ART.

15

11

COMPOSITION ANO RESOLUTIQN Of FORCES

In both examples the directions of the component forces afe indicated by

arrow~ rather than by algebraic signs, to reduce possible confusion. This
practice is recommended and will be adhered to throughQut this text.

PROBLEMS

fJ

1.1. Determine ,{ pair of lJorizontal and vertical

components of the 3401b force of Fig, Pl-!'

I,

3:0

II

Ii

1b

<~'

l~

Ii

II
II

,j

Pl1

1\

I!

1-2. Determine a set of horizontal (md verlkal com

ponents of the 200-1b force of Fig. Pl-2.

200 10

1-"12

1-3. Resolve the lOO-lb force of Fig, 1'13 into

horizolltHl and vertical components for each or the

following values of IJ: (<I) 22; (b) 78; (c) 132",

I '

t \
I

PIg

CHAP. 1

BASIC CONCEPTS

13

COMPOSITION AND RESOLUTION OF FORCES

ART. 1-5

500 1b

1-4. Resolve

th~ 5~-lb

force of Fig. Pl-4 into two

components: It lshearing component parallel to AB
and a ILQPpal componetfl petpendicu!ar Lo AB.
15, R~~~ve the force of Fig. Pl4 into two non
r~Clangu\ar components, one along AB and the other
horizontal.

1-9. Resolve the 130-lb force of Fig. Pl9 into two

nonrectangular components, one having a line of
action along AB and the other parallel to CD.
.'

v/' ~

12

Pl9

<8

l-lb. Resolve the 110-11) force of Fig. PI-IO into

two components, onc along AB and tbe other paral
lei to CD.

Pl4
F

c\

16,

The horizontal component of the force F in

Fig. Pl6 is 60 Ib to the right through O. Determine
the vertical component and the magnitude of F.

170 1b

'['

1.11. The 200-lb force of Fig. Pl-11 acts on the

box B. Resolve the force into two components, one

along Ac and the other paraUel to CD.

PlS

130 lb

1"1-10

ZOOlb

17. (a) Can two forces which are the components

of the 20010 force in Fig. Pl-7 intersect
atB?
(b) Resolve the 200lb force in Fig. Pl-1 into
a set of horizontal and vertical components.
(c) Is each, of two components of a force.
always less in magnitude than the force?

Pl7
300 lb

"

The 300-10 force of Fig. Pi-8 acts on the box

B. Resolve this force into two components, one
along AO and the other through point C.

F'

1.lZ. The force F which acts on the block of Fig.

11- 8

I"

PI-ll

Pl-12 has a horizontal rectangular compollent of

100 lb. Determine the rectangular component of

F that is perpendicular to the inclined plane.

:,"

Ie
;.....

PIS

..,,!f111
P1-12

ASIC CONCEPTS

AR:r. 15

CHAP. 1

15

COMPOSITION AND RESOLUTION OF FORCES

1.19. The tension in the rope attached to the eyebolt

"1 Fig. Pl-19 is 400 Ib as shown. Determine a set
of three rectangular components of the force.

1.13. Determine a set of three rectan/l.ular com

ponents of the 17()"lb force of Fi~. PI-n

Ji"'"

}--J.-"X

r
I

~.

'1,13

PH9

114. The wrecker in Fig. Pl14 is attempting to

push the car up the.jncline AB. The force P exerted
by the wrecker I}n the Cl:ir ill parallel to the plane
BC. One component of P is 1000 Ib parallel to the
incline AB, and the other (':I}mponent is pcrpen
dicular to AB. Determine the force P.

1.20. Determine a set of three rectangular compo

nents of the 242.lh force shown in Fig. PI-20,

z
Pl-20

1.21. Determine a set of rectangular components

of the 2001b force in Fig. Pl-21.

Pl-l4

In each of the Problems 1-15 through 1-18, the

action line of the given force passes through both
the origin and the indicated point and is directed
from the origin toward the point. The positive direc
tions of the coordinate axes are as shown in Fig.
Pl-15. In each problem determine a set of x, y, z
components of the given force.

r+

Magnitude (1h)

115.

'2

PIIS

",

P121

Poillt (x, y, z)

260

3,-4,12

116.

490

-6,3,2

1-17.

1000

7,-8,10

118.

2000

4,8,-5

1-22. The automobile in Pig. Pl-22 is towed by a

rope with a tension of 500 lb. Determine a set of
three rectangular components of the tension in the
rope.

~.

1'1-22

21

PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS Of FORCES

BASIC CONCEPTS

ART., 1-7

CHAP. 1

1':'26. Determine the moment of the force with

respect to point A for each of the systems shown

The scale for F is

:in Fig. PI-26. The lOO-lb force of Fig. Pl26a i:.

vertical and passes through the center of the rec

tangle.

400 = 42.2 lb per ft.

The y component of F IS parallel to ab and therefore has no moment with

respect to abo The magnifudes of the other two components through Care

F,

= 42.2(7)

295 lb

and therefore

and

F. "" 42.2(5)

F. "" 2951b

= 211 lb

F. '" 2111b .7'.

A sign convention, with the positive moment being clockwise looking down
ward along ab, is arbitrarily chosen to facilitate the algebraic addition or the
moments of the components of force F with respect to line abo An expression
is written which inclt,ldes the moment of each of those components, Fx and Fx:
sign. conventIon

'

-295(4) + 211(6) = +86,

2:: Mar,

where the plus sign indicates that the direction of the moment must be clock
wise when looking downward or

M.b

~~

Aus.

P126

/,r.21. :Phe magnitude of the\terticat. .component of

PROBLEMS

tlidorce F of Fig. Pl27 is 1601'0.

(a) Determhie the force F.
(b) Determine the moment of F with respect io

point A.

(c) By means of the principle of moments, determine

the perpendicular distance from A to tbe line of

action of F.

125. Determine the moment of the force with

respect to the point Ii for each system shown in
Fig. Pl25. The lOOlb force of Fig. Pl25c is
tangent to the circle of radius 5 ft.
IOOlb

.'.' .:' . ':",. .

IOOOI~
2i

A~~~E
400 lb
{bl

(0 )

(b)

(0)

41i .

. ".... ' ..... '-'.

"',

Pl27

~,

1-28. (a) Determine the moment of the 260-1b force

of Fig. Pl-28 with respect 10 point A when

(1) the force is resolw1 mto components

at B; (2) the force is resolved mw com

-:'.'.;

ponents at C.

(el

(b) By means of the principle of moments

de~e the perpendicular distancefrom

the foreelo point A.

'

1>125

~~;

('128

CHAP. 1

BASIC CONCEPTS

',' ,

129. Using the force in F'Jg. Pl28 and applying

the principle of moments, determine the intersection
of the 26O-lb force with (a) the y axis; (b) the x axis.
A

spect to ooint A.

PRINCIPLE Of MOMENTS OF FORCES

,,,,-"

134. (a) Determine the sum of the moments of the

two forces of Fig. Pl-34 with respect to

the II aXis.

(b) Using the principle or moments, determine

the perpendicular distance from the action

line of the i30-1b force to the a axis.

130. Determine the moment of the force system of

Fig. Pl30 (a) with respect to point 0; (b) with re
'

301b

IOlb

ART. 17

),

PI-30

131. Determine the moment of the 2So.:1b force in

Fig. PI-3l with respect to the a axis.

I
a
1'1-34

135. In naking, a crosswind landing on a level

runway, the tire of an airplane is subjected to a
force of 20,000 Ib as shown in Fig. Pl-35. If the
x axis is parallel to the wheel spindle along ab and
the tire has an outside radius of 20 in., determine
the moment of the ground reaction about the
spindle.

Pl31

132. A force of 360 Ib is directed from the origin

through the point (6, 6, 3), Determine the moment
of the force with respect to ,the vertical line through
the point A at x = 3 ft, y 0, and z 2 ft.
1-33. An FI04 on a refueling mission is subjected
to a 14-lb force J? as shown in Fig. PI33. Determine
(a) three rectangular components of J?; (b) the mo
ment of F about the G axis.

j,

I,
!

,,,
136. Determine the sum of the moments of the
two forces of Fig. Pl36 with respect to the a mds.

a
,/
/

/'----
/

/'

3;

I
Pl33

-L

Pl-36

23

ART. 110

BASIC CONCEPTS

RESOLUTION OF A FORCE INTO A fORCE AND A COUPLE

29

The procedure for replacing a force by a force and a couple can be

reversed and used to replace a force and a couple by' a single force, pro
vided the force and the couple are in the same plane or in parallel planes.
It is expected that this reverse procedure will be used for solving Problems
154 to 157 inclusive, although more convenient methods of solving them
will be developed later. These problems afe included here to provide prac
tice in using the transformations of a couple. A series of sketches
showing successive steps is a recommended method of solution.

CHAP. 1

137. A 34()"lb force acts along the line from C 10

D as shown in Fig. PI-37. Determine the momou!
of this force with J;espect to the line An located ill
the left face of the box as indicated.

PROBLEMS
In each of the following problems, draw a sepa
rate sketch for each step in the solution as illustrated
in Fig. 1-16I>-f. Do not change the external effect
on the-body at any step of the procedure.

P137
b

138. D~termine the moment of the foree

Fig. Pl38 with respect to the b axis.

'>y:;It~1Il "I'

II

143. Replace the 200lb force of Fig. Pl-43 by a

force which passes through A and a couple whose
forees are horizontal and pass through the points
Band C.

1"138

200lb

1'1-43

18
Couples

1-114. Replace the 600-1b force of Fig, Pl-44 by a

force through A and a couple whose forces act

vertically through points Band C.

A couple consists of two forces whidi have equal magnitudes alld paraliel

nOllcoJlinear lines of action but which are opposite ill sense. A couple cannot
be reduced to a simpler force system. Since the sum of the forces of a

couple in any direction is zero, a couple has no tendency to translate a body

in any direction but tends only to rotate the body on which it acts. The
properties which distinguish one couple from every other couple are called
its characteristics. The characteristics of a couple, which indicate its
external effect on a rigid body, are: (a) the magnitude Of the moment of the
couple, (b) the aspect or slope of the plane of the couple, and (c) the sense of

rotation 0/ the couple. Themomant of the couple is the algebraic sum of the
moments of its forces about any axis perpendicular to the plane of the
eouplc.. The moment is the same for all axes perpendicular to the plane. In
fact, the moment of a couple does not depend on the position or orientation

of the moment axis but is an invariant property of the couple. For example,

the magnitude of the couple in Fig. 114 about the line bc halfway between

'I

'I

!I

Of

:1

It

600 lb

1'1-44
1-45. By means of the transformation of Ii couple,

replace the 7()"lb force of Fig,P145 by a force

through A and a couple whose forces act vertically
through B and C.

II

~_~~E&;;:;;;~ilj(~WJiI\illmjiIJ"''ili!all!_~lilll~!

70 Ib

Pl-45

'I

SASle CONCEPTS

ART. HO

. CHAP. 1

RESOLUTION OF A FORCE INTO A FORCE AND A COUPLE'

150. Replace tbe 200-lb force acting on tbe hook

in Fig. PI-SO by a force wQich acts at Band a couple
whose forces act horizontally at C and D.

146. Replace the force and couple shown in Fig.

Ph46 with a vertical force at A and a couple whose
forces act vertically at Band C.
100 10

Pl-46

141. Replace the 9O-1b force of Fig. Pl-47 by a

force through A and a couple whose forces act
horizontally through Band C.

PI-50
151. Replace the SOO-lb force of Fig. PI51 by
(a) a force through A and a couple; (b) a force
through B and a couple

. P1-47

500 1b

148. By means of the transfurmatiou of a couple,

replace the lOO()"lb force of Fig. Pl-48 by a force

through A and a couple whose forces act vertically

through Band C.

PI-51

152. Replace the 800-lb force of Fig. PI-52 by a

through a and a couple.

fo~~

1'1-48

PI-52

1119. Replace the single force of Fig. Pl-49 by a

horizontal force through A, a vertical force through

B, and a couple.

I
~..

. ~~.

BASIC CONCEPTS

. CHAP. 1

1-53. Figure PI-53 represents a control cable pulley

with its attachment to a main member. Replace
the two lQO..lb forces with a single force acting
through G and a couple who~e forces act vertically
at A and B.

33

DIMENSIONAL EQUATIONS

ART. In
IOOlb

IOOlb

1-57. Replace the force system of Fig. PI-57 with

a single force. Locate the force with respect to
point A.

Ib

~IOQlb

Pl57

1-1.1

PI-53

Dimensional Equations

Physical quantities commonly studied in engineering mechanics can be

expressed dimensionally in terms of three fundamental or basic quantities.
The three fundamental quantities normally used in engineering are farce
(F), length (L), and time (T-): The dimensions of the other physical quantities
can be expressed in terms of these three basic quantities. Some examples
are shown in the following table.

154. By means of the transformation of a couple,

replace the two forces of Fig. Pi-54 by a single force.

. PI-54
Physical quantity

I-55. By means of the transformation of a couple,

replace the two forcl:S acting on the slide handle of
the bench vise of Fig. PI-55 by a single force.

~.

Area.....................

L2

Volume ............
Moment of a force .....

V
FL

Work .................... .

PL
FL/T
L/L 1
L/L = I
L/T

Power.................... .
Angle....................
Sin 0 ... ,.,
Linear velocity ...... , . ..
Linear i1ccelcrallon ... ; ... , ..
Muss......... , .......... .
AIIllulur velocity .........
Lincar impulse ...........

50 lb

Dimensions

1./1'2
FT2/L
liT
FT

Common engineering
units
ft2, in.2
ft3, in.l
ft-Ib, lb-in.
ft-Ib, in-Ill
nlb per sec, hp
rad, rev, degrees
fps, mph
fpSl
lb-sec2 per ft (slug).~ ,
rad per sec, rpm
".
Ib-sec, ton-br

PI.!;5

156. By means of the transformation of a couple,

replace the four forces of Fig. PI-56 by a single
force.

'J

I
i
!
I
I

Temperature and electric charge are other fundamental quantities re

quired in some cases, but they are not generally encountered in engineering
mechanics.
Another set of basic quantities often used in physics is mass (m), length
(L), and time (T). This system, known as the absolute system, uses mass
instead of force as a basic quantity. Newton's second law of motion (see
Art. 10-2) states that the acceleration of a particle acted on by an unbal-

ji

""

RESULTANTS.Q!,:. fOR~Ysm.tS
.",

:47

f'"

,,~..;:.

250lb
:.. ~ .
.

,'.
'.

-.._.

P2-t
Q,

....

P23'

P2-4

:1

::..:/

.'

~{

" .:.

I,'

(24)

..

;'

"

J);s

.".

'.j'

"

,;',

:,"

;' ,

AlloNCONcu~RENi.<CriPU:NAR ' 'FORCE S~S1~.

': "'<: :;;::;',~i::':/:'.;(",::',;.::;:";.};'_\;::;. >;: ,:

,~~l~;: :~ei'f!?;tl~)he;~itant prtbe . \'fi:nd

,'"

2:~2i~:Petemiine,.and loc~teon ~ -diagrnm.th~,re-

load .

:acting dhtt1tJj~obr tfus~of:~!!t;n18~ ahd:lcibite,it

,

~',

"

'sultirit orthe:ndnconcurreni cciplanarforce systerr\s

:.:that.:satisfY;thc:condltloos:,

..~i!tj:r~~~J?:;fo~\~l'~prlcaf:.": ':", ,...' ,.

. ~ : ~ '~,

"

'.'

Fi~~c;~~~~.\+i~1~;;:~~~tci~~t1~.: .

:\-.\ ":, (c)::Dr.. ::'!"'801b '-i>,,];FT,..J~O lb

i':

:"i:;;{.':'~i~;;f:i2~:io~lb,+-., ~.r!~,i~~~,Mo:n-~.j.;_.
\.<

"

'::',::.?'.::" "'.>"~\. ,'~ . ::.':.::... :',~,~ ..'-

-and'']; Mo'" ,2OQf.t.lb.)

<"" ., "',

'~~':) ':'~'\:.-. .:'-'..:':

.':,

':',",."',:>"

'2.22,.De:t.errmnethe.resultant pf the. force ',system

}:, '-".': :~::.:9(~Ii,::~2"~;tind JOca~eIt wIth rdpec~,to,ppln(~.
-j'~ ,.

JC10il':~ ){ .

loof Hb

.,.;..,

_~~~

,.

'

..
,\

.L.1L-_.--,--!--.J
~

"

P2~22

'
I i;B'~~~1~~{1'~#~f?~Ob?p~...
. i:fi::

t'-,,.,
.....;..... " ',' ', ..... ". ......

.2.-2.3., Flittre'P2-23li. is a.phOtosrnph of t!.'Beechcraft,

',"

DebOnalre-;:;FigUre1'223b sbow~ the:grossweight,

'."

." .' -, . ~

'r1..

'i';'20.Pet~me ~bereSll1tant o!.tl1e e6Planaifo-rCe

~etitci(Fji Pl;.'20,'ilnd locate it With ieilpect to '0.
.
.,.:-,',
...... ,
..
'

",-

"

" . '

','

',

J....

."J

,,1:::"
'.,1: .'
,'.1,

;'","

..

.....

,'
.';

l,

;n """c

'.

",.<
"

'2.0

'"

. :.

RESUt..TANTSQI' FOJICI;::' SYSTEMS'

Ib

4",LI>

..~::~~,~!;~~;~,~:::2E~~~+
.oftli.eqolJ,Pll:i.!Ul4. ~'~'~/!WQ: of, wlJ~'aIc;

.Shown. 'DC" , .'e the Uifrd' torc#1uld1oc:t. ,:f,. ';villi

":p~t~0h\::,:, '.:

_:,c'

,~~f~.

',....>
;':

Q.'

"":'\b'
90

",: :

.... :

-.:. .

. '

'. ,.' "300II~".:

';"

'.....
'.'

'.

'\:.

.1

. ..

" .'

. ..

'

I2O

;~Et~~~!

~
. "

z:iu. The live

130 1:>
'

:', .

.,' .'l!.i.z. Th~ t~lJ}'fo~&l&F.li,.pz..3.;n~:thejr~

r~---, '~
(d :f Gr~i /1~' :.
oo Gid . . ~4.

1"2729

~h'3"

_7Q

P2ZS.

--'1'
". ," ','1:'

cbnsdtU~ ~.(!opI~nar,for.cflsj
re5ultli.tJt,

"

Pz,sl

,.

.''';''

:V'.... ';

,,'

',,;'

,.;;/:.'"

';-'

J,..

:.':qlla.ttet"9ltp,r~~b.ip.t([4X~l'l.d ",e6upler'.I?et~f~:;:: .... ' , 1 : : . '

.>:: ~ctl9~i;rbe,\t?tlltr110ment..oh,llth~;totce! l\~9ut an

'

. j-;

25~IP'

P225

lb -iE'"
.~,
,
."

.. .t

~ ~

.,

, :iI01l!'

.'

