Chng III : NOI SUY

1) Noi suy a thc

2) Noi suy Spline bac 3
3) Phng phap bnh phng toi thieu

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1.1) Noi suy a thc theo Lagrange

a) Noi dung : Biet cac gia tr yi = f ( xi ) cua ham

y = f ( x) tai cac iem x i theo bang

Tm ham lai ham f ( x)

Li giai : Vo so ham
Tm f ( x) = P( x) ch la a thc bac n
thoa P ( xi ) = yi

Li giai la duy nhat

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Cac bc tm a thc P (x)

Bc 1 : Thiet lap a thc c s Lagrange
n
( x xk )
L i ( x) =

k = 0 , k i ( xi x k )
V du : L0 ( x) =

( x x1)...(x xi 1)(x xi )..(x xn )

=
( x0 x1)...(x0 xi 1)(x0 xi )..(x0 xn )

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Bc 2 : Cong thc tnh P(x)

n
P ( x ) = yi L i ( x ) =
i=0
y 0 L 0 ( x ) + y1 L 1 ( x ) + ... + y n L n ( x )

b) Sai so :

f ( x) P( x)

M ( n +1)

( x x0 )( x x1 )....( x x n )
( n + 1)!

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c) Nhan xet :
*) So moc noi suy cang ln th sai so cang nho , tuy
nhien bac cua a thc se ln, tnh toan se dai .
(
n
+
1
)
*)Sai so phu thuoc vao M
, thc te khong biet
v ham f ( x) cha biet
*)a thc noi suy P (x) la duy nhat

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V du :
Tm a thc noi suy P(x) t bang so lieu
x0 = 1 , x1 = 0 , x2 = 1
1
y0 = , y1 = 1 , y2 = 3
3
Tnh gan ung gia tr cua bng tai x = 0.7

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Giai : Ta tm cac a thc Lagrange

( x 0)( x 1) x 2 x
L0 ( x) =
=

(1 0)(1 1)

[ x (1)](x 1) x 2 1
L1( x) =
=
[0 (1)](0 1)
1
2
x +x

[ x (1)]( x 0)
L2 ( x) =
=
[1 (1)](1 0)
2
2
1
2 x + 4x + 3
P( x) = L0 ( x) + 1L1( x) + 3 L2 ( x) =
3
3
2.(0.7) 2 + 4.(0.7) + 3
P ( 0. 7 ) =
= 2.26
3
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d) Ty sai phan
Ty sai phan bac 0 cua f tai x0 :
f [ x0 ] = f ( x0 )
Ty sai phan bac 1 cua f tai x0 , x1 :
f [ x 1 ] f [ x0 ]
f [ x0 , x 1 ] =
x 1 x0
Ty sai phan bac 2 cua f tai x 0 , x 1 , x 2
f [ x 1, x 2 ] f [ x0 , x 1 ]
f [ x0 , x 1, x2 ] =
x 2 x0

Tng t cho ty sai phan bac cao hn

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e) Bang ty sai phan

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f) Noi suy Newton tien theo bang ty sai phan

a thc P (x) co the tm di dang
P( x) = a0 + a1( x x0 ) + a2 ( x x0 )( x x1) + ..
.. + an ( x x0 )( x x1)..( x xn 1)

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1 2
2
2 2 4
P( x) = + ( x + 1) + ( x + 1)(x 0) = x + x + 1
3
3
3 3
3

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g) Noi suy Newton lui

P( x) = a0 + a1( x xn ) + a2 ( x xn )(x xn1) + ..

... + an ( x xn )( x xn 1 )..( x x1 )
a0 = f [ x n ]
a1 = f [ xn , xn 1 ].
a 2 = f [ xn , xn 1 , xn 2 ]
ak = f [ xn , xn 1, ... xn k +1, xn k ]
a n = f [ x n , x n 1 ,.. x3 , x 2 , x1 , x 0 ]

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2
P ( x ) = 3 + 2( x 1) + ( x 1)( x 0)
3

2
2
4
= 3 x + 3 x +1

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2) Noi suy Spline bac 3

a) Noi dung : Cho bang so lieu

Tm mot ham S (x) thoa cac ieu kien :

