphysicalparameters,cellviabilityassaysInstrumentsandequipmentsneeded
foranimalcellcultures,usesofanimalcellcultures.
ModuleII

6hrs

ApplicationofAnimalCellCultures
Characterization of cell lines, Products of animal cell cultures- hormones (insulin, growth
hormones),interferon,t-plasminogenactivator,factorVIII,FactorIXandviruscultivation.
ModuleIII

8hrs

Scaleupofanimalcellcultures
Specialbioreactorsforlarge-scalecultivationofanimalcells,anchordependedcellsandsuspension
cultures,Cellculturevessels-Rollerbottlesandspinnerflasks
ModuleIV

10hrs

Stemcelltechnology
Stem cell cultureand its clinical uses, typesof stem cells; gene therapyand tissue grafting;
GrowthfactorspromotingproliferationofanimalcellculturesPreservationandmaintenanceofanimal
cellcultures-cryopreservationandtransportofanimalcellcultures;Animalbioreactors.Transgenic
animalsanditspracticaluses,Bioethicsinanimalcellculture,stemcelltechnologyandtransgenic
animals
Practical
ExperimentsforPracticalinAnimalBiotechnology
1.
2.

Familiarizationofmethods,equipmentsandtechniquesofanimalcellculture
Isolationoflymphocytesfromblood

3.
4.
5.

Cellviabilityassaybydieexclusionmethodandcellcounting
MTTassayofcells
Proteinpurificationbyionexchangechromatographyfromserum

18hrs

-60-

SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Biotechnology-FundamentalsandApplication-SSPurohitandSKMathur;Agrobotanica,India.
BasicsofBiotechnology-A.J.Nair;LaxmiPublications,NewDelhi.
Animalcellculture-JohnRWMaster;OxfordUniversityPress
CultureofanimalcellsAmanualofbasictechnique,RIanFreshney;Wiley-LissPublication,
NewYork.
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-A.J.Nair;Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
ModernconceptofBiotechnology-HDKumar;VikasPublishingHouse,Pvt.Ltd.,NewDelhi.
BiotechnologyU.SathyanarayanaBooksandAllied(P)Ltd,Kolkata
SemesterV
OpencourseforNonBiotechnologystudents
BB1581Bioinformatics

Credits:2

Contacthours:54

Aim and Objective:Tointroducethesubjectofbioinformaticstothestudentsofbiology.Students


shouldbefamiliarizedtotheimportanceofthebioinformatics,databases,genomicsandproteomics,
toolsandsoftwareofbioinformaticsattheelementarylevels.
ModuleI

10hrs

Bioinformatics-definition,scope,limitationsHistoryandevolutionofbioinformatics,Impactof
bioinformaticsinmodernbiologyandresearch.Databases-varioustypesofdatabases,Biological
Databases-Importanceofdatabasesinbiotechnology,NCBI,Genebank,PubMed.
ModuleII

10hrs

Sequencealignment-Pairwisesequencealignment-sequencehomologyvssimilarity;similarity
andidentity.Databasesimilaritysearching-BLAST,FASTAformat;Multiplesequencealignment,
scoringfunction,CLUSTALW
ModuleIII

10hrs

Phylogenetictreeconstruction-distancebasedmethodsandcharacterbasedmethods,PHYLIP
ModuleIV

14hrs

Proteomicstechnologyofproteinexpressionanalysis,2DPAGE,MS,Proteinidentification
throughdatabasesearch,proteindatabank
ModuleV

10hrs

FunctionalGenomics-Sequencebasedapproaches,MicroarraybasedapproachesApplications
ofproteomicsandgenomics
PracticalsinBioinformatics
1.
UseofComputersinBiologicalscience-Databasecreation,DatabaseretrievalOnlineuseof
Computationaltools.

-61-

2.
3.
4.
5.

IdentificationofagivensequenceasDNA,RNAorProteins
ToanalyzethesequenceofagivenDNAandfindoutsequencecomposition
TofindoutthenumberoftimesasequenceisrepeatedinagivenDNAsequence
Tofindoutthecomplementarysequenceofagivennucleotidesequence

SuggestedReadings
1.
IntroductiontoBioinformaticsV.Kothekar,DruvPublication
2.
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-A.J.Nair;Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
3.
Bioinformatics-GenomicsandPost-genomics,FrederichDardel&FrancoisKepes;JohnWiley
&Sons.
4.
AtextbookofBiotechnology,R.C.Dubey,S.ChandPublications,NewDelhi
5.
EssentialBioinformatics-JinXiong,CambridgeUniversityPress,UK.
6.
Nanobiotechnology:Concepts,ApplicationsandPerspectives-C.M.NiemeyerandC.A.Mirkin,
Wiley,US
7.
Bioinformatics-Databases,toolsandalgorithms-BosuO.UandThukralS.K.OxfordUniversity
Press,NewDelhi.
8.
Bioinformaticsbasics:applicationsinbiologicalscienceandmedicine-H.H.RashidiandL.K.
BuehlerCRCPress,London.
9.
Bioinformatics- sequence, structure and databases- Des Higgins and Willie Taylor. Oxford
UniversityPress.

SemesterV
OpencourseforNonBiotechnologystudents
BB1582Food&DairyBiotechnology
Credit2

Contacthours:54

Aim and Objective:Thiscourseisfornonbiotechnologystudents.Studentsfromotherdisciplinesare


also can undergo this course to get basic knowledge in the application of Biotechnology in food
processing,foodspoilage,foodpreservationanddairyindustry.
ModuleI

15hrs

Conceptandscopeoffoodbiotechnology-foodcomposition,typesoffoods;fermentedfoods
andmicroorganismsinvolvedinfermentationoffoodmaterials,foodcontaminationanditssources.
Microbiological examination of foods- indicator organisms, cultural techniques, direct methods,
immunologicalmethodsetc.
ModuleII

15hrs

Foodspoilageandpoisoning
Spoilageoffoods,Microorganisminfoodspoilage,chemicalchanges,microbesinthespoilage
ofcannedfoods,meat,fish;FactorsaffectinggrowthofspoilageorganismsPrinciplesofpreservation
offoods;foodpoisoning,mycotoxins;foodbornediseasesandintoxications;

-62-

ModuleIII

14hrs

Foodpreservation-principlesofpreservationoffoods,methodsoffoodpreservation,Physical
&ChemicalMethods,Osmoticpressurepreservingfoodsinsugarandsalt,chemicalpreservatives,
Radiationaspreservationmethods
ModuleIV
DairyBiotechnology

10hrs

Microbes in dairy industry, contamination, spoilage, microbes of milk and dairy products,
fermenteddairyproducts,Pasteurization;Industrialprocessofcheesemaking,milkbornediseases,
Milkqualitytesting-resazurin,methylenebluereductiontest,Standardplatecount.
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

FoodMicrobiology-MRAdamsandMoss
FoodProcessing-BiotechnologicalapplicationsMarwah&Arora
FoodMicrobiology-WilliamCFrazer
Industrialmicrobiology-LECasida
Basicfoodmicrobiology(2ndEd)-GeorgeJ.Banwart,CBSpublishersanddistributers,New
Delhi
Amodernintroductiontofoodmicrobiology-BoardRC.,Blackwellscientificpublishers,Oxford.
Microbiology(7thEd)-PrescottL.M.,Harley,J.P.,andKleinD.A.McGrawHill,NewYork
SemesterV
OpencourseforNonBiotechnologystudents
BB1583BasicsofEnvironmentalBiotechnology

Credits:2

Contacthours54

Aim and Objective: Thiscourseisaimedtobringanenthusiasmonenvironmentalprotectionandit


shouldgivethecontributionofbiotechnologytechniquestokeeptheenvironmentcleanandhealthy.
Aswellitshouldhighlighttheeconomicaspectsintheapplicationofbiotechnologyinprotectingthe
environmentfrompollution.
ModuleI

15hrs

Introduction
Environment Basic concepts-Atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere Scope and
ImportanceofEnvironmentalBiotechnology;Pollution-sourcesofpollution,generalcharacteristics;
Environmentallegislation-waterAct;ForestAct;EnvironmentalProtectionact.
ModuleII

15hrs

Waterpollution
Organicloadinaquaticsystems-BODandCOD,microbialqualityofwater,Laboratorymethods
forthedetectionofcoliformsindrinksandfood;fecalandnon-fecalbacteria;Treatmentofmunicipal
wastesandhazardousindustrialeffluents.

-63-

ModuleIII

12hrs

Non-conventionalenergysources
Biomass:utilizationofbiomassasenergysourceapplicationofmicrobesinproductionoffuels
frombiomass-biogasandmethanogenicbacteria,StepsandprocessofBiogasproduction;vegetable
oilsasenginefuels,energycrops-jojoba;Bioplastics
ModuleIV

12hrs

Bioremediation: herbicides and other toxic chemicals in the environment; Biodegradation,


phytoremediation,superbug;Biopesticides-Bacillusthuringiensis,bioherbicides;SolidwastetreatmentComposting,vermicomposting;Disposalofsludge-Landfilling,lagooning
Suggestedreadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

EnvironmentalBiotechnology-AlanScragg;Longman,England
BiotechnologyfundamentalsandapplicationsPurohit&Mathur;Agrobotanica,India
BiotechnologyBDSingh;KalyaniPublishers,NewDelhi
Biologicalwastewatertreatment2ndEdition-GradyCPL
BiologicalConservationSpellergergIF
EnvironmentalissuesandOptionsMishraC.
Biodiversity-StatusandProspects-PramodtandonetalNarosaPublishingHouse,NewDelhi
Ecology2ndEdn,SubrahmanyamNS,SambamurtyV.S.S;NarosaPublishingHouse.
BiotechnologyU.Sathyanarayana;BiotechnologyU.SathyanarayanaBooksandAllied(P)
Ltd,Kolkata
BasicsofBiotechnology-A.J.Nair;LaxmiPublications,NewDelhi.
Microbiology(7thEd)PrescottL.M.,Harley,J.P.,andKleinD.A.McGrawHill,NewYork
SemesterVI
CoreCourseVocational
BB1671FoodandIndustrialBiotechnology

Credits:4

ContactHours:90(T54+P36)

Aim and Objective: ThestudentswillbeintroducedtotheindustrialapplicationofFoodBiotechnology


andBioprocesstechnologythroughthiscourse.Studentsshouldbetrainedtounderstandcommercial
importanceofbiotechnologythroughitsindustrialaspects.
ModuleI

6hrs

Conceptsanddevelopment-Microbesinindustry-Industriallyimportantmicroorganisms,screening
andisolation;Importantindustrialfermentationproducts
ModuleII

8hrs

Fermentation
Thebiological process offermentation-varioustypesof fermentation, alcoholfermentation,
scaleupofbiologicalreactionsintobioprocess;Bioreactors-typesofbioreactors/Fermentors,partsof
abioreactor.

-64-

ModuleIII

10hrs

Upstream Processing: Media for fermentation, characteristics of ideal production media, media
sterilization, aeration, pH, temperature; batch fermentation, continuous fermentation, chemostatic
cultures
Down stream processing: Down stream processing and product recovery, Different physical and
chemicalmethodsfortheseparationoffermentationproducts
ModuleIV

10hrs

Agricultural waste and food industry wastes as the substrate for fermentation, solid state
fermentation;productionofsinglecellproteins,microbialproductionofenzymes-proteaseandamylase;
Immobilizationofcellsandenzymes-applications
ModuleV

6hrs

Microbialproductionofantibiotics-Penicillin,vitamins-B12,aminoacids-Glutamicacid;Organic
acid-Citricacid;Beverages-beer;solvents-butanol
ModuleVI

14hrs

FoodBiotechnology
Microorganisminfoodspoilage,typesofspoilage,microbesinthespoilageofcannedfoods,
meat,fishHazardouseffectoffoodspoilage-foodpoisoning,mycotoxins;foodbornediseasesand
intoxications.Foodpreservation-principlesofpreservationoffoods,methodsoffoodpreservation:
Dairy Biotechnology-Microbes in dairy industry, contamination, spoilage, dairy products,
Pasteurization,Industrialprocessofcheesemaking,milkbornediseases.
Practicals
ExperimentsforIndustrialBiotechnologyPractical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

36hrs

Isolationofyeastfromfruitsamplesanditsculturing.
Preparationofmediaforalcoholfermentationbyyeast.
PreparationofEthylalcoholfromglucosebyYeastfermentation
Separationandquantificationofethanolbydistillation(demonstration)
Productionofwine(Demonstration)
Isolationofmicroorganismsfromspoiledfoodandidentification
Isolationoforganismsfromcurd/milkandfermentationoflactose
Demonstrationofsettinglaboratoryfermentor-basicfeatures,purpose,procedure

SuggestedReading
1.
2.
3.
4.

ModernConceptofBiotechnology-HDKumar;VikasPublishingHousePvt.Ltd.,NewDelhi.
FoodProcessingBiotechnolgicalApplications-SSMarwaha&JKArora,AsiatechPublishers
Inc.,NewDelhi
FoodMicrobiology-MRAdamas&MOMoss;PanimaPublishingCorporation,NewDelhi.
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-A.J.Nair;Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.

-65-

5.

IndustrialMicrobiologyAHPatel,PanimaPublishingHouseNewDelhi.