,.:::~p:~~4,~'<' ,",'

~,

.. " .
40lb

':

P226

'-",

;';,

",

;r:~~h 'thereS\ll~ntonh~ three.foic'!:s:. ind fiJe'

, '.

.. ,'

"i.

>':

','

"

"~,;,,: ::':~

".'

..

.'

"

,"

:-:.

~CrUl'l!l.l'tl'l,Fl~ P2-27nnd .', an'unknOW;:hrorce

:1hioughpolnt A is the vcrtICanOOlb~,fori:ethrough '
pOlnt 1!. ';.D(itert:ri1n1l tbeurtKnowri' f0fu1!l.through.' A
.:and
tlle-miin!ttid(lof
,
.. ......
. ..the: couploT,' . '
";

,',...

.;.-,

........

-.-"

A~~li,j~~""""'"'''''- ~~,";.,
,~~~~,~,,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
,",

."

\,." ..,'U'N.'

' ............. }!'Y)..

'" ~\;."~~

.'.'

~"I."AN.TS, o(~oncE:. sysTEMS

"

'p

.'}?~

.'l:t~t:t;"'~~:fie'"""ot'ih'
,;)?
:i~
.y"

.'

.~~~t~~~~~~

..2-42" W~!lthttt~~ii(ciI~ thi~ioJ:;eJ

nalil,'

,0:'

;t2;1:J~~~~:~;:?4}~~i~~~J;;>.:,

. the::Z~lbfoic:@wltb'~Pec~to 'theA liX~f(~);cr~:"

~~t~t~~til~~~Jb;!i#i '~~Pf'~+#ri;i;'::/:::i,~;:,::'.

::..

r2-M>
;, ..

"

"'1i~'
~

..

GLOSURE

'l~~\bo:",

P2-66

":>:.,

l'

1r.,t~G7.'f.h~j2#lb fortb61 rfi.P2..6;.l istheies~l~nL

,J.,:,oftl1e:cotJplellnd three coplamir'f~ices,'two .ot .

, . '~hich:nresh6'wn' in: thedinirnh1~ .Determine
., ;.thir:a:foti::~,:and Ideate it with tespectto :point A ..

~601b
,..-:...t-_..,.....;... ~\OOfHb

',,1

200lh

P2-67

.. -'

lb,

"

\lC>

",

"

-,
,;'

.:

"-...

,;~~.;

_....

>11'1"

78

RESULTANTS Of FORCE SYSTEMS

2-65. (a) Determine the resultant of the concurren

farce system of Fig. P2-G9.
(b) Determine the moment of the
with respect to the A ,"xis.
A

I
I
I

r-

300 lb

A
P259

,_

~~ ~~5

alb

2.-70. The 50-1b farce R. in Fig. P2-70 is the resultant

of four forces, three of which are shown. Determine
.the fourth force Il;nd show it on a sketch.

.,

CHAP.\

EQUILIBRIUM

Figures 4-1b and c are the two free-body diagrams. The components
of the pin reaction at C on body A are assumed to be upward and to the left.
These are the components of the reaction of body 8 on A. The force exerted
by A on B has the same magriitude but acts in the opposite direction. Thus the
same components are shown downward and to the right on the free-body
diagram of B in Fig. 4-1c.

SoLUTION.

135

FREE.BODY DIAGRAMS

ART. 42

4.~. The sphere H of Fig. P4-3 weighs 50 lb, and

the weights of both bars may be neglected. Draw
!l free-body diagram of all three rigid bodies.

PROBLEMS

All pins and surfaces are to be considered

smooth in the following problems.

NOTE:

4-1. Member AB of Fig. P4-1 weighs 200 lb. Draw

a free-body diagra'm of AB.

~A

P43

4.4. Draw a free-body diagram of member ABC o.

Fig. P4-4.

6'

Neglect the weights of the members.. . .

w~

::1-.

w/##L//L/L/(ftp'h0'#/h

IJ

,j,iD

IE

12

260 lb 5

4.2. A force-P is exerted on each of the tongs shown

in, Fig. })4-2. Draw a free-body diagram of member
AB.

P44
4.5. Draw a frce-body diagram of the truss in Fig.
P4-69.

4.6. Draw a complete free-body diagrllm of mem

p

P4-2

bers AB and EF of Fig. P4-6. Bodies C and D weigh

100 lb and 200 lb, respectively.
rd

;w1f--

-Smooth

@
P46

3'

5'

"

ART. 44

!36

EQUILIBRIUM

GHAP. 4

GENERAL PROCEDURE

~OR

THE SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS IN EQUILIBRIUM

from which

4-7. Homogeneous bodies C and F of Fig. P4-7

weigh 400 Ib and 300 Ib, respectively. Neglect the

467 cos 40Q

or

weights of aU other bodies and members. Draw

free-body diagrams of bodies C, D, E, F, and mem
ber AB.

358 Ib .. -, on N.

Ans.

"ROBlEMS
410. The riveted joint shown in Fig. P4-IO is part

fight aluminum truss. The top ~hord. vertical,

and diagonal members arc :i-in. channels. The gusset

plate is iIr in. in thicknes.~. All rivets are l in. in

diameter. Determine the forces 1', and Pl.

or a

4-8. The lOO-lb block 111 of Fig. p4-8and the 5.0-lb

block N are held in equilibrium by the system shown.
Draw free-body diagrams of the four rigid me.mbers
of the system.

'"

P48

'.4-9. Draw a free-body diagram of the cantilever

beam shown in Fig. P4-9. Replace the distributed
loads by equivalent concentrated loads. The beam
weighs 100 lb.

4-11. Two smooth cylinders, A (weighing 80 lb and

having a diameter or 16 in.) and 1J (weighing 60 JIj.
alld having 11 diameter of W in.), arc plaeed in a
hox itS shown in hg. 1'4-1 L Find the reactions at
~:', I)! IIIJ(I E.

P49

43
Equations of Equilibrium for a Concurrent,
Coplanar Force System
The resultant of a concurrent, coplanar force system is a single force
through the point of concurrence (see Art. 2-2). When this resultant force
is zero, the body on which the force system acts is in equilibrium. The
equations necessary to ensure a zero resultant arc the equations of equilib
rium.
Consider the force system shown in Fig. 4-2. If the sum of the x
components of the forces of the system is equal to zero, the resultant can act
only along the y axis. If, in addition, the sum of the y components of the
forces of the system is equal to zero, the resultant must be zero. Con
sequently, one complete set of equations of equilibrium for a concurrent,
coplanar force system is
2: F" = 0,

:;>; Fy ,= O.

(4-1)

P411

141

142

CHAP. 4

EQUILIBRIUM

ART. 4-4

GENERAL PROCEDURE fOR THE SOLUTION Of PROBLEMS IN EQUILIBRIUM

. 4.12. Determine the tensile force in cJiain D of the

chain system shown in Fig. P4-12.

,,15. Determine the force F of Fig. P4-15 which

must be applied to ring A in order to keep the lOO-Ib
cylinder B in equilibrium.
t

F---Kll

P4-1!5

P412

"'4~13. The 150-1b homogeneOus cylinder of Fig.

P4-13 is supported by a cable, C, and two unat
ta:ched but rigid supports, A and B, as shown.
Determine the reactions of the supports on the
cylinder when the teilsion in the cable is 260 lb.
The cable and rigid supports lie in the same plane.

416. The bodies A and B of Fig. P4-16 weigh 80

Ib and 100 Ib, respectivelY, and are in equilibrium.
Determine the angies 01 and fl. Consider all surfaces
of contact to be smooth.

P416

P413

..

417. Determine the forces in cables A and B of

Fig. P4-17.

4-14. Determine the weight of sphere A required

to keep the system shown in Fig. P4-14 in equilibrium
if body B weighs 200 lb and C is a smooth drum .. ~

Romp

P417

143

.,
144

ART. 45

CHAP, 4

EQUILIIlRIUM

EQUILIBRIUM OF BODIES ACTED ON BY TWO fORCES OR THREE FORCES

collinear, equal in magnitude, and opposite in sense. This fact or principle

will frequently simplify the solution of problems in equilibrium, and it is
particularly useful in the solution of truss problems, as will be sh~wn later.
When a body is held in equilibrium by three nonparallel forces, they must
be concurrent and coplanar. This fact can often be used to advantage in
locating the point of intersection of three forces that hold a body in equilib
rium and thus provides a simple solution to some problems in equilibrium.
To prove the statement, consider the block A of Fig. 4-4a which is held in
eqUilibrium on the smooth plane by three forces as indicated in Fig. 4-4b.

4-18. Three empty lJO-lb, J..ft diameter drums are

shown in'Fig. P4-l8: Neglect friction at all contact
surfaces. Determine all unknown forces acting on
drum B.

P418
4-19. As shown in Fig. P4-19, the 40-1b weight is'
attached to a frictionl~pulley which is free to ride
on a cable which, in turn, is attached to a wall
support at the left end and runs over a frictionless
pulley at the same level and at the right end. At
the end of the cable is a 6O-Ib weight. What is the
angle Of for equilibrium?

(J

(o)

r
P419

I
I

45
Equilibrium of Bodies Acted on by Two Forces
or Three Forces
When a body is acted on by only two forces, it is called a two-jorce body
or member. A three-jorce member is one which is acted on by three, and
only three, nonparallel forces ..
If a body is held in equilibrium by two forces, they must be collinear, equal
in magnitude, and opposite in sense. This statement can be demonstrated
as follows. If the two forces are parallel, equal in magnitude, and opposite
in sense, they form a couple. If they are not parallel and not collinear, they
must be concurrent and thus have a resultant as indicated by the parallelo
gram law. Thus the resultant will be zero only when the two forces are

(b)

Figure 44

If the resultant of the force system is to be zero, the resultant of two of the
forces such as P and W must be collinear with the third force and ,also have
the same magnitude but be opposite in sense. The resultant .of thc two non
parallel forces P and W will be a single force only if they are concurrent,
which means that they must be coplanar (sce Art. 2-7); likew.ise, the force
N must lie in the same plane and pass through the point of concurrence.
In general, the resultant reaction of a plane on a block can act anywhe~e
along the block, but in this case it must act through point E.
Example 43. The center of gr 'Iy of the 9O-1b bar ill Fig. 45a is 10 it from
B measured alollg the bar. All su', 'tces are smooth. Determine the reactions at
A and /J on the bar.

FA

.I

I
(bl

(0)

Figure 45

FEJ

145

CHAP. 4

EQUILIBRIUM

146

II
i

The free-body diagram of the bar in Fig. 4-5b shows that it is held
in equilibrium by three forces, and since FA and the 9O-Ib force intersect at
C, Fa must also pass through point C, which determines the slope of Fa as

15 vertical to 8 horizontal. The equation for equilibrium in the vertical direc-

tion, 1: Fy == 0, becomes

SOLUTION.

Ei):EFy

HFB -

from which
lp = 102 liJ

on AB.

The equation for equilibrium in the horizontal direction, 2: F,

@ ~ Fx

P422

FA - T'l.rF8 = 0

= 48.0 lb - t on AB.

--

0, becomes

from which
FA

4.22. The lOO-lb homogeneous bar AB of Fig. P4-22

is supported by a pin at A and the cord CB. Deter

minethe pin reaction at A on the bar AB.

Ans.
=

Ans.

147

EQUILIBRIUM OF BODIES ACTED ON BY TWO FORCES OR THREE FORCES

I,

90 = 0

1\

I
II

ART. 45

423. The uniform bar AD is 10 ft long and weighs

100 lb. The bar is placed with its ends on smooth
inclined planes as shown in Fig. P4-23. Determine
the angle (J at}'>'.1lich the bar will be in equilibrium.

PROBLEMS
P4-23

4.20. The homogeneous 1uO-lb body A of Fig. P4-10

C is in equilibrium and rests upon the smooth cylin
drical surface Be. Determine all unknown forces
acting on the body.

P420
_.-1

4-Zl. Determine t~at A on bar AD

of Fig. P4-2L

I\

4-24. In being pulled from a plank by a wrecking

bar, a nail is subjected to a tensile pull (no bending)
at an angle of 84 with the horizontal as indicated
in Fig. P4-24. Neglect friction between the floor
and the wrecking bar. Determine the slope of the
t2.lb force applied to the handle of the bar and the
force exerted on the nail.

18"

84'

IOOOlb

P424
P421

CHAP. 4

54

AIrf. 4-6

EQUILIBRIUM, NONCONCURRENT, COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS

EQUILIBRIUM

- 4.2.8. If the force I' exerted on each of the tongs in

Fig. P4-28 is 16 lb, determine the gripping force on

body A.

4-29. In Fig. P4-29 determine the reactions on the

beams at A, B, and D. Neglect the weights of the

~11.. Determine the force P of Fig. 1'4-31 that will

I:llise the 400-lb load with a constant velocity of 2

fpL

.~.

I
I
I
',.

