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LECTURE 4
Greek Architecture
Abhishek K. Venkitaraman
Assistant Professor
Athens
Miletus
Crete
Between 1200-800 B.C, there was much warfare affecting Crete and Greece.
Up to and before 6th Century B.C., there is not much evidence of planned towns in Greece.
From 6th century B.C till 4th century B.C i.e. Alexanders period, a number of cities were
founded and developed on systematic lines and advanced the cause of civic structure.
Earlier, king was the dominating figure but later power gradually shifted to the wealthy land
owning nobles who became the ruling class.
Streets were paved and there were underground drains beneath the streets.
Maintained reservoirs, but no water distribution system.
Orientation with respect to the climate, Principal rooms faced the south and opened on
private courtyard.
Acropolis
1. Urban nucleus.
2. Surrounded by country side
3. Surrounded by subordinated agricultural village community.
Regional Topography
City State and Polis- Urban and Rural
Climate
Greece through out the year it was
one of those countries which have a climate and not merely weather;
This attractive situation encouraged an open air, communally oriented attitude to life,
which assisted the development of Greek democracy.
But in direct contrast, however , the
domestic Greek world was that of privacy within the ubiquitous courtyard house;
Meeting took place in open air, new indoor meeting places such as assembly hall (
ecclesiasteron), council hall (bouleuterion) were designed with an advent of advanced
construction Technique;
Large scale open air theatrical ceremonies were also performed initially at the foot of
conveniently sloping natural auditoria.
Construction Material
The ancient Greek architectural characters has a great impact because of readily availability
of high quality marble.
Worked on a fine details, marble was the medium by which Greek architecture attained
standards of perfection seldom reached in later history.
The importance of civic buildings were conceived as three dimensional, free standing
sculptural objects.
Unlike the civic buildings minimal effort and concern for domestic comfort.
Direct contrast to civic buildings houses were rudimentary and either grouped by chance or
rigidly organized along basic grid line.
Colonizing Movement
This process involved the Greeks in the creation of new city states.
They imposed a limit on population.
Each colony was an independent city state which was well organized socially and
economically.
Athens
The Organic Growth
Athens was never planned as a whole;
Destroyed and reconstructed again over the old city;
Two main groups of civic building 1) Acropolis, 2)Agora;
It is considered as the best natural fortress of the ancient world;
It rises some 300 feet above the general level of the plain, irregularly shaped roughly 350
yards by 140 yards and the long dimension oriented east-west;
Ancient Athens
Ancient Athens
Prominent features
A powerfully assertive landscape
influenced the Urban planning.
The high points of the city were
treated as sacred.
developed
below
ARCHITECTURE
Hellenistic period
classical orders
public buildings
geometry and symmetry in their buildings
Acropolis
Agora
Temples
tombs and house forms.
Architecture
Mycenaean Period
Also called Pelasgic, Cyclopean or Primitive period
Rough walling of large stone blocks
Corbel system, true arch evolved
Hellenic Period
Trabeated style developed
Refinement from Mycenaean influence
Slender columns with refined mouldings
Principles of design
B a r r o w To m b s
4 10 0 B C E
Architecture
Chamber (circular mound) built of stone slabs
Narrow passageway
In some cases fortified by retaining walls
An artificial mound created on top
Sometimes side chambers surround the main
chamber
3 0 0 0 - 1 3 0 0 B CE
2 0 0 0 B CE
blocks
Palace at Knossos
Mycenaean Period
2 0 0 0 - 4 0 0 B CE
Traded with Sicily, Southern Italy, Egypt, Sardinia and countries bordering Black sea
Small kingdom lacked natural defence barriers
Decentralized society- Small but fiercely loyal fighters
Excellent works in ivory, carpentry and metallurgy
Mycenaean Period
2 0 0 0 - 4 0 0 B CE
Characteristic features
Corbels- horizontal courses of stones were laid, projecting one beyond the other till the
apex was reached
This produced either a triangular opening (found above the doorways of the
tholos tombs) or an apparent arch (found at the gallery at Tiryns, or a domeshaped roof (found at the Treasury of Atreus) in Mycenae
Mycenaean Period
2 0 0 0 - 4 0 0 B CE
Megaron
Mycenae
1300 - 4 0 0 BCE
1450
BCE-
(cyclopean)
Thick
were
ring
built
walls
around
Mycenae
Entry to citadel through Lion Gate
Treasury of Atreus- 6-chambered
T h e L io n G a t e , M y c e n a e
Relief carving of two lions facing a central column
Triangular sculpture supports the load above entrance.
Ashlar masonry walls on the sides.
Tr e a s u r y o f At r e u s
Kings were buried outside the cities in beehive tombs or
tholos monumental symbols of wealth and power
Circular chamber - 15m high and 15m diameter; into the
hillside.
36 m long and 6 m wide corridor (dromos)
Corbelled dome was covered with earth to form conical
hill
2 half columns and stone lintel above the entrance.
Tr e a s u r y o f At r e u s
ARCHITECTURE
Order of Architecture
A set or rules or principles for designing buildings.
DORIC
Basic Order in Greek Architecture used by
Spartans
1. Column height is 7 D plinth, dado and
stylobate
Shaft20 flutes and arrises
General Inter columnation2 D
Distinctive Capital Abacus and Echinus
2. Entablature consists of Architrave, Frieze
and Cornice
a) Architrave D, flat moulding called taenea
Regulashort band with six guttae(small cone
like blocks)
b) Frieze D, contains Triglyph and Metope.