6.

Fermentationtechnology-Whittaker,

7.

FundamentalsofMicrobiology,Jones&BartlettPublishers,Boston,USA.

8.

Microbiology(7thEd)-PrescottL.M.,Harley,J.P.,andKleinD.A.McGrawHill,NewYork

SemesterVI
CoreCourse
BB1542Genetics
Credits4

ContactHours:126(T90+P30)

Aim and Objective: Thiscourseissupposedtosupplementthebasicknowledgeingeneticsin general


andMendeliangeneticinparticular.Thisisessentialtostudythevariousbranchesofbiologylike
molecularbiologyandgenetechnology.
Module:I
ClassicalGenetics

32hrs

1.

Mendelian Genetics- Mendel and his experiments, Mendels success, Mendelian principles,
Mendelianratios,monohybridanddihybridcrosses,backcrossandtestcross

2.

Genetics after Mendel- Modified Mendelian ratios; Incomplete dominance -Flower color in
Mirabilis;Interactionofgenes-Combpatterninpoultry.9:3:3:1.Epistasis-Recessive.Coat
colorinmice.9:3:4;Dominantepistasis.Fruitcolourinsummersquash.12:3:1;Complementary
genes.FlowercolorinLathyrus9:7;Duplicategenewithcumulativeeffect.Fruitshapeinsummer
squash.9:6:1;Duplicatedominantgenesinshepherdspurse.15:1;Inhibitoryfactor.Leafcolor
inPaddy.13:3

3.

Multiplealleles-Generalaccount.ABObloodgroupinman.Rhfactor.SelfsterilityinNicotiana.

4.

Quantitativecharacters-Generalcharactersofquantitativeinheritance,polygenicinheritance;
Skincolorinman,earsizeinMaize.

ModuleII

34hrs

5.

Linkageandcrossingover-Linkageanditsimportance,linkageandindependentassortment.
Completeandincompletelinkage.Crossingoverageneralaccount,twopointandthreepoint
test cross. Determination of gene sequence. Interference and coincidence. Mapping of
chromosomes.

6.

Sexdetermination-Sexchromosomes,chromosomalbasisofsexdeterminationXX-XY,XXXOmechanism.Sexdeterminationinhigherplants(Melandriumalbum)Genicbalancetheory
of sex determination in Drosophila. Sex chromosomal abnormalities in man. Klinefelters
syndrome,Turnerssyndrome.Sexlinkedinheritance.EyecolorinDrosophila,Hemophiliain
man.Y-Linkedinheritance.

7.

Extranuclearinheritance-Generalaccount,maternalinfluence.PlastidinheritanceinMirabilis.
Shellcoilinginsnails,kappaparticleinParamecium.

-66-

Module-III
MolecularGenetics
20hrs
1.
DNAasgeneticmaterial-StructureofDNA;A,BandZformsofDNA,satelliteandrepetitive
DNA
2.
ReplicationofDNA,CircularandhelicalDNA.Semiconservativemodel,experimentalsupport,
MeselsonandStahlexperiment.Enzymologyofreplication:topoisomerase,helicase,primase,
polymeraseandligase.DNArepairingmechanism.
3.
RNAstructure-PropertiesandfunctionsoftRNA,mRNAandrRNA.Geneticcode.
4.
Synthesisofprotein:Transcription,translation-Centraldogma-reversetranscription
5.
Conceptofgene-Unitsofagene,cistron,recon,muton;Typesofgenes-Housekeepinggenes
(constitutivegenes),Luxurygenes(nonconstitutivegenes),interruptedgenes(Splitgenes)introns,overlappinggene.
6.
Transposablegeneticelements-Generalaccount,Characteristic,Transposons(jumpinggenes),
Cellularoncogenes(generalaccountonly).
ModuleIV

4Hrs

PopulationGenetics
HardyWeinbergLaw,factorsaffectingequilibriumMutation,migrationandselection.
Practical

36hrs

Workoutproblemsin
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

Monohybridcross(Dominanceandincompletedominance)
Dihybridcross(Dominanceandincompletedominance)
Geneinteractions(Alltypesofgeneinteractionsmentionedinthesyllabus)
a.
Recessiveepistasis9:3:4.
b.
Dominantepistasis12:3:I
c.
Complementarygenes9:7
d.
Duplicategeneswithcumulativeeffect9:6:1
e.
Inhibitorygenes13:3
f.
Duplicatedominantgene15:1
g.
Combpatterninpoultry9:3:3:1
Linkageandcrossingover
Twopointandthreepointcrosses
Constructionofgeneticmap.

SuggestedReading
2.
3.

AggarwalSK(2009)FoundationCourseinBiology,2ndEdition,AneBooksPvt.Ltd
Dobzhansky,B(1961)Geneticandoriginofspecies,ColumbiauniversityPressNewYork

4.

Durbin(2007)BiologicalSequenceAnalysis.CambridgeUniversityPressIndiaPvt.Ltd

5.

Gardner,E.JandSnustad,D.P(1984)PrinciplesofGenetics.JohnWiley,NewYork.

6.

GuptaP.K.Genetics(Rastogipublications).

-67-

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Gupta,P.K.Genetics,RastogiPublications.
JohnRingo(2004)FundamentalGenetics.CambridgeUniversityPressIndiaPvt.Ltd.
Lewin,B,(1994)Genes,OxfordUniversityPress,NewYork.
Lewis,W.H(1980)Polyploidy.PlenumPress,NewYork.
NichollT(2007)AnIntroductiontoGeneticEngineering,CambridgeUniversityPressIndia
Pvt.Ltd
Sharma,A.KandSharmaa(1980)ChromosometechniqueTheoryandpractice,AdityaBooks,
NewYork
Swanson,C.P(1957)CytologyandGenetics.Englewoodcliffs,NewYork.
Taylor(2008)BiologicalSciences.CambridgeUniversityPressIndiaPvt.Ltd
VeerBalaRastogi(2008),FundamentalsofMolecularBiologyAneBooksPvt.Ltd

SemesterVI
CoreCourse
BB1642EconomicBotany,Ethnobotany&MedicinalBotany
Credit2

Contacthours108(Theory72+Practical36)

AimandObjective:ThisgivesawarenessabouttheimportanceofMedicinalplantsanditsuseful
parts,economicallyimportant plantsin ourdailylifeandalsoaboutthetraditionalmedicinesand
herbs,anditsrelevanceinmoderntimes.
ModuleI

5hrs

Economic botany
1.
StudyofthemajorcropsinKeralawithspecialreferencetotheirMethodsofcultivation,Botanical
description,morphologyoftheusefulpartandeconomicimportanceCoconutandPaddy.
2.
A brief account on the utility of the following plants, specifying the Binomial, family and
morphologyoftheusefulparts.
Fruits&Vegetables-Banana,Jackfruit,Pineapple,citrus,Apple,Cashew,Watermelon,Tomato,
Brinjal, Common bean, Sword bean, Pumpkin, Cucumber, Snake gourd, Bitter gourd,Ash gourd,
Bottlegourd.
Cerealsandmillets
WheatandRagi
Pulses
BlackgramandBengalgram
SugaryieldingPlants
Sugarcane
Spices
PepperandCardamom
Beverages -Coffee
Fibreyieldingplant
Cotton
DyeYieldingplants
HennaandBixaorellana
Resins
Asafoetida
Tubercrops
Tapioca
OilyieldingPlants
SesameandCoconut
Insecticides-Neem

-68-

ModuleII
Ethnobotany
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

20hrs

Definitionimportance,scope,categoriesandsignificance.
StudyofvariousmethodstocollectEthnobotanicaldata.
Plantpartsusedbytribesintheirdailylifeasfood,clothing,shelter,agricultureandmedicine.
Studyofcommonplantsusedbytribes.Aeglemarmelos,Ficusreligiosa,Cynadondactylon,
OcimumsanctumandTrichopuszeylanicus
Ethnobotanicaspectofconservationandmanagementofplantresources
Preservationofprimevalforestsintheformofsacredgrovesofindividualspecies

ModuleIII

15hrs

Medicinal botany
1.
Importanceandtheneedforitsconservation-Sacredgroves.RoleofICAR,NMPB.BSI,NBGRI
inconservationandcultivationofmedicinalplants
2.
Ageneralaccountofthemedicinalvalueofthefollowingplants-Rhizome-CurcumaandGingiber;
Bulb-AlliumcepaandA.sativa;Root-Asparagus,Hemidesmis,Acoruscalamus;Adhatodavasica,
Ctharanthusroseus,Phyllanthusamarus,Andrographispaniculata;Leaves-Aloevera,Centella
asiaticaAsoka(Saracaindica)andBrahmi(Bacopamonnieri)Aswagandha(Withaniasomnifera),
Sarpagandha(Rauvolfiaserpentina)
3.
Productionofherbaldrugs.Extractionprocedure-Adulterationofdrugs
ModuleIV
1.
2.

DefinitionandscopeofPharmacognosyAncientandmodernmedicines-Sidha,Ayurveda,Unani,
Acupuncture,HomoeopathyandAllopathy
Sourcesofcrudedrugsroots,rhizome,bulb,corm,leaves,stems,flowers,fruitsandseeds

Practical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7hrs

36hrs

Collectionandstudyofeconomicallyimportantplantsandmorphologyoftheusefulparts.
IdentifytheeconomicproductsobtainedfromtheplantsmentionedunderEconomicBotany
Visitatribalareaandcollectinformationontheirtraditionalmethodoftreatmentusingcrudedrugs.
Familiarizewithatleast5folkmedicinesandstudythecultivation,extractionanditsmedicinal
application.
Observetheplantsofethnobotanicalimportanceinyourarea
VisittoanAyurvedacollegeorAyurvedic

SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

VermaV,2009TextBookofEconomicBotany;AneBooksPvt.Ltd.
KapoorLD,2001HandBookofAyurvedicMedicinalPlants,CRCPressNewYork,
Davis,P.11.andHaywood,V.H,1963.PrinciplesofAngiospermTaxonomy,OliverandRoyd,London.
K.Jain.GlimpsesofEthnobotany.OxfordandIBHPublishingCompany,NewDelhi.
S.K.Jain,1987.AManualofEthnobotany.ScientificPublishers,Jodhpur
T.EWalles.TextbookofPharmacognosy,
RajivKSinha.Ethnobotany.

-69-

SemesterVI
CoreCourse
BB1643PracticalBotanyIII
(PracticalofBB1541,BB1542,BB1641,BB1642)
Credit2

ContactHours:150

PracticalofBB1541
PlantPhysiology
1.
2.

Waterpotentialofonionpeel,Rheopeelbyplasmolyticmethod
SeparationofplantpigmentsbypaperchromatographyDemonstrationofthefollowing
Experiments

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

Thistlefunnelexperiment
Tissuetension
RootPressure
Suctionforceduetotranspiration
Foliartranspirationbyusingbelljar
Transpiringsurface-4leafexperiment
PotometerFarmerandGanongs,
WaterbalanceRelationbetweentranspirationandabsorption.
Evolutionofoxygenduringphotosynthesis
Necessityofchlorophyll,CO2andlightinphotosynthesis
Measurementofphotosynthesis.
Simplerespiroscope
ResperometerofR.Q.
Anaerobicrespiration
Fermentation
GeotropismandphototropismKlinostt
Hydrotropism
MeasurementofgrowthArcandLiverAuxonometer

36Hrs

PracticalofBB1542
Genetics

42hrs

Workoutproblemsin
1.
2.
3.

Monohybridcross(Dominanceandincompletedominance)
Dihybridcross(Dominanceandincompletedominance)
Geneinteractions(Alltypesofgeneinteractionsmentionedinthesyllabus)
a.
b.

Recessiveepistasis9:3:4.
Dominantepistasis12:3:I

-70-

4.
5.
6.

c.
Complementarygenes9:7
d.
Duplicategeneswithcumulativeeffect9:6:1
e.
Inhibitorygenes13:3
f.
Duplicatedominantgene15:1
g.
Combpatterninpoultry9:3:3:1
Linkageandcrossingover
Twopointandthreepointcrosses
Constructionofgeneticmap.

PracticalofBB1641
AngiospermMorphologyandSystematicBotany
36hrs
1.
Studyonvarioustypesofinflorescenceswithvividrecordofpracticalwork.
2.
Studentsmustbeabletoidentifytheangiospermmembersincludedinthesyllabusuptothe
leveloffamilies.
3.
Drawlabeleddiagramofthehabit,floralparts,LSofflower,TSofovary,floraldiagram,floral
formulaanddescribethesalientfeaturesofthememberintechnicalterms
4.
Studentsmustsubmitpracticalrecords,Herbariumsheets(25Nos:)andFieldbookatthetimeof
practicalexamination.
5.
Fieldtripsaretobeconductedforthreedayseitherascontinuousoronedaytrips.
1
Annonaceae
9 Apiaceae
16 Acanthaceae
2
Nymphaeaceae
10 Rubiaceae
17 Verbenaceae
3
Malvaceae
11 Asteraceae
18 Amaranthaceae
4
Rutaceae
12 Sapotaceae
19 Euphorbiaceae
5
Anacardiaceae
13 Apocynaceae
20 Orchidaceae
6
Leguminosae
14 Asclepiadiaceae
21 Liliaceae
7
Myrtaceae
15 Solanaceae
22 Arecaceae
8
Cucurbitaceae
23 Poaceae
PracticalofBB1642
EconomicBotany,Ethanobotany&MedicinalBotany

36hrs

1.