members.
P4-31

4-lZ. Determine the force P of Fig. P4-32 that will

~~~

maintain equilibrium.

P429
W////h///,L

4-30. The weight& of the pulleys in Fig. P4-30 may

be neglected. The body A weighs 224 lb. Determine
tht;; ~~ght ot li necessary to iiiiiintain the

in equilibrium.

400 lb

P432

4-D. Dettmrine the reactioris at A and B

Oil

the

.... cI Fig. 1'4-33.

IOOO'b

P4-33

CHAP. 4

ART. 46

EQUILIBRIUM

168 ~

4-37. Figure P4-37a shows a 3900-lb. Cessna Model

337 Super Skymaster. When the velocity of the plane
is constant in levelflight, it is held in equilibrium by
its weight W, the propeller thrust T, the aerodynamic
force on the wings. and a balancing tail load Q. It
is OJIlwmmt to indicate the wing force as lift and
dog components, Land D, through the quarter
c:bonl point, A, and couple M (see Fig. P4-37b).
When the velocity is 6Ompb, tbe lift is 4062 lb, the
drag is 400 lb, and the couple 111 is 1590 ft-Ib. De
termine the propeller thrust, the balancing taillQad,
andtbe distance d.

4-34. Determine the reactions at A and I on the

wing truss' shown in Fig. P4-34.

i'-!n-

.
,

~ 01 10" =80"

,///
J

P434
4-35. The fork lift truck in Fig. P4-35a is used for
loading and stacking materials. The truck weighs
9800 lb and has a rated capacity of 7500 lb when
the distance, d, from the mass center of the load to
the back of the fork is 21 in. (see Fig. P4-35b).
Assume that a load 30 percent greater than the rated
load, applied as indicated, would just cause the
rear wheel to lift off the ground.
(a) Locate the center of gravity of the unloaded
truck.
(b) Determine the reaction of the ground on each
of the two front whccls when the truck is loaded
to its rated capacity.

EQUILIBRIUM; NONCONCURRENT, COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS

I
I
I

i.

(bl

{oj

P435
4.36. Determine the x coordinate' o(1he centroid
6f the stccl plate of Fig. P4-36 and the magnitude
of the couple M required to kccp the plate in equi
librium. The plate weighs 0.1 lh per square inch
and has a smooth pin through O.

aU

/I

(b)

P437

157

CHAP. 4

EQUILIBRIUM

"'RT, 46

EQUILIBRIUM. NONCONCURRENT. COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS

.J

,
11-38. A passenget' v.essel has an arrangement for
suspending its lifeboats by supports at their ends
similar to that shown in Fig. P4-38. There is a
socket at 0 and a smooth journal through the deck
rail atM. A flexible cord passes over the locked
pulley. Tjle.b.l.la..UiillILJnadetLweighs ~[lQO-19. Deter
mine tbe resultant reaction at M and at 0 on one
of the two supports for the boat. Consider the load
concentrated at the midpoint of the boat.

4--42. Detet'mine the horizontal and vertical compu

nents of the pin reaction at B of Fig. P4-42 on mem
bei ABC. The 2000-lb force is applied to a rope
""hich passes over the smooth pulley at A. Neglect
!he weights of all members.

2000'b'

P4-42

P438

!'~JiJt
J;~:J-'
'E

__

4....3. The wood plane in Fig. P443 has the forces

4-39. Determine the horizontal and vertical compo

nents of the pin reaction at B on CE of Fig. P4-39.
The 2000-rt-Ih couple is applied to member CEo

shown applied when planing a piece of wood. As

sume the plane is traveling at a constant velocity.

Detennine the resultant normal force of the wood
on the plane, and state where it occurs.

:1'_

P439

11-/10. Detennine the horizontal and vertical compo

nents of the pin reaction at D on member BD of
Fig. P4c40.

P4-40

/1111. The 1500 ft-Ih couple of Fig. P4-4l acts on

member AB. Determine the horizontal and vertical
components of the pin reaction at A on memb(!r AB.

,i

P443

4-44.

-111e adjustable pliers in Fig. P4-44 are used

to produce greater pressures between the jaws than

em be achieved with ordinary pliers.' They can also

be Iollied as a clamp or wrench, since they lock when
tile handles are pulled together. Determine the force
V ...... hmd.1e necessary to produce a pressure
. . . . . . Ibr jaws of 500 lb, that is, with the forces
..........
toSOOIb.
:"':)":.0"
'

159

ART. 4-6

"J

EQUILIBRIUM. NONCONCURRENT, COPLANAR fORCE SYSTEMS

CHAP. 4

EQUILIBRIUM

4-4l. Dclemllne the horizontal and vertical compo

3000

lb

4.45. Determine the horizontal and vertical compo

nents of the pin reactions at E on member BG of
Fig. P4-4S. Neglect the weights of all members.

of the pin reaction at B on member ABC of

.,fig. P4-4B. The cable is attached to the pin at A.
IICIIG

It:

Nc&f!ect

3'

the weights of all members.

3'

3'

P448
P4-45

4-0. The 4OO-ft-lb couple of Fig, P4-49 is applied

to BD. The cable is attached to the pin at C.
4-46. Determine the horizontal and vertical compo Determine the horizontal and vertical components
of the pin reaction at D on CDE.
nents of the pin
member AB of the
mechanism of Fig. P4-46.
cable is fastened to
the pin at B . .NegleCt the weights of all members.

,,
P4-46

- "~
4.47: An F-110 jet fighter is acted upon by the force
system shown in Fig. P4-47. The aircraft is climbing
at a constant velocity. Determine the magnitudes
of Land D, and locate the line of action of D with
respect to the'G axis.

Gd20.0~

P4-47

L 34,QOOIb

I
I
I

P449

4-50. Cables are attached to pins at A, B, and Eas

shown in Fig. P4-50. Determine the horizonL.'l1 and
vertical components of the pin reaction at C on
member DCA. Neglect the weights of the members
and the pulleys.

161

,.
f

ART. 46

l62

EQUILIBRIUM
.-

4-51. Determine the horizontal and vertical compo

nents of the pin reaction at C on member ABC of
Fig. P4-51.

4'4-~
r""C

EQUILIBRIUM. NONCONCURRENT. COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS

CHAP. 4

r~
7

...

"'C

. 4-53. The homogeneous cylinder B of Fig. P4-53

weighs 200 Ib and is attached to Hie pin at A by
means of a flexibie cable. Neglect the weights of all
other members and assume all contact surfaces to
be smooth. The couple Q is applied to tbe member
CD in the plane of th~ structure. Determine the
horizont41 and vertical components of tbe pin reac
tion at d on member CD.

163

IOOOlb

P451
4-52. The pin-connected structure of Fig. P4-52 has
the 2400-ft-Ib moment applied to member CDE.
Neglecting the weights of .all members, determine
the horizontal and vertical components of the pin
reaction at E on the member CDE.
C
/

P4-53
4-54. In the pin-connected structure of Fig. P4-54,
neglect -the weig~ts of all mcmbers. Determine the
horizontal and vertical components of the pin reac
tion at B on member BF.
.

6'

-r
I

2400,,-lb

8,1

3'

3'

P452

P454

ART. 46

165

EQUILIBRIUM, NONCONCURRENT. COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS

CHAP. 4

~.)ILlBRIUM

4-55. The 1O,000-lb-capacity crane in Fig. P4-55a is

used for moving or loading crates and similar ob
jects. Fig_ P4-55b gives some of the details of the

boom of the crane . .The crane is supporting a crate

weighing 4000 lb. Deterniine the reactions of the

pins at A and B on the boom. Neglect the weights

of the members.

4-57. The weights of the members of the pin-con

necled frame of Fig. P4-57 may be neglected. Deter
mine the force exerted by the chain on member BD.

.vD

P4-57

4-58. The 1200-lb force of Fig, P4-58 is applied to

a cable which passes over the smooth pulley and is
attached to the pin at B. Determimflhe horizontal
and vertical components of the pin reaction at B 011
member ABeD.

r~tA

t _ ~8~""

:r,

_L-y.1

r
r

IZOO lb

L.J

4'

P4-58
(al

(b)

P4-55

"456. A horizontal weigi'ing platform is pinned to

the frame as shown in Fig. P456. Determine the
weight of the truck Q if a 500lb weight is required
to balance it. Neglect the weight of the members.

"

4-59. In the pm-connecled assembly of Fig. 1'4-59,

the 'lll'cights of aU members can be neglected. The
load IIV is 400 Ib and the couple M is 1200 ft-Ib.
Detenoiioe the horizontal reaction at E on the steel
pi\D:: BCE... The radius of the pulley is 1 ft.

1~'Li4
P4-59

.-..

EQUILIBRIUM. NONCONCURRENT. COPLANAR I'ORCE SYSTEMS

...

......

E "" 4ro Ib

~3\.

100

153

EQUILIBRIUM

.. t~ on AB.
CD "" ___
480 Ib }.

Oil

1200fHb

-~

.::eFy

~f=

1iIr!IIiE fR:I:..body diagram of Fig. 4-7b, the result is

ED

1; F, = (i)T

+ Ay -

(t)E

..t

(t)480 - (f)1500
..If = 5161b

--~-u
-~-->-->-l

-516

on AB.

P4-60

AilS

l"be equation

.::eMF

461. The smooth homogeneous cylinder G of Fig.

P4-61 weighs 640 lb and is supported by a belt which
is attached to the pin-connected 'frame at C and D .
Neglect the weights of members AC and BD, and

= 0

... die frcto>.body diagram of Fig. 4-7b gives

(0l: MF

lOA, - (HT(2.25) - mE(5) = 0,

determine the horizontal and vertical components

of the pin reaction at B on AC.

......tr.h
Ax

414 lb --t on AB.

~l'

4-60. Determine the horizontal and vertical compo

nents of the pin reaction at B on member ERD of
Fig. P4-60. The cord is fastened to the pin at Band
the l000-lb force is applied to the pin at D. The
1200-ft-lb couple and the cord are in the plane of
the structure, and the couple is applied to member
EBD.

looo.,J5'

. . . triIic:!>

A,

CHAP. 4

Ans.
P4-61

. . . fIIS

....a.

4-7
Trusses

Dc:Ia:mine the reaction of the wall on the

P4-9.

_ _ (I. fiI..

..... Dt*imiue the reactions

......... BJdB.

OIl

the beam of Fig.

300lb

A truss is a structure made up of a number of members fastened together

at their ends in such a manner as to form a rigid body. A truss may bc used
to support a larger load or to span a greater distance than can be done
effectively by a single beam or column. Trusses are frequently used in
bridge and in roof construction. The discussion in this text will be limited
to trusses in which the memoers, loads, and
reactions are all in the same plane.
When three memoers are connected oy
'smooth pins at their ends as indicated in Fig.
4-8, they form a rigid structure and will support
a load 1'. If four members are connected by
smooth pins at their ends as shown in Fig.
4-9a, the resulting structure will not oe rigid
and will collapse when a load [' is applied. If an
Figure 48
additional member from B to D or from A to C

P4-26

4-11. Dt.:uniooe doe m.::tiIlm on the beam of Fig.

P4-27 at A and B.
B

P4-27

.1_
, "'"-,

........

;c.;:

~. lea

172.

as fdllows:

ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES

ART. 4-8

EQUILIBRIUM

173

CHAP. 4

2: MD = 25EG

4.63. Determine the forces in members HI, FG,

and BC of the truss of Fig. P4-63.

+ 15(2000) -

30(5000) = 0

from which
EG

4800 lb T.

Ans.

The force DE can be determined by summing moments with respect to

any point on the action line of the unknown BD. Whenever possible, it is
desirable to use equations which do not -require the use of computed results,
to prevent any errors in previous calculations from affecting subsequent results.
The equation
~MQ =

+ 60(2000) + 75(2000) -

M Q = 75DE

P4-63

does not involve the forces BD and EG, and it gives

8'

45(5000)

4-64. Determine the forces in members BC, DE,

and EF of the truss of Fig. P4-64.

from which
DE

-45,000

= -7-5- = - 600

= 600 Ib T.

Ans.

The negative sign indicates that the assumption of compression was .incor
rect and that the member is actually in tension.

3 k;PI

P464
PROBLEMS

4-62. Determine the forces in members CG, FG,

and CH in the truss of Fig. P4-62.
20001b

4000 1b

4-65. Determine tbe forces in members BL, CJ, and

eM of the truss of Fig. P4-65.

2000 1b

10.5'

5.ts' .8'

3 k1p1

2~""

2k1p1 2klP1

3 klP1

6 panels (CIl6'

P465
P462

175

ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES

,"',4

AAT. 48

EQUll,IBRIUM

CHAP. 4

8'

~k

4'

466. Determine the forces in members BC, C/, and

IiF of the pin-connected truss of Fig. P4-66.

'if ',' ~~~,

3'

3'

4.69. Determine the forces in members CI, CR, and

IR of the pin-collf,ectcd truss of Fig. P4-69.

I I

~('

'I

t"

'4

IF"

G.

1500lb
P4-66

1500 10

4-67. Determine the forces in members EF, DF,

and AC of the pin-connected truss of Fig. P4-67.

;.~

j20d b

4-70. The weight HI of Fig. P4-70 is being lifted

with a constant velocity. of 2 fps by LlJ:e l00Q-lb
force. - Determine the forces in members- DF, DR,
and GR.
P4-67

468. -Determine the forces in members CD and CG

of the pin-connected truss of P'ig. P4-68. The loads
are applied to the joints.

G"

IOOO'b

P470

4.71. Determine the forces in members DE, DK,

and CK of the pin-connected truss of Fig. P4-71.

"-;"l.. ,_~_1
n
3

3'

P4-68

P4-71

,F

ART. 4-8

116

EQUILIBRIUM

\,.

1Be.J:

I.

.171

ANALYSIS Of TRUSSES

CHAP. 4

II

If--.:

476. The looo..lb weight W ~n Fig. P4-76 is sup

. ported by the pin-connected trpss. as l'hown. Deter
mine the forces in members E1,' FH, and JK.

472. The winch W of Fig. P4-72 is lowering the

2000-111 block A at a constant velocity of 2 fps.
The pulley at B may be considered smooth. Deter
mine the forces in members BC, CK, and EG.

a'

P4072
473. Determine the forces in members AC, BC,
and CE of the truss of Fig. P4-73.

8'=24'

P4-76

477. Determine the force P and the force in member

FG of the pin-connected truss of Fig. P4-77 when
the force in AD is 6000 lb compression.
I

30001b

'l

A.

'10'

P473

a'

"f

... I 450

lb

4-74. The lOOO-lb body of Fig. P4-74 is being raised

at a constant velocity of 3 fps by the winch at C.

The cable from the winch passes over the smooth

pulley at A. Determine the forces in members AB,

EG, andFG.

a'

/0'

10'

P4-74

.,,4-77
4-75. Determine the forces in menlbers CD, EF,
and FI of the pin-connectcd truss of Fig. P4-75.

EQUILIBRIUM

1.18

CHAP. 4

478. The 2000-1b body of F~. P4-78 is being

lowered at a constant velocity a j fpsny the winch
at D. The smooth pulley at A and thewinch have
radii of 2 1. Determine the forces in members AB,

ART. 4-8

ANAI.YSI$ OF TRUSSES

4-81. Determine the' forces in members BD, CD,

and CE of the truss sho\Vll in Fig. P4S1.

./

~ .

BE,and GH.

482. A scale model of an aircraft tail section is

loaded as shown in Fig. P4-82. Determine the forces
in members BE and DE.'

P478

4-79. Determine the forces in members BD, CE, and

CD of the pin-connected plane truss in Fig. P4-79.

'\?
A

'd

'},

LL.:L_5'_.~ll3

I.

'"

P479

4'

4'

s'

480. A missile is supported by its carrier as shown

in Fig. P4-80. The shaded portion of the missile
weighs 200 Ib per foot. Determine the forces in
members CG, DG, and EG of the truss.

179

P482

t.1}

.,

EQUILIBRIUM

CHAP. 4
IOOOlb

4083. Detennine the force in member K Q of the

Fink truss of Fig. P4-83.

t!

'1

21'

56'

I
I
V

P4-83

4-84. Determine the force in memher MG of the

K truss shown in Fig. P+84.

10'

10'

ART. 410

PARABOLIC CABLES

The two common types of assumed load distribution on cables are (a)
load uniformly distributed along the horizontal span and (b) load uniformly
distributed along the cable. The weight of a suspension-bridge roadway
is an example of a load which is uniformly distributed along the horizontal
span. Cables loaded uniformly along the span hang in the shape of parab
olas, as will be shown in Art. 4-10. The weight of a homogeneous cable of
constant cross section is an example of a load distributed uniformly along
the cable. If the cable is stretched so tightly that its sag is small compared
to its length,)ts weight can be assumed to be distributed uniformly along the
horizontal span instead of along the length of the cable without introducing.
an appreciable error. A cable loaded uniformly along the cable hangs in
the shape of a catenary, as will be shown in Art. 4-11. The term sag, as
\1sed here, is the difference in elevation between the lowest point on the cable
and a support. When the supports are not at the ~ame elevation, the sag
measured from one support will be different from the sag measured from the
other suppor.t. The span is the horizontal distance between supports.

4-10
Parabolic Cables

\1'1

Let .A.DB in Fig. +148 be a flexible cable supported and loaded as

shown. The lowest point of the cable, D, is selected as the origin for the
coordinate axes.. A free-body diagram of a portion of the cable immediately
to the right of point D is shown in Fig. 4-14b. The horizont~l tension in the
cable at D is denoted by TD, and the tension at any other point (coordinates
x,y) by T.

10'

10'

P4-84

49

ft,

Flexible Cables
In many engineering structures such as suspension bridges and trans
mission lines, cables which are assumed to be flexible are suspended between
supports and subjected to vertical loads. Since a flexible cable offers no
resistance to bending, the resultant internal force on any cross section of the
cable must act along the tangent to the cable at that section. The resistance
to bending offered by actual cables is usually relatively small and can be
neglected without serious error.

181

o
'qx

(ol

(bl
Figure 4-14

The equations of equilibrium

~

F"

0,

~F, =

'::;:4

ART. 412

E'QUIUBRIUM

EQUILIBRIUM, CONCURRENT, NONCOPLANAPFORCE SYSTEMS

CHAP. 4

4.96. A smooth homogeneous sphere weighing 300

Ib is held in an upper comer of a rectangular room
by a force of 800 Ib that has a line of action through
the mass center of the sphere and the corner. The
sphere touches the ceiling and the two intersecting
walls. Determine the reaction of either wall and
the ceiling on the sphcre.

C. The equation gives

~ MAF

O)To(4) + (8.~O)TC(9)

from which

18

2140 Ib T.

Ans.

The solution CHn be checked by summing forces in either the x or the:

direction. Thus

r;:+\ ')'

r,'

- (~)TA
- (~~)Tc
7.21
8.60

~""'l'x---

G)
=

4-97. The shear-leg derrick in Fig. P4-97 supports

a load W of 3000 lb. Determine the forces in legs
BE and CE and in the guy AE. Member AE and
the vertical load are in the xy plane. The weights
of the members may be neglected, and all connec
tions are ball-and-socket joints.

(2140)

1712

(7.~1)(2060) (8.~0)(l229)

1143 - 571

-2.

The fact that 2: F, is not exactly zero is a result of not carrying the computations
out to more significant figures, but additional significant figures are not justified
by the data.
The three equations used in the solution were independent equations arid
were sufficient to determine the three unknowns. However, the equations
~

Fy

0 and

M HG

= ()

are not independent and would each give the same mformation, namely,
= 1229 lb. Either of these equations demonstrates the same remIt: that
the resultant, if there is one, must lie in the xz plane. Hence the equations are
notintiependent and could not be used with a third equation to determine ,ill
three unknowns.\

Tc

PROBLEMS

,.

4-95. In Fig. 1'4-95, AD, BD, and CD are rigid

members of a brackct, and all cpnneclions are of the
ball-and-socket lype. Determinc the force in mem
ber AD.

lij

f
P4-97

12! i j '~~.

/~"
~---::t.~/~
__,

_=:_

~
I

,0"

30"

4.98. The members of the frame of Fig. P4-98 are

connccted by ball-and-socket joints at all connecting
points. Points A, B, and D arc in the yz plane, and
point C is iri the xy plane. Determine the force in
the cable CD.

195

96

EQUILIBRIUM
CHAP, 4

EQUILIBRIUM, PARALLEL, NONCOPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS

, ART. 413

from which

4-99. The lOOO-lbforce of Fig. P4-99 is held in

equilibrium by two wires AD and CD and a compres
sion member BD. Determine the tension in wire
AD.

4T8

= 300

978

+ 0.677(735) + 2.00(2200)

and

TB = 1053 Ib T.
y

10'

The equatlOll

-"-"-"+-

(tv
BOIi and

I'WIll

Fy

Ans.

0 gives

2: F"

T"

+ 1053 + 978 :... 2200

735

0,

whicli

~ockel

TA

9041b T.

Ans.

PHOBllMS
II-I0L Till: homogeneous horizontal plate ABC in
!-i!1.. 1'.]10 I weighs 6()U Ib and is supported as indi
nll.:d. Jktcl'lllinc all unknown forces actilig on the
plah,.

f
/

~-

6'

'Z

looolb

C Cable
~-

5'/

/"

~~;
r ._1?O,...jlb"t"'~
~.- 4'

4'

P4-99
P4~Ol

4-100. All anti-aircraft balloon is held by three

cables as shown in Fig. P4-100. The resultant up
ward force developed on the baUooll is. 8000 lb
through iJ. Oetcrmine the tension in cable AB.

11101, II ... IltJlllogclJeoil\ lO-ft sq plate of Fig. 1>4

10.' w<"Ip,h" fOlK) Ih and is supported by two wires

.11 ,I ""d /I alld ;1 roller at C. Determine thc rcae

I"",', oIlt, II, ami

C.

60'
II

I ilL II It:

W"I~"'; ."10

'I

III

prism of Fig. P4-103

has a 50 ft-lb couple acting on

hOlllogt.:nCOllS

II>

;111<1

II,, 1'101"" ,"'>/','. Determine the tensions in the

L111 n' ""PP"llillg wires at A, B, and C.

199

CHAP, 4

EQUIl.IBRIUM

,1.14

4.107. The boom AC of Fig. P4-101 is supported

by a ball-and-socket joint at A and by the cahles
BE and CD. Determine the tension in the cable DC.

ART. 4.14

2O!S

NONCONCURRENT. NONPARALLEL. NONCQPLANAR FOROE SYSTEMS

4-109. The frame EDB of Fig. P40109 is in equi

librium. Calculate R and the forces in the guy
wires AE and CD.

YI

'
AC I \
rl '\
,

~I

tAff-~t

IAI l /'

5'

1)Y6'
f-x

r-'~

JL--~I

Y t",--,,__
I

P4107

4.108. The structure ABEF shown in Fig. P40108 is

one rigid hody. Neglect the weights of the two
cables and of the body. Determine the components
of the force on the body at B. The 300-lb force is
parallel to DC.
A

P4-109

4-110. Tbe 40ft by 6-ft door of a pressurized cabin

of an airplane (sec Fig. P4-11O) weighs 80 lb. At a
given altitude, the pressure inside the cabin is 14
psi absolute and the atmospheric pressure is 4 psi
absolute. There is a smooth step bearing at A, a
smooth journal bearing at B, and a latch which
bears on a smooth vertical surface at C. Determine
the components of the bearing reaction at A.

Q)I~
4'

>~u

P4-110

P4108

4-111. The weight of the shaft-and-pulley mechanism

of Fig. P4-111 can be neglected. Determine (a) the
tension in the ca'ble, and (b) the components of the
force exerted on the shaft by the bearing at B.

206

CHAP. >4

EQUILIBRIUM

4-112. The homogeneous block or Fig. P4-112

weighs 2(XX) lb. Determine the tension in the cable
at A. The cable FG lies in the vertical plane CDEF.

ART. 414

NONCONCURRENT. NONPARALLEL. NONCOPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS

207

4.114. The structure CDEF or Fig. P4-114 is rigid

and it lies in the xy plane.

Determine the tension
in the cable AC.
Neglect the weight of the body.

,t'

~v

'6(X)lb

8'

G
L

;; r ... 400 1b

~~
Ball on<! socket

Cable

P4-114

P4-112

4113. The homogeneous bar AD of Fig. P4-113

weighs 100 Ib and is supported by the smooth
horizontal plane at A, the smooth vertical plane at
D, and the three cords AB, AC, and DE. Deterrnine
the reaction of the vertical plane on the bar at D.

9'

4-115. The boom OE of the simplified stiff-leg der

rick in Fig. P4-115 is in the xy plane. The legs AD
and CD are pinned to the foundation at A and C
in the xz plane. The vertical roast OD with the
boom attached is supported in a ball and socket at
O. Determine the forces in the legs, and find the
components of the reaction at 0 due to the given
load.

CHAP. 4

EQUILIBRIUM

4-116. The homogeneous block of Fig; P4-116

weighs 1000 Ib and is supported by a ball and socket
at D, a flexible cable at F, and a roller at F. Deter
mine the force P and the reaction of the roller on
the block. The force P is along edge HE, and the
cable at F is along edge EF.

ART. 414

209

NONCONCURRENT. NONPARALLEL. NONCOPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS

4.119. The continuous frame in Fig. P4-1l9 is sup

ported by smooth bearings at A, B, and C. Deter

mine the components of the bearing reaction at B

on the frame.

..

72"'

2411>

.!II'

.i

)I

36lb

Flexible

coble

P4-1l6

4117. The 10-f1 long homogeneous rod of Fig. P4

117 lies along the z axis, weighs JOO lb, and is sup
ported by three cables, P, Q, and T. Neither the
direction of cable T, nor the magnitude of the tension
in it, is known. Determine the magnitude of the
tension in each of the three cables, and the direc
tion of T.
P4-119

4-120. The homogeneous right-triangular-shaped

plate ABC of Fig. P4-120 weighs 120 lb. The plate
is supported by a ball and socket at A and three
cables. Determine the tensions in cables BD, CE,
and CD.

P4117

4-118. In Fig. P4-118 the 150-lb homogencous trap

door is supported by hinges at A and C and by a
strut at B. Determine the components of the hinge
pin reaction at A on the door. Only hinge A can
exert a thrust parallel to AC and there are small
sockets at 8 and D into which the strut is placed.

40 lb

P4-12O

P4118

BUOYANCY AND HYDROSTATICS

CHAP. 4

EQUILIBRIUM

4-15

4-121. The homogeneous block of Fig. P4-121 has

socket

bearing

Buoyancy and Hydrostatics

a specific weight of 50 lb per cu ft. The 2000-1b

force acting at B is pardUel to the x axis, while the
bearing at F is in a plane parallel to the xy plane.
Determine the components of the reaction of the
bearing on the rod at F.

8011 cnd

Smoolh~/

5'
r '
J

j()Odb..,...L......l.{]

12'

P4-121

4-122. The homogeneous block of Fig. 1'4-122

weighs 3000 lb. Determine the reactions on the
block by the ball bearing at K and the smooth
bearing at E.
8'

,
.(

:_

1,

/ JJ--

/
/

./'

rl7';;-~Bolt bearing

t/

P4122

1,1..

)~~,jr

P4-123

:;l

4-123. The bar DEFGII of Fig. 1'4-123 is held in

equilibrium by smooth bearings at A, B, and C.
The lQO..lb force at E and the bar EFGJI are in
the horizontal xz plane. Determine the components
of the reaction of the smooth bearing at A on the
vertical section of the bar.

211

ART. ;\.15

Ih
i

I
(

The net vertical force exerted by a static fluid on a body submerged, or

partiall.v submerged, in the fluid is defined as the buoyant force. The charac
teristics of a buoyant force can be readily deduced. Within a larger quantity
of fluid, consider the equilibrium of an arbitrary volume of that fluid
as shown in Fig. 4-23. Since the fluid is static, it is in equilibrium, and the
resultant of the fluid forces acting on the

boundary of the arbitrary volume must

