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2. Diode Circuits
Vin
01.
Sol:
7V
7V
V0
7V
D1
Vin
3V
5V
5V
D2
V0
3V
7V
02.
Vin > 5V V0 = 5V
1K
D1
Vin
1V
D2
2V
V0
1k
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: 76 :
Transfer Characteristics:
V0
1k
1V
Vin
D1
1k
1V
D2
4V
Vin
2V
V0
2V
2V
Note:
Here the diodes D1 & D2 are assumed as ideal
diodes.
Thevenin
equivalent
0.5K
+
VTh =
D1
Vin
2
D2
2V
1V
V0
03.
Sol: Case (1):
Vin pos, D1 FB, D2 RB
+
+
Vo
Vin
Condition
2V < VTh < 1V
V
2V < in 1V
2
4V < Vin < 2V
VTh > 1V
Vin/2 > 1V
Vin > 2V
VTh < 2V
Vin/2 < 2V
Vin < 4V
State of
diodes
2k
D
Output
voltage
D1 is RB and
V
V0 = in
D2 is RB
2
2k
2k
VBD = Vo =
Vin
2
Case (2):
D1 is FB and
D2 is RB
V0 = 1V
D1 is RB and V0 = 2V
D2 is FB
Vin
D
D
2k
2k
V o=
Vin
2
2k
C
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: 77 :
RC >> tp
V
Vi
10V
Vin
0
tp
VC
10V
0
V
5V
Vo
0
Vi Vc=VR
0
-V
04.
Sol:
+ VC
Vi is a square wave
+
Vo=VR
Vi
Vi
V/2
0
-V/2
Vi is a step input
V
Vi
-t/RC
V(1-e
)=VC
Vi Vc=VR
-t/RC
Ve
T
VC
VC
0
V
0
V
Vi is a pulse
Vi
RC << tp
V
0
V
tp
V/2
Vi Vc=Vo
-V
ACE Engineering Academy
=VR
-V/2
t
T/2
-V
V V
100%
V
2
t
Vi Vc=VR
% tilt =
0
V
Vo = Ve RC
T
T
At t =
Vo = V Ve 2 RC ------ (1)
2
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: 78 :
From (2) V Ve 2 RC V
05.
Sol:
Vi
V[1 e 2 RC ] V
1 e
V
From (2)
T
2 RC
1 e
x
2
x
2
Vi
x
4
V V
100
V
2
T V
T V
1 4RC 2 1 4RC 2
=
100
V
2
tilt =
T
100%
2RC
0
V
0.9V
VC
tilt =
0.1V
T
2 RC
x
4
RC << tp
0.9V
1
1 e
0
V
VC
1 e
t
RC >> tp
tp
VC
T
2 RC
V V
0.1V
0
t1 tr
0.1 V = V (1 e
0.9 V = V (1 e
t2
t
1
RC
t2
RC
tr = t2t1
) t1 = 0.1 RC
) t2 = 2.3 RC
tr = t2 t1 = 2.2 RC
3db
BW = f2 f1 f2 and f2 =
(or) RC =
1
2RC
1
1
2f 2 2f 3db
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: 79 :
tr = 2.2RC =
tr =
Apply KVL
2 .2
0.35
2f3db f3db
Vm + Vm VC2 = 0
0.35
f3db
VC2 = 2Vm
06.
Sol: Given circuit diagram is
C1
=
sint
D2
D3
D1
+
Vx
D4
D5
C4
VC +
Vm ~
VC3 = 2Vm
During the next positive half cycle diode D4 is
FB. After capacitor C4 is fully charged the
diode D4 gets RB
Vm
Apply KVL
Vm + Vm + VC3 2Vm = 0
2Vm
Vm + VC1 = 0
Vm ~
VC1 = Vm
2Vm
Apply KVL
C2
VC3
C3
Vm
Vin
2Vm + VC4 +
Apply KVL
Vm ~
Vc4 = 2Vm
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: 80 :
Apply KVL
2Vm +
+
Vx
2Vm +
D5
Vm ~
Vc2 = 2Vm
Vm Vm + VC2 = 0
+
Vin
VC2
VD1 = Vin Vm
2Vm +
08.
Procedure 1:
Sol: (0.5, 0 )
07.
x1
(0.7, 1m)
y1
x2
y2
y y1 = m (x x1)
Vm
+
~
VD1
I=
VD2
V = 0.5 + 200I
+
+
VC2
1m 0
( V 0.05)
0 .7 0 .5
200
I
0.5V
Rth
+
VC1
Apply KVL
Vm VC1 = 0
VC1 = Vm
3K
I
0.5V
5V
Vm ~
I=
5 0 .5
3.75mA
1K 200
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: 81 :
Procedure 2:
1k
Treat the device as a load
varying from 0 to
5V
01.
I
5m
5V
DC offset point (or) Q point
3.7m
1K
1m
0.5 1V 1.25V
(0.5 m )
(5, 0)
x2 y2
x1 y1
y y1 = m ( x = x1 )
I=
5m
( v 5)
05
4 .5
3.75mA
1200
R2
10K
5V
VE = VB + 0.7
1200 I = 4.5
VB
I=
+ VB + 0.7
0.2V
V + 0.7 0.2
10K
VEC = 0.2
VC = VE VEC
= VB + 0.7 0.2
= VB + 0.5
In a transistor IE = IB + IC
5 VB 0.7 VB VB 0.5 (5)
=
10K
10K
1K
4.3 VB
V
V 5 .5
B B
1K
10K
10K
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: 82 :
4.3 VB =
4.3 VB =
VB VB 5.5
10
10
02.
Sol: Given circuit diagram is
VB VB 5.5
10
10
5V
IE
5K
3.75
1 .2
+ VE = 1V
VB = 3.125V
IB
VB
20K
R2
IC
5K
5V
5 3.825
1k
= 1.175mA
Collector current, IC =
VC 5
10K
3.625 5
= 0.8625mA
10K
It is known that
= 0.3125mA
Emitter current, IE =
5 1
5K
4
= 0.8mA
5K
3.125
10K
VC
IE = IB + IC
0.8mA = 15A + IC
IC = 0.785mA
Collector voltage, VC = 5 + 5K IC
= 5 + 5K 0.785mA
= 5 + 3.925
= 1.075
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: 83 :
IC =
I C 0.785m
=
= 52.33
IB
15
30
IE
2.32mA 2.245mA
1
31
VE = 9 IERE
= 0.98
1
= 9 2.32m 2.7K
VE = 2.72V
VC = 9 IC RC
IE
= 9 + 2.245m 2.7K
2.7K
0.7 +
VB
IB
IB
RB = 27K
IC
VE
= 2.9V
VC
VEC = VE VC
RC = 2.7K
9V
VEC = 5.65V
9 IE RE 0.7 IBRB = 0
9 IE RE 0.7
IE
RB 0
1
b)
9V
IE
I E R E B 9 0 .7
1
IE =
9 0 .7
27 K
2.7 K 31
8 .3
27 K
2.7 K 31
2.7K
0.7 +
VB
IB
VE
IB
RB = 27K
VC
IC
RC = 2.7K
9V
IE = 2.32mA
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: 84 :
IE
R B 9 VBE
1
03.