Collectionandstudyofeconomicallyimportantplantsandmorphologyoftheusefulparts.

2.

IdentifytheeconomicproductsobtainedfromtheplantsmentionedunderEconomicBotany

3.

Visitatribalareaandcollectinformationontheirtraditionalmethodoftreatmentusingcrude
drugs.

4.

Familiarizewithatleast5folkmedicinesandstudythecultivation,extractionanditsmedicinal
application.

5.

Observetheplantsofethnobotanicalimportanceinyourarea

6.

VisittoanAyurvedacollegeorAyurvedicResearchInstitute/Hospital

-71-

SemesterVI
CoreCourseVocational
BB1672EnvironmentalBiotechnology
Credits:2

Contacthours72(T36+P36)

Aim and Objective: Thiscourseisaimedtobringanenthusiasmonenvironmentalprotectionandit


shouldgivethecontributionofbiotechnologytechniquestokeeptheenvironmentcleanandhealthy.
As well it should highlight the economic aspects and bioprocess technology in the application of
biotechnologyinprotectingtheenvironmentfrompollution.
ModuleI

4hrs

Introduction
Environment Basic concepts-Atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere Scope and
ImportanceofEnvironmentalBiotechnology;Pollution-sourcesofpollution,generalcharacteristics
ModuleII

5hrs

Waterpollution
Organicloadinaquaticsystems-BODandCOD,microbialqualityofwater,Laboratorymethods
forthedetectionofcoliformsindrinksandfood;fecalandnon-fecalbacteria;Treatmentofmunicipal
wastesandhazardousindustrialeffluents.
ModuleIII

10hrs

Non-conventionalenergysources
Biomass:utilizationofbiomassasenergysourceapplicationofmicrobesinproductionoffuels
frombiomass-biogasandmethanogenicbacteria,StepsandprocessofBiogasproduction;microbial
hydrogen production, the gasohol experiment. Energy production from photosynthetic pigments;
vegetableoilsasenginefuels,energycrops-jojoba;Bioplastics
ModuleIV

8hrs

BioremediationandBioleaching:Microbialdegradationofpesticides,herbicidesandothertoxic
chemicalsintheenvironment;Bioaugmentation;phytoremediation,superbug
Bioleaching-Enrichmentoforesbymicroorganisms(bioaccumulationandbiomineralisation).
Bio-assessmentofenvironmentalquality.
ModuleV

5hrs

Solidwastetreatment
Solidwastetreatment-Composting,vermicomposting;Disposalofsludge-Landfilling,lagooning
ModuleVI
Environmentallegislation:
WaterAct;ForestAct;EnvironmentalProtectionact.

4hrs

-72-

Practical
ExperimentsforEnvironmentalBiotechnology
36hrs
1.
MicrobiologicalassessmentofdrinkingwaterusingMPNtechnique-waterfromwell,river,
watersupplydepartmentandpackageddrinkingwater
2.
Isolationofmicrobesfrompollutedandnonpollutedenvironment
3.
4.
5.

EstimationofDissolvedOxygenusingWinklersmethod
Assessmentoforganicloadinaquaticsystemsandfactoryeffluent-DeterminationofBODand
COD.
Biogasproductionbymethanogenicbacteriaorbymixedculture.

6.
7.

Isolationofnitrogenfixingbacteriafromleguminousplants
Vermicultureforrecyclingsolidwaste

Suggestedreadings
1.

EnvironmentalBiotechnology-AlanScragg;Longman,England

2.
3.
4.

BiotechnologyfundamentalsandapplicationsPurohit&Mathur;Agrobotanica,India
BiotechnologyBDSingh;KalyaniPublishers,NewDelhi
Biologicalwastewatertreatment2ndEdition-GradyCPL

5.
6.

BiologicalConservationSpellergergIF
EnvironmentalissuesandOptionsMishraC.

7.
8.

Biodiversity-StatusandProspects-PramodtandonetalNarosaPublishingHouse,NewDelhi
Ecology2ndEdn,SubrahmanyamNS,SambamurtyV.S.S;NarosaPublishingHouse.

9.

BiotechnologyU.Sathyanarayana;BiotechnologyU.SathyanarayanaBooksandAllied(P)
Ltd,Kolkata

10.
11.

BasicsofBiotechnology-A.J.Nair;LaxmiPublications,NewDelhi.
Microbiology(7thEd)-PrescottL.M.,Harley,J.P.,andKleinD.A.McGrawHill,NewYork

SemesterVI
ElectivecourseforBiotechnologystudents
BB1681BioinformaticsandNanobiotechnology
Credit2

Contacthours:36

Aim and Objective: Thiscourseisforbiotechnologystudents,whoareinterestedtoknowaboutthe


methodsandapplicationofbioinformaticsandmodernNanobiomoleculesandtheircontributionin
thevariousfieldsofbiotechnologyandhealthcare.
ModuleI

8hrs

Bioinformatics-definition,scope,limitationsHistoryandevolutionofbioinformatics,Impactof
bioinformaticsinmodernbiologyandresearch.Databases-varioustypesofdatabases,Biological
Databases-Importanceofdatabasesinbiotechnology,NCBI,Genebank,PubMed.

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ModuleII

6hrs

Sequencealignment-Pairwisesequencealignment-sequencehomologyvssimilarity;similarity
andidentity.Databasesimilaritysearching-BLAST,FASTAformat;Multiplesequencealignment,
scoringfunction,CLUSTALW
ModuleIII

6hrs

Phylogenetictreeconstruction-distancebasedmethodsandcharacterbasedmethods,PHYLIP
ModuleIV

6hrs

Proteomicstechnologyofproteinexpressionanalysis,2DPAGE,MS,Proteinidentification
through database search, protein data bank. Functional Genomics- Sequence based approaches,
Microarraybasedapproaches.Applicationsofproteomicsandgenomics
ModuleV

10hrs

Nanobiotechnology-Introductiontonanoworld,classificationofnanomaterials,applicationofnano
crystals, DNA chip, nano biosensors DNA sensors; Quantum dots; Drug delivery systems and
techniques-prosthesisandimplants-diagnosisandscreening;ApplicationsofNanobiotechnologyin
medicineandhealth.
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

IntroductiontoBioinformaticsV.Kothekar,DruvPublication
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-A.J.Nair;Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
Bioinformatics-GenomicsandPost-genomics,FrederichDardel&FrancoisKepes;JohnWiley
&Sons.
AtextbookofBiotechnology,R.C.Dubey,S.ChandPublications,NewDelhi
EssentialBioinformatics-JinXiong,CambridgeUniversityPress,UK.
Nanobiotechnology:Concepts,ApplicationsandPerspectives-C.M.NiemeyerandC.A.Mirkin,
Wiley,US
Bioinformatics-Databases,toolsandalgorithms-BosuO.UandThukralS.K.OxfordUniversity
Press,NewDelhi.
Bioinformaticsbasics:applicationsinbiologicalscienceandmedicine-H.H.RashidiandL.K.
BuehlerCRCPress,London.
Bioinformatics- sequence, structure and databases- Des Higgins and Willie Taylor. Oxford
UniversityPress
SemesterVI
ElectivecourseforBiotechnologystudents
BB1682GeneticEngineering

Credit2

Contacthours:36

Aim and Objective: Thiscourseidfornonbiologyornonbiotechnologystudents,whoareinterested


toknowaboutthemethodsandapplicationofgeneticengineeringanditscontributioninthevarious
fieldsofbiotechnology.

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ModuleI
Introductiontogenecloning

6hrs

Introductiontogenecloning,enzymesandbasictoolsinvolvedingenecloning.
ModuleII

14hrs

IsolationandpurificationoftotalcellDNA
DNAsequencingmethods,Principleandapplications
Molecularhybridizationtechniques(Northern,southern,westernblotting),InSituhybridization
PCR:Principleandapplications
Techniquesforgenomeanalysis:RFLP,AFLP,RAPD
DNAfingerprinting.
Humangenomeprojectabriefaccount.
ModuleIII

8hrs

Introduction of recombinant DNA into living cells an overview. Selection and screening of
recombinantclones.
ModuleIV

8hrs

DNAlibraries:genomiclibrariesandcDNAlibraries.ApplicationofgenomiclibrariesandcDNA
libraries.Variousmethodsofgenetictransformationineukaryotes-Directgenetransferandvector
mediatedgenetransfer.Screeningmethodsoftransformedcellsandorganisms.
SuggestedReading
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Animalcellculture-JohnRWMaster;OxfordUniversityPress
CutureofanimalcellsAmanualofbasictechnique,RIanFreshney;Wiley-LissPublication,
NewYork.
BasicsofBiotechnology-A.J.Nair;LaxmiPublications,NewDelhi.
IntroductiontoBiotechnology&GeneticEngineering,Jones&BartlettPublishers,Boston.
ModernconceptofBiotechnology-HDKumar;VikasPublishingHouse,Pvt.Ltd.,NewDelhi.
IntroductiontoGeneticEngineering&Biotechnology-Nair,A.J.,Jones&BartlettPublishers,
Boston,USA.
BiotechnologyBDSinghKalyaniPublishers,NewDelhi

SemesterVI
ElectivecourseforBiotechnologystudents
BB1683Food&DairyBiotechnology
Credit2

Contacthours:54

Aim and Objective:Thiscourseisfornonbiotechnologystudents.Studentsfromotherdisciplinesare


also can undergo this course to get basic knowledge in the application of Biotechnology in food
processing,foodspoilage,foodpreservationanddairyindustry.

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ModuleI

15hrs

Conceptandscopeoffoodbiotechnology-foodcomposition,typesoffoods;fermentedfoods
andmicroorganismsinvolvedinfermentationoffoodmaterials,foodcontaminationanditssources
Microbiological examination of foods- indicator organisms, cultural techniques, direct methods,
immunologicalmethodsetc.
ModuleII
Foodspoilageandpoisoning

15hrs

Spoilageoffoods,Microorganisminfoodspoilage,chemicalchanges,microbesinthespoilage
ofcannedfoods,meat,fish;Factorsaffectinggrowthofspoilageorganisms
Principles of preservation of foods; food poisoning, mycotoxins; food borne diseases and
intoxications;
ModuleIII

14hrs

Foodpreservation-principlesofpreservationoffoods,methodsoffoodpreservation,Physical
&ChemicalMethods,Osmoticpressurepreservingfoodsinsugarandsalt,chemicalpreservatives,
Radiationaspreservationmethods
ModuleIV
DairyBiotechnology

10hrs

Microbes in dairy industry, contamination, spoilage, microbes of milk and dairy products,
fermenteddairyproducts,Pasteurization;Industrialprocessofcheesemaking,milkbornediseases,
Milkqualitytesting-resazurin,methylenebluereductiontest,Standardplatecount.
SuggestedReadings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

FoodMicrobiology-MRAdamsandMoss
FoodProcessing-BiotechnologicalapplicationsMarwah&Arora
FoodMicrobiology-WilliamCFrazer
Industrialmicrobiology-LECasida
Basicfoodmicrobiology(2ndEd)-GeorgeJ.Banwart,CBSpublishersanddistributors,NewDelhi
Amodernintroductiontofoodmicrobiology-BoardRC.,Blackwellscientificpublishersoxford.
SemesterVI
CoreCourseVocational
BB1673BiotechniquesIII(PracticalofBB1571,BB1572,BB1573,BB1671&BB1672)

Credit:2
PracticalofBB1571
ExperimentsforPracticalofrDNATechnology
1.

PreparationofthereagentsforrDNAexperiments

Contacthours:126
(PracticalHoursofabovecourses)
18Hrs

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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

PurificationofPlasmidfrombacterialCultures.
ElectrophoresisandevaluationofplasmidDNA-pUC18/pBR322
EstimationofplasmidDNAbyUV-VISspectrophotometer
RestrictionDigestionofpUC18andanalysisbyagarosegelelectrophoresis
TransformationofE.coliwithpUC18andselectionofampicillinresistantclones
ExtractionandpurificationofGenomicDNA
Competentcellpreparation
PAGEdemonstration
QuantificationofDNAusingdiphenylaminemethod

PracticalofBB1572
ExperimentsforPlantBiotechnologyPractical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

18hrs

Familiarizationofinstrumentsandspecialequipmentsusedintheplanttissuecultureexperiments
Preparationofplanttissueculturemedium,andsterilization,Preparationofstocksolutionsof
nutrientsforMSMedia.
Surfacesterilizationofplantmaterialsforinoculation(implantationinthemedium)
Developmentofcallusculturesanditssub-culturing
Organogenesis-shootregeneration,rootregeneration,somaticembryogenesis
Micropropagationofpotato/tomato/-Demonstration
ProtoplastisolationandculturingDemonstration
Productionofartificialseeds(encapsulationmethod)

PracticalofBB1573
ExperimentsforPracticalinAnimalBiotechnology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

18hrs

Familiarizationofmethods,equipmentsandtechniquesofanimalcellculture
Isolationoflymphocytesfromblood
Cellviabilityassaybydieexclusionmethodandcellcounting
MTTassayofcells
Proteinpurificationbyionexchangechromatographyfromserum

PracticalofBB1671
ExperimentsforFoodandIndustrialBiotechnologyPractical
1.