balance the weight force of the fluid within

the boundary. This resultant is, therefore, a

vertical force equal to the weight of the fluid

within the arbitrary volume, and it passes

through the center of gravity of the fluid in

the volume. If the arbitrary volume of fluid

were replaced by a body of precisely the same

shape, the fluid pressures on the boundary would

Figure 423
be unchanged, and therefore the resultant of
the fluid forces would be unchanged. Hence,

the buoyant force, or buoyancy, is a vertical force which is equal to the

weight of the displaced fluid and passes through the center of gravity of

the displaced fluid. This is known as Archimedes' principle.

It is significant to note that for fluids which can normally be considered

incompressible, such as water, buoyancy is independent of the position
below the surface of the fluid since the weight of the displaced fluid is
the same as long as the body is completely submerged. With
compressible gases under the influence of gravity, such as the earth's
atmosphere, it may be necessary to treat the buoyant force as a function of
position due to changes in density. The effect of buoyancy due to air is
usually neglected in comparison to the buoyancy due to liquids.
The following examples illustrate the use of buoyancy and hydrostatic

I:
II

III
I,

,I

forces for equilibrium problems.

Example 4.12. One cubic foot of concrete, weighing 150 lb, is attached by a
cable to the end of a I5-in. square by 8-ft long timber with a specific weight of
40 lb per cuft. The timber is placed, weighted end down, in a deep tank of water.
Determine the length of timber above the water when equUlbrium is established.

Figure 4-24 shows a free-body diagram of the system. The cross

sectional area of the timber is (1.25)(1.25) or 1.563 sq ft; consequently, the
magnitude of the weight force Wi is

SOLUTION.

Wi

(1.563)(8.0)(40.0) = 500 lb.

.J

32. Determine the coordinates of the center of

gravity of the plane system of four particles which
have weights of 3 Ib, 2 lb, 4 lb, and 6 lb and are
located at (2, 1), (3, 5), (- 3, 2), and (0, -6), re
spectively. The coordinates are given in feet.

33. Determine the coordinates of the center of

gravity of the system of particles which have weights
of 21b, 4 lb, and 6lb and are located at (2, -1,3),
(1, 2, - 5), and (~3, 2, 1), respectively. The co
ordinates are given in feet.

8'

~ 3-8. n"t('nnin<~ til(: coordinates of the centroid of

'Ihe shalkd af(~1 of Fig, P38. The equation of the
(lllvl'is ,1
41'. '

34, Determine the coordinates of the een ter of

gravity of the system of particle"> shown in Fig. P3-4,

------+-I

CENTROIDS AND CENTERS Of GRAVITY BY INTEGRATION

ART. 3,,!)

ISlb
--~-f

i
'7
3~b.. ______._.

lib

4Jb~//

14"

~"

/
_.._.

..

P3-8
P3-4

3-5, Show that the centroid of three equal particles

located at (2, 4), (5, 3), and (2, - I) lies at the inter
section of the medians of the triangle having the
three points as vertices.
-'"

I" I ""'""''''' tI ... )' !'"",dillale of the centroid of

II ... ,'" ", H... "1'110'/ ",,11
11." hypocydoid in Fig.

0'

"J '}

""mltlMI
,., II

It, It
ttl

"11111

pJ1th

,Uililt ",, IHIt ~fI.Ii'(1I fill II,II,dJll1'" -I

&IIII' Hi'

H'

II

fU"'.lIhd ", ""

III

I IltIPIlIl"'I. 'ltt

!It

fill

..... ,'-

lIthl IIIIHltl~Hin.IH' Illillll'lIl.u

,I,.

I/IH

"

"PI'lfiIJIl

,,".t

I' Uli" lUI d',

1/\
I

I
I

1'1 f

'j

t I

.tu

tli

fill

\ I

, h "HlIP flit, III'jJlttH'ill HI

Iflf,t

JUhll iii lIiI il~

/ /

I!I, "111.1 rill

,..
,

"\

tiflll#dllllllllJdl

Ilf

"w ;,

IIhOfil oj

I.", I't I

":I

310. Determine the x coordinate of the centroid of

the arc of the parabola y
x 2 from the origin to
the point (l, 1). In the equation x and yare measured
in feet.
311. Determine the first moment of the shaded
area of Fig. P3-11 with respect
the a axis. The
equation of the curve is Sy .- x 3

to

It

II

.. '"

'I

91

CHAP. 3

351. The shaded area of Fig. P3-51 is revolved

about the line a to form a volume of 51.211" cu in.
The equation of the curve is 9y x 2 DeterUline
(a) the y coordinate of the centroid of the area by
means of a theorem of Pappus; (b) the location of
the centroid of the volume of revolution.

3.16. Locate the centroid of the shaded area of

Fig. P3-16.

..

P351

i,-

L-Y///"Jt/("I

I..

a,

93

CENTROIDS AND CENTERS OF GRAVITY BY INTEGRATION

.,.RT.35
CENTROIDS AND CENTERS Of GRAVITY.

1... 0

3-52. The shaded area of Fig. P3-52 is revolved

around the a axis to generate a volume.
(a) Using a theorem of Pappus, determine the
volume generated.
(b) Determine the coordinates of the centroid of
the generated volume.

1"-

P316

3.17. Determine the' coordinates of the centroid of

the area in the first quadrant bounded by the curve
r
10 sin 28 as shoWn in Fig. P3-t7.

'r

------.1'

P352

P3-17
y

353. The shaded area of Fig. P3-53 is revolved

about the x axis to generate a volume.
(a) Determine the generated volume by a theorem
of Pappus.
(b) Locate the centroid of the volume.

I
I
I

3-18. Determine the y coordinate of the centroid of

the shaded area of Fig. P3-tS. The equation of the
curve is r == cos 2 8 with r in inches.

\I

y- .
P318

P353

3-19. Locate the centroid of a solid homogeneous

hemispherical body of radius r.
'.'1-20. The shaded area of Fig. P3-20 is revolved
about the a axis, forming a homogeneous solid.
Determine the coordinates of the mass center.

"

.Y

a -.---.J.I..,..J

~.'tA7'1. "::'"""1:::.' ,

tf

a '

CENTRQIOS AND CENTERS OF GRAVITY

CHAP. 3

3-21. Determine the coordinates of the mass center

of the solid of Problem 3-20 if the density of the
material varies as the square of its distance from the
yz plane.
3-Z2. Determine the coordinates of the centroid of
the volume generated by revolving the shaded area
of Fig. P3- I 6 about the line y = 1 in.

CENTROIDS AND CENTERS OF GRAVITY OF COMPOSITE AREAS AND BODIES

AlH.36

3-24'.'. Determine the coordinates of the mass center

of the body formed by revolving the shaded are<!
of Fig. P3-24 about the x axis. The density of the
material varies directly as its distance from the yz
plane. The equation of the curve is xy = 5.

3-27. locate the centroid of the shaded area of

Jijg. 1'3-27 .

3-Z3. Determine the coordinates of the mass center

of the body formed by revolving the shaded area
of Fig. P3-14 about the line x
6 in. The density
of the material varies directly as its distance from
the axis of revolution.

101

6"
X

~~)',}Y'f'

P3-27

,
1-28. Determine the coordinates of the centroid of
IIII' ~hll(kd area of Fig. 1'3-28.

4,5"

y
.. ,_

5"

I !' r'/~ 1"

////

!/r/

/ / L /;:

,,'//

///////

T'O:

-.J

r-

-x

5"-"

~~(.(.(.(~<<<<<:-~

6"

P3-24
Y

3 25. The shaded area of Fig. P3-25 is revolved

about the a axis to develop a solid of revolution.
The density of the material is proportional to its
distance from the axis of revolution. The propor
tionality constant is 12 slugs per ft4. The equation
of the curve is y = xl. Determine the tlrst moment
of the mass with respect to the xz plane.

P3-28
,I 1'1. 11,, 11111" ... " .,1"11<1"1 ""I"oKI'III'Im, win~ of
"\ jill', IWIII III Ih,' (III'" of II""" ~l!lcs of a

1111

'.Plttll' flU"

of

lilt

Bitt',",

',t'IIUt U.

It-

klc .. UIIIC

flit~

,:oontinntcs

nltn

'-J

P329

----1'
a

I Ill. ,

'1(

"II' IIII' ,Tllllt,id

IW. "\ 10,

,"

I":: ~:: : ,:1

;~

\',

...1

of the shaded area of

02

CEN-TAoloS

AN!) CENTERS OF GRAVITY

CHAP. 3

ART. 36

3-31. Determine the first ~~tof the shaded ar~

of Fig. P331 with respect to the a axis. The equa
tion of the curve is y2 = 4x.

103

334. A beam is constructed of two 12-in., 25.Q..Jb

steel channels and a steel plate. The croSS section

of the beam is shown in Fig. P3-34. Locate the

centroid of the cross-sectional area.

4'

CENTROIDS AND CENTERS OF GRAVITY OF COMPOSITE AREAS AND BODtES

x
iJ

P331
>

P3-34

3-32. Determine the y coordinate of the centroid of

the shaded area shown in Fig. P3-32,
y

3-35. Determine the x coordinate of the centroid

of the shaded area in Fig. P3-35.

"I:,///U<1Io"

P332

3-33. The cross section ofa builtup flexural member

is shown in Fig. P3-33. It is composed of three
steel plates and four S-m. by 3-in. by ~-in. steel
angles. Locate the centroid of the cross-sectional

area.

1"

i' L's
z

1"

2"

3-36. Determine the tirst moment of the shaded

area of Fig. P3-36 with respect to the a axis. The
equation of the curve is x 2 "" 9,.

3"

I~
~U)(311x

P3-35

5.]1
I

I VULo),;;'

,....,., (I

"7 ,

6"

12"

P3-36

5 " x 3" xI('L' S

P3-33

ART. 36

!)4

CENTROIDS AND CENTERS OF GRAVITY

3-37. Determine the first moment of the shaded

area of Fig. P3-37 with respect to the a axis. The
equation of the curve is x 2 4y.

s
1"

3-40. A thin sheet of metal madc up of two triangles

and a SQuare is bent to the shape shown in Fig. P3-40.
The isosceles triangle is in the yz plane, the right
triangle is in the xy plane, and the square is in the
xz plane. Determine the coordinates of the centroid
of the area of the plate.

~~

CENTROIDS AND CENTERS OF GRAVITY OF COMPOSITE AREAS AND BODIES

CHAP. 3

2"

,
,

2"

F"""" I

P3-4()

P3-37
y

3-38. Determine the y coordinate of the centrt'Jid

of the shaded area in Fig. P3-38. In the equation
yl = x 1, x and yare in feet.

3-41. The unbalanced wheel of Fig. P3-41 weighs

644 lb and has its mass center at G. The homo
geneous bar BD weighs 64.4 lb. Body A is a homo
geneous cylinder weighing 128.8 lb. The xy plane
is a plane of symmetry. Locate the mass center of
the assembly.

2'
R<~h<Ii

P3-38

3-39. A piece of sheet metal weighing 0.04 Ib per

sq in. is cut into a right triangle and a parabolic
shape. A 2-in. diameter hole is cut in the parabolic
piece. The sheet is then bent so that the triangular
portion is perpendicular to the parabolic piece as
shown in Fig. P3-39. The equation of the parabola
is 2y
x 2 , with x and y in inches. Locate the mass
center of the assembly.

~"

3-42. TJ homogeneous sphere C of Fig. P3-42

weighs ~_2 lb. The homogeneous bar OA lies in
the xz plane and weighs 193.2 lb. The 161-lb bar
AB is homogeneous and is parallel to the y axis.
Determine 'Ie coordinates of the mass center of the
assembly.

3-43. A uniform slender homogeneous wire is bent

to the shape shown in Fig. P343. The semicircular
section ABC is in the yz plane, and the straight
section CD is in the xz plane. Determine the co
ordinates of the mass center of the wire.
,-+
P3-39

105

108

CENTROIDS AND CENTERS OF GRAVITY

CHAP. 3

ART. 35

From the theorem, the lateral area is

A = L(2d)

V3 2 + 62(211"2.5)

105.4

in.

CENTROIDS AND CENTERS OF GRAliiTY BY iNTEGRATJON

.... ~.-,~., Determine the coordinates of the centroid of

'the shaded area of Fig. P3-8. The equation of the
curve is x 2 = 4y. .

Ans.

This result gives only the curved surface area and excludes the area of the bases

(the ends) of the frustum.

Example 3-10. By meanJ' ofthe second proposition ofPappus, locate the centroid
of a semicircular area.

Let the semicircular area of Fig. 3-16

be revolved around the x axis to generate a

sphere. The volume ofthc sphere is (~}11' Rl, and

the area of the semicircle is O)1r'R2. By the

second theorem, the volume is

SOLUTION.

IY

v=

A2'll'j'.

P3-8

from which

Figure 3-16

(~,)'ll'R3'

39. Determine the y coordinate of the centroid of

the arc of the upper half of the hypocycloid in Fig.

P3-9.

'" (!)1rR22rjl

or

j'

4R
= 3r

Ans.

and by symmetry,

O.

Ans.

PROBLEMS
3-44. By means of one of the theorems of Pappus,
locate the centroid of a semicircular arc.
3-45. Determine the surface area of a right circular
cone of radius r and altitude h, using the first proposi
tion of Pappus.
y

346. The circular area in Fig. P3-46 is revolved

about the x axis, generating a torus or anchor ring.

By use of the first proposition of Pappus, determine

the surface area of the torus.

J,

i
I
I

/
/

P3-9

-,

II
I

P3-46

",

/'
/

310. Determine the x coordinate of the centroid of

the arc of the parabola y = x 2 from the origin to
the point (1, 1). In the equation x and y are measured
in feet.
311. Determine the first moment of the shaded
area of Fig. P3-11 with respect to the a axis. The
equation of the curve is 8y ~, x 3 ,

'
f

l'

,1,

-'~~~

L.p

91

110

CENTROIDS AND CENTERS OF GRAVITY,

ART. 38

. CHAP. 3

4"

t.........-

- I

CENTER OF PRESSURE

354. The shaded area of Fig. P3-54 is revolved

about the x axis.
(a) By means of a theorem of Pappus determine the
volume generated.
(b) Locate the centroid of the volume generated.

351. The shaded area of Fig. Pl-51 is revolved

about the line a to form a volume of 51.2"11" cu in.
The equation of the curve is 9y = x 2 Determine
(a) the y coordinate of the centroid of the area by
means of a theorem of Pappus; (b) the location of

the centroid of the volume of revolution.

111

6"

P3-51
f,U

352. The shaded area of Fig. P3.52 is revolved

around the a axis to generate a volume.

"I ~"

(a) Using a theorem of PaPPus, determine the

volume generated.
(b) Determine the coordinates of the centroid of
the generated volume.
~~,,/(:,r/

/,U"l

"3- ::''') \. i;)

3.55. Determine the resultant of the distributed load

700 lb/ft

of Fig. P355.

'/1

\..?' __fL_--l

'Z

3-56. The beam of Fig. P356 is subjected to a dis

tributed load which varies according to the equation

q = 100 _ x 2 where q is in lb per ft and the distance
x is in feet. Determine the resultant of the distributed

I'

3-53. The shaded area of Fig. P3-53 is revolved

about the x axis to generate a volume.

(a) Determine the generated volume by It !heort"lu
of Pappus.

(b) Locate the centroid of the volume.

or

2"
I
3"
)01

P3-53

load.

\
I

/////1

P3-!5!5

P352

I
I

."

P356

,
f

Ii

I!

z./'/,

3.57. Determine the resultant of the coplanar force

system of Fig. P3-57, and show it on a sketch located
with respect to point A.
~

!
\
I

CENTROIDS AND CENTERS OF GRAVITY

120

CENTER OF PRESSURE

ART. 38

CHAP. 3

121

3.58. Determine the resultant of the coplanar force

system of Fig. P3-58, and locate it with respect to
point A.

130'b

GJrunU4'I,

lb/

30

y.~.

70

3.62. The top portion of the cross section of a beam

is subjected to a pressure which varies from 1000
psi to zero as shown in Fig. P362a. The dimen
sions of the cross section are indicated in Fig. PJ..62b.
Determine the resu ltant of the distributed pressure.

,I

f! 'Olb

195 ft -;r(50

Ib

BY

'4

.2'-+
P358
120 lb/ ft

r'(~'~

(b)

(0)

3.59. The force system of Fig. P3-59 consists of

the forces shown and one additional force P, which
passes through point B. The resultant, R, passes
through A as shown. Determine the force P.

P3-62

3-63. Determine the resultant force exerted by the

water on the gate shown in Fig, P3-63.

Waler surface

600 tHb
G'
390 lb

,
\

P359

\'

3-60. The resultant of Ihe coplanar force system of

Fig. P3-60 is a force R of 150 Ib on a slope of 3 to
the right to 4 upward through point E. Determine
the magnitudes of the fort,'Cs P and Q and the distance
y to the force P.

P360

3.61. The flat triangular plate shown in Fig. P3-61

is subjected to vertical pressure that varies according
to the law y = 4x z, where y is expressed in pounds
per square foot and x is measured in feet. Determine
the resultant of the distributed load.

/,

P3-63

Ii
I,

i
..

3.64. The cross section of a wall is shown in Fig.

P3-64. Determine the force of the water per linear
fool of the wall, on the inclined surface AB.

P3.04

3.65. A rectangular gate 5 ft by 2 ft, with the 2-ft

side horizontal, is located in the side of a tank, the
sides of which slope outward at an angle of 60 with
the vertical. Determine the resultant force which
the water in the tank exerts on the gate when the
water level in the tank is 10 ft vertically above the
top of the gate.

22

CENTROIDS A1'ID CENTERS OF GRAVITY

CHAP. 3

3-66. Determine the resultant force exerted by the

water on an isosceles triangular sluice gate 4 ft wide
by 6 ft deep. The base of the triangle is at the water
surface, and the vertex is 6 ft below the center of
the base.

~~
~~ ___ d'4

3.71. The cross section of a dam is shown in Fis

P3-71. The portion AB is a parabola with its vertex
at B. Determine the magnitude of the' force of the
water on the parabolic surface for a 1-ft length of
the dam.

3-67. The triangular area shown in Fig. P367a is

submerged in a liquid having a specific gravity of
0.80. The 5ft base of the triangle is horizontal and
16 ft vertically below the surface of the liquid. The
plane of the area has a slope of 4 vertical to 3
horizontal. Determine the resultant fluid force on
one side of the area.

f-.-- 5'---1
(a)

CENTER OF PRESSURE

ART. 38

(b)

123

Waler surface
.1

5'
BII-------t-
'.

:\

18'

\,

P367

P3-71

3-68. A vertical rectangular gate lOft by 4 ft with

the 4ft side horizontal has a depth of water of 1
ft above its upper edge. Determine the location of
the horizontal line which so divides the area of one
side that the magnitude of the forces exerted by the
water on the upper and lower portions of the gate
are the same.
I~

6'~

"-1

REVIEW PROBLEMS
3-72. The cross section ofa built-up flexural memo
ber is composed of a lO-in.by ~-in. steel plate and
two 5-in. by 3-in. by ~-in. steel angles as shown in
Fig. P3-72. Locate the centroid of the cross section

369. Determine the resultant force of the water

exerted on the curved surface shown in Fig. P369.
The curved surface has a length of 10 ft.

=r'

7'

4'
>?7?7?7? /O):;:????7/

P372

I
)/7;7

3-73. A structural beam is constructed of a 14WF34

section and a 12-in., 2Slb steel channel as indicated
in Fig. P3-73. Locate the centroid of the built-up
section.

)1

P369

370. A water tower 16 ft in diameter is in the form

of a vertical cylindrical tank with a hemispherical
bottom. Determine the magnitude of the resultant
force of the water exerted on one quadrant of t.he
hemispherical bottom when the water surface is 18
ft above the lowest portion of the hemispherical
bottom.

P373

CENTROIDS ANO CENTERS OF GRAVITY

CHAP, 3

yl

374. Determine the first moment of the shaded

area of Fig, P374 with respecl to the a axis,

125

,CENTER OF PRESSURE

ART. 38

3-76. Determine the first moment of the shaded

area of Fig. P3-76 with respet:;t to the y axis.

::J

"

Y"" )(2-2)(

P374

3-75. Determine the first moment of the shaded area

of Fig. P3-75 with respect to the a axis. The equation
of the curve is .1'2 = 4x.
3"

I ..0>>0}')'\,),).1

P3-16

a
1"

1--7'l. Determine the resultant of the force system

of Fig. P3-77, and locate it with respect to point A.

,~__

SOlb

l'

"

4"

4'

P315

"
P3-11

3-78. The resultant of the force system of Fig. P3-78

and a force P, not shown, passes through point B.
The force Pacts through point A and has a horizontal
component of 100 Ib toward the left. Determine
(a) the resultant of the system; (b) the force P.

.. -::1

3Ll

---l-A

_r'
13011>

12'
P318

CENTROIDS ANO CENTERS OF GRAVITY

28

3-87. The vertical cross section of a 10-ft long

closed oil (specific gravity 0.80) storage tank is
shown in Fig. P3-87. Determine the magnitude of
the total force exerted by the oil on the area ABeD
when the air pressure above the oil is 2 psi.

4'

~--1

A.

, Ai Oil surface

3-90. An open tank 10-ft long has an elliptical bot

tom as shown in Fig. P3-90. Determine the magni
tude of the force of the water on the elliptical
surface.

Water surface

18

-- - -

129

CENTER OF PRESSURE

ART. 38
CHAP. 3

\,

9'

I
LID

I.

-r

#-

\c
~
B'

P390

._

P3-87

3-88. An isosceles triangular gate with a base of 6

ft and altitude 3 ft is in the vertical side of a tank of
water. The base of the triangle is at the water
surface. Determine the force exerted by the water
on the gate, and locate the center of pressure.
Water surface

4'

//
/ /

// /
/ //
././ / /

////

6'

./././ / /

// ///

././ / / / /
/// ///
// /// /

//////~

~~///////~

///////,
////////

w
P3-89

3-89. A plate in the vertical side of a water tank

the shape indicated in Fig. P3-89. Determine
magnitude of the force exerted by the water on
plate, and locate the vertical distance below the
of the gate to the center of pressure.

has
the
the
top

CENTROIDS AND CENTERS OF GRAVITY

;0

A.,...-<"'"fit tH

tt:

it

CHAP. 3

3.79. Determine the resultant of the coplanar force

system of Fig. P3-79, and locate it with respect to
point A.

ART. 3'

3.83. The equation of the cardioid in Fig. P3-83 is

+ cos 8. Determine the coordinates of the
centroid of the area bounded by the cardioid.

r '" 1

310 10

P379

380. Deternline the coordinates of the mass center

of the homogeneous solid generated by revolving
the shaded area ()f Fig. P3!:\O about the x axis.

3-84. The homogeneous body of Fig. P3-84 consists

of a rectangular prism amI half a cylinder. The axis
of the hole is parallel to the x axis. Determine the
coordinates of the mass ccnter of the body.
P3-80

3-81. A solid of revolution is formed by revolving

the shaded area of Fig. P3-S1 about the y axis. The
density of the solid varies din~ctly as twice the dis
tance (in feet) from the y axis. Locate the mass
center of the solid.

,x 2

3-85, A float is made by fastening a hemisphere of

radius 6.0 in. on the bottom of a right circular cone
with a base radius of 6.0 in. and an altitude of 8.0
in. Both bodies are made from the same piece of
wood. I,ocate the center of masS of the float.

P381
y
Xl

..)

/z'

./

~\.y>.,\" ,,\.~

382. The shaded area of Fig. P3-82 is rotated about

the x axis to form a solid of revolution whose
density varies directly as its distance from the x
axis. Determine the first moment of nlass with
respect to the yz plane.

3-86. A rectangular gate 4 ft by 2 ft, with the 2-ft

side horizon tal, is located in the vertical side of a
water tank. Determine the resultant force which
the water in the tank exerts on the gate when the
water level is 8 ft above the top of the gate .

CENTER OF PRESSURE

127

ya

. ~__:;'~:,"1iII''''loI!II~_ "

,
_-oll"MOMENTS OR 1140114ENTS OF INERTIA

-~-

i
ARL 5-4

CHAP. 6

SECONO MOMENTS OF AREAS BY .INTEGRATION

that
Jh

= Ad2 + .::.

6-4
Second Moments of Areas by Integration

(6-4)

/~

..
) 0 f'Inertia
. 0 f an area b
"
.
In determmmg
t he mo~nt
Y 'integratIOn,
It IS
necessary to select an cleni'ent of area. When all parts of the element
selected are the same distance from the moment axis, the moment of inertia
of the element of area is obtained directly from the definition of a second
moment as the
of the square of this distance and the area of the
element. When any other element or area is selected, the momen t of inertia
of that element must either be known or be obtainable from a known result
by the parallel-axis theorem. In sUlllm:.lly, the dement of area chosen sh<luld
satisfy one of the following requirements:

Tilt parallel-axis theorem can bestated as follows: The momenl o/inertia

(JIGI'! ,:Yf;'Cz' with respect 10 any
equaTtOihe m;;;;nl o/inertia with respect
to a pl1Talle! axis through the centroid 0/ the area plus the p'oduct 0/ the area
and tht square 0/ the distance between tire two axes.
Fn.wTI the preceding statement, it is apparent that the moment of inertia:
of 8!lYil.re3. with respect to an axis through its centroid is less than that for
J.D Y ?:F allel axis,

PROBLEMS

!;+--._._
3
.....1
M

J--

~~./..~~~

~~f;f~ ~ --12"
y;,-~/"

~/

r:;;::~
tr

I-f

1. All p.arts of the element of area are. the Same distance from the

moment axis.

2. The second moment of the element of area with respect to the moment
axis is known.
3. The second moment of the element,of area with respect to an axis
through the centroid of the element parallel to the moment axis is known;
and both the area of the element and the distance between the ~arallel
axes are known.

6-1. The moment of inertia of the shaded rectangular

area of Fig. P6-1 with respect to the a axis is 8 in.4.
Determine the moment of inertia with respect to
the b axis.

,.

When selecting an element of area, the choice between double and single
integration should be made. If double integration is used, all parts of the
element will always be the same distance from the moment axis. The
expression for the moment of inertia of the element can usualiy be set up
more readily by the use of double integration, whereas the limits can be
selected with less possibility of error with single
integration. In general, the choice between sin
b---.,.../
gle and double integrals is. a matt~r. of either
personal preference or preVIOUS trammg.
I
In some problems there will also be a choice
of coordinate systems. For circular areas or tty
portions therl'fof, polar coordinates are freL - 10
I
quently advantageous.
nnnn nn
. The following elamples iUustra~e the proce

dure for determining second moments or plane

--,
areas by integtation. I
,'.

P6-1
'Y

.-c.~'~\;;

," a

'2ff1

~.1C

&.2. The l~sqin. shaded area of Fig. P6-2 has a

polar moment of inertia with respect to the axis
through C of JO in.4. The moment of inertia. with
respect to the a axis is 22 in.4. Determine the moment

of inertia with respect to the b axis.

YL

r-----

P6-2
I

6-3. Determine the moment o(.ioer1ia 0( the shaded

ana 0( Fis. 1'6-3 w.itb respeet to tbc b axil in terms

am.

of the ~t of.inGtia. with ~ to the 4

the area A. and tbc d.istana:s d.1.nd 4. Thc~

I'

t ' ..)

ot~0!~;'-:~~l~~!~~'~~;;?,; .,c t>fs.,.

";

,~

--

~ S-L Ddemrint! the SO.-J mommt oJa

~ ,orm willi mpecI lpan (U/$tltrougn

~
,

., ~1C'llH.,,1'1Ie.~Bn!i.iiuhnwlllllr~YL~;";
~~.~~,lIJZ~/'::.,~(~~,~/~I~ f:[~2';Cf;i>'
.' '_~
..

:';~"].~r'~ :;7;~: ~,,<;, '~:1 ;.tt u~~r:'o/~;i~~7~~~ ,~",;~~." '~;~:"~!.- "c~~;'

" '.

;.;..J

2'

I.

l-~

i,

,
*'