Sol: a) Given = & VBE 0.7
The given circuit diagram is
IE
IE 2.7K +
27 K 9 0.7
30 1
IE =
5V
IC
8 .3
= 2.324mA
27 K
2 .7 K
31
1.6K
IB
VE = 9 IE RE
V2
22K
(1)
+
0.7V
R2
2mA
IE
IC =
IE
1
IC =
V1
5V
30
2.324mA =2.249mA
31
It is given that =
VE VC > 0.3
2.72 (2.249m R 9) > 0.3
2.72 2.249m R + 9 > 0.3
2.249m R < 9 + 2.72 0.3
11.42
R<
2.249m
V1 = 0.7V
R< 5.07K
And V2 = 5 IC RC
= 5 2m 1.6K = 1.8V
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: 85 :
IC = IE and IB = 0
IC
1.6K
IB
V3
+
0.7V
(1)
R2
V4
2.2K
I4
(2)
IE =
5V
5 0 .7
2 .2 K
IE = 1.9545mA
0.7 I4 .2.2K + 5 = 0
IC = 1.9545mA & IB = 0
I4 =
5 0 .7
= 1.9545mA
2 .2 k
V6 = 0V
V7 = 5 1.6K (1.9545m)
= 1.8728V
V4 I4(2.2K) = 5
V4 = (1.9545m) (2.2K) 5
V5 = IE (2.2K) 5
V4 = 4.3 5
V4 = 0.7V
d)
Given =
V3 = 5 IC (1.6K)
= 5 (1.9545m) (1.6K) = 1.8728V
1.2V
56K
+
0.7V
3.3K
V8
V9
22K
V7
5.1K
(2)
IC
5V
V6 +
0.7V
(1)
R2
IE
IE
IB
1.6K
IB
(1)
V5
2.2K
It is given that =
IC IE and IB 0
5V
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: 86 :
(1)
5 0 .7 1 .2
= 0.939 mA
3.3K
IE
3.3K
56.639K
+
V8 = 5 3.3K (0.939m)
0.7
+
+
IB
V11
V12
3.112V
= 1.9013V
R2
5.1K
(2)
IC
V9 IC (5.1K) + 5 = 0
It is given in the problem that =
V9 = IC (5.1K) 5
IB = 0 & IC = IE
5V
+5V
IE
91K
3.3K
V10
IB
150K
R2
V11
IE =
5 0.7 3.112
0.36mA
3.3k
IC = IE = 0.36mA
V12
V11 = 5 IE (3.3k)
5.1K
= 5 (0.36m) (3.3K)
Thevenin
Equivalent
150k 5
VTh =
= 3.112V
91k 150k
V11 = 3.812V
Apply KVL along loop (2)
V12 IC (5.1K) = 0
V12 = 5.1K 0.36 mA
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: 87 :
04.
Sol: Given circuit diagram is
IE
IE = 101 IB
10K
VE
Vin
5 +
VB
1K
IE =
5V
For Vi = 0V:
IE
(10K ) + 0.7 + IE (1K) = 0
101
5 0 .7
= 3.913mA
10K
1K
101
VE = IE (1K) = 3.913V
VB = 0.7 + VE
= 0.7 3.913
VB
Vin
VB = 4.613V
05.
VB = Vin = 0V
For Vi = 3V:
If input voltage V1 = 3V, the transistor Q1 is
ON & Q2 is OFF.
R1= 10 K
3.9K
VC
Q1
10K
VE
Vin = 5V
IC
+
0.7
R2 1K
+
0.7
Q2
V0
R2
4.7K
VB
1K
IB
5V
ACE Engineering Academy
Thevenin
Equivalent
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: 88 :
06.
+VCC
Rc
Rb
IC
IC
3.9K
RTH = 1.8K
VC
Q1
+
0.7
R2 1K
(1)
+
0.7
Q2
V0
R2
4.7K
IC
ICBO
IC = IB +(+1)ICBO
Thevenin
Equivalent
2.2K 12
VTH =
(10K 2.2K )
2.2 12
=
= 2.164V
12.2
1=
I B
I
( 1) CBO
IC
IC
IC
ICBO
RTH = 1.8K
Apply KVL in the loop (1)
2.164 IB (1.8K) 0.7 VE1 = 0
2.164 (0) (1.8K) 0.7 VE1 = 0
VE1= 1.464V
IE1 =
VE1 1.464
1.464mA
1K
1K
1
I
1 B
IC
In fixed bias IB =
VCC VBE
Rb
I B
0
IC
S=
1
1 worst case
1 ( 0 )
It is given that IB = 0
IE = IC = 1.464mA
+VCC
IC+I
RC
RB
= 12 1.464m (3.9K)
IC
= 6.29V
V0 = VC1 0.7
= 6.29 0.7
IB
+
VBE
V0 = 5.59V
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: 89 :
KVL
+VCC
R1
RC
R2
RE
RC
VCC VBE
IC
RC RB
RC RB
I B
RC
IC R C R B
S=
1
RC
1
RC RB
RC
Ideally S = 1 therefore
1
RC RB
I B
RE
IC R th R E
RC >> RB
+VCC
RC
KVL
Rth=R1||R2
IB
IB =
VCC R 2
R1 R 2
VCC VBE R E
IC
R B R E R B R E
+VCC
I B
RE
IC R B R E
Rc
RB
1
S
RE
1
RB RE
Self bias
S =
+
VBE
RE
IE
1
RE
1
R
R
E
th
IB
+
VBE
RE >>
IE = IC+IB
RE
07.
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: 90 :
Sol: KVL
VC1 = 10 4K 1mA
= 10 4 = 6V
RE
V VEB
IC
RE RB
RE RB
= 6 + 0.7 = 6.7 V
IE2 =
I B
RE
IC R B R E
10 6.7
1mA
3.3K
VC2 = IC2 5K
= 5K 1 = 5V
1
1
RE
I
1 B 1
RE RB
IC
08.
IE3 =
4 .3
1mA
4.3K
4K
4K
Q2
VB1
Q1
1K
Q4
Q3
5K
3K
2.3K
= 10 4K 1m = 6V
1K
Q5
Q6
10K
4.3K
VC3 = 10 4KIC3
1K
10K
V0
= 6 0.7 = 5.3
10K
IE4 =
Let us assume is very large and VBE = 0.7V
10V 3K
Then VB1 =
7 K 3K
VB1 = 3V
IE1 =
3 0 .7
1mA
2.3K
5 .3
0.53mA
10K
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: 91 :
I2
h 21
------ (5)
I1 1 h 22 R L
(AI) =
eq(4)
V
I
h 21R L
---- (6)
2 2 RL
1 h 22 R L
I1
I1
I1
VE6 = V0 = 3.9V
IE6 =
3 .9
0.39mA
10K
09.
Sol: Refer solution of Question number 08
h21RL
eq(2)
V
1 h11 h12
[from 6]
I1
I1
1 h22RL
Zin h11
01.
Sol:
+
VS
IS RS I1
+
V1
I2
[h]
+
V2
h12 h 21
1
h 22
RL
IL
RL
+
Vo
1 h 22 R L
eq(2)
V
1 h11
h12
V2
V2
h 21R L
V2
h 21R L
Zin
VS = I1RS + V1
----- (1)
V1 = h11I1 + h12V2
----- (2)
I2 = h21I1 + h22V2
----- (3)
V2 = ILRL = I2RL
----- (4)
Vo Vo V1 V2 V1
VS V1 VS V1 VS
I1 1 h 22 R L
RS
V2
I2
I2
[h]
=
VS 0
1V
Ix V
Ix
+
V2
Zo=
V1
I1
+
1V
1V
Ix
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: 92 :
V1
I1 V
h11 =
h12
h11 R S
=
0
Vbe (AC)
I b (AC) Vce 0
x
y
h12
(3) Ix = h21
h 22 (1)
h11 R S
Ib
1
1
Zo =
I x h h12 h 21
22
h11 R S
x
0
V1 = h11I1 + h12V2
h12=
Vbe
V1
V2
=
I1 0
I2 = h21I1 + h22V2
V
h11= 1
I1 V
h12=
h21=
h22=
V1
V2
I2
I1
I2
V2
I1 0
V2 0
I1 0
+
V1=Vbe
Vce1 = y1
x1
h21=
I2
I1
Vce2 = y2
Ib
=
V2 0
V2=Vce
x 2 x1
y 2 y1
I2 = Ic
I1 = Ib
Vbe (AC)
Vce (AC) I
Vbe
x2
Ic (AC)
I b (AC) V
ce ( AC ) is constant
y 2 y1
x 2 x1
y2
Ib2 = x2
y1
Ib1 = x1
Ic
0
ACE Engineering Academy
Vce
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: 93 :
h22 =
I2
V2
Ic (AC)
Vce (AC) I
=
I1 0
Ib
b
( AC ) is cons tant
1k
Vbe
y
x
Ic
hreVce
hfeIb
1
hoe
Vc
e
Operating point
x
Ic
0
1
h oe
Vce
B
1k
C
Ib
hie
hfeIb
h11
h12
h21
CE
(1k) hie
CC
(1k)hic
(410-6) hrb
(10-4) hre
(1)hrc
(-0.99) hfb
(100)hfe
(-101) hfc
(810-7) hob
(12s)hoe
(12s)hoc
CB
(30)
hib
[Simplified h-model]
02.