Isolationofyeastfromfruitsamplesanditsculturing.

2.

Preparationofmediaforalcoholfermentationbyyeast.

3.

PreparationofEthylalcoholfromglucosebyYeastfermentation

4.

Separationandquantificationofethanolbydistillation(demonstration)

5.
6.

Productionofwine(Demonstration)
Isolationofmicroorganismsfromspoiledfoodandidentification

7.

Isolationoforganismsfromcurd/milkandfermentationoflactose

8.

Demonstrationofsettinglaboratoryfermentor-basicfeatures,purpose,procedure

36hrs

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PracticalofBB1672
ExperimentsforEnvironmentalBiotechnology
36hrs
1.
MicrobiologicalassessmentofdrinkingwaterusingMPNtechnique-waterfromwell,river,
watersupplydepartmentandpackageddrinkingwater
2.
Isolationofmicrobesfrompollutedandnonpollutedenvironment
3.
EstimationofDissolvedOxygenusingWinklersmethod
4.
Assessmentoforganicloadinaquaticsystemsandfactoryeffluent-DeterminationofBODand
COD.
5.
Biogasproductionbymethanogenicbacteriaorbymixedculture.
6.
Isolationofnitrogenfixingbacteriafromleguminousplants
7.
Vermicultureforrecyclingsolidwaste

-78-

-79-

UNIVERSITYOFKERALA

BOTANY&BIOTECHNOLOGY

Model Questions

(For those who joined the course from the academic year 2013 onwards)

FoundationCourses,CoreCoursesComplementaryCoursesandOpen
&ElectiveCourses

2015

-80-

ModelQuestionPapers
CoreCourse

BOTANY
FirstSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
CoreCourse
BB1141PHYCOLOGY,MYCOLOGY,LICHENOLOGYANDPLANTPATHOLOGY
Time:3Hours

Max.Marks:80
SECTIONA

Answerallthequestionsinawordoronetotwosentences.EachquestioncarriesoneMark.
Drawdiagramswherevernecessary.
1.

Whatisacoenobium?

2.

MentionthetypesofpigmentsinPhaeophyceae.

3.

Whatareclampconnections?

4.

Whatarethecellwallconstituentspresentinfungi?

5.

WhyLichensareconsideredasbioindicators?

6.

PointoutthecompositionofBordeauxmixture.

7.

NamethediploidstagesinthelifecycleofPolysiphonia.

8.

Commentonthetypeofseptuminbasidiomycotina.

9.

Whatisaheteroeciousfungus?

10.

Whatisagonidium?

(1x10=10marks)
SECTIONB

Answer any eight questions. Each question carries 2 marks. (Answer not to exceed one
paragraph)
11.

MentionthemodeofbranchinginCladophora.

12.

WhatarethenodalappendagesfoundinChara?

13.

SpecifythestructureoffruitbodyinXylaria.

14.

DescribethemethodsofasexualreproductioninPenicillium.

15.

Whatareauxospores?Mentiontheirsignificance.

16.

BrieflymentionthethallusorganizationofaLichen.

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17.

Mentionthenameofpathogen,symptomsandcontrolmeasuresofrootwiltofpepper.

18.

HowthezoosporesofOedogoniumandVaucheriadifferfromeachother?

19.

WhyChlorellaisusedinspacetrips?

20.

Differentiateaplanosporeandchlmydospore.

21.

Writeonaffinitiesofbacteriaandcyanophyceae.

22.

Discusstheeconomicimportanceofyeasts.

(2x8=16Marks)

SECTIONC
Answeranysixquestions.(Answernottoexceed120words).Eachquestioncarries4marks)
23.

DescribethemodeofreproductioninSargassum.

24.

Withthehelpoflabeleddiagram,explainsexualreproductioninRhizopus.

25.

DifferentiatemacrandrousandnannandrousspeciesofOedogonium.

26.

Giveanaccountoneconomicimportanceoffungi.

27.

Discussthetypesofthallusorganizationinchlorophyceae.

28.

CompareAcomycotinaandbasidiomycotina.

29.

GiveanaccountonthallusstructureandmodeofreproductioninNostoc.

30.

DescribethemodeofreproductioninUsnea.

31.

Explainthehost-parasiteinteractioninpathologicalconditions

(4x6=24Marks)

SECTIOND
Answeranytwoquestions.(Notmorethanthreepages).Eachquestioncarries15Marks
32.

DescribethestructureandreproductionofPolysiphonia.Writenotesonthetypeoflifecycle.

33.

Withthehelpofdiagrams,explainthelifecycleofPuccinia.

34.

GiveanoutlineoftheclassificationofFungibyAinsworth.Brieflymentiontheevolutionary
trendsamongmajorgroups.

35.

Whatarefungicides?Giveanaccountonthetypesoffungicidesandtheirmodeofactionon
pathogens.
(2x15=30Marks)

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SecondSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyand
BiotechnologyDegreeExamination
CoreCourse
BB1241BRYOLOGY,PTERIDOLOGY,GYMNOSPERMS&PALEOBOTANY
Time:3Hours

Max.Marks:80
SECTION-A

Answerallquestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarries1mark.
Drawdiagramsonlyifspecifiedinthequestion.
1.

WhatisthecommonnameforEquisetum?

2.

DefineDiploxyliccondition.

3.

NametheclasstowhichRicciabelongs.

4.

Whatismeantbyheterospory?

5.

Giveanexampleforafossilpteridophyte.

6.

Whatisasynangium?

7.

Whataresporocarps?

8.

Whatisindusium?

9.

Whataregemmae?

10.

Defineplectostele.
(1x10=10marks)
SECTION-B
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.Answernottoexceedoneparagraph

11.

CommentonthefeaturesofassimilatoryzoneofRiccia.

12.

Brieflydescribethephysiologicalchangesassociatedwithsenescence.

13.

DescribetheanatomicalfeaturesofPsilotumstem.

14.

MentionanyfourmorphologicalfeaturesofEquisetum.

15.

Differentiateperigyniumandperichaetium.

16.

ExplainthallusmorphologyofMarchantia.

17.

Whataregirdletraces?

18.

BrieflydescribethethestructureofpollengrainofPinus.

19.

DescribethemorphologyofRhizophore.

20.

ExplainthehydrophyticanatomicalfeaturesofMarseliastem.

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21.

Mentionanyfouraffinitiesofgymnospermstopteridophytes.

22.

Writeabriefaccountoncarbondatingtechnique.
(2x8=16marks)
SECTION-C

Answeranysixofthefollowing.(Answernottoexceed120words).Eachquestioncarries4marks
23.

DescribethestructureofsporophyteofMarchantia.

24.

ExplaintheanatomicalfeaturesofPolytrichumstem.

25.

Discussthemechanismoffossilformation.

26.

MentionthestructureofAdiantumsporophyll.

27.

WhyGnetumisconsideredasanadvancedGymnosperm?

28.

GiveanaccountofthetypesofstelesinspeciesofLycopodium.

29.

ExplaintheanatomicalfeaturesofCycasleaflet.

30.

DiscusstheeconomicimportanceofGymnosperms.

31.

ExplainthestructureofLyginopteris.
(4x6=24marks)
SECTION-D
Answerany2questions.(Notmorethanthreepages).Eachquestioncarries15marks.

32.

ExplainthegeneralcharactersofBryophytesandgiveanoutlineoftheclassificationofBryophytes.

33.

DescribethelifecycleofSelaginella.Whyisitconsideredasforerunnerofseedplants?

34.

DiscussaffinitiesofGymnospermstoothergroupsofplants.

35.

DiscusstheobjectivesofPalaeobotanyandgiveanaccountofthetechniquesoffossilstudy.
(15x2=30marks)

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ThirdSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyand
BiotechnologyDegreeExamination
CoreCourse
BB1341-ANGIOSPERMANATOMYANDREPRODUCTIVEBOTANY
Time:3Hours

Max.Marks:80
SECTION-A

Answerallquestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarries1mark.
Drawdiagramsonlyifspecifiedinthequestion.
1.

Giveanexampleforalivingmechanicaltissueinplants.

2.

Alivingcomponentofxylem.

3.

WhoproposedTunica-Corpustheory?

4.

Whataretyloses?

5.

Giveanexampleforasecondarymeristem.

6.

Whatismeantbyexarchcondition?

7.

Whatareannualrings?

8.

Whatarebulliformcells?

9.

Mentionthechemicalconstituentofexine.

10.

Pointoutthephysiologicalsignificanceoftapetum.
(1x10=10marks)
SECTION-B
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.Answernottoexceedoneparagraph

11.

Commentonthetypesofnon-livinginclusionsinaplantcell.

12.

Brieflydescribethekindsofvasculararrangements.

13.

Pointouthowtheageofatreeisdetermined?

14.

Mentionthetypesofstomatafoundinplants.

15.

Differentiateheartwoodandsapwood.

16.

Explainthecomponentsofperiderm.

17.

Howwillyoudifferentiateshootapexandrootapex?

18.

Brieflydescribethestructureofantherwall.

19.

Describethetypesofpollenaperture.

20.

Explainthestructureofcambium.

-85-

21.

Mentionanyfourdifferencesbetweendicotandmonocotleaf.

22.

Writeabriefaccountondoublefertilization.
(2x8=16marks)

SECTION-C
Answeranysixofthefollowing.(Answernottoexceed120words).Eachquestioncarries4marks
23.

Describethetypesofmeristemsinplants.

21.

Explainthefeaturesofsecondarywallpits.

25.

DiscussthetypeofsecondarythickeninginDracaenastem.

26.

Mentionthestructureofmalegametophyte.

27.

Mentionthetypesofpollinationmechanismsinplants.

28.

Giveanaccountofthetypesofsimplepermanenttissues.

29.

Explainbrieflyonsecretorytissues.

30.

Discussthestructureandchemicalcompositionofplantcellwall.

31.

ExplainHistogentheory.
(4x6=24marks)
SECTION-D
Answerany2questions.(Notmorethanthreepages).Eachquestioncarries15marks.

32.

Explainthetypesofcomplexpermanenttissuesandpointouttheirfunctioninplants.

33.

Describethedevelopmentoffemalegametophyte.Pointoutthetypesanddifferentiatethem.

34.

DiscussthetypesofanomaloussecondarythickeninginDicotstems.

35.

Explainthedevelopmentandfunctionofendosperm.Addanoteontypesofendosperm.
(15x2=30marks)

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ThirdSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
CoreCourse
BB1342-ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIESANDPHYTOGEOGRAPHY

Time:3Hours

Max.Marks:80
SECTIONA

Answerallquestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarries1mark.Draw
diagramsonlyifspecifiedinthequestion.
1.

Giveamethodforin-situconservationofplants.

2.

Mentionanytwoanatomicaladaptationsinxerophytes.

3.

Defineendemism

4.

CitethenamesofanytwoNationalParksinKerala

5.

Giveanexampleforrenewableresource.

6.

Whatismeantbyendangeredspecies?

7.

Whataregreenhousegases?

8.

Mentionthehazardsofleadpollution.

9.

CommentonAcidrain.

10.

Whatismeantbydesertification?
(1x10=10marks)
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.Answernottoexceedoneparagraph

11.

Commentonthetypesofabioticcomponentsofanecosystem.

12.

Brieflydescribethecausesofbiodiversityloss.

13.

Pointouthowepiphytesareadaptedtothriveintheirhabitat?

14.

Mentionthetypesoftrophiclevelsinanecosystem.

15.

Differentiateenvironmentalhazardandenvironmentaldisaster.

16.

Explainthesignificanceofmangrovevegetation.

17.

WhatarethetypesofForestsinIndia.

18.

CommentontherecentecologicalissuesinKasargod.

19.

Discussthecausesfoglobalwarming.

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20.

Explaintheroleofbacteriainecosystem.

21.

Mentionanyfourexamplesfornon-renewablenaturalresources.

22.

Representafoodchaininagrasslandecosystem.
(2x8=16marks)
SECTIONC

Answeranysixofthefollowing.(Answernottoexceed120words).Eachquestioncarries4
marks
23.

Describediversityandbetadiversity.

24.

Whatarehotspots?MentiontheirsignificanceandgiveanexamplefromIndia.

25.

Describethetypesofecologicalpyramids.

26.

Mentionthestagesofsuccessioninadryhabitat.

27.

Mentionthestrategiesforconservationofforestresources.

28.

Giveanaccountofenvironmentallegislation.

29.

ExplainbrieflyonEnvironmentalethics.Commentonmajorissuesandsolutions.

30.

Discussthevariousoptionsforwatermanagement.

31.

Explaintheroleofinformationtechnologyinenvironmentmanagement.
(4x6=24marks)
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.(Notmorethanthreepages).Eachquestioncarries15marks.

32.

ExplainthetypesofvegetationandphytogeographicregionsofIndia.

33.

Discusstheconceptofsustainabledevelopment.Explainwithreferencetoglobalenvironmental
status.

34.

Discusstheimpactofsolidwasteandpointoutthecauses,effectsandcontrolmeasuresofurban
andindustrialwastes.

35.