~~~-...;......;...---...;..;.----...;....:--.......- - - - . - .

..,___ -

'r'"

&3J

&1.<-..;

\
SECOIIO MOMENTS OR MOMENTS OF ,INERTIA

PROBLEMS

II

6-4. Determine the moment of inertia of any tri

angular area ,of altitude h and base b with respect
to an lUis through the centroid parallel to the base.
y

SECC:.lO MOMENTS OF AREAS

ART. &4

CtjAP. 6

!I

6-9. Determine the moment of inectia of the shaded

area of Fig. P6-9 with respect to the x axis. The
equation of the curve is xy = 9.

:I

B~

INTGRA'I1ON

.#

V1

6-10. Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded

area of Fig. P6-9 With respa:t to the line y

1 in.

65. (a) Determine by integration the polar moment

of inertia of the shaded area shown in Fig. P6-5 with
respect to the axis through O. (b) Determine the
rectangular moment of inertia of the area with
respect to the x axis.

1'6-9
lk":"

t"

'

/I

X.

611. Determine the second moment of the shaded

1'6-5

area of Fig. P6-11 with respect to the x a:Us. The

eqlftion of the curve is

y a~e in inches.

6-6. Determine the polar moment of inertia of the

shaded area of, Fig, P6-6 with rcs!Je!:t to the axis
through the origin. The equation of the curve is
y
x 3

r - 4y =

2x, where x and

1'6-11

!:
\:,
~

612. Determine the polar moment of inertia of the

shaded area of Fi.\r. P6-12 with respect to the axis
through the origin. The area shown is one loop of
the curve r2 = WI 8 with r in inches.

1'66

Y
1

~'

6-7. Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded

are!! of Fig. P6-6 with respect to the a axis.

6-8. Determine the moment of inertia of the area

bounded by the line y = x and the parabola y2 = x
(x and yare in -inches) with respect to the line y ='
lin.

f'6.12

.,'
.

.......,,".

-r,

~.

-----~-.---------------------------------------

~.;J

294

ART. 6-4

SECOHO MOMENTS OR MOMENTS OF INERTIA

area of Fig. P6-13 with respect tt'! the axis

through the origin. The equation of the, CUl'\'e is

ILI'/1

~.

614. Determine the moment of inertia of tile shaded

area of fig. P6-13 with respect to the a axis.

2"
,f// //

6-18. The right trilingular gate of Fig. P6-t8 is

hinged along the top edge at O. Determine the

force P that will open the gate if the specific gravity
"of the oil in the tank is 0.8.

shaded

~=~

SI!:COND t.lPIoiENTS Of" AREAS BY I.GIU\.TIOH

CHAP. 6

&-11. Determine the polar moment of inertia'of the

,III:

-x

1'6-13
615. Determine the second moment of the shaded

area of Fig. P6-15 with respect to the x axis. The

equation of the curve is y = cos x.

619. Deterl11ine the force P necessary to open the

triangular gate of Fig. P6-19. The oil has a specific

gravity of O.R, and the weight of the gate may be

neglected.

~ r///~/'//I(/("'//.7)A

"""1

IT

'2

'I<//'/

P615

1>6-19

616. The rigid L-shaped water gate is mounted (,n

a hinge bar through O. Water is retained below
and behind tlie gate until the rising water reaches a
sufficient depth to cause a clockwise rolation. Deter
mine the heigHt, h, at which the ga Ie will commence
10 rotate.

h~

6--Z0. A circular gate 4 ft in diameter is mounted

in the wall of a tank having a slope of 4 vertical to
3 horizontal. The tank contains oil with a specific
gravity of 0.9. The gate is mounted on a horizontal
axis so that it will open automatically when the oil
level is more than 16 ft above the center of the gate.
Determine (a) the location of the axis, and (b) the
magnitude of the resultant force that the oil exerts
on the gate when motion impends.

----.,I'

1'6-16
_Oilsurioce

" "-_--c--_

I
t

6--21. Detennii1e the moment of inertia of the shaded

area of Fig. 1'6-21 with respect to the a axis.

I'
j::j-r

Pt~

I
114

.
!

6-17. A gate having the trianp,t1I~r cross section

shown in '"ig. P6-17 closes ,an ~:i"'..;':'lg 2 ft wide by

4 ft high. The gate is homogeneoos and weighs 800

lb. Determine the force P necessary to open the

gate if the tank is filled with oil with a specific

gravity of 0.8.
"""

I
I

,(0.':";+

~""--"-"
4
'{;j

r3

/'

t
,~~ '~~~n7'~

ct

"~,

_'t

,Cd

P~'~.n. ~:.~~~.

\
%

"''''. . . iMOMErITS OR MOMENTS OF INER;T'A

.'~

6-22. Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded

area of Fig, P6-22 with respect to the x axis.

,-.:.x'l-2"

Yr
QI
I

'\lo

I
i

-)';>,1

LiiJlll!!L...!in.

1b'!;iiiYZ

"' "

CHAP. 6

ART. 6-5

RADIUS OF GYRATI01!f OF ARl!:AS

The radius_ of gyration of an area can be

considered as the distance from a given axis at
whicH the entire area can be conceived to be con
centr~ted without changing the second moment
of the area about the given axis. When the area
is so concentrated, its first moment with respt.'Ct
to the given axis will not be the same as the first
moment of the actual area. Usually, however,
there is no advantage in associating a radius of
gyration with any particular distance in an area.

c
d

t
Figure 6-9

P6-22

The radius of gyration of an area is used for comenienc;::: in many

problems in mechanics, as in the formulas for the determinatitln of the
strength of columns.

j5
~adjus of

Gyratiln! of Areas

It iI :frequently desirable to express the moment of inertia of an area as a

fl!!Ictilll: of the area and a length. Since the second moment of an are?

has diy,ensions of length to the fourth power, it can be written as the area
multirJited by a length squared. ~radius of gyration of an area with
.:iespecrw an axis is defined as the length_which, whensquar~!!ai.dmuTtlp~1
- J!lJ...~Lwill give the....!!!E.!!!..ent Of inertia af th:.!3!!!.a with rell!..ectto. che
given t::xj!:-.!his definition is expressed mathematically in the following

ua tI),'11 s:

(6-8)
Ib = Ak'; and Jr
Ak;.

PROBLEMS
y

6-23. Determine the polar radius of gyration of the

shaded area of Fig_ 1'6-23 with respect to the axis
through the origin. The equation of the curve is
Xl

y_

-e:q

<'r:

,s.,
"

d
:j

4"

The raid)ius of gyration is not the di~tance from the reference axis to some
specifu" fixed point in the area (such as the centroid), but it is
useful
mathem,atical concept. The radius Of gyration far any axis is always greater
than ttt distance from the axis to tile centroid. The proof of this statement

is apJlIrent from the parallel-axis theorem. From

the following

equatDlI1S can be written:

k~ =

+ Ad2,
k;A + AdZ-,
k; + dl,

.~;) =

(dl

Ib

k~A

--____~~~'~~.~~~'\~

1'6-23

6-24. Determine the radius of gyration of the shaded

area of Fig. p(;...24 with r to the a axis. The
equation of the curve is xl = 12y

+ k~)I/2.