Triglyphformed by two V-shaped channels
with similar half channels on both ends which
are rounded at top.
Metopessquare shaped space between
Triglyph
c) Cornice D high crowning part, projects
beyond frieze
Acroteriafor ornamentatal block
1)
Tympanum
2)
Acroterion
3)
Cyma
4)
Cornice
5)
Mutules
6)
Frieze
7)
Triglyph
8)
Metope
9)
Regulae
10) Guttae
11) Taenia
12) Architrave
13) Capital
14) Abacus
15) Echinus
16) Column
17) Fluting
18) Stylobate
Doric columns stood directly on the flat pavement (the stylobate) without a base
Vertical shafts were fluted with 20 parallel concave grooves
Smooth capital that flared from the column to meet a square abacus
Carried the horizontal beam(architrave)
The Parthenon has the Doric design columns.
IONIC
Named after the Ionians of ancient
Greece
1. Column 9 D, has a base, moulded
base consists of upper and lower torusseparated by Scotia and fillets
Shaft has 24 flutes diminishes to 5/6 D
at its top.
General Intercolumniations 4 D
Remarkable for its volute(capital)
2. Entablature 2 D
a) Architrave D, triple fasciae(three
beams)
b) Frieze D, either plain or
ornamented
c) Cornice D, similar treatment like
Doric
Rainwater sprouts in the shape of lions
heads
Ionic Order is more ornate than the
Doric grace, refinement of outlines
and elegance as compared to Doric
Order
IONIC
More slender and more ornate
than the Doric style
Scroll-shaped ornaments on the
capital
A pair of volutes
Stands on a base of stacked disks
Shafts are usually fluted, but can
be plain
Buildings With Ionic Columns:
The Erechtheum, Athens
The Colosseum, Rome
Doric columns on the first level,
Ionic columns on the second
level, and Corinthian columns on
the third level
CORINTHIAN
Emerged as an offshoot of the Ionic style
about 450 BCE
Distinguished by its more decorative
capitals
Corinthian capital was much taller being
ornamented with a double row of
acanthus leaves topped by voluted
tendrils.
Typically, it had a pair of volutes at each
corner, thus providing the same view from
all sides
The ratio of the column-height to columndiameter in Corinthian temples is usually
10:1 (compare Doric 5:1; Ionic 9:1), with
the capital accounting for roughly 10
percent of the height.
CORINTHIAN
1. Column 10 D height
Base D high, similar to Ionic
Shaftcircular and tapered to 5/6 D at
top
24 flutes separated by fillets
General Inter columnation3 D
Distinctive capital perhaps evolved
from a basket placed on the root of
acanthus plant
2. Entablature 2.25 D high and bears
a close resemblance to the Ionic Order.
a) Architrave D, divided into three
fasciae
b) Frieze D, ornamented by
continuous sculptures
c) Cornice D, dentils and corona
antefixal ornament
Rarely used by Greeks, more decorative
and delicate
The agora was a central spot in ancient Greek city-states. The literal meaning of the word is
"gathering place" or "assembly". The agora was the center of athletic, artistic, spiritual and
political life of the city.
The Acropolis
The acropolis is the general term for the original defensive hilltop nucleus of the older Greek
cities and the fortified citadel of many of the colonial foundation.
Possibly the religious sanctuary of the city like Athens or left deserted and left outside the
city limit, as the Miletus.
If the acropolis is at the centre then, there were no need of city wall.
Acropolis
Athens Agora
Athens
Agora
Agora is a public space in Greek cities contained sustained or intense concentration of varied
activities.
The Agora was in fact not only a public place, but the central zone of the city- its living heart.
A ground for social life, business and politics.
Being ideally positioned between the main gate and entrance to the acropolis serves as a
focal point of a planned city.
The Agora
The Agora was the political and
commercial heart. It was the CBD
which developed at the foot of the
Acropolis.
There was a stress on a finite size
for all things.
Ideal size of a city-polis: 1000020000
The Greek towns attempted to fit in
as another component of nature.
Architectural massing and detailing
of building always gave a sense of
human measure.
OPTICAL CORRECTIONS
Please refer:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzhA3yiEofI
TEMPLES
Classification
Classification is based on:
- the number of columns on the entrance front
- Type of collonade surrounding the naos
- Type Of Portico
Typical floor plan incorporated a colonnade of columns (peristyle) on all four sides; a
front porch (pronaos), a back porch (opisthodomos).
Categorized based on their ground plan and the way in which the columns are arranged.
Characteristics
ORIENTED TOWARDS THE EAST
NAOS ( it refers to the Cella, i.e. the inner chamber of a temple which houses a cult
figure)
PRONAOS ( is the inner area of the portico of a Greek or Roman temple, situated
between the portico's colonnade or walls and the entrance to the cella, or shrine)
The bottom, horizontal part is the steps. Most Greek temples had
three of them.
Parthenon
Plan
Plan
Caryatid porch
West elevation
&
East Elevation
South elevation
&
North Elevation
East portico
RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS
Residential Districts
Residences were either grouped
together, in organic growth districts or
rigidly organized along basic grid-iron
lines.
Ancient Athens
Ancient Athens Houses
Houses in Priene
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