DiscusstheroleofForestsinenvironment.CommentonthestrategiesenforcedbyGovernment
ofIndiaforForestmanagement.
(15x2=30marks)

-88-

FourthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
CoreCourse
BB1442-CellBiology,PlantBreeding&EvolutionaryBiology
Time:3Hours

Max.Marks:80
SECTION-A

Answerallquestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarries1mark.Draw
diagramsonlyifspecifiedinthequestion.
1.

Whatarehistones?

2.

Whatismeantbyeuploidy?

3.

Whylysosomesarecalledsuicidalbags?

4.

Whatiskinetochore?

5.

MentionthenamesofagenciesinvolvedinplantintroductioninIndia.

6.

Whatismeantbycompositevariety?

7.

Defineapureline.

8.

Anytwoexamplesforintergenerichybrids.

9.

Whatisgeneticdrift?

10.

Whoproposeduseanddisusetheory?
(1x10=10marks)
SECTION-B
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.Answernottoexceedoneparagraph

a.

Differentiateheterochromatinandeuchromatin.

b.

Brieflymentiontheeventsduringinterphase.

c.

Whatissynaptonemalcomplex?Mentionitssignificance.

d.

Differentiateparacentricandpericentricinversion.

e.

Howautopolyploidsdifferfromallopolyploids?

f.

Whydeletionsareconsideredasmoredeleteriousthanduplications?

g.

Discussthetypeofmutagensusedinplantimprovement.

h.

WhatareBchromosomes?Howtheybehaveduringcelldivision?

i.

Mentionthechemicalcompositionofcellmembrane.

j.

Whatareperoxisomes?Commentontheirfunctions.

-89-

k.

Differentiateparallelandconvergentevolution.

l.

Whatismeantbyquarantine?Pointoutitssignificance.
(2x8=16marks)
SECTION-C

Answeranysixofthefollowing.(Answernottoexceed120words).Eachquestioncarries4
marks
m.

Writeanaccountondifferentphasesofcellcycle.

n.

Howclonalselectiondiffersfromotherselectionmethods?

o.

Giveanaccountonmicroandmacroevolution.

p.

Explainthetypesofanueploidsandpointouttheircytologicalfeatures.

q.

Withthehelpofrelevantsketches,outlinetheeventsduringProphaseI.

r.

Explainthetypesofisolationmechanismsandpointouttheirevolutionarysignificance.

s.

Discussthestepsandprinciplesofresistancebreeding.

t.

DescribethestructureofLampbrushchromosome.Howitdiffersfromanormalchromosome?

u.

ExplainNeo-Darwinism.
(4x6=24marks)
SECTION-D
Answerany2questions.(Notmorethanthreepages).Eachquestioncarries15marks.

v.

Withthehelpofdiagrams,explainthetypesofstructuralaberrationsinchromosomes.Pointout
theevolutionarysignificanceofeach.

w.

Explain the various forces operating in evolutionary process. Illustrate with examples and
evolutionaryprinciples.

x.

Explainheterosisandmentionhowisitexploitedbyplantbreeders?

y.

Giveanaccountonultrastructureandfunctionsofcellcomponentsandorganelles.
(15x2=30marks)

-90-

FifthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
CoreCourse
BB1541PlantPhysiology
Time:3Hours

Max.Marks:80
SECTION-A

Answerallquestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarries1mark.Draw
diagramsonlyifspecifiedinthequestion.
1.

WhatisKranzanatomy?

2.

Definechemosynthesis.

3.

Whycytochromea3iscalledterminaloxidase?

4.

Representtheoverallequationofphotosynthesis.

5.

CitetwoexamplesforC4plants.

6.

Whatismeantbythigmotropicmovement?

7.

Whatistonicity?

8.

Whytherateofphotosynthesisdecreasesbeyond690nm?

9.

Whatisincipientplasmolysis?

10.

HowthestomataofCAMplantsdifferfromthatofC3plants?
(1x10=10marks)
SECTION-B
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.Answernottoexceedoneparagraph

11.

Giveanaccountonrawmaterialsofphotosynthesis.

12.

BrieflydescribethephysiologicalroleofAbscisicacidinplants.

13.

Differentiateapoplastandsymplast.

14.

Howrootpressureinfluenceswatermovementinplants?

15.

Definereddrop.Howitcanbecompensated?
1.

Explainthephysiologyofsenescence.

2.

Discusstheconceptofflorigen.

3.

BrieflydescribetherelationbetweenOP,TPandWPinplants.

4.

Commentonhydroponics.

5.

Differentiateabsorptionspectrumandactionspectrum.

-91-

6.

Whyfluorescentradiationhashigherwavelengththanphosphorescentradiation?

7.

Pointoutthedifferencesbetweenphotosynthesisinbacteriaandhigherplants.
(2x8=16marks)
SECTION-C

Answeranysixofthefollowing.(Answernottoexceed120words).Eachquestioncarries4
marks
8.

Describethevitalandphysicaltheoriesexplainingascentofsap.

9.

HowtheprincipleofLimitingfactorsapplyinphotosynthesis?

10.

Giveanaccountoncoenzymesandcofactors.

11.

Explainhowtherelativedaylengthinfluencesfloweringinplants?

12.

Discussthephysiologicalconsequencesofwaterstressinplants.

13.

Explainthemechanismsofmineralabsorptioninplants.

14.

HowanaerobicrespirationdiffersfromaerobicintermsofATPyield?

15.

Discussthemechanismofphotorespiration.Enumerateitsadvantagesanddisadvantages

16.

Explainbiologicalnitrogenfixation.
(4x6=24marks)
SECTION-D
Answerany2questions.(Notmorethanthreepages).Eachquestioncarries15marks.

17.

Discussthevarioustypesofstomataandthemechanismsinstomatalmovement.

18.

ExplaindarkreactionandcomparethephotosyntheticmechanismsinC3andCAMplants.

19.

Discussvarioustypesofmovementsexhibitedbyplants.

20.

Giveanaccountonstructure,classificationandnomenclatureofenzymes.
(15x2=30marks)

-92-

FifthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
CoreCourse
BB1542AngiospermMorphologyAndSystematicBotany
Time:3Hours

Max.Marks:80
SECTION-A

Answerallquestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarries1mark.Draw
diagramsonlyifspecifiedinthequestion.
1.

MentionthenamesofanytwoBotanicgardensinKerala.

2.

Whatarethesymbolsusedinafloralformula?

3.

PointoutanytwocontributionsofCarolusLinnaeus.

4.

Whatisalabellum?

5.

Mentionthebinomialofanytwopulses.

6.

Defineamultiplefruit

7.

WhatisOTU?

8.

Differentiatesimpleracemeandspike.

9.

Whatisresupination?

10.

NametheordertowhichApocynaceaebelongs
(1x10=10marks)
SECTION-B
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.Answernottoexceedoneparagraph

9.

Differentiatehypogynyandepigyny.

10.

DescribeinbriefthetypeofcorollainPapilionoideae.

11.

MentionthetypesofrootsinOrchidaceae.

12.

ComparethegynoeciumofSolanaceaeandAcanthaceae.

13.

WhyAnnonaceaeisplacedunderRanales?

14.

PointouttheeconomicimportanceofRutaceae.

15.

DiscussthefloralcharactersofEuphorbiaceae.

16.

Brieflymentionadnationinsolanaceae.

17.

Mentionthefeaturesofscorpioidcyme.

18.

WhatdifferencedoyounoticeinthecoronaofAsclepiadaceaeandApocynaceae?

-93-

19.

Whatisasyconous?

20.

Whatismeantbytranslatormechanism?Pointoutitssignificance.
(2x8=16marks)

SECTION-C
Answeranysixofthefollowing.(Answernottoexceed120words).Eachquestioncarries4marks
21.

DescribethemorphologyoftendrilinCucurbitaceae.

22.

Discussthefeaturesofspecialtypesofinflorescence.

23.

Evaluatethebasicprinciplesofcytotaxonomy.

24.

ExplainthetypeofinflorescenceandfloralcharactersofPoaceae.

25.

CompareanddifferentiatethesubfamiliesofLeguminosae.

26.

DiscussthebasicrulesofICBN.

27.

Discussthethetypesofplacentationinangiosperms

28.

Outlinethebasicsofmoleculartaxonomy.

29.

WhyApiaceaeisregardedasanadvancedfamily?
(4x6=24marks)
SECTION-D
Answerany2questions.(Notmorethanthreepages).Eachquestioncarries15marks.

30.

Explaintheprinciplesandstepsinpreparationofherbarium.Pointoutthesignificanceofherbaria.

31.

Discussthevarioussystemsofclassification.Compareanddifferentiatenaturalandphylogenetic
systems.

32.

GiveanoutlineofthevegetativeandfloralcharactersofAsteraceae.Discussitsadvancedfeatures

33.

Giveanaccountonfossilangiosperms.Howtheyhelpintracingtheoriginandevolutionof
modernAngiosperms?
(15x2=30marks)

-94-

SixthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotany
andBiotechnologyDegreeExamination
CoreCourse
BB1641-GENETICS
Time:3Hours

Max.Marks:80
SECTION-A

Answerallquestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarries1mark.
Drawdiagramsonlyifspecifiedinthequestion.
1.

Whatismeantbytestcross?

2.

Defineapureline.

3.

Whatareallelomorphs?

4.

Whatismeantbysplitgenes?

5.

Giveanexampleforsexlinkedinheritance.

6.

Whatareplasmagenes?

7.

Definegenotype.

8.

Givethegenotypicandphenotypicratiosinmonohybridincompletedominance.

9.

WhocoinedthetermGenetics?

10.

MentionthefirstlawofMendel.
(1x10=10marks)
SECTION-B
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.Answernottoexceedoneparagraph

11.

Commentonnon-epiststicinteraction.

12.

Brieflydescribetheprincipleofrecessiveepistasis.

13.

WhatarethepossiblebloodgroupsamongoffspringsofamarriagebetweenOgroupmanand
ABgroupwoman.

14.

MentionanyfourcharactersstudiedbyMendelinPisumsativum.

15.

Differentiatemultipleallelesandmultiplegenes.

16.

Whatareholandricgenes?Citeanexample.

17.

WhatareComplementarygenes?MentionhowitdiffersfromMendeliandihybridratio.

18.

GivetwoexamplesforsexchromosomalabnormalitiesinMan.

19.

DiscusstheXX-XOmechanismofsexdetermination.

-95-

20.

PointoutthetypesofchemicalbondsinaDNAmolecule.

21.

Mentiontheroleofsigmafactor.

22.

Writeabriefaccountonduplicategenes.
(2x8=16marks)
SECTION-C

Answeranysixofthefollowing.(Answernottoexceed120words).Eachquestioncarries4
marks
23.

Differentiatecomplementarygeneactionfromsupplementarygeneaction.

24.

ExplaintheGenicbalancetheory.

25.Discussthemechanismofinheritanceofskincolorinman.
26.Mentionthestructureoft-RNA.Pointoutitsfunction.
27.

Whatismeantbylinkage?Howitinfluencesindependentassortment?

28.

Giveanaccountofthemechanismoftranscription.

29.

Differentiatequantitativeandqualitativecharactersonbasistheirpatternofinheritace.

30.

Discussthepropertiesofgeneticcode.

31.

ExplainCentraldogmaandcriticallyevaluateitonbasisofTeminism.
(4x6=24marks)
SECTION-D
Answerany2questions.(Notmorethanthreepages).Eachquestioncarries15marks.

32.

Explainthetypesofinterallelicgeneticinteraction.

33.

Describethesalientfeaturesofjumpinggenesandpointoutthemechanismoftransposition.

34.

DiscussthemechanismsinvolvedinDNArepair.

35.

Citing a relevant example explain sex linked inheritance. How it differs from autosomal
inheritance?
(15x2=30marks)

-96-

SixthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
CoreCourse
BB1642-EconomicBotany,EthnobotanyandMedicinalBotany
Time:3Hours

Max.Marks:80
SECTION-A

Answerallquestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarries1mark.Draw
diagramsonlyifspecifiedinthequestion.
1.

Mentionthebinomialofcotton.

2.

Whataregourdvegetables?

3.

Pointoutthebinomialofanytwoplantsusedbytribesforshelter.

4.

Whatisatotemplant?

5.

MentionthebinomialofTapioca.

6.

Whocoinedthetermethnobotany?

7.

Whyneemisusedasinsecticide?

8.

GivethebinomialofSarpagandha

9.

WhatisNMPB?

10.

Nameaeplantthatyieldcrudedrugfromflowers.
(1x10=10marks)
SECTION-B
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.Answernottoexceedoneparagraph

11.

Brieflymentionthescopeofpharmacognosy..

12.

DescribeinbrieftheprincipleofAcupunture.

13.

Mentionthetypesofextractionmethodsinseparationofherbaldrugs.

14.

Whatarefolkmedicines?

15.

CommentonthemedicinalvalueofAsoka

16.

Pointoutthecrudedrugsobtainedfromcorms.

17.

Defineethnobotany.

18.

BrieflymentiontypesofdrugsobtainedfromAdhatodavasica.

19.

MentiontheethnobotanicalsignificanceofAegle.

20.

Givethebinomialofanytwodyeyieldingplants.

-97-

21.