Therefore, kb must always be greater than d. If the b axis is moved up I in.

in Fig. 6-9, k. will be decreased by an amount somewhat less than I in.,

indicafU1g that the radius of gyration is not the dis,tllncJ to the same point in

ll;o;,ow;.

I.

and

the I!.~ fromditrere!1~

' "

If

11'6-24

.d;;'I.'........".

'r
"r'

SWkl

II ....
" .,

OR MOMENTS OF INERT)A

.__ .~. ...,. .....;.,c

.1 J

'" '........,_.,.,_.."',j" . .,....... ~ . - . - - ~"'

CHAP. Ii

~.".-~'-.-',

~.

",X"

ART."

MOMENTS OF INERTIA OF COMPOSITE ARAS

299

',1'

625. Determine the radius of gyration of the shadeo

area of Fig. P6-2S with respect to (a) the x axis. and
(b) the y axis~

I
I;
i

___t_',_

V :<:. / . ' '/ :<:'1

~.r+'.--?

.-1

common areas frequently encountered in rqutine work. A' representative

tabulation is included for ready reference. IExtensive tables listing values
of moments of inertia of the cross-sectional areas of various structural
shapes will be found in engineering handbooks and in data books prepared
by industrial organizations such as the Ameridm Institute of Steel Con
struction and the Aluminum Company of America. A few of these values
are listed for information and for use in the problems.
The following examples illustrate the use of formulas and handbook data
in determining moments of inertia of composite areas,
Example 6-7. Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded area in Fig" 6-1(1
with respect to the x axis.

?6-25

/1',"<'+ Y 112,," 2112

J _I
t

~<{q

6-26. Detennine the radius of gyration of the shaded

area in Fig. P6-26 with respect to the x axis.
6-27. Determine the po~r radius of gyration of the
shaded area in Fig. P6-26 with respect to an axis
through 12.

12"

==x

flgure 6-10

j~-.

;>6.25,

The composite area can be divided into a 10-in. by 6-in. rectmgle

A and a semicircle B with the triangular area C removed. 1be 1,;xatiollS of
the centroidal axes of the three areas are indicated by the dimens:ions to the
right of the area. 1be position of the centroid of area B was determined .oom

SOU,TION.

6
ioments of Inertia of Composite Areas
A composiJe area consists of ~wo or more simple areas, such as rectangles,
triangles, and circles. The crc;>ss-sectional areas of standard structural
elements. such as channels, I beams, and angles, are frequently included in
composite areas. The moment lof inertia of a composite area with respect
to any axis is equal to the sum bf the moments of inertia of its componc.nt
"\'~ With respect to the ,ame axis. When an~-,~ such as a h0h:, ;"
~ed from a larger area, its moment of inertia is subtracted fmm tr1e
mf!itl\ent of inertia, of the larger area to obtain the net moment of inertia.
It is unnecessary to use 9tegration for computing the moment of inertia
o( . composite area' provided the moments of in~ of the component
~ ar~ TI".2d l1v. !l.vail~hk.
It:r: ad"'~'lb!~ te;. ~,'j~ir: f"''''~;''.Alll'' &'.tb~k h:
,

Example 3-4 and that of area C from Problem 3-7. These values are also ~
in the tabulation of centroidal distances of common ~metricaJ areal in
Clapter 3. The moments of inertia of the three art'.llS with respect to tie x
axis can be obtained as follows:
For area ..4:

= 10(6)3
+ 10(6)(1)2 "" 240 in."
]2

!. =

F01'QTeaB:
.

J~

hO(

I.

blt1

~,
computed. By symmetry, t' ~ mnn<'nt
.

knoWn

+ AJl = 1 / . 2

am:CIlY

ana must be

.~.!! '_.> 3r:.~'i_;"'.

:~~!"'!'l~~,._

.'

. -,,- ..

':'c-~-'"

.':"

.1

_2.'..._ _..;..."'-_____--:-_,_~..... ~.~ .

"

eM..;. ; ::;;:~.

.11

"

1
.7'~'1" MOMENTS OR MOMENTS OF IN,ERTIA

CHAP.

I)

MOMENTS OF INIiRTliI. OF CoMMON GEOMETRIC ARE"-S

Moment of ine~tia

C'.eomeLric area

PROPERTIES

!/Il

,lB.
Jl
1

..r

k<

= 0.2887h

12

1%

0.5774"

kr = -;0

.= ---::

.'

\j3

OF COMPOSrTE AREAS

ROLLED SECTIONS

Zit' 71k

1~-.

y )(

[>hl

...,.,-

bill

of

Radius of gyration

Rectangle

INE~TIA

MOMENTS OF

ART. 66

American
Standard

Wide
,flange

beams

,eCtiOllS

American
Standard
channels

)(

".2'

Equal

Unequal

leg
leg

angles
angles

=axis has minimum mamerrl

of ;nerlia.

A ny triangle
bh 3

/1

I.

,hlL1~c x

I,

36

"
3 \;2

ke

",,3
12

"

kx

I-~

0.2357h

Nominal
size
(in.)

Weight
per ft
(lb)

Area
of
section
(54 in.)

x axis
Flange
width

(in.)

(in.)

yaxis

(in.) (in.4)

(in.)

(in.)

= OAD82J!

American Standard Beams

10 X

4t

10.22

I ~.~~ E45.~ R ~.~ I r l'

0.91

Circle
Wide Flange Sections

I.

6'

= ... R4

'R2

Kc =

5.. R4
4

0.50lXlR

18 X 7!
.14 X 12

k.

50.0
84.0

!I

14.71
24.71

k, = O,2643R

Ie = 0.0549R4

.=~
LJU-'
.C

["

El':,JSe

f--.-

~
"

-I:

'-, !,

a.

_.,

37.2
225.5

159
3.02

I
i

1-

American Standard Channels

Quarter circle

3"

800.6 7.38
928.4 6.13

Ll18R

-~

~Rlf~

7.500
12.023

..R4

.-

= 0.1963R4

I
I

33.9
25.0
11.5

9.90
7.32
3.36

Thick

Weight
per ft
(lb)

3.400
3.047
2.260

312.6 5.62
1435 4.43
32.3 3.10

8.2 0.91
4.5 0.79
1.3 0.63

0.79
0.68
0.58

-" '= O.5000R

2

kz

1.--1 ,.-~
~".t

15 X 3;
12 X 3
8 X 2~

Size
(in.'

---- ..

I"I'!SS
!i~.)

x axis
Area,
of I
sectioq
[
k
y
(sq in.) (in. I.' (in.) (in.)

yaxis

I
(in.~)

kl
(in.)

z axis

1 ~i~"\ (ill.)

RX8

U6

3X3

0.59

301

f"'Jll!!!,"

~',~""""- . ,~ ':', .~. 9_"-->,.",,:_i'Ic!lft!'~'ll!ii'!

'

~ Qi!iia:"'.K"';'!l!!'!liiI.__'!lka"-IPJ!'".i,",'!!mi<-'L':'~ :2::.-;jN;,;,~'"'.!'

;.j! .... - .}, . i i' .

. ']"

J.

.' . J .

.,";' ..: . "";;:':'

'I

ART. 6-6
i~

:"iO" :;1.') .. ;~ OR MOMENTS OF INERTIA

305

6-29. Determine the moment ofinertia of the shaded

area of Fig. P6-29 with respect to the x axis.

F()r . , two cl!an!rels:

I.,

MOMENTS OF INERTIA OF COMpOSITE AREAS

CHAP. 6

= 2Q. + Adl)

2[143.5

+ 7.32(2.02)"1

346.7 in."

For tir composite area:

Ix. = 125.4 + 346.7

472.1

472 in.4

Ans.

L/"///f/

a'f

and
k
Xc

Ti:.
= '\)A'

~472.1
21.64 =

.
4.67 m.

P6-29

MS.
6-30_ A column is made uf two I-in. by 9-io. and
two 2-in. by 8-in. pieces of lumber arranged as shown
in Fig. P6-30. Determine the radii of gyration with
respect to the horizontal and vertical centroirlal axes
of the cross section.

In a similar manner, the moment of inertia and radius of gyration of the

area Yith respect to the y axis are:

For tile' plate:

I, = I. =

O.5O<XI4.(0)] = 114.3 in.4

--1'2

FOT fir, two channels:

I,

2([,

+ AQZ)

= 2[4.5

1'6-30

+ 7.32(4.63)2] = 322.8 in."

I,

and

y
I

6-31. Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded

area of Fig. P6-31 with respect to the y axis.

FaT the composite area:

= 114.3 + 3228 =

437.1

437 in."

,-

k,= _ /437.1

Ans.

Ans.

'\l2L64 = 4.49 in.

PROBLEMS
f6.31

6-28. To calculate the strength of a column, it is

necessary to determine the least moment of inertia
with respect to an axis through its centroid. Deter
mine the moments of inertia of the T section in
Fig.. P6l28 with respect to horizontal and vertiGal
axes through its centroid.

6-32. Determine the radius of gyration of the shaded

area of Fig. P6-32 with respect to the x axis.
I

,,\I

2"

. ..<z>'~'\

~\_~

2"

.,,

P&28
-'L_,",_

"".: ~,:

-~:'~':,~'

"'
~. :"" '\ ->'-" \<
.,."'"

\.

_\'

ifll5:.32

I~
!

IT -:---------- - - - - -----~'- --- ------- -,...-- - - -

W6

SECOllD MOMENTS OR, MOMENTS OF

...

INE~IA

~.>

I!

CHAP. 6

6-33. Determine the poiar moment of inertia of the

shaded area of Fig. P6-33 with respect to an axis
through 0.

ART. 6-6

...
MOMENTS OF INe:RTIA OF

6-36. Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded

area of Fig. P6-36 with respect to the y axis.

~MPOSITE

3"

AREAs

3f11 _

3"

~'.

5"

5"
-'-'--;t

P6-33

~31

6-$4. Determine the radius of gyration of the ,haded

area of Fig. P6-34 with respect to the a axis.

I,

il

6-37. A p[ate~nd-ang[e girder, selected from tables

prepared by the AISC (American Institute of Steel

Construction) for an average span and relatively
light load, consists of four 4-in. by J..in. by t-in.
angles, a web plate, and two cover plates arranged
as shown in Fig. P6-37. Determine the momf":l~ of
inertia of the composite section with respect to the
horizontal axis of symmel.ry.

10" x ~ cove< pI

Ii

?;'!
__.1

4", 3".~' is

I'
23i"'~' web PI/ll

P634
y

:>4"\

-I

6-35. Determine the radius of gyration of the shaded

area of Fig. P6-35 with respect to the x axis.

~I

I
I

\~u~lj

6"

. 10; :P7'?'7'?'7'S';J

Ii

P6-37

I\

f>&.35

"-""'.

"
~'-::.;;,~..

.-:~l

-,I

'f '

"

, II.

"

-----:---:----~_=,~ ,."4"
r":,,,?~';;"!It

JOB

SECCIID

MOMENTS ORMQ,.MENTS OF INEr-IA

CHAP. 6

6-38. An 18 \/IF 50 beam is strengthened by the

addition of a IS-in., 33.9-lb channel as shown in
Fig. P&-38. Determine;
(a) The distance),1 to the!horizontal ccntroidal axis
()f the composite
(bl rhe moments of inertia of the composite section
",ith respect to the x and y axes.

1811F 50

I
I

ART. 66

MOMEH,TS OF INERTIA OF COMPOSITE AREAS

6-41. A plate-and-angle column ~nsists of four

8-10. by 8-in. by I-in. angles, a J6-in. by H-m. web
plate, and two cover pla~ arranged as shown in
Fig. P6-4l. Determine !/le moment of inertia of
the composite cross section with respect to the x
and y axes of symmetry.

309

16

,"

x'9 wrop!.

:I!rc

~---x

'y,

P6-41

642. An eave strut is made of an H-in., 11.5-lb

channel, a 3-in. by 3-in. by i -in. angle, and a 3-in.
by 2~.in. by Hn. angle as shown in Fig. P6-42.

Determine:
(a) The distances ;1'1 and }'! to the x and y axes
through iht: ~entroid of the cross section.
(b) The moments of inertia of the cross section with
respect to the x and .v axes.

P6-38

6.. 39. The maximum moment of inertia of a 14 VIF 84

section is to be increased to 1600 In.4 by welding a
plate to the top and one to the bottom of the beam.
Determine the necessary width of each of the plates
if they are ~ in. thick.

Iy

11"

L---

t==
12S"

.L

"'l

I
I

-I}:;})I

(Iv

)6-40. Determine the radius of gyration of the shaded

area of Fig. P6-40 with respect to the x axis.

-y--x

. ' -1

i"
'.J

I
__J.

I;",,,'----II-j
::\' i

t;J T

P6-42

6-43. Determine the second moment of the shaded

area of Fig. P6-43 with respect to the a axis.

6"

P6-4O

:;'

I
I

2y=x:S

,r

l
~

P6-43

'\

"~-,.,.""".:"f.~""'

-.",,::,,,,,,,~"'-'--':'-

1"
j.

"""

:.!

sanNO MOMENTS OR

jH

MO~TS. OF' INliRTrA

..,

......

---~---

.
.".

.........:t

I,...-~~

.\

CHAP. 6

i.

6-6'

MOMENTS OF' INERTIA 01' COMPOSlfe: AREAS

311

6-47. Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded

area of Fig. PG-47 with respect to the a axis. The

equation of the curve is 2,r = 9x.

6-44. Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded

area of Fig. P6-44 with respect to the (J axis. The
equationoftbecurveis y 2 = 4,x.

ART.

I"

2"

Il'/6'705; ;.; (~;I

o l .SSS1'
l"
r ( , 'f

0
x

P6-47

6-48. Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded

area of Fig. 1'6-48 with respect to the i1 axis. The
equation of the curve is xl = 3y.
P6-44

6-45. Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded

axea of Fig. 1:'6-45 with respect to the y axis.

lO

n n

1rl'1i1./;;r;s4f I

~((4({((({{a

P;).45

a 6-46. Determine the radius of gyration of the shaded

y!

area of Fig. 1'6-46 with respect to the a axis.

P6-48

6-49. Determine the polar moment of inertia of the

shaded area of Fig. P6-49 with respect to an axis
through the intersection of the a axis and the y axis.

1"

h'/+-., ');

! r

II

2"

~S0~vS0SS/1

f&.46

I"

I!

....

'iIII

y=x'l

-+---~~'Tf~-"

.
f

PI-49

It

~;.~

"I!,.::."

l"lMENTS

313

CHAP. 6

OR MOMiH.IS OF INERTIA

YI..

6-53. Deterri1ine. the moment of inertia of the shaded

area of Fig. 1'6-53 with respect to the x axis. The
equation of the curve is xy = ,6.

6-50. Iktermirie the radius of gyration of the shaded

area of Fig. P6-50 with respect to, the x axis.

I.:'

P,,<lQUCT$ OF INERTIA Of AREAS

.ART. 6-7\

6"
' I

4"

2"

Pfi..53

P6-SO

L410if . 7~51 I,"

1:

6"
Products of Inertia of Areas

6-51. Determine the moment of ~'ir.rtia of the shaded

area of Fig. P6-51 with fC5pcct to the x axis.

The rectangular moment of inertia of an area with respect to'an axi"

passing through a fixed point in the area usually varies with the orientation
of the axis. For many applications it is necessary to determine (a) the
direction of the axis through a point in the area for which the moment of
inertia is a maximum or a minimum, and (b) the corresponding second
moment. The moment of inertia of an area with respect to any inclined
axis can be determined by integration, but usually it is simplcr to exprcss It
in terms of the moments of inertia with respect to two perpendicular axes
(x and y), the product of inertia of the area \,,.ith respect to the x and J' axes,
and the
between the inclined axis and tbe x axis.
The product of inertia, dlxy , of the element
of area dA in Fig. 6-12 with respect to the xand
y
y axes is defined as the product of the area and
the two coordinates of the element, that is,

3"

6..\

!I

10~

L~"
l..-- 5

.1.'" "I

P6-51

. I'

I~

.~
6-52. Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded
area of Fig. P6-52 with respect to the yaxis.

'I

dI,y

$'

t l"h009J-JHr"

r;:t

3"

. ."

-x

....

'." .... ,..

.' t
.

':. " .i
.:f

IJ

the axes.. Hencelxy

~:"

4,'~'t.~

r
;il .,

~-, ..

"

,)(~4dll
EL].

= xy dA.

The pr?duct;of inertia of the total are~ A in Fig.

6-12 with rClipect to the x and y axes IS the sum
of the products of inertia of all the elements of

if

..

i',

r' /

,I

+-~---,

= fXY dA.
.,.

FigIn 6-l2

rr

.~
oi' ...

+~"""

A~. 6.7

SECOND MOMENTS OR MOMENTS OF INERTIA

U6

I'

or

PROOU~ OF INERTII\, OF A~EAS

6-55. Determine the product or inertia or the shaded

area of Fig. 1'6-55 with respect to the .~ ;md y axes.

'bh(2 )(1) ,
= I""" + 2""jb i '

filhl

.>-.

filJrl

Ix'r

8-

fillil

filhl

Ans.

72'

2"1
-f!

Therefore

3.7

CHAP. 5

6'!

The product of inertia of a right triangle with respect to a pair of centroidal

axes parallel and perpendicular to the base will have a magnitude or filh2/12
no matter how the triangle is oriented, but the sign will be positive only when
the right angle is in the second or fourth quadrants of the centroidat axes,
being negative when the right angle is in the first or third quadrants (see Prob.

t
1'6-55

6-54, below).

Example 6-10. Determine the product of inertia of the area. of the qUlldranl of
the circle in Fig. 6-16 with respect to the x and y axes.

Double integration and polar coordinates

SoLUTION.

6-56. Determine the product of inertia of the shaded

area of Fig. 1'6-56 with respect to the x and y axes.

will be used with the element of area selected as

---t
<
-- - ,

l,
r1d9

_,

indicated in Fig. 6-16. Since the limits of integrati0n

with respect to rand 8 are independent, the order of
integration is immaterial. In the following solution,
the first integration is ,made with respect to 8:

'-yA

.,j

-,-:::~, ,dO

"j' "-

/
/1/
',\
\ \

dA
\

\ \
\

r dO dr,

dIn = xy dA = rl sin 8 cos (J

df) dr,

and

\\

~:':::':::')."~I'" ',<\.'\'\'\'\\.)J

(R ( ..11

Ix, = Jo Jo
R

rl [Sinl
- -0J'I:(1. dr

!c
=! (R rl dr
2Jo
=

figure 616

rlsin8cos8d8dr

[~]R
8

P6-56

,!