S (x) : i qua cc im cho trong bng

S (x) la a thc bac 3 tren moi oan nho
[ x j , x j +1]
( cac a thc nay co cac he so khac nhau)
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Goi

S j (x) la a thc tren moi oan nho [ x j , x j +1]

S j (x) thoa cac ieu kien :

a) S j ( x j ) = y j
S j ( x j + 1) = y j +1
b) S /j ( x j + 1) = S / ( x j + 1)
j +1
//
//
c) S j ( x j + 1) = S
j +1( x j + 1)
d) S0/ / ( x0 ) = Sn/ /1 ( xn )
ieu kien bien t nhien

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h j = x j +1 x j
a j = yj
(c j + 1 c j )
dj =
3h j
( a j + 1 a j ) h j (c j + 1 + 2c j )
bj =

hj
3

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e tm c j ta giai t he Ax = b
1
h
0
0
A=
0
0

0
2 ( h0 + h 1)
h1
0
0
0

c0
c1

x= .

n 1
c n

0
h1
2 ( h 1 + h2 )
.
.
0

0
.
h2
.
hn 2
0

0
.
.
.
2 ( hn 2 + hn 1 )
0

hn 1

1
0
0
0
0

3
3

(a2 a 1)
(a 1 a0 )

h1
h0

B =

.
3

( a n a n 1 )
( a n 1 a n 2 )
hn 2
hn 1

0
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V du : Noi suy Spline bac 3 cua bang

x0 = 0
y0 = 0

x1 = 1
y1 = 1

x2 = 2
y2 = 4

x3 = 3
y3 = 0

a0 = y0 = 0
a1 = y1 = 1
a2 = y2 = 4
a3 = y 3 = 0
Cac he so ci tnh theo he phng trnh
1 0 0 0 c0 0
c0
c
1 4 1 0 c 6
1 =

1 =

c2
0 1 4 1 c2 21
c
0 0 0 1 c 0
3

b0 = 0

b1 = 3

b2 = 0

d0 = 1

d1 = 3

d2 = 2

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0
3

6
0

18

Ta co ham :

S ( x) =

1( x 0)3

2
3
1 + 3( x 1) + 3( x 1) 3( x 1)

2
3
6( x 2) + 2( x 2)
4

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0 x 1
1 x 2
2 x 3

19

Spline vi ieu kien bien rang buoc

d ) S 0/ ( x0 ) = f '( x0 ) , S n/ 1 ( xn ) = f '( xn )
trong o f ' ( x0 ) ,

f ' ( xn ) la cac ai lng cho trc

2h0
h0
0
0
0
0

.
.
0
h1
h0 2(h0 + h 1)
0
h1
2(h1 + h2 ) h2
.
0
A=

0
.
.
.
0
0
0
0
.
hn2 2(hn2 + hn1) hn1

0
0
0
2hn1
0
hn1

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(
)
3
'(
)
a

f
x
1
0
0

h0

3
3

( a2 a1 ) ( a1 a0 )

h1
h0

B=
..

3
( an an 1 )
( an 1 an 2 )

hn 2
hn 1

3
3 f '( xn )
( an an 1 )

hn 1

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V d :
Hm S(x) Spline bc 3 ni suy bng s liu
x
y

3
2.5

5
6

vi iu kin bin rng buc :

S '(3) = f '( x0 ) = 2

S '(5) = f '( xn ) = 0.25

Tnh gi tr ca hm S(x) ti im x =4

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22

3) Phng phap bnh phng toi thieu

Noi dung : T bang so lieu

tm nhng ham so co dang biet trc

sao cho tong bnh phng o lech so vi
bang so lieu cho la nho nhat

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y = af ( x) + bg ( x)

y = a+bx
n

i =1

i =1

a.n + b. xi = yi
n

i =1

i =1

a. xi + b.

2
xi

= yi .xi
i =1

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y = a + bx = 1.02 + 1.984 x

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Ng Thu Lng Phng Php Tnh

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Cho bng s liu

x

2.0

2.2

3.5

4.2

5.3

Tm hm

y=a+

b
1+ x

theo phng php bnh phng ti thiu ca bng trn.

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