Whatisshiftingcultivation?

22.

GivethenamesofanytwotribesinKerala.
(2x8=16marks)
SECTION-C

Answeranysixofthefollowing.(Answernottoexceed120words).Eachquestioncarries4
marks
23.

CommentonethnobotanicalsignificanceofFicusreligiosa.

24.

Whyethnobotanyisregardedasinterdisciplinary?Illustratewithreasons.

25.

Mentionthebinomial,familyandmorphologyofpepperandcardamom.

26.

Differentiatecertealsandmillets.Givebinomialsforeach.

27.

Discussthesignificanceofsacredgroves.

28.

WhatIsmeantbydrugadulteration?Commentonadulterants.

29.

Discusstheagenciesandtheirroleincultivationofmedicinalplants

30.

ExplainthebasicsofSidhaandunani.

31.

Giveanaccountoncrudedrugsobtainedfromrhizomes.
(4x6=24marks)
SECTION-D
Answerany2questions.(Notmorethanthreepages).Eachquestioncarries15marks.

32.

ExplainthemethodsofcultivationofPaddy.

33.

Discussthevariousmethodsofcollectionofethnobotanicaldata.Addanoteonsignificanceof
ethnobotanicalstudies.

34.

Give an account on the plants used by tribes. Mention the strategies for preservation and
managementofplantresourcesbytribes.

35.

DescribeindetailthecommonfruitsandvegetablesofKerala.Mentiontheirbinomialanduses.
(15x2=30marks)

-98-

-99-

ModelQuestionPapers
CoreCourse

BOTANYPRACTICALS

CORECOURSE
PRACTICALBOTANYI

-100-

SEMESTERI&II:OPTIONALBOTANY
Phycology,Mycology,Lichenology,PlantPathology,Bryology,
Pteridology,Gymnosperms,andPaleobotany)
Time:3hours

MaximumMark:80

I.

MakeasuitablemicropreparationofA,B,andC.Drawalabelledcellulardiagramofeach.
Identifygivingreasons.Leavethepreparationforvaluation.
(Preparation 3 marks; Identification - 1 mark; Reasons- 4; Labelled diagram- 4)
(Totalmark12x3-36)

II.

WritecriticalnoteonDandE
(TotalMark=2x4=8)

III. WritethepathologicalinterestofF
(Name of disease-1; Causative organism-1; Symptoms-2)
(TotalMark=4)
IV.

IdentifymaterialGgivingreasons
(Identification - 1 mark; Reasons- 2)
(TotalMark=3)

V.

SpotatsightH,I,andJ
(Generic name -1; Part of plant-1; Major group-1)
(TotalMark-3x3=9)
(RECORD=20Mark(Content15Marks;Neatness5Marks)
GRANDTOTAL60+20=80marks

KEYFOREXAMINERS
I.

A-Gymnosperm-mentionedinsyllabus
B-Pteridophyte-mentionedinsyllabus
C-Algae/Fungi-mentionedinsyllabus

II.

D-Algae/FungiexcludingmaterialgivenforC
E-Bryophyte-mentionedinsyllabus

III. FPathology-/fresh/Herbariummaterialmaybegiven(aspersyllabus)
IV.

G-Paleobotany(slide/photograph/diagram)

V.

H-J-MacroscopicspecimenfromAlgae/Fungi(H),Bryophyte(I),Pteridophyte/Gymnosperm(J)

ValuationofRecords
StudentsshouldsubmitaPracticalrecorddulycertifiedbytheTeacherinchargeandHeadof
Department.
Record-20mark

-101-

CoreCourse
PRACTICALBOTANYIICOURSEII
AngiospermAnatomy;ReproductiveBotany,Palynology;Genetics;PlantPhysiology;Cell
Biology;PlantbreedingandEvolutionaryBiology
Time:3Hours
I.

TotalMarks:80

MakeanacetocarminesquashpreparationofmaterialA.Identifywithsketchesanytwostagesof
celldivision(MetaphaseandAnaphase)
(Preparation
Identificationwithreasons
LabeledDiagram

:
:
:

4Marks;
4Marks
4Marks)

(Total=12Marks)

:
:
:
:

3Marks;
4Marks;
1Mark;
4Marks)

(Total=12Marks)

:
:
:

1Mark;
2Marks;
2Marks)

(Total5x2=10Marks)

:
:
:

3Marks;
3Marks;
3Marks)

(Total=9Marks)

II.PrepareaTSofBandIdentify.
(Preparation
Reasons
Identification
LabelledDiagram
III

WritecriticalnotesonCandD
(Identification
Labelledsketch
Criticalnotes

IVWorkoutProblemE
(Explanation
Derivation
Result
V

Withthehelpofalabeleddiagram,explaintheworkingoftheexperimentF
(Aim
Labelledsketch
Principleandworking

VI

:
:
:

1Mark;
3Marks;
4Marks)

(Total=8Marks)

:
:

1Mark;
2Marks)

(TotalMarks=3x3=9Marks)

CommentonG,HandI.
(Identification
Comment

Record=20Marks(Content15Marks;Neatness5Marks)
Grandtotal=80Marks
KEYTOSPECIMENS
A-

Roottips-tobegivenbythecentre

-102-

B-

AnatomymaterialPrimarystructureofmonocotstem,dicotandmonocotroot,Secondary
structureofroot,Anomaloussecondarygrowth

C-

Stomataltypes(Aspersyllabus)

D-

Embryology(AntherT.S/EmbryoDicot)

GeneticsMendelianratios/Incompletedominance/GeneInteraction

Physiologyexperiment(mentionedinthesyllabus)

G, H,I Specimen/Digrams/Photographs-(Palynologypollentypesmentionedin syllabus/Cell


biology/Evolution)
ValuationofRecords
StudentsshouldsubmitaPracticalrecorddulycertifiedbytheTeacherinchargeandHeadof
Department.

-103-

CoreCoursePRACTICALBOTANYIII
AngiospermMorphologyandSystematicBotany.EnvironmentalStudiesand
Phytogeography;EconomicBotany,EthnobotanyandMedicinalBotany
Time:3Hours

TotalMarks:80

I.

IdentifyanddescribethemorphologicalfeaturesofAandB.
(Identification:1mark;Morphology:2.5marks)
(Total=3.5x2=7marks)

II.

IdentifyCandDtotheirrespectivefamilieswithreasons.Writedownthesystematicpositionup
toseries
[Systematicpositionwithreasons
:3marks;Familycharacters(vegetativeandfloral):
1.0+3.0=4.0marks;Identificationoffamily:1mark]
(Total=8x2=16marks)

III

DrawalabeledsketchoftheL.SoftheflowerE.Constructafloraldiagramandrepresentits
floralformula.

(Labelledsketch:3.0marks;Floraldiagram:2.0marks;Floralformula :1mark)

(Total=6marks)
IVMentiontheecologicalgrouptowhichthespecimenFbelongs.Mentionitsecologicaladaptations
(Ecologicalgroup:1mark;Adaptations
:2marks)
(Total=3marks)
V.

LocatetwophytogeographicalregionsGandHofIndiainthemapprovided.
(Total=1x2=2marks)

VI.

Givethebinomial,familyandexactmorphologyofusefulpartofIandJ.
(Binomial1mark;Family:1Mark;Morphology:1mark)
(Total=3x2=6marks)

VII. WritethebinomialandEthnobotanicalsignificanceofK.
(Binomial:1mark;significance:3marks)
VIII. IdentifytheherbariumspecimensLandM
(Genericname:1mark;Family:1Mark)

(Total=4marks)
(Total2.0x2=4Marks)

Record:20Marks(Content-15marks;Neatness5marks)
Herbarium:8Marks
FieldNote:4Marks
GrandTotal=80Marks

-104-

KEYTOSPECIMENS
AandB

- MorphologyInflorescence/Fruit/Placentation

CandD

- SystematicBotany-AnytwoDicotfamilies-Polypetalae/Gamopetalae/
Monochlamydeaeanyonefromeachgroup

- SystematicBotany(AnydicotflowermentionedinsyllabusFlowerandBudAvoid
monocots)

- Ecology-Freshorpreservedspecimenorslide(fromthecentre)Hydrophyte/xerophyte/
epiphyte/parasite.

GandH

- PhytogeographyAnytwophytogeographicalregionsofIndia

IandJ

- EconomicBotanyDirectproducts(mentionedinthesyllabus)

- EthnobotanyPlantsusedbyTribesasmedicine(Asmentionedinsyllabus)

LandM

- Herbariumsheets

-105-

ModelQuestionPapers
VocationalCoreCourse
BIOTECHNOLOGY

FirstSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
VocationalCourse
FoundationCourseIBB1121-METHODOLOGYANDPERSPECTIVESOF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Time:3Hours

MaxMarks:80
SECTIONA

Answerallthequestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarriesonemark
(1x10=10Marks)
1.

WhatisType1Error?

2.

MentionthreeapplicationsofMATLAB.

3.

Nametwonitrogenfixingmicrobes.

4.

NamethefirstGMfood.

5.

Definepatent.

6.

Whatisplagiarism?

7.

Definepvalue.

8.

Definescientificexperiment.

9.

Whatismeantbysecondarydata?

10.

WhatisConfidentinterval?
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.(Answernottoexceedoneparagraph).
(2x8=16Marks)

11.

WhatisGLP?ListouttwoGLPs.

12.

WhatiscompulsoryLicence?

13.

Giveanaccountoncopyrights.

14.

DefineScilab.

15.

WriteashortnoteontransgenesisinBtCotton.

-106-

16.

Whatisahypothesis?Explainwithanexample.

17.

Explainthestepsinexperimentalplanning.

18.

Listoutanddescribeanytwoexperimentaldesigns.

19.

WhatisGreenrevolution?

20.

Whatiseffluent?Nametwomethodsineffluenttreatment.

21.

DefineBiopharming.Whatistheimportanceofthistechnique?

22.

Whataremonoclonalantibodies?Howaretheyproduced?
SECTIONC
Answerany6questions.Eachquestioncarries4marks.(Answernottoexceed120words).
(4x6=24Marks)

23.

WriteanoteonCybercrime.

24.

Explainthemethodsincollectionofdata.

25.

Giveadetailedaccountonprobability.

26.

Howwillyougenerateaherbicideresistantplantthroughgeneticengineering?

27.

Explainthepartsandfunctionsoffermenter.

28.

Listouttheusesofinternet.

29.

Giveany4applicationsofagriculturalbiotechnology.

30.

DescribethefeaturesofIPR.

31.

GiveanaccountofGenetherapy.
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.Eachquestioncarries15marks.(Answernottoexceedthreepages).
(2x15=30Marks)

32.

WriteindetailaboutHybridomatechnologywiththehelpofillustrativefigures.

33.

WhataretheimportantapplicationsofMedical/ClinicalBiotechnologyinthemodernworld?

34.

Explainindetailaboutexperimentalplanninganddesigns.

35.

ExplaintheapplicationsofITinvarioussectors.

-107-

SecondSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyand
BiotechnologyDegreeExamination
VocationalCourse
FoundationCourseIIBB1221-BIOPHYSICSANDINSRTUMENTATION
Time:3Hours

MaxMarks:80
SECTIONA

Answerallthequestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarriesonemark
(1x10=10Marks)
1.

DefineBeerLambertLaw

2.

Whatisflourimetry?

3.

Nametwostainsusedinmicroscopy.

4.

Definethefirstlawofconservationofenergy.

5.

Defineentropy.

6.

Whatisautoradiography?

7.

WhatisTEM?

8.

Defineabsorptionspectrum.

9.

Whatismeantbyelectrochemicalgradient?

10.

Whatarehearingaids?
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.(Answernottoexceedoneparagraph).
(2x8=16Marks)

11.

Explainelectronmicroscopy.

12.

Giveanoteoncorrectionofvisionfaults.

13.

Explainchemiosmotichypothesis.

14.

GiveanaccountofNMR.

15.

WriteashortnoteonX-raycrystallography.

16.

Whatarethetypesofmolecularinteractions?Explainwithanexample.

17.

Explaintracertechniques.

18.

Writeaboutheatconservation.

19.

WhatisGibbsFreeEnergy?

20.

Writeaboutgenerationandreceptionofsonicvibration.

-108-

21.

Giveanaccountofexothermicreactionsinbiologicalsystems.

22.

Differentiateentropyandenthalpy.
SECTIONC
Answerany6questions.Eachquestioncarries4marks.(Answernottoexceed120words).
(4x6=24Marks)

23.

WriteanoteonATPsynthesis.

24.

ExplainLawofConservationofenergy.

25.

GiveadetailedaccountonprincipleandtypesofCentrifugation.

26.

Writeaboutlightreceptioninmicrobes.

27.

ExplaintheprincipleandfunctioningofpHmeter.

28.

Listouttheusesofradioisotopesinbiologicalresearch.

29.

Brieflyexplainphasecontrastmicroscopy.

30.

Describethefunctioningandusesofspectrophotometer.

31.

Giveanaccountofmechanismofmuscularmovements.
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.Eachquestioncarries15marks.(Answernottoexceedthreepages).
(2x15=30Marks)

32.

WriteindetailaboutthetypesandusesofElectronmicroscopy.

33.

Giveanaccountofmechanismofvisionandhearing.