.R:'
8

"

Ans.

PROBLEMS

6-51. Determine the proouct of inertia of the ~ded y

area of Fig. 1'6-57 with respect to the x and y axes.

2"

6"

'\,
1
., \~

'-&

..,

6-54. Determine the product of inertia of the tri

angular area of Fig. ~54 with respect to (a) t.l:ie
x and y axes, and (b) :.\ pair of axes through t"~
centroid or the triangle pam11el to the x ~d y ax~.

I { / t/////~:":"'LLO

N-IS7

""""1iI!o.

\..

tel/ttL/I.el. 1

:.1(.

r;--b---l

'~

~t~~

..- ....._ _

2"
J

II

~,.,.-'--'"-

~ i'i\~

.~

. l

~~

I
CHAP. 6

SECCIID' MoMENTS OR MOMENTS OF INERTIA

118

6-58. Determine the product of inertia of the sh.'1derl

area of Fig. 1'6-58 with respect to the x and,. axes.

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM SECOND MOMENTSIlF AREAS

ART. fHI

6-61. For the shaded area in Fig. P6-6t. detetmbci

the prodQcl of inertia with respect to the x and
, yaxes.

Y"

319
~ ".;

-::

6"

1'&61

G6Z. Determine the product of inertia of the shaded

area of Fig. P6-{)2. The equation of the curve is

xy = 6.

P6-51

6-59. Dete!'mine the product of inertia of the shaded

area of Fig. 1>6-59 with respect to the x and y axes,
The units of x ;;;n'd v are feet.

:.

~I

P6-62

6-8
Maximum and Minimum Second Moments of

Areas
P6-5J

6-60. Determine the product of inertia of the shaded

area of Fig. P6-6O with respect to the x and y axes.
The equation of the curve is y2 4x.

I
i

!I

\
It

3'

"

,;me moment of inertia of the area A in Fig.

6-1Twith respect to the~ axis through the point

o varies with the orientation of that axis, that

is, Ix' will. in general, have a different value for
each value of O. In stress analysis and in other '
situations, it 'is sometimes necessary to deter
mine the maiimum and minimum second mo
ments :with r~pect to axes through some point
O. The x anq.y axes used in ob~ining Eq. (6.)

were any pair of rectangular axes in tJ.,;: f,l ....'1e '''If

the art:a: which p~ through point (J, t:~~~efore,

the equation can be Written .-' i ~ .. '

';"-

PIIWiD
...

>,1'

J.. -:= (x'+,/' "5,J",~.+l'.

[

r .. 0.1'1

FRICTION

~\.:

CHAP. "5

ART. 55

:"~/,,

I,

6010

247

TYPES Of PROBLEMS INVOLVING FRICTIONAL FORCES

PROBLEMS

5-4. The homogeneous 10-ft bar AB of Fig. P5-4

weighs 40 lb. Thc vertical wall is smooth and the

51. Body A of Fig P5-t weighs 200 lb. The coef

ficient of friction between body A and the inclintxi
plane is 0.4. Determine the frictional force on the
block.

horizontal plane bas a coefficient of friction of 0.4.

Determine the forces acting on the bar.

PSl

P5-4

5-2. The coefficient of friction between the 200-1b

homogeneous cylinder of Fig, P5-2 and horizontal

plane is 0.4. The vertical plane is smooth. Deter
mine the frictional force exerted on the cylinder by
the horizontal surface ._I- ..

5.5. In'Fig. P5-5 block A weighs ]000 Ib and block

B weighs 2000 lb. The coefficient of friction between

A and B is 0.20, and between B and the horizontal

surface the coefficient is 0.10. Determine the maxi

mum value of the force I' for which body A will be

in equilibrium.

P55

PS-2

5-3. The coefficient of friction between the homo

geneous 220-1b body A of Fig. P5-3 and the sym
metrical lOQ.lb body B is 0.4. Determine the force
F that will cause motion to impend.

!
5-6. The coefficient of friction between the 50-lb

body A of Fig. P5-6 and the plane is 0.5. The homo

geneous bar BC weighs 100 lb. Determine the

forces acting on body A.

.

,I

CHAP.

I'!-'ICTION

13

!)

ART. 5-5

:':J-7. Determine the force l' of Fig. P5-7 that will

cause body A to hav~i.oiL@t~9..Wn the
plane. Body A weighs 100 tb and body B weighs
225 Jb. The coefficient of friction at all surfaces of
contact is 0.25.

TYPES OF PR013LEMS INVOLVING FRICTIONAL fORCES

5-11. For the system illustrated in Fig. P5-11 , deter

mine the value of P for impending motion of the
Joo-lb weight B. Neglett the weight of body A.
The coefficient of friction between bar A and the
block B as well as between the block B and floor
is 0.20.

P57

-------11

.......

58. The homogeneous block of Fig. P5-S weighs

16"

2500 lb. The coefficient of friction between the

plane and the block is 0.3. Determine tblH!!nge 'or
values of P for which the block is in equilibrium.

B
'Floor

P51l
PS..a

z'~_.j

CQrd
:;

4~li;'C' F~"I'lllr
I

5-12. The homogeneous cylinder of

weighs 100 lb. Determine the torque T
motion to impend. The coefficient
Letwecn the drum and brakes is 0.5.
weight of the brakes.

59. The 120-Ib homogeneous body A is in equi

librium as shown in Fig. P5-9. Determine the fric
tional force acting on the body and i.h~mm!mum_
coefficient of friction required.

Fig. P5-12
required for
of friction
Neglect the

14 '

,1'1 A

-~--

50'b

P512

77TTT777

P5'9

5-10. Determine the force P of Fig. P5-10 that will

isosceles triangular
prism,body A, to have impending motion. Body
jt.~J.p; the coefficient of friction between
B and the _.!,;jUJ.2, and the coefficient between
A and B is 0 . 3 . '
,
cau~ th~._;Z.Q~H1]..J\omogeneous

249

5-13. The coefficient of friction between the homo

geneous lOO-lb body A of Fig. P5-13 and the inclined
plane is 0.2. The vertical wall i~ smooth. Determine
all of the forces acting on body A.

TYPES Of PROBLEMS INVOLVING FRICTIONAL FORCES

ART. 55
CHAP. 5

FRICTION

50

251

5-14. Both block A and block B of Fig. 1>5-14 weigh

300 lb. The coefficients of friction hetween A and
B ,lnd the floor are OA and 0.6, respectively. The
pulley is frictionless. Determine the maximum value
of P for which the system is in equilibrium. Block
A is homogeneous.

t>Jtf'
;

P514

5-15. In the system ~hown in Fig. 1'5-15, cylinder C

weighs 1000 Ib, and the weight of the brake arm
AB may be neglected. If the coeliicients of friction
he tween the brake ann and the cylinder, and between
the cylinder and the floor, are 0.3 and 0.12, re
spectively, determine the minimum force l' for
which the system will be in efluilihrinr!l

P5-17
5-18. In Fig. P5-18 body A weighs 700 Ib and body
B ...-eighs 2QO lb. The coefficient of friction for all
illrfaces of con4'lct is 0.30. Determine the force r
that will cause motion of A to impend.

P515
10,on

II)

..

~.

H"

5-16. Investigation of the aircraft gear of Fig: P5-16

showed that the down locks were not fully in place.
How much force I' will the mechanic have to exert
to force the down locks in pface? Assume the coef
ficients of friction between the down locks and B to
be 0.25, and between the down locks and A to be
0.20.

I.t--

P5-16

5-17. Body A of Fig. P5-17 weighs 500 lb, B weighg

300 lb, and the hrake C has negligible weight. The
coe!1icienls of friction are 0.20 betweeu:<i.and the
plane, O.30hctween A and B, and 0.50 between B
and C. Determine the .minimum force l' that will
prevent motion.

5-19. The homogeneous block of Hg. 1'5-19 weighs

400 Ib, and the coefficient of friction between the
block .and the horizontal surface is 0.2. [I' the angle
of the 200-lb force is decreased gradullUy from 90,
determine the value of (j for which motion impends.

"

P51S

252

FRICTION

CHAP

5-20. Determine the minimum coe!iicient of friclion

between the bracket and the vertical shaft of the
assembly shown in Fig. P5-20 to Imfintain equi
librium. Assume point contacts at the center lines
of the arms of the br3cket. Neglect the weight of
the bracket.

ART. 55

253

TYPES OF PROBLEMS INVOLVING FRICTIONAL FORCES

58

5-23. Body B of Fig. P5-Z3 weighs 500 Ib, and the

1b

'weight of the brake may be neglected. The coer

Ikient of friction between the brake and body A
is OA, between A and B it is 0.3, and between Band
the plane it is 0.2. Determine the minimum weight
for body A to prevent motion of body A:

IIO

lb

P523
P5-20

521. The engine of a T-38 Talon (weight 11,650

Ib) ;;hown in Fig. P5-21 is being run up with th~
main wheel brake~ locked prior to tllke-orL The.

coefficient of friction between each main wheel and

the runway is 0.60. Friction may be neglected for
(he noscwheel. Determine the friction force acting
on each main wheel when (a) thru.st is 5000 Ib (Mil
itary Power), an~ (b) thrust is 7700 Ib (Maximurll
Powcr).

5.24. The coefficient of friction between the drum

C and the brake All of Fig. 1'5-24 is 0.4. Determine
the horizontal and vertical components of the pin
reaction at A on the brake. The homogeneous drum
weighs 1200 lb, and the weight of the brake is
negligi ble.

5'
2501b~

P5-24

P521

5-22. A homogeneous block I ft square by 2 ft (all

weighs 100 lb. The block is supported by an inclined

plane and [ile horizontal corel as indicated in Fig.
1'5-22. The wetlierent of fricLJOIl between the block
and the plane is 0.50. Dckrmine the minimum
value of W ~uch thal the block maintains equilibrium.

P522

200lb

5-25. The homogeneous bodies A. and B of Fig.

P5-25 weigh 50 Ib and 100 lb, respcctively. The
coefficients of friction between A and tlle plane and
B and the plane are! and 0.15, respectively. The
coelficient of friction betw~n. A and B may be
taken to be zero, and the fnctlOn between A and
the cord may be assumed large enough to prevent
slippage there. Determine the maximum force I' for
which the system will be in equilibrium.

p~~~i(-l

""1]3'
i
\\
~'
3'

.
..

Ll

iJ4

FRICTION

CHAP. 5

S-26. The homogeneous blocks A and B of Fig.

P526 weigh 1200 lb each. Determine the force P
that must be applied to the center of the smooth
wedge to cause motion of the blocks to impend.
The coefficient of friction between the blocks and
the floor on which they rest is 0.60. Neglect the
weight of the wedge.

TYPES OF PROBLEMS INVOLVING FRICTIONAL FORCES

ART. 55

-.

5-Z9. The homogeneous body A of Fig. P529 weighs

130 Ib, and B weighs 260 lb. The coefficient of
friction between A and B is 0.4, and between Band
the plane it is 0.3. Will the forces applied maintain
equilibrium of the system? If not, describe the
motion that would take place. The 10-1J;U!lliU.<hI!?
forces are pal"dllel to the inclined plane.

255

IOlb

40lb

f>5.26

P?29
5-27. The coefficient of friction between the rigid
brake arm and the 302lb block of Fig. P5-21 is 0.1,
and the coefficient of friction between the block and
the plane is 0.2. Determine the value of P for im
pending motion. Neglect the weight of the arm.

5-30. In Fig. 1:'5-30, the 300-lb body A and the 400

lb body B are connected by a cable passing over a
smooth pulley on the 300-lb body C. The coefficient
of friction between A and B is 0.4, between Band
the plane it is 0.3. and between C and the plane it v
is 0.30. Determine the'@lifmu~!!ffiUYill
cause B to have impeni:lmg
to the ti8ht.
.. motion ---

-'-~-

"""---.-~

p
p
.'

-;77,.

P5-27

3'

P5<28

~.
5-28. Body A of Fig. P528 is a homogeneous
cylinder weighing 500 lb, and body B weighs 900
lb. The coefficient of friction for all contact surfaces
of body A is 0.4, and between body B and the plane
it is 0.2. Detennine the couple C that will cause
body A to have impending motion.

1'5-30

5-31. The homogeneous bar AB of Fig. P531

1401b; bodies C and D weigh 200 lb and
300 lb, respectively. The coefficients of friction are
0.4 between the bar and body C, 0.3 between C and
D, and 0.2 between D and the horizontal plane.
Determine the force P that will cause C to have
impending motion.

weighs

P5-31

!56

ART. 5,5

CHAP. 5

FRICTION

TYPES OF PROBLEMS INVOLV'Nr. FRICTIONAL FORCES

5-34. A homogeneous cylinder weighing 600 Ib is

resting on the 300-lb block A of Fig. P5-34. The
coefficient of friction for the cylinder at each CGntact
surface is 0.30, and between the block A and the
horizontal plane the coefficient is 0.20. Determine
the minimum moment M necessary to r1'!t~ the
cylinder counterclockwise.

5-32. Bodies A and B of Fig. P532, weigh 900 Ih

and 340 Ib, respectively. The coefficient of friction
at all surfaces is 0.6. Couplc C is applied to body
A in an attempt to shove B up the inclined plane,
Determine and describe the impending motion. The
connecting bar is horizontal and of negligible weight.

e
15

P532

5-33. The braking mechanism in Fig. P5-33 consists

of two members AS and BC of negligible weight.

The connections at A and B are made with smooth

pins. The drum D is supported on a smooth bearing

at O. The coefficient of friction between ihe two

members ami the drum is 0.20. If motion of the

drum impends clockwise, determine the components

of the pin reaction at A and B on tbe member AB.

P534

535. The coefficient of friction between the 700-Jb

wheel A of Fig. P5-35 and the horizontal plane is
0.4, and for the 800-lb homogeneous body B it is
0.15. Determine the minimum couple C applied to
body A which will cause motion to impend.

"
_1,.2'"_1
-~

IT

~"

,gOlb

I)
I
P5-35

P5-33

\'

257

CHAP. 5

FRICTION

58

536. The machine in Fig. P.5-36, called a roll grab,

is used to handle rolls of paper or other materials.
The machine can also be used for moving boxes and
crates by substituting plane gripping surfaces for
curved. The gripping arms A in Fig. P5-36b are
forced downward and inward by means of the
screws B. The body W weighs SO()O lb, and the
weights of the members of the grab can be neglected.
The angle I;) is equal to 60 when the body W is
gripped.
(a) Determine the minimum coetlicient of friction
between the weight and the gripping arms whit:h
will permit the weight to be lifted with no com
pression in the screws Band Jjl.
(b) Determine the least force in each of the screws
Band B' necessary to lift the crate when the
coefficient of friction between the weight and
the II.riooinll. arms is 0040.

ART. 55

TYPES OF PROBLEMS INVOLVING fRICTIONAL fORCES

5-37. In an emergency the aircraft tug of fig. P537

is used as a bulldozer. Assume that the total weight
acting on the rear axle is 440 Ib and that no friction
exists between the rear axle and the rear wheel.
Body A weighs 1000 lb. The coefficients of friction
are 0.20 betwt;.'en body A and the ground, 0.20
between A and the rear wheel, and 0.50 between
the rear wheel and the ground. Determine the
coup\e C that will cause the rear wheel to have
impending motion.

259

P5-37

538. The homogeneous body B of Fig. P5-38 weighs

40 lb, and the weight of the brake may be neglected.
The coetlldents of friction are 0.20 between the brake
and body B, and 0.30 between body B and the plane
Determine the magnitude of force P which will cause
impending motion.

(a)

6"

-r

I _ I

,1--

W)7//7'l7t~:';"7$;;;;:7/7;:o//7m/7

--~--J

8'

P5-38

31"1

1/1

1\

10"

539. Body A of Fig. P5-39 weighs 500 lb, body B

weighs 800 lb. and the weight of the brake may be
neglected. The coefficient of friction between the
brake and body A is 0.6, between A and B it is 0.2.
and between body B and the horlwntal plane it is
0.1. Determine the force P that will cause body B
to have impending motion to lhe right.

P5-39

(b)

P536

26.;..

CHAP. 5

FRICTION

5-41. The two weights shown in Fig. P5-41

are attached to the same cord which is wrapped
around the fixed drum. Determine the minimum
number of times the cord must b. wrapped around
the drum if equilibrium is to prevail. The coefficient
of friction between the drum and the cord is 0.15.

ART. 56

265

FRICTIONAL FORCES ON FLEXIBLE BANDS AND FLAT BELTS

543. Determine the range of values of the force "

of Fig. P5-43 to hold the lOO-lb body A in equi
librium.

J . l /'=' n
t =O,2_
o '30l
60\.

[AJ

p.=0.3

P
P5-43

5-44. The hOmOi$clleOUS disk A of Fig. P5-44 weighs

40 Ib and block B weighs 100 lb. The pin at Cis
smooth, and all other contact surfaces have a coef
licient of friction of 0.20. Determine tbe force "
that will cause block B to have impending motion
to the right.

~Cord

80 lb

P541

P544

5-42. The wheel .of Fig. P5-42 weighs 1000 Ib and

has its mass center at G. The coefficient of friction
between the belt and wheel is 2j?r, and between the
brake and wheel it is 0.5. The weight of the brake
may be neglected. Determine the least weight that
A may have and still maintain equilibrium.

5.45. In Fig. P5-45, body A weighs 350 Ib and body

B weighs 200 lb. The coefficient of friction between
the cord and fixed drum is 0.20. The angle 0 is
varied by the rotation of the arm CD. At what
value of f) will B start to move'!

1"5-45

5-46. The homogeneous body A in Fig. P5-46 weighs

200 lb. Determine the maximum value that the
force P may have without causing motion of body
A. The eoeificient of friction between the bloek A
and the surface is 0.4, and between the cord and
the drum B the coeflicient of friction is 0,5.

P5-46

!66

ART. 5-6

FRICTION

FRICTIONAL FORCES ON FLEXIBLE BANDS AND FLAT BELTS

CHAP. 5

5.50. The homogeneous block A of Fig. PS-SO

weighs 100 lb, and block B weighs 30 lb. Determine
the maximum force P that may be applied as shown
without disturbing the equilibrium of the system if
the coefficien~ of friction between A and the plane
is 0.4, and between the belt and the fixed drum C
it is 0.6,

5-47. The coefficient of friction between the 80.lb

homogeneous block A shown in Fig. P5-47 and the

plane is 0.2; the coefficient of friction between the

cord connecting bodies A and B and the two fixed

drums is 1/11". Determine the largest possible weight

that body B can have without causing body A to

move.