Sol: hib = h11, hrb = h12, hfb = h21, hob = h22,
RS = 0, RL = 20k
h22
I2 = Ic
I1 = Ib
+
V1=Vbe
h11 = hie
V2=Vce
h12 = hre
h21 = hfe
h 21
1 h 22 R L
0.99
1 (8 10 7 )(20 103 )
= 0.974
h22 = hoe
h 21R L
h11R L [h11h 22 h12 h 21 ]
= 647.9
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: 94 :
03.
h12 h 21
= 30.08
1
h 22
RL
= 97.7
1
(Zo) =
=1.07M
h12 h 21
h 22
h11 R S
RS
(AV) =
IL
+
VS
+
V2=Vcb
h 21
h fe
1 h 22 R L 1 h oe R L
h 21R L
= 199.2
h11 R L [h11h 22 h12 h 21 ]
+
RL Vo
h12 h 21
1
h 22
RL
= 980.5
I2
RS I1 hib
+
1k
hrbVcb
VS
hfbI1
1
hob
1
h h
h 22 12 21
h11 R S
RL
= 500k
Summary of CB configuration
Ic
+
VS
+
Vbe
RS Ib
Vce
RL Vo h12 = hre
h21 = hfe
h22 = hoe
Ic
RS Ib hie
h11 = hie
+
VS
1k
hreVce
IL
hfeIb
1
hoe
RL
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: 95 :
Note:
1
= 9.9
h fc h rc
h oc
h ic R S
Summary :
approximate
equal
to
(5) large
input
impedance
controlled amplifier]
h 21
h fe
98.6
1 h 22 R L 1 h oc R L
AV =
h 21R L
h11 R L [h11h 22 h12 h 21 ]
h f cR L
h ic R L [h ic h oc h fc h rc ]
= 0.995
+
Vin
Zo =
1
h h
h 22 12 21
h11 R S
RB
+
Vo
RE
= hic h rc h fc = 8.41M
1
h oc
RL
[voltage
Iin
Vin
Ib1
hie
RB
hfeIb1
(1+hfe)Ib1 Ib2
hfeIb2
hie
Zins
Zin
(1+hfe)Ib2
RE
+
Vo
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: 96 :
Ib2 hie
Iin
---- (2)
Vin
Voltage gain
Ib1 1k
hie
RL
hfeIb2
hfeIb1
IL
Vo
V
(AV) = o
Vin
(1 h fe ) 2 R E
=
h ie (1 h fe )h ie (1 h fe ) 2 R E
Vin
Zin
Ib1
h ie (1 h fe )h ie (1 h fe )R E (from 2)
Zins = RB||Zin
R B || h ie (1 h fe )h ie (1 h fe ) 2 R E
06.
AV =
+
Vin
RL
hie
+
Vo
Vo
Vin
IL R L
h
Iin ie ILR L
2
hie
h ie
(1 h fe )R L
2
Zin=
hfeIb
(1 h fe )R L
h
Vin = Iin ie I L R L
2
Ib
Ib
IL
IL
1 h fe
Iin I b1 I b 2
IL
R L
I
= in
hie IL
R L
2 Iin
Sol: Ac equivalent
hfeIb
Vin h ie
=
+(1+hfe)RL
Iin
2
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: 97 :
Step 1: AC equivalent
Zo
h
1kie
Ib1
1V
Ix
3k
Ib2
hie
hfeIb2
hfeIb1
1V
B
1k
Z1
+
Vin
KCL
+
V1
V0=V2
C
Z2
E
+
V2
+
Vin
1k V B
1
+
hie 1k
Z 1 V1
2
I x (1 h fe )
h ie
Zo =
C IC
hfeIb
+
3k
z2 v2
Vo
z1
1
h ie
I x 2(1 h fe )
V0 100I b
1 1
R 1 R 2
07.
Sol:
Given circuit diagram is
VCC
3k
10k
10k
10k
, z2
1
1 A
1
A
VO
1
1
100I b
1 1
3k z
2
Vi = Ib (1k)
+
Vin
1k
V0
100
1
A
Vi
1k 1 A 1
3k 10k A
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: 98 :
1
A 1
A 1k
100
3k 10k A
10kA 3kA 3k
10A
1
3k 10kA
08.
Sol: From the fig Rs = 10k
voltage gain from the signal source to
base
Q1 & Q2 is
10A 3A 3
1
3000
Vid
R id
40.4
0 .8
Vi R id R s 40.4 10
13A 3 = 3000
A = 230.54
Vid
total resis tan ce in emitter
z1
10k
43.56
1 A
z2
10k
10.043k
1
1
A
2R C
2re R E
2 10
50
250 50 10 3
KCL:
V1 Vin
V1
V
1 0
1k
43.56 1k
Vin
1
2
1k
V1
1k
1k 43.56
2R EE R C
V0 V0 V1
.
Vin V1 Vin
A.
Vo
50 0.8 40
Vi
A cm
Vin
0.0397
V1
Av
Vo Vo Vid
Vi Vid Vi
10
0 .2
2 200
= 5 104
Worst case CMRR
V1
Vin
CMRR 20 log
= (230.52) (0.0397)
= 9.2
ACE Engineering Academy
20 log
Ad
A cm
40
5 10 4
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: 99 :
1
Vin I b h ie 1 h fe R E ||
SC E
CMRR = 98.06 dB
(i) input differential resistance
(Rid) = 40.4k
(ii) overall differential voltage gain
(Ad) = 40
(iii) the worst case CMRR = 98.06 dB
RE
I b h ie 1 h fe
(2)
1 SC E R E
AV
09.
Sol:
Effect of bypass capacitor on the low
frequency response
1 SC R
h fe R C
E E
SC
R
h ie 1 h fe R E
E E h ie
h ie 1 h fe R E
+VCC
RC
+
_
~
RE
hfe Ib
~
E
1
SC E
RE
0
+
RC V0
_
S=
S=0
Gain
C
Ib
hie
h fe R C
h ie
CE
Vin
_
1 S 1
K
1 S 2
V0
Vin
V0
h fe R C 1 SC E R E
Vin
h ie 1 h fe R E SC E R E h ie
1
1
1 R E C E
1 h ie 1 h fe R E
2
C E R E h ie
2 > 1
V0 = (-hfeIb)RC (1)
ACE Engineering Academy
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: 100 :
10.
Sol:
3K
Vin ~
_
1K
+
V
_
gmV
100K
E
Rth
IC
I b Vce 0
emitter]
h fe
Ib
+
Vin ~
_
100K
1F
hie
3K
hfe Ib
1K
+ V
fc
11.
Sol:
V
V SC V SC
r
V SC C (1)
r
IC
Ib
B
E
VCe=0
V SC I C g m V
gmV
V
_
E
Ib
IC C
1
SC
1
1
= 39.788Hz
2 24K 1
1
SC
Ib
1
1
1
R th C 11K 3K
g m V
1
V SC C
r
g m r
K
LPF
1 Sr C C 1 S
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: 101 :
2 2r C C
fT
gm
(4)
2C C
Gain = K = gmr
Gain BW product g m r
1
2r C C
gm
(3)
2C C
gain BW product.
12.
Sol: Refer theory material page no. 134
14.
Sol: Given circuit diagram is
gmr
3dB
Vcc
Vcc
IC2
I C1
200
Gain
1
f3dB
fT
Frequency
200
1 mA
VEE
IC
1
Ib
g m r
1 r C C
g m r
1
r C C
gm
1
2f T C C
ACE Engineering Academy
25m 50
100
5000 5 K
r1 r 2
1
gm
50
The AC picture of the given circuit diagram
is shown in the below figure.