34.

Explainindetailaboutmechanismofphotosynthesisandlightharvestingpigments.
Describeelectrophoresis.Giveanoteontypesofelectrophoresis

-109-

ThiredSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
VocationalCourse
CoreCourseIIBB1171-MICROBIOLOGY
Time:3Hours

MaxMarks:80
SECTIONA

Answerallthequestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarriesonemark
(1x10=10Marks)
1.

WhatisColdSterilization?

2.

Definesymbiosis.

3.

Nametwoanaerobicculturemethods.

4.

Namethescientistwhofirstdiscoveredpenicillin.

5.

DefineDPT.

6.

Whatisavaccine?

7.

NamethecausativeorganismofTyphoid.

8.

Whatisanautoclave?

9.

Whatismeantbytransduction?

10.

Whatisanalkalophile?
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.(Answernottoexceedoneparagraph).
(2x8=16Marks)

11.

Whatareextremophiles?Give2examples

12.

Whatistheuseofaninspissator?

13.

GiveanaccountonN2Fixingbacteria.

14.

ExplainstagesofBacterialGrowthcurve.

15.

Writeashortnoteonbacteriophage.

16.

WhatisaCFU?

17.

DefineSexduction.

18.

Listoutanddescribeanytwophysicalsterilizationmethods.

19.

WhatisMcIntoshFildeJarusedfor?

20.

Whatareauxotrophs?

-110-

21.

DefineDownstreamProcessing.Whatistheimportanceofthistechnique?

22.

Givethenutritionalclassificationofbacteria.
SECTIONC
Answerany6questions.Eachquestioncarries4marks.(Answernottoexceed120words).
(4x6=24Marks)

23.

DifferentiateGrampositiveandGramnegativeCellwall.

24.

Summarisethestepsinvolvedinglycolysis.

25.

GiveadetailedaccountonInclusionbodiesfoundinbacterialcell.

26.

ExplaintheLysogeniclifecycleofvirus.

27.

Definefermentation.Explaintheprocessofaceticacidfermentation.

28.

Explaintypesofbacterialmutations.

29.

Explainthetwomechanismsoftransductioninbacteria.

30.

Describethefeaturesofextremophileswithexamples.

31.

Compareandcontrastonsterilizationanddisinfection.
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.Eachquestioncarries15marks.(Answernottoexceedthreepages).
(2x15=30Marks)

32.

Describethestructuralcomponentsofabacterialcell.

33.

Explainbacterialgrowthcurve.Whatarethefactorsaffectinggrowthofbacteria?

34.

Explainindetailaboutanaerobicculturemethods.

35.

ElaborateonthemethodsinvolvedinstrainimprovementinIndustrialMicrobiology.

-111-

FourthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
VocationalCourse
CoreCourseBB1471-MOLECULARBIOLOGY
Time:3Hours

MaxMarks:80
SECTIONA

Answerallthequestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarriesonemark
(1x10=10Marks)
1.

Whataretransposons?

2.

DefineUTRs.

3.

NamethedifferentclassesofRNAmolecules.

4.

Namethescientistwhofirstdiscoveredtransposons.

5.

Definepointmutation.

6.

NamethesubunitsofE.coliRNAPloymeraseholoenzyme.

7.

Whicharethethreeuniversalstopcodons?

8.

WhoperformedBlenderExperiment?

9.

Whatismeantbyanoperon?

10.

Whatisthefunctionofreversetranscriptaseenzyme?
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.(Answernottoexceedoneparagraph).
(2x8=16Marks)

11.

Whatisfootprinting?

12.

WhatarethephysicalformsofDNA?

13.

Compareandcontrasteukaryoticandprokaryoticribosomes.

14.

ExplainthestructureofprokaryoticmRNA.

15.

Writeashortnoteon5cappingineukaryoticmRNA.

16.

Whatareenhancersandsilencers?

17.

WhatismeantbyShineDalgarnosequence.

18.

Listoutany4posttranslationalmodifications.

19.

HowdoestheprimerdependencyofDNAPloymeraseissolvedinbacteria?

20.

Whatisreplicon?

-112-

21.

DefinePromoter.Whatistheimportanceofpromotersingeneexpression?

22.

GivethefunctionalcomponentsofDNAPolI.
SECTIONC
Answerany6questions.Eachquestioncarries4marks.(Answernottoexceed120words).
(4x6=24Marks)

23.

DescribethefeaturesofDNAstructureproposedbyWatson&Crick.

24.

SummarisethestepsinvolvedinDNAreplicationinE.coli.

25.

WhatarethebasicstepsinRNAsynthesis?

26.

Explaintheneedfordiscontinuousreplication.

27.

DefineSpliceosome.NarratetheprocessofRNAsplicing.

28.

Brieflyexplainregulationofeukaryoticgeneexpression.

29.

Explainthestagesofproteinsynthesisinbacteria.

30.

Describethefeaturesandtypesoftransposonswithexamples.

31.

Compareandcontrastthestructureofgeneinprokaryotesandeukaryotes.
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.Eachquestioncarries15marks.(Answernottoexceedthreepages).
(2x15=30Marks)

32.

DescribetheroleofenzymesinDNAreplicationinprokaryotesandeukaryotes.

33.

Narratethemolecularorganisationofeukaryoticchromosomes.

34.

ExplainindetailabouttheCytoplasmicgenome.
Explainthemechanismsofgeneregulationonbacteriawithexamples

-113-

FourthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
VocationalCourse
BB1472-IMMUNOLOGY
Time:3Hours

MaxMarks:80
SECTIONA

Answerallthequestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarriesonemark
(1x10=10Marks)
1.

WhatareChemokines?

2.

Defineself-MHCrestriction.

3.

Whatisanendogenousantigen?

4.

Defineparatope.

5.

Whatisautoimmunity?

6.

WhatareHaptens?

7.

DefineVaccine.

8.

NamethescientistwhodiscoveredDendriticcells?

9.

Whatareimmunoglobulins?

10.

WhatareFreundsincompleteadjuventsusedfor?
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.(Answernottoexceedoneparagraph).
(2x8=16Marks)

11.

Whataremonoclonalantibodies?

12.

WhatisSCID?

13.

Giveanaccountonimmuneelectrophoresis.

14.

ExplaintheimmunemechanisminMyastheniagravis.

15.

Writeashortnoteontherapeuticantibodies.

16.

WhatarethetypesofTcellsincellmediatedimmunity?

17.

DefineMHC.

18.

Describethemechanismofagglutination.

19.

WhatisELISA?

20.

Whatareattenuatedvaccines?

-114-

21.

ExplaintheprincipleofRIA?

22.

Givethesignificanceofnaturalkillercells.
SECTIONC
Answerany6questions.Eachquestioncarries4marks.(Answernottoexceed120words).
(4x6=24Marks)

23.

Giveanaccountoftypesofimmunity.

24.

Explainthemechanismofantibodyclassswitching.

25.

Giveadetailedaccountonautoimmunediseaseswithexamples.

26.

Whataretheprimarylymphoidorgans?

27.

GivethestructureofIgG.

28.

ExplainthetermImmunologicalmemory.

29.

WhatareDNAvaccines?

30.

Describethefeaturesofmononuclearphagocytes.

31.

Whatishypersensitivity?WhatarethetypesofHypersensitivity?
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.Eachquestioncarries15marks.(Answernottoexceedthreepages).
(2x15=30Marks)

32.

ExplainindetailontheproductionofMAbthroughHybridonmatechnology.

33.

Whatarethetypesofantibodies?Giveadetailedaccountonantibodystructure.

34.

ExplainindetailabouttheorgansinvolvedintheImmunesystem.

35.

Explainthefeaturesandfunctionsofcellsofinnateimmunity.

-115-

FifthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
VocationalCourse
BB1571RecombinantDNATechnology
Time:3Hours

MaxMarks:80
SECTIONA

Answerallthequestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarriesonemark
(1x10=10Marks)
1.

WhatisFrameshiftmutation?

2.

DefinePlasmid.

3.

Whatisaribozyme?

4.

DefinerecombinantDNA.

5.

Howcanthehostcellsbemadecompetent?

6.

Whatistransformation?

7.

Nameanytwoengineeredplasmidvectors.

8.

Namethescientistwhodemonstratedthechemicalnatureofnucleicacid?

9.

Whatarerestrictionendonucleases?

10.

WhatisNorthernBlottingusedfor?
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.(Answernottoexceedoneparagraph).
(2x8=16Marks)

11.

Whataremicroarrays?

12.

WhatistheuseofYAC?

13.

GiveanaccountonGenetherapy.

14.

ExplaintheuseofSouthernBlotting.

15.

WriteashortnoteonM13cloningvectors.

16.

Whatisanexpressionvector?

17.

DefineBlueWhitescreening.

18.

Describetheimportanceofalkalinephosphataseingeneticengineering.

19.

WhatisGeneticcode?

20.

GiveexamplesoftwoTGplants?

-116-

21.

ExplaintheprincipleofautomatedDNAsequencing?

22.

Givethesignificanceofshuttlevectors.
SECTIONC
Answerany6questions.Eachquestioncarries4marks.(Answernottoexceed120words).
(4x6=24Marks)

23.

GivethestructuralfeaturesofpBR322.Whataretheusefulpropertiesofthisvector?

24.

ExplainthemechanismofSangersSequencingtechnique.

25.

Giveadetailedaccountonnucleicacidblotting.

26.

Explainthesignificanceofcosmidsandphagmidsingeneticengineering.

27.

Giveanoteonbacteriophagecloningvectors.

28.

ExplainthemethodofconstructionofrDNA.

29.

GivetheoutcomeandsignificanceofHGP.

30.

Describethefeaturesofplasmidvectorswithexamples.

31.

WhatarethescreeningmethodsforrecombinantsinanrDNAexperiment?
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.Eachquestioncarries15marks.(Answernottoexceedthreepages).
(2x15=30Marks)

32.

WhatareDNALibraries?DescribetheTypesandconstructionofDNALibraries.

33.

ExplainthetechniqueofPCR.GivetheapplicationofPCRinvariousfieldsofbiologicalresearch.

34.

Explainindetailaboutmammalianvectors.

35.

ExplaintheroleofenzymesinrDNATechnology.

-117-

FifthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
OpenCourse
BB1581-BIOINFORMATICS
Time:3Hours

MaxMarks:80
SECTIONA

Answerallthequestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarriesonemark
(1x10=10Marks)
1.

Whatisanentryinadatabase?

2.

DefineBLASTp.

3.

WhatwasthecontributionofDayhofftothefieldofBioinformatics?

4.

Defineprimarydatabase.

5.

WhatisEcogene?

6.

Nameanytwoliteraturedatabases.

7.

Whichwasthefirstpublishedcompletedgenesequence?

8.

Whatismetabolomics?

9.

Whataremotifs?Nameamotifidentificationbioinformaticstool.

10.

Whatistandemmassspectrometryusedfor?
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.(Answernottoexceedoneparagraph).
(2x8=16Marks)

11.

Whatisgenomics?

12.

WhatistheuseofPHYLIP?

13.

Whatisgeneticfingerprinting?

14.

Explainthestructureofagenbankrecord.

15.

Whataresplitgenes?

16.

Whatissubtractivehybridisation?

17.

DefinePAMandBLOSUM.

18.

Describetheimportanceoffunctionalgenomicsoverthetraditionalmethodsofgenecloning
andanalysis.

19.

Whatistheroleofbioinformaticsindrugdiscovery?

-118-

20.

WhatisaDNAmicroarray?

21.

Explaintheprincipleofmoleculardocking?

22.

Givethedifferencebetweensimilarityandhomologywithrespecttogenesequenceanalysis.
SECTIONC
Answerany6questions.Eachquestioncarries4marks.(Answernottoexceed120words).
(4x6=24Marks)

23.

ExplaintheNeedlemanandWunschalgorithmforglobalalignment.

24.

Outlinethestructureandcompositionofprokaryoticandeukaryoticgenome.

25.

DescribetheconstructionofphylogenetictreeusingtheUPGMAmethod.

26.

Whyistheproteomelargerthanthegenome?

27.

Whatisamotif?Whatistheuseofaminoacidmotifs?

28.

Explainthebasisofsecondarystructurepredictioninproteins.

29.

Whataresequenceelements?HowaretheyusedinBioinformatics?

30.

Describethefeaturesofanannotateddatabase.

31.

WhataretheusesofNCBI-PUBMED?
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.Eachquestioncarries15marks.(Answernottoexceedthreepages).
(2x15=30Marks)

32.

Whatarethestepsinproteinpredictionandmodellingusingbioinformatics?

33.

Whatareproteinmicroarrays?Whatarethedifferenttypesofproteinmicroarraysandwhatare
theyusedfor?

34.

Explainindetailaboutmultiplesequencealignment.

35.

BrieflyexplainthetoolsofBioinformaticsforsequencealignmentandhomologysearch.

-119-

SixthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
VocationalCourse
BB1671-IndustrialBiotechnology
Time:3Hours

MaxMarks:80
SECTIONA

Answerallthequestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarriesonemark
(1x10=10Marks)
1.

Nametheenzymefirstimmobilisedforindustrialuse.

2.

Giveanexampleofabioinsecticide.

3.