P547

llil

548. The coefficient of friction between the 2OO-lb

body A shown in Fig. P5-48 and the brake OD is

0.4, and between body A and the vertical plane it is

0.2. The coefficients of friction between the cord and

the fixed drums Band Care 0.4 and 0.2, respec
tively. If the weight of the brake arm OD is negli
gible, determine the force P for which the impending
motion of body A will be downward.

f5.50

551. The beam of Fig. P5-51 is supported by a

belt passing over the two drums as shown. Ne
glecting the weight of the beam, determine the
maximum distance x that the 50-Ib weight W may
be displaced from the center of the beam and still
maintain equilibrium of the system. The coefficient
of friction between the belt and the drums is 1/211'.

P5-48

P551
5-49. The homogeneous block A of Fig. P5-49
weighs 350 lb. The coefficient of friction between
the block and the horiwntal plane is 0.30. The
coefficient of friction between the flexible belt and
the fixed drum is 0.20, Determine the force of
friction acting on block A.

'"

552. Determine the weight of body C of Fig. P5-52

so that body A has impending motion. Body A
weighs 210 lb and body B weighs 225 lb. The coef
ficient of friction is 0.2 between A and B, 0.5 between
B and the plane, and 2/1r between the drum and cord.

f5.52

FRICTION

:158

CHAP. 5

5-53. The half-cylinder A of Fig. P5-53 (mass center

at G) weighs 600 Ib and is in equilibrium when the
force P is zero. Determine the maximum magnitude
the force P may have (applied downward as shown)
without disturbing the equilibrium if the coefficients
of friction between the cylinder A and the plane and
between the rope and the tlxed drum Bare 0.2 and
3/27t', respectively.

ART. 56

FRICTIONAL FORCES ON FLEXIBLE BANDS AND FLAT BELTS

556. Determine the force I' of Fig. P5-56 that will

cause impending motion between the belt and drum
D. Body A weighs 100 Ib and body C weighs 70
lb. The pulley at B is smooth. The coefficient of
friction between the bodies A and C and their planes
of contact is 0.2, and between the belt and drum
D it is 1/71'.

269

III

P556

P553
5-54. The rigid homogeneous body C weighs 2000
Ib and is supported, as shown in Fig. P5-54, by a
belt and a rigid. frictionless collar through which
C passes at D. lJnequal weights A and B are designed
so that collar D must resist the largest moment
which may be transmitted to it by body C. Calculate
this moment if the coefficient of friction between C
and the belt is 0.30.

P554
5-55. Body IJ of Fig. P5-55 weighs 100 Ib, and the
weights of the pulley and brake may be neglected.
The coefficients of frietion are 2/11" between the belt
and pulley, and 0.4 between the brake and pulley.
Determine the weight of body A that will cause it
to have impending motion downward.

PS55

5-57. The homogeneous body A of Fig. P5-57 weighs

300 lb ami body C weighs 100 lb. Determine the
weight of body B for motion to impend. The coef
ficients of friction are 0.5 between A and C, 0.3
between C and the plane, and 1/71' between the cord
and the lixed drum. The vertical wall is smooth.

1>5-57

558. Determine the maximum value for P before

motion i.M.:ars in the system of Fig. P5-58. The block
and cylinder are homogeneous and weigh 100 Ib
C'dch. The coeUicients of friction are 0.2 between
the block and the plane, 0.2 between the cylinder
and the horizontal plane, and 2/11" between the belt
and the cy Hnder.

Belt

P5-58

5-59. Determine the maximum value that the fmce

P of Fig . .P5-59 can have without moving body A.
The bodies A and IJ weigh 800 and 1200 lb, respec
tively. The coelIlcient of friction between A and B
is 0.40, between B and the horizontal plane the
coeflicient is 0.55, and between the cord and drum
the coefficient is 1/71'.

P559

5-60. Body B of Fig. P5-GO weighs 500 lb. The

coefficients of friction are: betYleen A and B, 0.4;
between B and the plane, 0.3; and between the rope
and fixed drum, OA. Determine the minimum weight
of A to prevent motion.

300 ib

P560

27,0

FRICTION

CHAP, "

p; ~;J,
-~'
-----

I'

1b

15

Q,,5P

.,'

.~ '"
-_._-_:-===---

...:-:::.";.

-~

/,

/.

//,.

5.61. Determine the maximum value attained by the

force P in Fig. P5-61 before motion of any kind
impends. Block A weighs 200 lb, and bloek B weighs
100 lb. The coefficients of friction are 1/1f between
the cable and fixed drum, OA between A and B, and
0.1 between B and the plane.

P5-61

ART. 56

FRICTIONAL FORCES ON fLEXI8tE SANDS AND FLAT BELTS

5-65. Determine the force P that will cause the 100

lb body W of Fig. 1'5-65 to have impending motion

upward. Bodies A and B weigh 100 and 200 lb,

respectively. The force P is applied

to a flexible
cord that passes around the drum A and is attached

to the weight W. The coefficient of friction between

the drum and cord is 1/1T, between A and B it is

0.4, and between B and the plane it is 0.3.

5.62. The homogeneous' blocks A <:Ind B of Fig.

1'5.62 weigh 200 Ib and 300 Ib, respectively. The

pullcy at C is smooth, The coellicients of friclion

between A and n, between B and the plane, and
between the cable and the drum D arc all 0.20.
Determine the maximum weight W may have without
disturbing the equilibrium of thc system.
P5-62

P5-65

566. The cable connecting blocks A and B of Fig.

P5-66 passes over the fixed drums

D and E and
through the smooth pulley C.
Blocks A and B weigh
100 lb and 150 lb, respectively, and the coetlicients

of friction between A and B and between B and the

5-63. The 200-lb body B of Fig. P563 is to be

slowly raised by pulling on the rope with a force
P. The coefficient of friction between the rope and
body A is 0.5, and between body A and the horizontal
surface the coefficient is 0.3. The pulley at C is
smooth, and one end of the rope is attached to the
pin at O. Body A weighs 50 Ib, and the wei!; 1t of
the horizontal bar may be neglected. Determine the
force P.

horizontal plane are both 0.3.

The coefficients of
friction between the cable and the drums
D and
E are 0.3 and 0.2, respectively.
Determine the mini
mum value of the force I' which produces impending

motion. The weight of pulley C is negligible.

SmoOlh
~

[~]
P5-63
P566

5.64. The homogeneous body A in Fig. P564

weighs 600 lb, and body C weighs 150 lb. The coef
ficient of friction betwccn the belt and the inner
drum of body A is 1/11", and the vertical wall is
smooth. The belt is wrapped around the drum for
three quarters of a turn, and a horizontal force l'
is applied to the end of the belt. Determine the
minimum value of the coefficient of friction that must
exist between A and the inclined plane if slipping
impends at the belt before wheel A slips on the
inclined plane. The impending motion of C is
upward.

271

ART. 82

RECTILINEAR MOTION OF A PARTICLE

o to I 2 sec the particle travels from s = 0 ft to s == -;- 10ft or : 0 ft to

2 sec to I "" 7 sec the particle travels from -;-10 ft to
the right. From t
-52.5 ft, or 62.5 ft to the left. The total distance traveled from I = 0 to I == 7
sec is
Q = 10 + 62.5 72.5 ft.
Ans.
PROBLEMS

8-1. The position of a particle moving along a hori

zontalline is given by the equation s = 212 - 81 + 5,
where s is the distance from the origin in feet and I
is the time in seconds. The particle is 5 n to the
right of the origin when t = O.
(a) When I = 2 sec, determine the position, velocity,
and acceleration of the particle.
I sec to r = 3
(b) During the time interval from I
sec, determine the linear displacement and the
total distance traveled.
82. The magnitude of the velocity of a particle
having rectilinear motion is given by t; = 12 - 61 -;-5;-;
where r; is in feet per second andtiS the time Trl
secondS:- The par;icle is passing through the origin
horizontally to the left when t = O. Determine
(a) the time at which the acceleration is zero, and
(b) the total dismnce traveled during the time I == 0
to t = 3 sec.

8-3. A particle in rectilinear motion obeys the rela

tionship D 3t 2 - 181 + 24, where r; is the magni
tude of the velocity in feet per second and 1 is in
0 the particle is 5 ft above the
seconds. At I
origin and is'moving vertically downward. Deter
mine:
(a) the displacement from 1 0 sec to I = 3 sec;
(b) the average velocity during the time interva1
0 and t = 3 sec;
from t
(c) the acceleration at 1 = 3 sec;
(d) the average speed during the time interval from
I = 0 to.1 = 3 sec.
to

.......

;:':8.4. The position. of a particle moving along the x

axis is given by the equation x
I J -i- 31 2 - 91 - 6,
where x is the distance from the origin in feet and
1 is the time in seconds. When t = I sec, the particle
is 1I ft to the rignt of the origin.
(a) When 1 = 2 sec, determine the velocity and ac
celeration of the particle.

411

412

KINEMATICs-ABSOLUTE MOTION

CHAP. 8

During the time interval from t = 0 to f = :2

sec, determine the average velocity and average
speed.

85. The magnitude of the velocity of a point

moving with rectilinear motion varies according !O
the equatien D == 6t Z - Sf where 1] is in ft per sec
when 1 is in seconds. When 1
2 sec, the point has
an acceleration of 16 fps! to the left and is located
7 ft to the rignt of the origin. Locale the poim at
J -sec.
86. A particle has rectilinear motion such that the
magnitude of the acceleration is given by a = of
4.
where a is the acceleration in ft per sec 2 when l is
in seconds. When I
0, the acceleration of the
particie is 4 fps! to the right, and its velocity is 1
fps to the left. When t
1 sec, the particle is 6 ft
to the left of the origin. What is the position of the
particle at 1 = 4 sec?

f8.7.

The magnitude of the velocity of a point which

5, where D
, moves along a vertical axis is D kt
is in ft per sec when t is in seconds. When t = 0,
the point is 2 ft above the origin, and the velocity
is 5 IpS downward. During the time t
I sec to
1
2 sec, the point has a displacement of 16 ft
upward. When I = 3 sec, determine the location
and acceleration of the
SS. A point moves along a straight line according
to the relationship a
121 - 6, where a is the mag
nitude of the acceleration in ft per sec Z and t is in
seconds. When t
1 sec, the veiocity is 10 fps to
the right, and the acceleration is 6 fps! to the left.
When t = 3 sec, the point is 25 ft to the right of the
origin. Determine the position of the point when
t = 2 sec.
.
g9. The magnitude of the acceleration of a particle
which has rectilinear motion varies according to the
expression a = 24( - 4, where' a is in ft per sec l
when t is in seconds. When I = I sec, the particle
is 5 ft to the right of the origin, and the acceleration
is to the left: When t = 2 sec, the particle is 18ft
to the left of the origin. Determine the position of
the particle when 1 = 3 sec.
8-10. A particle moves with rectilinear motion along
the x axis with an acceleration whose magnitude
v;lrit'~ :I('cordill;; In (he rdati()ll~hip" 'kr
20,

!
I
I

ART. 82

RECTILINEAR MOTiON OF A PARTICLE'

where a is in ft per sec: and t is in seconds. When

= 0, the position of the purticle is: 3 ft to the right
of the origin, and Ihe accelera [ion is toward the
right. When t = 1 sec, the particle is 2 f[ to [he lei!
oi the origin, and the velocity is .5 fps to the left.
Determine the displacement during the time interval
from t = 0 to t "'" 3 sec.
t

8-11. The veiocity of a pamCie moving along a

horizontal path is propo:1ional (0 its dis[~nce from
a fixed point on the path. \-Vhen I = 0, the particle
is 1 ft to the right of the fixed point. When v
20
fps to the right, a
.5 fps: to the right. Deter'mine
~ sec.
the position of the particle when t
8-12. A French artillerist, Capt"in A. Le Due, de
',eloped an empirical formula for the velocity of a
projectile in terms oi the distance traveled by the
projectile in the bore. For a ISS-mm gun this equa
tion is v = 3309s(70 +- s), where s is the distance
traveled in the bore in inches and 0 is the speed of
the projectile in f! per sec, Given that the distance
the projectile travels in the bore is 185 in., determine
(a) the magnitude of the muzzle velocity of the
projectile, and (b) the magnitude of the acceleration
of the projectile when s
50 in.
II-B. The magnitude of the velocity of a point
having rectilinear motion is C' = 1 + s2, where., is
in ft per sec when s is in feet. When t = 0, = O.
Determine (a) the magnitude of the acceleration
when s = 2 ft, and (b) the velocity as a function
of lime.

814. The magnitude of the acceleration of a point

moving along the x axis varies according to the
16x, where a is in ft per sec 2 when
equation a =
x is in feet. When:c is 5 ft. the velocity is zero.
Determine the magnitude of the velocity of the point
when x is .; ft.
815. The magnitude of the acceleration of a point
moving along the :c axis varies according to the
ei;uation a = x 2 + 4, where a is in ft per sec 2 and
x is the distance from the origin in feet. When the
point is at the origin, the acceleration is to the
right, and the velocity is zero. Determine the
velocity of the point when x is 3 ft.
8-16. A particle moving with rectilinear motion
starts from rest and is given a constan! acceleration

413

414

KTNEMATICS-ABSOLUTE MOTION

CHAP,

of 4 fpS2 to the right for 3 sec, after which it mo\'%

at a constant velocity for 2 sec. Determine rl,:,:

required constant acceleration after the first 5 sec

if the particle is to come to rest after a

of 78 ft to the right of the starting point.

3-17. A particle starts from rest and moves alo:1g

a straight line for /1

with an acceleration of ~

fpS2 to the right. Then the acceleration is chang?d

to 10 fps2 to the left for 3 sec, after which the pat:ic:i~

travels with a constant velocity until it has travek:ci

a total distanc(,; of 115 ft and its line3r displacement

from the starting point is 25 ft to the rignt. Deter

mine the total time of.traveL

sec

8-18, A ;:larticle with rectiline3r motion with

initial velocity to the right moves H4 ft to the right

during the first 4-sec interval and 56 ft to the right

during the fol1owing second_ Determine the con

stant acceleration required for these conditions,

8-19. A particle starts from rest and moves ClIOGg

a straight line with an acceleration of 8 fps" to r"~

right until it has traveled 64 f: .. The accelerali(~n

then changes to 2 fps2 to the left for 5 sec, afltf

which the acceleration of the particle changes lG

11 fps2 to the left; the particle travels with. this ac

celeration un(il the distance traversed for the to,:,1

time is 309 ft Determine the total traveling tim".

8200 A particle moves along a horizontal line: I,

starts from point A with a velocity of 4 Cps [Q :ht:

right and an acceleration of 3 fps2 to the right ,md

~;:,yels for 4 sec, Then the acceleration changes ,0

8 fps2 to the left for 2.5 sec. At the end of ti:i~

time, the particle travels for 5 sec" with a constant

velocity: "

(a) Determine the- position of the- particle with- refrr

" ence to point: A. at the" end of the' last 5-se-::
interval.
(b) Determine the total distance traveled.

\ 8.:.21. A ball is projected vertically upward from the

surface of the earth- with a vel:ocity of 100 fps._ When
" the ball re3ches the highest point in its flight, a
second ball is projected vertically upward with a
velocity of 80 fps. How far above the earth will the
two balls meet? Neglect air resistance:.

RECTILINEAR MOTION' OF A PARTLClE.

ART. 82

415

,
1.

96'600

2.22..1I.n ohject ;trikes the surface of water with a

;11';h velcCltv vertically downward: Assuming that

I,

the dccekr:!lion varies with time as shown in Fig.

P322. determine the rr.agnitude of the change in
velocity in 0 . 0004 sec.

a
f ps 2

2 4

5 8 :0 12 14 16 !8 20
I, (10- 4 sec)

P822

~-23. ,," i','ught elevator is moving u!Jward at a

c.:-ns::,[1r :::Lc of 20 fps when it passes a passenger
de':"wr d;scharging passengers. Two seconds after
[he f.eight elevator passes, the passenger elevator
s[;;:rts with a constant acceleration of 10 fpS2 upward.
When the velocity of the passenger elevator is 50
the acceleration becomes zero. Determine:
(::\) (he time required by (he passenger elevator to
overtake the freight elevator;
(b) the distance the passenger elevator travels in
overtaking the freight elevator.

an

324. A ",one is thrown downward into

aban
doned mine shaft with a velocity of 12 fps. Four
seconds beer the sound of the stone siriking water
is hc:trd. if sound travels at 1120 fps, air resistance
or' the";~Gne is neglected, and the acceleration of
gravity j:; 32,2 fps, determine the distance from the
fOp of the mine shaft to the water surface in the
shaft.
\

..,.
a

8-25. A particle starts from rest and moves along

a straight line with' constant acceleration to the', .
left for 6 sec. The ~cceierii.tion is then changed to ..
3' f pSI to the righi: ThepartiCIe trnvel$ a total dis
tance of 48 ft and is displaced 24 ft to the left of
the starting point. Detennine the initial acceleration
of the particle.
.:' ...' <;
8-26. A man jumped' from a stationary balloon at
an elevation of 5000 ft above the ground. He waited
10 sec and then pulled his parachute cord. The
parachute decelerated him at an average rate of 20

415

KINEMATICS-ABSOLUTE MOTION

CHAP.

ip$~ until a velocity of 22 fps was reached. He then

des<:ended to the ground at a constant velocity of
22 fps. How long did it take the man to desc~nd to
the ground? Neglect the effect of air friction
,::e fir~E 10 sec,
~

827, Two car, sIan from rest at tile same kic:::ioa

and at the s'lme ins~llt and race a[vng a st[;;i~ht
;rack. Glr A .lc:.:t'efdl':s :,t 9.9 fps~ to a speed of
9{) r;-:ph :.1nd :h:?:! !"!J!:: ::t ~:~is car.s:rtnt 3.peea. Car
B accelerates at 6.6 fps: :0 :, speed of 96 mph and

then runs

3.t

cons~afit $~ttJ.

(a) \Vhich car will win a J-mi race and by what

distance:
(b) What wiil be the maximum lead of A over B?
(c; How far wii! the cars have traveled when B
passes A?
8-28. St:trting with a velocity of 18 fps to the right,

a panicle moves along a straight line with an ac

of 3 ;'psz to the left for 8 sec. The ac
celeration then becomes zero for ( sec, after which
the velocity changes uniformly until it is 8 fps to the
right. The total ciistance traveled is 109 ft, and the
linear displacement is 31 it to the
Determine
[he time interval that the particle traveled with con
stant speed.
~e!eration

83

Angular Motion of a Line

A line has angular motion when the angle between it aild a fixed ref
erence line changes. The line may turn about some fixed point on the line
or the line extended as in the case of a hand of a clock; orit may be that no
point on the line remains fixed, as in the case of a spoke ':':" a wheel rolling
along on the ground, In the general c::J.se, the line will not remain in a plane,
but only coplanar angular motion will be considered here. Particles arc
dimensionless, and any angular motion they
might have cannot be measured or described;
B
therefore, angular motion will be considl!Tl!d 11
p
property restricted to lines and bodies.
The angle 0, Fig. 88, between the lixcd
x axis and the moving line OP varies with
time and
P')~I
tlOn (\1' Of' :It any installt. {hI'
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