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: 102 :
AC picture:
I B1
Vin
r2
+_
16.
Sol: Given data is
The input resistance of amplifier = 1k
(A)
5 k
100
I B1 I B2
r2
5 k
100 I B
2
200
200
I B1
IB
Rin
Vi
State
State
State
(1)
(2)
(3)
= 200
AVR=0 60
= 200
AVR=0 60
= 200
AVR=0 60
Ri = 1K
101 I B1 101 I B 2 0
Ri = 1K
Ri = 1K
I B2 I B1
200
VS
+
_
VS
__
1 k
60VS
VS
__
1 k
Vin 5K I B1 400101I B1 5K I B 2 0
Vin 5K I B1 400101I B1 5K I B1 0
Vin 5K 5K 400 101I B1 0
Vin
50.4 K
I B1
200
200
+
V0
60VS
Vx
_
1 k
60VS
+
2.2k V0
V0 V0 Vy Vx
VS Vy Vx Vs
60Vs 1K
200 1K
Vy
Vx
50
Vs
Vx
Rin = 50.4 K
V0
15.
Sol: Refer theory material page no. 81
60Vy 2.2K
200 2.2K
V0
55 50 50
Vs
= 137500
ACE Engineering Academy
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: 103 :
17.
Sol:
+VCC
R1
RC
CC
+
+
Vin
RL
R2
RE
+10 V
V0
CE
9.3 K
2K
V0
+
Vin
10 V
18.
Sol:
DC analysis:
+10 V
IC = 2mA
9.3 K
2K
of Variations
V0
+ Q2
0.7
Q1
+
Vbe
9.3K
5K
IF = 2mA
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: 104 :
IE
1mA
RE
9.3K
AC equivalent:
+
Vbe
100
I CDC
I E
1mA 0.99mA
101
1
gmVbe/Ib
I CDC 1mA
VC1 10 I CDC R C
B
+
Vin
Vbe 2.5k
1
__
1
25
Vbe
1_
9.3K
1.25k
Vbe
200
+
2
__
Vbe
2
25
+
2k V0(AC)
VE1 10
1mA I C1
9.3k
(3) VC1 10 I C1 9.3k 0.7 V
V0
Vbe 2 2k ----(1)
25
0 10
2mA
5k
(6) V0 10 I C2 2k 10 2 2 6V
(5) I E 2
Vin Vbe1
AC Analysis:
Q1
Q2
I C1
IC
1m
gm1
0.04 g
2 2 0.08
m2
25m 25m
25m 25
100
100
=2.5k
r 1
r 2
125 0
1
gm
2
25
25
V0
V Vbe Vbe1
0 . 2
Vin Vbe2 Vbe1 Vin
2 1
2k 9.3 || 1.251
25 25
4k
7052
252
AV = 7052
AC analysis:
9.3 K
B
AV
E
+
Vin
9.3K
2K
B
V0
E
5K
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__
: 105 :
(b)
5. Feedback Amplifiers
1000
1 1000 0.01
1000
90.9
1 10
Feedback Amplifier:
01.
Sol: Given data is
A0
1 A 0
02.
Sol: Given circuit diagram is
+VCC
dA
% , then the % change in closed loop gain is
A
RC3
RC 2
RC1
given by
dA
dA f
A
Af
1 A
(a)
+
+
Vs 0V
R2
I0
R3
R1
it is given that
Let us neglect the drop (VBE) across base and
emitter junction
The equivalent circuit diagram is
A0 = 1000 11
x % of 1000 = 11
x = 1.1 %
R2
dA f
0 .1
Af
from
the
I0
+
Vs
problem
R1
R3
statement]
1 .1
0 .1
1 1000
1.1 0.1 + 100
1 100
0.01
Feedback factor required is
0.01
ACE Engineering Academy
Vs
I0 R 3
R1
R 3 R1 R 2
VS
I 0 R 1R 3
R1 R 2 R 3
I0 R1 R 2 R 3
Vs
R 1R 3
I0
R2
1
1
VS R 3 R 1R 3 R 1
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: 106 :
03:
Sol: Given circuit diagram is
04.
Sol:
+VCC
Cc
0V
RS
VS
R5
R3
R E1
RC
R4
RC1
R2
CS
V0
+
Vi
+
Vs
V0
+
Vx
Vf
R1
+
R L V0
Voltage
Amplifier,
AV
CE
RF
V0 = I0RC
V0
R C
I0
IE IC = I0
I0
Vx
Ii
RF
RS
+
VS
Is
I0
+
+
+
Vs
0V
R1
R0
IS
Vi
+
Ri AVVi
0
RV
L
Vf=V0
V
f
Vs
I
1
s
Rs
Vs R s
And I s
R 1I 0
R1 R F
R
I0
1 F
Is
R1
voltage gian
V0 V0 I 0 I s
. .
Vs I 0 I s Vs
R 1
R c 1 F
R 1 R s
V0 R E
1
Vs R 1
R C
R s
Vs V0
Vf V0
Ii
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: 107 :
Vs .AVi
V0 AVi
Ii
IiRi = VsAVi
Ri
IiRi = VsAIiRi
dA
dA f
A
Af
1 A
IiRi+AIiRi = Vs
(1+A) IiRi=Vs
(1+A)IiRi = Vs
40
1 10 6
1
4
0.000159%
06.
Sol:
V
S R i (1 A)
Ii
Rif = Ri (1+A)
RF
Is
1
4
05
Sol:
0V +
IS
RC
V0
Vs
3k
1k
V0
0 V0
Is 0
RF
V0
Is
RF
V0
R F
Is
Loop gain A f 1 F
R1
Af = (1 +3) = 4
ACE Engineering Academy
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: 108 :
6. Oscillators
2.5V
Vin
0
-2.5V
01.
Sol:
It is a regenerative circuit (Positive feedback)
which has two thresholds, UTP and LTP. UTP
stands for Upper Threshold Point and LTP for
Lower Threshold Point. The Schmitt trigger
output switches from +Vsat to Vsat when input
Vin is greater than UTP. The output switches from
Vsat to +Vsat when input Vin is less than LTP.
The output does not change when Vin is between
UTP and LTP.
+10V
V 0
0
10V
Transfer Characteristics
+10V
+Vsat
Vin
_
V0
-10V
7.5K
V 0
-2.5V
2.5V
Vin
2.5K
-Vsat
+10V
7.5K
7.5K
+
VUTP = 2.5V
+
2.5K VLTP = -2.5V
2.5K
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: 109 :
03.
KCL
0 Vin 0 VB 0 VB
R R 2R 0
R
R
D1
+
Vi
n
2 Vin 3 VB
0 3VB 2 Vin
2R
V
O
Vx
VB
D2
R
Case 1
KCL
VB 0 VB VO
0
2R R
:
Vin Pos
D1 FB
Vx NegD2 RB
VB 2 VB 2 VO
3
0 VO VB
2R
2
R
R
R
VA
0.7
V
+
Vin
2
Vin
3
VO
3
2
3 Vin
V0 = Vin
R
VO
VA
R
R
VA
Vin
R
Vin
V0 = Vin
Case 2
Vin Neg
Vx Pos
D1 RB
D2 FB
R
R
R
+
Vin
0V
+
0.7V
VB
VB +
VO
V0
t
0
V0 = Vin
V0 = - Vin
V
ACE Engineering Academy
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: 110 :
04.
Case 2:
Vx
+
Vin
VC
V0
VC
Vx
+
Vin
V0 = VC
VC
V0
Vx
Vin
Vin
Vin
t
0.7
+
VX
+
Vin
VC Vx = 0.7 + Vin
Case 1
V0 = VC
Case 2
05.
Sol: Log amplifier:
Consider the circuit in the fig shown below.