Namethemethodofsterilizationofanantibiotic.

4.

Nameanantifoamagent

5.

DefineBioleaching.

6.

Whatismeantbymoistheatsterilization?

7.

Whicharethemethodsofpasteurisation?

8.

Whichisthemainorganismusedforindustrialproductionofcitricacid?

9.

WhatisYoghurt?

10.

Whatisthefermentedpreparationofcabbage?
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.(Answernottoexceedoneparagraph).
(2x8=16Marks)

11.

Whatisprobiotics?

12.

Whatistheactivatedsludgeprocess?

13.

Compareandcontrastrespirationandfermentation.

14.

Explainthequalitiesofagoodindustrialstrain.

15.

Writeashortnoteonthestructuralcomponentsofafermenterunit.

16.

Whatisdownstreamprocessing?

17.

Whatismeantbysolidsubstratefermentation?

18.

WhatisLagering?

19.

Whatarethecomponentsofagoodfermentationmedium?

20.

Whatarebiofuels?

-120-

21.

DefineBioremediation?

22.

Givetheutilityofcomposting.
SECTIONC
Answerany6questions.Eachquestioncarries4marks.(Answernottoexceed120words).
(4x6=24Marks)

23.

Elaborateonthevariousmethodsoffoodpreservation.

24.

ExplainthestepsinvolvedinCheeseproduction.

25.

WhatisSCP?GivetheadvantagesofSCP.

26.

Explaintheproductionofsilage.

27.

DefineMicrobialspoilage.WhatarethefactorsaffectingMicrobialspoilage?

28.

BrieflyexplainontheroleofindustrialBiotechnologyintheproductionofhealthcareproducts.

29.

ExplaintheadvantagesofBioinsecticideswithexamples.

30.

Describethefeaturesandtypesoftricklingfilters?

31.

Narratetheusefulnessofmicrobialenzymesinfoodindustry.
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.Eachquestioncarries15marks.(Answernottoexceedthreepages).
(2x15=30Marks)

32.

Discussonthemethodsofstrainimprovementinindustrialmicroorganisms.

33.

Narrateanaerobicwastewatertreatment.

34.

Explainindetailaboutthedifferentstepsinvolvedinwineproduction.

35.

WhatarethetypesofBioreactorsusedinIndustrialBiotechnology?Explainthedifferentparts
ofafermenterwithsuitablediagram.

-121-

SixthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
VocationalCourse
BB1672EnvironmentalBiotechnology
Time:3Hours

MaxMarks:80
SECTIONA

Answerallthequestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarriesonemark
(1x10=10Marks)
1.

Namethemicroorganismthatcouldbeusedforthebioaccumulationofsilver.

2.

Giveanexampleofabioinsecticide.

3.

Nameanytwopopularchemicalherbicides.

4.

Givetheutilityofmilbemycin.

5.

DefineBioleaching.

6.

Whatistheheavilypollutedzoneofawaterreservoircalled?

7.

Whatareautotrophs?

8.

DefineBOD.

9.

WhatisBioremediation?

10.

Whatismeantbybiomass?
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.(Answernottoexceedoneparagraph).
(2x8=16Marks)

11.

StatethegeneralcharacteristicsofDomesticwaste.

12.

WhatistheeffectofhighBODonaquaticsystems?

13.

WhatdoesthetermBiodiversitymeans?

14.

Whatisaherbicide?Howcanitberemovedfromthesoil?

15.

WriteashortnoteonBiomineralisation.

16.

WhatisBiodiesel?

17.

Whatismeantbyartificialleaf?

18.

Whataretheusesofmycorrhiza?

19.

Whataretheproblemsassociatedwithusingcoalasafuel?

20.

Howcansugarcanebargassebeusedasafuel?

-122-

21.

DefineBiosphere.Whatarethecomponentsofbiosphere?

22.

GivetheutilityofB.thuringiensisinenvironmentalbiotechnology.
SECTIONC
Answerany6questions.Eachquestioncarries4marks.(Answernottoexceed120words).
(4x6=24Marks)

23.

Elaborateonthemethodofisolationofmicrobefromtheenvironment.

24.

Discussthemethodsofcontrollinginsectpests.

25.

Commentontheeffectsofsolidwastesintheenvironment.

26.

ExplainthemethodofisolationandcultureofNitrogenfixingbacteria.

27.

DefinePollution.Whatarethemethodsofcontrollingpollution?

28.

Howcancombustiblefuelsbeobtainedfromlignocellulosicwastes?

29.

ExplaintheadvantagesofBioinsecticideswithexamples.

30.

Describethefeaturesandtypesofrenewableenergysources.

31.

Narratetheusefulnessofenergycrops.
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.Eachquestioncarries15marks.(Answernottoexceedthreepages).
(2x15=30Marks)

32.

WhatisBioleaching?Describehowmicrobescanbeemployedinenvironmentofores.

33.

Whatarethedifferenttypesofecosystems?

34.

ExplainindetailaboutBioremediation.Inwhatwayisitgoodforenvironmentalcleanup?

35.

WhatareBiofertilizers?Inwhatwayaretheydifferentfromconventionalfertilizers?

-123-

SixthSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
ElectiveCourse
BB1682-GeneticEngineering
Time:3Hours

MaxMarks:80
SECTIONA

Answerallthequestionsinawordoroneortwosentences.Eachquestioncarriesonemark
(1x10=10Marks)
1.

WhatisRAPD?

2.

DefinePlasmid.

3.

Whatisaribozyme?

4.

DefinerecombinantDNA.

5.

Howcanthehostcellsbemadecompetent?

6.

Whatistransformation?

7.

Nameanytwoengineeredplasmidvectors.

8.

WhatispBR322?

9.

Whatarerestrictionendonucleases?

10.

WhatisNorthernBlottingusedfor?
SECTIONB
Answerany8questions.Eachquestioncarries2marks.(Answernottoexceedoneparagraph).
(2x8=16Marks)

11.

WhatareDNALibraries?

12.

WhatistheuseofYAC?

13.

Giveanaccountonbacteriophagevectors.

14.

ExplaintheuseofSouthernBlotting.

15.

WriteashortnoteonM13cloningvectors.

16.

Whatisanexpressionvector?

17.

DefineBlueWhitescreening.

18.

Describetheimportanceofalkalinephosphataseingeneticengineering.

19.

Whatisnucleicacidsequencingusedfor?

20.

Whatisgeneticcode?

-124-

21.

ExplaintheprincipleofautomatedDNAsequencing?

22.

Givethesignificanceofshuttlevectors.
SECTIONC
Answerany6questions.Eachquestioncarries4marks.(Answernottoexceed120words).
(4x6=24Marks)

23.

GivethestructuralfeaturesofpBR322.Whataretheusefulpropertiesofthisvector?

24.

ExplainthemechanismofSangersSequencingtechnique.

25.

Giveadetailedaccountonnucleicacidblotting.

26.

Explainthesignificanceofcosmidsandphagmidsingeneticengineering.

27.

Giveanoteonbacteriophagecloningvectors.

28.

ExplainthemethodofconstructionofrDNA.

29.

GivetheoutcomeandsignificanceofHGP.

30.

Describethefeaturesofplasmidvectorswithexamples.

31.

WhatarethescreeningmethodsforrecombinantsinanrDNAexperiment?
SECTIOND
Answerany2questions.Eachquestioncarries15marks.(Answernottoexceedthreepages).
(2x15=30Marks)

32.

WhatareDNALibraries?DescribetheTypesandconstructionofDNALibraries.

33.

ExplainthetechniqueofPCR.GivetheapplicationofPCRinvariousfieldsofbiologicalresearch.

34.

Explainindetailaboutmammalianvectors.

35.

BrieflyexplainthetoolsofrDNATechnology.

-125-

ModelQuestionPapers
VocationalCoreCourse
BIOTECHNOLOGYPRACTICALS

UNIVERSITYOFKERALA

Career-RelatedFirstDegreeProgramme-CBCSS

Group(2a)-B.Sc.BOTANYBIOTECHNOLOGY

SEMESTERI&II:VOCATIONALCOURSE-BIOTECHNOLOGY

BB1245BIOTECHNIQUES-IPRACTICAL
(PracticalofBB1171,BB1272,)

Time:3hours

MaximumMark:80
SECTIONA-MAJOREXPERIMENT

Ia.

UsingGramstainingtechniqueidentifythebacteriainthegivensampleA.GivethePrinciple
andprocedureofGramstaining.Leavethepreparationforvaluation.
Principle -5 marks; Protocol 8 marks; Preparation 7 marks; Identification- 5 marks
OR

Ib) Determinethegrowthcurveofthebacteria/yeastinthegivensampleA
Procedure 5 marks; Demonstration -10; Results -5; Graphical representation-5
(Totalmark=25)
SECTIONB-MINOREXPERIMENT
II.a) Demonstratestreakplatemethodforisolationandcolonypurification(B).(T-streak/Quadrant
streak/ZigZagstreak)
Principle -5 marks; Procedure 5 marks; Aseptic Plate handling 5 marks ; Result- 5marks
OR
II.b) DemonstratethemotilityofbacteriainsampleBbytheHangingdropmethod.Givetheprocedure

-126-

Principle -5 marks; Procedure 5 marks; Slide Preparation 5 marks; Result- 5 marks


OR
II.b) DeterminethemorphologyofthebacterialsampleBusingmethylenebluestaining
Principle -5 marks; Procedure 5 marks; Slide Preparation 5 marks; Result- 5 marks
(TotalMark=20)
SECTIONC
111) WritecriticalnotesonC,DandE
(TotalMark=3X5=15)
RECORD=20Marks
GRANDTOTAL60+20=80marks
Time:3hours

MaximumMark:80
KEYFOREXAMINERS

I.

A-Sampletobeprovidedbycentre

II.

B-Sampletobeprovidedbycentre

III. SECTIONCC-

Durhamstube,Cavityslide,/ Tools and instruments:pHmeter,Inoculationneedle,Hotair


oven,Microscope/partsofmicroscope,

D-

Stains/Chemicals-Acidfast,Gramstain,Methyleneblue,Nigrosine,Nutrientagar,EMBagar,
PotatoDextroseagar,MacConkeyAgar,Lactosebrothetc.

E-

Streak plate, Antibiotic disc, Growth curve graph etc, Spoilage of bread, Bacteriophage,
Saccharomyces,Lactobaccilus

ValuationofRecords
StudentsshouldsubmitaPracticalrecorddulycertifiedbytheTeacherinchargeandHeadof
Department.
Record-20marks

-127-

ModelQuestionPaper
ComplementaryCourse
BIOCHEMISTRY
ThirdSemesterCareerRelatedCBCSSDegreeProgrammeinBScBotanyandBiotechnology
DegreeExamination
ComplementaryCourse
BB1331:PhysiologicalaspectsinBiochemistry
Time:3hours

MaximumMarks:80
SectionI
(VeryShortAnswerType-maximumtwosentences)
(Answerallquestions)
(10x1=10marks)

1.

WhatisRubisco?

2.

Whicharethefatsolublevitamins?

3.

Namethe3organellesinvolvedinphotorespiration.

4.

Whatarehighenergycompounds?Give2examples

5.

DeficiencydiseaseofvitC

6.

Nametheionsinvolvedinthephotolysisofwater

7.

Whichglandsecretesgonadotropin

8.

WhatisBMR?

9.

Givethenameof4co-enzymes.

10.

Whatisnitrogenasecomplex?
Section-II
(ShortAnswerQuestions-nottoexceedoneparagraph)
Answeranyeightquestions
(8x2=16marks)

11.

Whataretheconstituentsofblood?

12.

Givethestructureofnephron.

13.

Giveanoteonobesity

14.

Explainrespiratoryacidosisandalkalosis

15.

Whatishemophilia?

-128-

16.

Whatarethefunctionsofcalcium?

17.

GivethefunctionsandsourcesofvitaminE

18.

Whatisaphotosyntheticunit?

19.

Whataretheconstituentsofurine?

20.

Giveanoteonjaundice

21.

Whatarefunctionsofadrenalin?

22.

Whatisglucosetolerancetest?
Section-III
(ShortEssay-nottoexceed120words)
Answeranysixquestions
(6x4=24marks)

23.

WriteaboutC4pathway

24.

Discussliverfunctiontests

25.

WriteanoteonDiabetes

26.

StructureandfunctionofHemoglobin

27.

DeficiencydiseasesofVitA

28.

Explainoxygendissociationcurve

29.

GiveanoteonAtherosclerosis

30.

Outlinecyclicandnon-cyclicphotophosphorylation

31.

Classificationofbloodgroups
Section-IV
(LongEssay)
Answeranytwoquestions
(15x2=30marks)

32.

ExplainCalvincycle.

33.

Detailbloodclotting

34.

Discusstheformationofvariousbloodcells.

35.

Coenzymeformsofvitaminswithexamplesofreaction.

AnnexureI

UNIVERSITYOFKERALA

Career-relatedFirstDegreeprogram
Under CBCS System
Group2(a)

BOTANY&BIOTECHNOLOGY

Course Structure & Syllabus


(For those who joined the course from the academic year 2015 onwards)

FoundationCourses,CoreCoursesComplementaryCourses
andOpen/ElectiveCourses

2015
kup221(3)/2014-15

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