Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 9
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
DNA or Protein?
Mendels work left a key question unanswered:
What is a gene?
The work of Sutton and Morgan established that
genes reside on chromosomes
But chromosomes contain proteins and DNA
So which one is the hereditary material
Several experiments ultimately revealed the
nature of the genetic material.DNA
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
5-C sugar
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Purines = Pyrimidines
A = T and C = G
The two
possible
basepairs
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
James Watson
(1928)
Francis Crick
(1916-2004)
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
ATACGCAT
TATGCGTA
Original DNA
molecule is
preserved
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Fig. 9.8
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
DNA
RNA
Protein
Fig. 9.10
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
transcription
translation
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
9.5 Transcription
The transcriber is
RNA polymerase
It binds to one DNA
strand at a site
called the promoter
It then moves along
the DNA pairing
complementary
nucleotides
It disengages at a
stop signal
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Fig. 9.11
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
9.6 Translation
Translation converts the order of the nucleotides of
a gene into the order of amino acids in a protein
The rules that govern translation are called the
genetic code
mRNAs are the blueprint copies of nuclear genes
mRNAs are read by a ribosome in threenucleotide units, termed codons
Each three-nucleotide sequence codes for an
amino acid or stop signal
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Fig. 9.12
Fig. 9.16
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Transfer RNA
tRNAs bring amino
acids to the ribosome
They have two
business ends
Anticodon which is
complementary to
the codon on
mRNA
3OH end to
which the amino
acid attaches
Hydrogen
bonding causes
hairpin loops
3-D shape
Fig. 9.14
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
transcription
translation
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Protect from
degradation
and facilitate
translation
7. Phosphorylation or other
chemical modifications can
alter the activity of a protein
after it is translated.
Amino
acid
Completed
polypeptide
tRNA
5
Ribosome moves
toward 3 end
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
4. tRNA molecules
become attached to
specific amino acids
with the help of
activating enzymes.
Amino acids are
brought to the
ribosome in the order
dictated by the mRNA.
DNA
Nuclear
membrane
RNA
polymerase
1. In the cell nucleus, RNA
polymerase transcribes
RNA from DNA
3
Poly-A
tail
5
5
5
3
Primary
RNA transcript
Exons
Cap
Small
ribosomal
subunit
Nuclear
pore
5
Cap
Large
ribosomal
subunit
mRNA
Poly-A
tail
Introns
mRNA
3
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
9.9 Mutation
The genetic material can
be altered in two ways
Recombination
Change in the
positioning of the
genetic material
Mutation
Change in the
content of the
genetic material
Bithorax mutant
Fig. 9.22
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
9.9 Mutation
Mutation and recombination provide the raw material
for evolution
Evolution can be viewed as the selection of particular
combinations of alleles from a pool of alternatives
The rate of evolution is ultimately limited by the
rate at which these alternatives are generated
Mutations in germ-line tissues can be inherited
Mutations in somatic tissues are not inherited
They can be passed from one cell to all its
descendants
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Kinds of Mutation
Mutations are caused in one of two ways
Errors in DNA replication
Mispairing of bases by DNA polymerase
Mutagens
Agents that damage DNA
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Kinds of Mutation
The sequence of DNA can be altered in one of two
main ways
Point mutations
Alteration of one or a few bases
Base substitutions, insertion or deletion
Frame-shift mutations
Insertions or deletions that throw off the
reading frame
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Fig. 9.23
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Kinds of Mutation
The position of genes can be altered in one of two
main ways
Transposition
Movement of genes from one part of the
genome to another
Occurs in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Chromosomal rearrangements
Changes in position and/or number of large
segments of chromosomes in eukaryotes
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display