The diode is to be forward biased, so the
input signal voltage is limited to positive
values. The diode current is
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: 111 :
VVD
i D I s e T 1
i1
VD
D1
R1
Vi
V1 = 0
V2 = 0
iD
V0
Vi
V1 = 0
iD
i2
V0
i D Ise
Fig. A simple
amplifier
VD
VT
exponential
Vi
antilog (or)
i D I s e VT and V0 = i2R = iD R
V1
R1
(or) V0 I s R.e
Vi
Vt
V0 = VD
Noting that i1 = iD, we can write
V0
V
i1 i i D I s e VT
R1
V V0
ln i
R 1I s VT
06.
Sol: TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATOR
C
_
+
R3
R1
V0
Vt
R2
V
V0 VT ln i
Is R1
Above equation indicates that, for this
circuit, the output voltage is proportional to
the log of the input voltage
V0
+V _
V0
Schmitt
trigger
Miller
integrato
r
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: 112 :
0 V01 0 V0
0
R1 R 2
If V01 = +Vsat V0
i.e. V0
V0
R 2 V01
R1
R 2 Vsat
for Vt = 0V
R1
At t
Vsat
i.e. V0
1
I dt
C 0
R 2 Vsat 1 Vsat
VC t
dt
R1
C 0 R3
R 2 Vsat
for V01 to switch from +Vsat to
R1
If V01 = Vsat V0
R 2 Vsat
for Vt = 0V
R1
R 2 Vsat
for V01 to switch from Vsat to
R1
T
2
VC t
R 2 Vsat
R1
R1
R1
CR 3 2
2R 2 Vsat Vsat T
R1
2CR 3
+Vsat
+Vsat
R 2 Vsat
4R 2 R 3C
R1
R1
V01
R 2 Vsat
R1
-Vsat
VC = -V0
Frequency f
R1
1
T 4R 2 R 3C
07.
Sol: ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
(USING OP-AMP)
R
T
+10V
_
R 2 Vsat
R1
V0
+
+
VC
-10V
R 2 Vsat
R1
Vt
T/2
R1 = 5K
R2 = 5K
T
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: 113 :
Vsat e Vsat
R1 R 2
At t
T
2 RC
+5
V
VC
0
5V
+10
V
V0
0
T
2
VC t
R 2 Vsat
R1 R 2
T
R2
2RC
R 2 Vsat
Vsat
1 e
Vsat
R1 R 2
R1 R 2
R2
R2
1
1
R1 R 2
R1 R 2
T
2 RC
R1
R 1 2R 2
R1
R 1 2R 2
T 2RC n
08.
T
10
Calculation of time period of square wave
V
+Vsat
final
R 2 Vsat
R1 R 2
R 2 Vsat
R1 R 2
initial
T/2
T
Vf Vx V0
1
V0 Vf Vx
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: 114 :
Vf
V0 R 1
R1 R 2
Vf
R1
V0 R 1 R 2
1
V0
sC
V0
0
Vx
1
1 sC 0 R 0
R0
sC 0
V0
1 sC 0 R 0
Vx
Vf Vx Vd
V0
V0 Vf Vx
,
A Vf Vf Vf A
R2
1
R1
Vx
1
Vf
A
R2
1
R1
Vx
1
Vf
A
R2
1
R1
Vx
1
Vf
1
R1 R 2
C0R 0
R
1 1
R2
1
R1
1
C0R 0
R1
sR1 R 2 s2C0 R0 R1 R 2
1
sC
R
=1
0 0
R1 R 2
R1 1
R1 1
9K
sR 1 R 2
1
1 sC 0 R 0 = 1
R
1
1
R R2
s C 0 R 0 1
0
R 11
R1
R1 R 2
Vf Vx V0
1
V0 Vf Vx
R1
R1 R 2
2 C 0 R 0 (R 1 R 2 )
1
1
R 11
1
R
2
R R1
C 0 R 0 1 2
R1
R
1 2
R1
C0R 0
R2
R R1
C 0 R 0 1 2
R1
2 C 02 R 02 1
R2
R1
R2
1
R1
9K
1K
C 0 R 0 0.1F.10K
= 3K rad/sec
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: 115 :
09.
Vf
SCR
2 2 2
V0 S C R 3SCR 1
R
RF
C
+
1
3 SCR
1
Step 2:
1
SCR
3 j RC
RC
V
R
A 0 1 F
Vf
R1
RF
R1
R1
V0
+
Vf
Step 1
Step 3:
A = 1 A
Vf
V0
V0
Vf
1
1
R
SC
R
1
SC
1 SCR
R
SC
R
Z Shunt
Z series R
Loop gain = 1
1 1 SCR
SC
SC
V0 Z shunt
Z series Z shunt
RF
1
3 j RC
R1
RC
RF
3
R1
RF = 2R1
Condition for sustained Oscillations
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: 116 :
10.
Sol:
| |
0
0
2
1
1
0
RC 3
0
2
1
1
3 j RC
RC
| |
3 RC
RC
2
2 2
d
1 R C 1
; tan
d
3RC
d
d
1
3
||
A0
10 6
S
S
1
1
3db
10
3db
A0 = DC Gain
d
6 2 R 3 C 3 2
2
1
RC
2
2
2
d
3
3
9 R C
RC
Gain
RC
RC
tan 1
3
1
RC
3RC 2R 2 C 2 2 R 2 C 2 1 3RC
2
2 2 2
9 R C
2 R 2 C 2 1
1
3RC
1
1
RC
3db
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: 117 :
RF = 2R1
R1
9 10 6
0.45 rad / sec stable
2 10 7
rad
sec
Variation in frequency
=
R1
1
R F R1 3
Af
3
3
3S
S
1 7 1
10
10 7
by the Amplifier
3
3
= tan 1 7 ~ 7
10
10
9 1010
4.5K rad / sec 4.5% error.
2 10 7
11.
Sol: HARTLEYS OSCILLATORS:
RF
d 3
_
R1
2 2 10 7
3
At a frequency
1 K rad
sec
L1
(1)
Z1 + Z2 + Z3 = 0
SL1 + SL2 +
1
0
SC
S L 1 L 2 2 0
S C
Variation in frequency
L1 L 2
ACE Engineering Academy
L2
2 C
1
Leq C
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: 118 :
Leq = L1 + L2
(2)
(3)
C eq
Z1 SL1 L1
Z2
SL 2
L2
C1C 2
C1 C 2
(2)
1
V
SC1 C 2
f
1
V0
C1
SC 2
(3)
R F L2
1
R1
L1
R F L2
R 1 L1
R
C1
R
C
1
f
F 1
R1
C2
R1 C2
13.
12.
Sol:
Sol: Find
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR:
Vf
V0
Rx
Vf
RF
R1
V0
+
1/SC
SL
0.5k
+
Vf
C1
(1)
V0
1 Vf
SC SL 0.5k 0
V
Rx
f
1
1
V0 1
R 0.5k j C L
Z1 + Z2 + Z3 = 0
1
1
SL 0
SC1 SC 2
1 1
1
S 2 L 0
S C1 C 2
V V0
KCL f
Vf
Rx
1
1
1 V0
Vf
j C
L R x
R x 0 .5 k
C2
1
1
2 L
C1 C 2
Vf
1
L Ceq
Step2: Find A
V0
9K
1
10
Vf
1K
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: 119 :
Rx
1
10
1
1
1
R 0.5k j C L
X S2 C 2 R 2
Z
1 SCR
Given
S 2 C 2 R 2 1
10 0.5k R x
1
j C
R x ( 0 .5 K ) R x
L
1
SC
1
LC
Frequency of oscillations
2 LC
Z
_
1
Z
X
1
SC
X
1
Z 1 SCR
R
SC
R x 4.5k
X S2 C 2 R 2
1
Z
1 SCR
1 SCR
R
X
_
1
0
L
1
RC 1 2 R 2 C 2 1
RC
C
R
_
+
R
C
14.
Sol: Loop gain = 1
y z x
1
x y z
1 1
SC
SC X 1
1
R R Z
SCR 1 1 X
SCR SCR Z 1
SCR1 1 1
SCR SCR 1SCR
-90
-90
-90
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: 120 :
Note:
3
2CR F
15.
Sol: Loop gain = 1
y z x
1
x y z
A33 = 1360
y
1
x
R F || SC
1;
3
R 1
3 = 360
= 120
RF
R
1
1 SCR F
16.
Find
Sol:
1
SC
RF
32
1 SCR F
R1
Vf
V0
1
SC
1
SC
+
R
V0
_
Vf
RF
3
2
3 3
2 2
1 j C R F j3CR F 3 C R F
R1
Vf
S3 C 3 R 3
3 3 3
V0 S C R 6S 2 C 2 R 2 5SCR 1
V0 R F
Vf
R1
0 = 3CRF-3C3RF3
3
RF
2
2 2
1 3 C R F
R1
Vf
R1
RF
_
+
V0
Frequency of Oscillations
Loop gain = 1
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: 121 :
A=1
RF
R1
17.
j 3 C 3 R 3
1
3 3 3
2 2
2
C
R
C
R
j
5
RC
RC 6
2RC 6
C R 5RC 3C3R 3
R1
RF 2 2 2
C R 5 2C 2 R 2
R
1
RF
R1
Vf
C
C
R
V0
1
1
5
6
6
A = 1
Where A = gain of amplifier
= feedback factor
Calculation of gain (A) :
As it is a non inverting amplifier
R
A 1 x
R
RF = 29R1
V0 +
R
R 1/sC
+
Vf
A = 29180
1
180
29
Vx V0 Vx Vx Vf
0
1
R
R
sC
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: 122 :
Vx V0 sC Vx
R
Vx Vf
0
R
Vx 2 sCR V0 sCR Vf 0 1
R x 1 2 R 2 C 2 j3RC
R
jRC
1
0
1
R
sC
Rx
j 1 2 R 2 C 2
3
R
RC
Vf Vx + Vf sCR = 0
Rx
3
R
Rx = 2R
s C R
2
3sCR 2 1 Vf V0 sCR
Vf
sCR
2 2 2
V0 s C R 3sRC 1
2 R 2 C 2 1
1
RC
1
2RC
Put s= j
Vf
jRC
2 2 2
V0 R C j3RC 1
1 2 R 2 C 2
0
RC
1
2RC
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: 123 :
7. Power Amplifiers
Vi
D
R1
Variable pulse
width OSC
01.
+
VZ
RF
RL
R1
Vi
+
VZ
Vo
R1
1. The
required
input
stepdown
transformer is bulky and expensive
2. Due to low line frequency [50Hz], large
values of filter capacitors are required.
3. The efficiency is very low.
4 Input must be greater than output
voltage.
5. Larger the difference b/w input and
output voltage, more is the power
dissipation in the series pass transistor.
6. For higher input voltages and low
o/p voltage, efficiency decreases.
Hence in modern days, to overcome all
these limitations switched mode power
supplies [SMPS] are used.
There are three basic configurations of the
switching regulators
1. Step down or Buck switching regulator
2. Step up or Boost switching regulator.
3. Inverting type switching regulator.
Vo
Variable pulse
width OSC
RL
RF
R1
Vi
+
VZ
Vo
R1
+
Variable pulse
width OSC
L
RF
RL
R1
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: 124 :
Case2:
VL
ON Period
+
Vo
RL
+
Vin
IL(0) = IL(0+)
IL =
=
Q1 OFF
+
Vin
VL
Diode
ON
+
Vo
RL
1
VL dt
L
1
(Vin Vsat ) dt
L
1
Vin dt
L
IL(ON) =
If ON time is more then o/p voltage
increases and if OFF time is more, o/p
voltage decreases this adjusting the duty
t ON
t
cycle
ON o/p voltage can
t ON t OFF
T
be regulated.
= tON.f and Vo = Vin
Step-up switching regulator (Boost)
Case1:
Let Q1 is ON
VL = Vin VCEsat
This expands the magnetic field around the
inductor very quickly. The longer the ON
time of Q1, the smaller will be the voltage
across L.
ACE Engineering Academy
1
Vin [ t ON ]
L
OFF Period
Vout = Vin + VL
VL = Vout Vin
IL =
=
1
VL dt
L
1
(Vout Vin )dt
L
IL(OFF) =
Vout Vin
( t OFF )
L
I L (0 ) I L (0 )
(V Vin )
1
Vin ( t ON ) out
( t OFF )
L
L
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: 125 :
Advantages
t t
Vout = Vin OFF ON
t OFF
1. Higher efficiency
t ON
t OFF
But =
and 1 =
t ON t OFF
t ON t OFF
2. Simple to design
3. Low ripple content
4. Small output filter
Vout
V
in
1
Vin
1
of
line
voltage
Vout = 2 Vin
1. Single output
Vout
t
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: 126 :
Case2:
1 V
1 VCC
CC R L
(1)
2 RL
2 RL
ICmax
IC total
0
2I
VCC C max
V
2
VCC CC
RL
2 VCC
RL
PO
100%
Pin
100% = 78.5%
4
efficiency
Sol:
DC equivalent
+VCC
+VCC
R1
+
Vin
_
RL
_
-VCC
PO
1 2
IL R L
2 m
VL = VCC
VCE
_
R2
RE
IE
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: 127 :
V CE VCC I
DC
C
DC
IC
IC
C
DC
V CE VCC I
DC
R C R E
total
DC
R DC (1)
DC
I C ( AC) R AC (2)
VCE
( AC )
-IC(AC)
AC equivalent
total
VCC I C
VCE
R DC (1)
when VCE
total max
By supersposition
+
VCE
_
+
Vin ~
_
IC
IC
total
RC||RL
R1||R2
IC
DC
VCE
VCE
total
VCE
total
CE
( AC )
CE
( AC )
total
I C ( AC) R AC (2)
total
LOCATION OF Q POINT
For maximum symmetrical swing Q point
should be located in the middle of the
characteristic satisfying the relation.
when VCE
total
0 VCE
I C I C
R AC
DC
DC
total max
IC
IC
VCE
DC
total max
DC
R AC
maximum
symmetrical
swing
I C total max 2I C DC
Sat
I CDC
I C I C R AC (5)
total
DC
total max
For
I Ctotal max
DC
IC
IC
(4)
( AC )
I C R AC [from 2]
DC
AC
VCE
VCE
I C ( AC) R C || R L
VCE
DC
VCE
(3)
AC
IC total max
Sub in (6)
Active
ICQ
region
IC
2I C
DC
cutoff
IC
DC
DC
VCE
DC
R AC
VCE
DC
R AC
IC
DC
VCC I C
R DC
DC
R AC
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: 128 :
IC
DC
VCC
I CQ
R AC R DC
(location of Q
I C total max I C
DC
IC total max
R AC
IC
R AC
DC
V
CC
R
= DC
VCC
IB5
IB4
Q Point
IB3
DC load line
IB2
IC total
(VCC, 0)
VCC I C
DC
R DC
DC
1
R DC
I C total max
VCE total max
VCE
DC
I C DC
R AC
1
VCE I C R AC R AC
IB1
VCE
DC
DC
RDC = RC + RE
VCC
0,
R DC
VCE
line.
DC
DC
05.
IC
VCE
VCC
R DC
VCC
Sol:
Class A [RC coupled amplifier] Power
amplifier:
+VCC
equation for AC
VCE load
Vline.
I C I C R AC
CE
total
DC
DC
total
ICtotal
VCEtotal
ICtotal max
VCEtotal max
RC
R1
+
Vin
_
~
R2
RE
RL
+
V0
_
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: 129 :
RC (load)
R1
+
Vin
_
+
Vin ~
_
+
0.7 _
RE
R2
RL
+
V0 = VB 0.7
_
= Vin 0.7
Class A
[transformer coupled amplifier]
power amplifier:
+VCC
1:1
RC
R1
+
Vin
_
Vin
_
~
VCC
R2
06.
+VCC
Vin
0.7
Sol:
QN
-0.7
Vin
_
RL
QP
QP
-VCC
ACE Engineering Academy
RL
+
V0
_
V0
0
Crossover
distortion
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: 130 :
07.
Sol:
Efficiency of transformer coupled amplifier
[class A]
+VCC
1:1
R1
diode.
+VCC
Vin
_
+
+
Vin
_
RL
+
VL
_
R AC
R2
N
1
N2
R C R C
-VCC
V0
-0.7
RC
Vin
I CQ
Transfer characteristics
without op-amp
I CQ
VCC
V
1
CC
(1)
R AC R DC
RC
VCC R C
PO avg
1 2
I Lm R L
2
V0
Vin
N1:N2 = 1:1
1 2
I Cm R L (for maximum efficiency)
2
R C
Pin
VCC I CQ
2 VCC
(2)
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: 131 :
efficiency
R
V0 1 2 V3
R1
P0
1
100% 100% 50%
Pin
2
8. Operational Amplifiers
R
V0 1 F maxV1 , V2 , V3
R1
01.
Sol: Given circuit diagram
R1 V
N
02.
Sol: Given circuit diagram is
R2
+
+
V1
-
VA1
D1
Vin
+
V2
+15V
+5V
VA2 D
2
Vo
+
-
Vo 150
VB
=100
VE
VA3 D
3
10
15V
10k
V3
15V
R
V0 1 2 V1
R1
Transistor is ON
Now there is a negative feedback from output to
input
IE
R
V0 1 2 V2
R1
VE = Vin = 2V
2 15 17
10
10
IE =1.7A
IB
IE
1 .7
16.83mA
1 101
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: 132 :
V0 VB 150 I B
IE
2
2mA
1k
V0 1k 3k 2mA
= 4k 2m
V0= 8V
VCE = 15 Vin
IE = (1 + )Ix
VCE ranges from 10 to 15 V [i.e VCE > 0.2 V]
Ix = (1 + ) I0
I0
Ix
1
I0
IE
1 2
I0
2mA
2m
2
1 99 100 2
03.
Sol: Given circuit diagram
+V
Vref =2V
IO
+
Q1
V +
01 V
BE1
+
Q2
VBE2
VO
I0 = 0.2 A
3k
Vx
IE
1k
04.
Initially Vref = +2V, Vx= 0
Sol:
Given data is
Vin
7805
+
5V
_
Vo
0.25A
IQ=o
RL=76
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: 133 :
VB2
2k
10.7
5.35mA
2k
Here the is not given. Assume high value
of that implies base current can almost be
neglected
5
R
5
20
0.25
V0 = I [R + RL] ( IQ =0)
= 0.25 [20 +76]
I = 5.35 mA
= 24 V
V0 = I [1 k +2k]
By KVL
= 3k 5.35 m = 16.05 V
Vin Vdrop V0 = 0
Vin = Vdrop + V0
RL
= 2 + 24
Vin= 26 V
16.05
32.1
0 .5
05.
Sol:
IE1
Q1
IR2
IR1
2k
IB1
VB1
IC2
10k
Vin=30V
Q2
+
10V
_
VBE1
+
0.5A
RL
I
IR2
1k
2k
I R1
=10V +0.7
Vin VB1
2k
30 16.75
2k
13.25
6.625mA
2k
VB2
+
VBE2
IZ
Vo
Vin Vz
10k
30 10 20
2mA
10k
10k
As is very high
I B1 0A
= 10.7V
ACE Engineering Academy
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: 134 :
I C2 I R 2 6.625mA
07.
Sol: Non Inverting Summer:
I C2 I E 2 6.25mA
RF
R
I Z I E 2 I R1
Vx
R
= 2mA +6.625 mA
V1
V2
V3
= 8.625 mA
Vx
I1
I2
I3
R
R
KCL
I E1 I I L
Vx VR Vx V2 Vx V3
0
R
R
R
= 5.35 mA + 0.5A
= 0.50535 A
is very high
I B1 0 I E1 I c1 0.50535A
3Vx V1 V2 V3
0
R
R
Vx
V1 V2 V3
3
Vx 0 Vx V0
0
R
RF
Vx Vx V0
R RF RF
1
1 V0
Vx
R RF RF
V0
P VC1 VE 1 I C1
P = ( 30 16.05) 0.50535
R RF
V0 R F
Vx
RR F
R V V2 V3
V0 1 F 1
R
3
Choose RF = 2R
P =7.049 W
V0 = V1 + V2 + V3
06.
Sol: Refer theory material page no. 100
ACE Engineering Academy
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: 135 :
1
1 V1 V0
VN
---- (1)
R1 R 2 R1 R 2
Inverting summer:
R
V1
V2
V3
RF
I1
I2
I3
R
VN
VP
V0
KCL: IF = I1 + I2 + I3
V1 V0 V2
R1 R 2 R1
0 V1 0 V2 0 V3 =0
R
R
R
(1) / (2)
V0 V1 V2 V3
0
R F
R
RF
V1 V2 V3
R
Assume RF = R
V0 = (V1 + V2 + V3)
V1
R1
VN
VP
R1
V0
R2
V1 V2
R1
V0
R2
V1 V2
R1
V0 = V1 V2
08.
Sol: Differentiator:
A circuit in which the output voltage
waveform is the differentiation of input
voltage is called differentiator
R2
IL
Ie
V1 V2 V0
R1 R1 R 2
If R1 = R2
V2
VP V2 VP 0
0
R1
R2
1
1 V2
VP
---- (2)
R1 R 2 R1
V0
V0
If
R2
Virtual ground: VN = VP
KCL
Vin
If
V2
V1
V0
VN V1 VN V0
0
R1
R2
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: 136 :
V0 RC
0 V0
d
(Vin 0)
dt
R
dVin
dt
Vin
t
V0
Vin
t
V0
V0
11.
Sol: Band width extension:
Consider an op-amp with an open loop gain
= 106 with a 3db band width = 10 rad/sec. so
the gain-bw product = 10610 = 107
A0
10 6
S
S
1
1
W3db
10
[Before feedback]
Gain
I1 = If and V2 = V1 = 0
d (0 V0 )
Vin 0
C
R
dt
d ( V0 )
Vin
dt C
dt C(V0 ) V0
R
dt
0
1
Vin dt
V0 t 0 0V then V0
R 0
+
2K
if
1K
V0
t 0
+
+
Vin
_
[with feedback]
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: 137 :
Sol:
R1
R F R1
1K
1
2K 1K 3
10 6
A
S
1
10
A
Gain with feedback A f
1 A
Af
3
3
1 10
1
6
10
New gain = 3
10 7
New Bandwidth =
3
Before feedback
Gain = 106
Bandwidth = 10
Gain
Bandwidth
product = 107
R vX
V0
1
A
3
3
3S
S
1 7 1
10
10 7
3
1
Vin 1
Vin
Vx =
R 1 SC 1 SCR
SC
KCL
(1)
Vx Vin Vx Vo
0
R
R
After feedback
New gain = 3
10 7
3
Bandwidth
New Bandwidth =
Gain
product = 107
2
=V
Vin
o
1 SCR 1
Vo 1 SCR
Vin 1 SCR
Vo
1
Vin
Gain
+
V0
3
10
10
3
R
R
V0
R
C
Passive realization
Correct to s- domain
12.
ACE Engineering Academy
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: 138 :
13.
Sol:
Vin(s)
Vy(s) V0
C2
R1
R2
Vx(s)
1/sC
V0
Vin
Vx s
Vin s
1
sC
1
R
sC
Correct to s- domain
1/sC2
V s
in
1 sRC
Vy s
Vin s R Vin s
RR
R
Vin
V
in
1 sCR 2
2V 1 sCR Vin
in
21 sCR
V0
R2
0V
+
Vin(s)
V0(s)
V0 = Vx vy
R1
Vin 1 sCR
21 sCR
0 Vin s 0 V0 s
0 1
R1
Z eq
Where Z eq R 2 ||
1
sC 2
1
sC 2
1
R2
sC 2
R2
Z eq
R2
1 sR 2 C 2
V0 1 1 sCR
Vin 2 1 sCR
V0 s
Vin s
0
R2
R1
1 sR 2 C 2
1 sC 2 R 2 0
Vin s
V0 s
R1
R2
ACE Engineering Academy
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: 139 :
V0 s
R
1
2
Vin s
R 1 1 sC 2 R 2
Put s = j
V0 j R 2
1
Vin j
R 1 1 sC 2 R 2
C = 0.1F
The voltage gain in normal scale is
At = 0
20log Av = 33.98
V0 j R 2
Vin j R 1
Av = 101.7
AV = 50.11
The voltage gain of the above amplifier is
At =
V0 j
0
Vin j
AV
R2
R1
( Inverting amplifier)
PASS filter
R2
50.11
R1
R2 = 50.11R1 (1)
14.
Sol:
A 2nd order-active Band pass-filter using
is
C2
fL fC
BW
2
R2
R
200
V0
Vin
Vout
fH fC
BW
2
200
ACE Engineering Academy
20
190Hz
2
20
= 210Hz
2
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: 140 :
1
(2)
2R 2 C 2
15.
Sol: Given circuit is
V0
C1
Given C2 = 1F
fL
1
2R 2 1 10 6
R2
R2
a
VS
V1
R3
R1
b
0v
0v
C2
V0
2 f L 10 6
1
2 190 10 6
fig (a)
R2 = 837.65
R2 838
V1 VS V1 0 V1 V0 V1 0
+
+
+
=0-----(1)
R2
R3
R1
1 / SC 2
R2
50.11
R1 = 16.71
The frequency response of the filter is shown
below
M in dB
3dB
(34.6dB)
FL=190Hz
fH=210Hz
0-V1 0-V0
+
=0
1
R1
SC1
V1
= V0 SC1
R1
V1 = V0SR1C1 -----------(2)
value of R1 & R2 to be
R1 = 16.171
R2 = 838
ACE Engineering Academy
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: 141 :
V0SR 1C1 V0
R2
V0SR 1C1
1
SC 2
R 1 R 2 C1C 2 R 1 R 2 R 2 R 3 R 3 R 1
R1
R3
=0
V0
For
2R 1 R 2 R 3 C 2
1 R1R 2 C1 1
1
1
+
+
2
C2 R1 R 2 R 3
2nd
order
characteristic
V0
Where
S2R1R2R3C1C2+SC1(R1R2+R2R3+R3R1)+R3 = 0
equation
S2 +2 ns + 2n = 0
Natural frequency (n) =
1
R1R 2 C1C 2
Damping factor ( )
=
(R 1 R 2 R 2 R 3 R 3 R 1 )
R 1 R 2 R 3 2 n
Substitute n value in
ACE Engineering Academy
the
given
cut-off
V0
-R 2
= 2
equation)
(for
frequency is
=
R 2R 3
R3
R R +R R +R R
1
S2+S 1 2 2 3 3 1 S+
=0
R 1R 2 R 3 C 2
R1R 2 C1C2
equation
1
R1R 2 C1C 2
n =
1 R1R 2 C1
2
C2
1
1
1
+
+
R1 R 2 R 3
16.
Sol:
The circuit given is a Howland current
source named after its inventor. The output
V
current I L in and it is independent of the
R1
load.
Proof 1:
Vx
V0 R 4
R4 R3
KCL at node X.
Vx Vin Vx V0
IL 0
R1
R2
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: 142 :
R R3
1 4
R 4 1
1 V0
1
Ix
R2
R1
R2
R1
1
1
1
1
Vx
Vin V0
IL 0
R
R
R
2
1
1
R 2
V0 R 4
R4 R3
1
1
1
1
V0
Vin I L 0
R
R
R
2
1
2
R1
If
IL
R4
Vin
V0
R1
R 4 R 3
Ix
R1 R 2
R 1R 2
1
0
R 2
R3
1
R 4R 2 R1
If R0 = Ix = 0
R4 (R1+R2) = (R4+R3) R1
R4R1 +R4R2 = R4R1+R1R3
R3
1
0
R1 R 4R 2
R3
1
R1 R 4R 2
R1R3 = R2R4
Proof 2:
If the current IL should be independent of
the load voltage, its output resistance
R0 =
R1R3 = R2R4
17.
Sol:
+15V
RC
Vx
V1
Ix
R1
IC
R2
+
V0
+
Vx
R4
1V
V2
10k
R3
Ro = Rth = 1V/IX
Vx 1V Vx
V0 R 4
R R3
V0 4
R4 R3
R4
IE
2k
15V
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: 143 :
0 .7
2k
R SC
IE = 0.35 mA
0 .7
I SC
Note:
value is not given, assume to very high
IC = IE = 0.3 mA
Q1
ISC
RSC
6 .1
RC
20.33k
0.3m
R SC
V
BE
I SC
VBE
_
Protection
Circuit
18.
19.
VS
ISC
RS
VL
Q1
RL
RF
R1
I
V
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: 144 :
VS
VX
Q1
VL
RA
RS
RSC
VB
VS
I4
RS
RL
RB
RY
RL
VB3
I1
RF
V0
Q3
IC2
IC1
I2
IB1
RF
VZ
Q2
Q1
Q2
R1
RB
I3
RX
R1
I3
VZ
_
R RB
VX R B
VB
VX A
RA RB
RB
R
VX 1 A VBE VL
RB
IZ
20.
Sol:
For a given IC of 7805 the current range can
be increased by the following steup.
R
IR SC VL 1 A VBE VL
RB
R
I I 1 A VBE VL VL
RB
7805
Ix
Io
+
VBE
I0
+
VO
R
I ISC 1 A VBE
RB
)amount of current
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: 145 :
R
IB
+
VBE
IC
R S
RL
Load
7805
0
0
1
1
IL
21.
0
1
0
1
Q O/P=Q
Previous State
0
1
1
0
Dont try
discharge
5K
Reset
Threshold
+
2/3 VCC
5K
trigger
1/3 VCC
Inverter
Output
5K
Discharge
+VCC
= logic 1 transistor is ON
2/3 VCC
threshold
1/3 VCC
VCC
3R
VCC
3
+
_
22.
Sol:
SCHMITT TRIGGER
Grid
trigger
output
Reset
+
_
555
VCC
discharge
threshold
control
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: 146 :
+VCC
+VCC
5K
100K
VX
+
Vin
Reset
5K
Inverter Output
VC
5K
Discharge
R S
100K
VX = 0
VX
VX
VX
VX
V
CC
2
2
VCC
3
V
CC
2
1
VCC
3
O/P
Let
us
assume
1
2
VC VCC
3
VC = OV
Previous
state
VC
0 1
1 0
0 0
0 1
0 1
23.
Sol: MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
2
VCC
3
VC = OV
Output
=Q
0 1
Let us give
an external
0
trigger
(VC=0)
1
VC VCC
0
3
Previous
state
Transistor
ON,
capacitor
discharges
Previous
State
Transistor
OFF,
capacitor
will charge
Previous
State
Transistor
ON,
capacitor
discharge
Previous
State
+VCC
Threshold
2/3 VCC
2/3 VCC
Reset
5K
+
_
1/3 VCC
R
5K
+
trigger VCC (or) 0 _
Inverter
VC
Output
5K
+
_VC
trigger
ACE Engineering Academy
V0
0
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: 147 :
2
I ref I 0 1
is large
0 VCC e RC VCC
Iref ~ I0
RC
VC t VCC 1 e
At t = T; VC(t) =
Disadvantages:
2
VCC
3
2
VCC VCC 1 e RC
3
be
24.
Sol:
Basic Current Mirror
This is the basic building block in the design
of integrated circuit current sources.
25.
Sol:
Given circuit diagram is
+ 15 V
+VCC
1000
Vx
IC1
3k
Load
Vin = 5V
2IC
IC
VCE Q can
Iref
but
I0 = IC
Vx
Load
IL
5V
IE1
2.5k
IC
IC
I ref
2I
IC C
inverting terminal
2
I C 1
ACE Engineering Academy
I E1
5
2mA
2 .5 k
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: 148 :
By virtual concept
VE = VX = 9V
I E2
15 VX 15 9
6mA
1K
1000
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