El Cid

For other uses, see El Cid (disambiguation).

pluralistic state with the popular support of both Christians and Muslims.

Rodrigo Daz de Vivar (c. 1043 1099) was a Castilian

nobleman and military leader in medieval Spain. He
was called El Cid (the Lord) by the Moors and El
Campeador (the Champion) by Christians. He was born
in Vivar, a town near the city of Burgos. After his death,
he became the legendary national hero of Castile, and the
protagonist of The Lay of El Cid, a medieval Spanish epic
poem.

The nal years of El Cid were spent in ghting the Almoravid Berbers. He inicted the rst major defeat on
them in 1094 in the plains of Caurte outside Valencia
and continued resisting them until his death. Although
El Cid himself remained undefeated in Valencia, he suffered a tragedy when his only son and heir, Diego Rodrguez, died ghting against the Almoravids in the service of Alfonso in 1097. After El Cids death in 1099,
Born a member of the minor nobility, El Cid was brought his wife, Jimena Daz, succeeded him as ruler of Valenup at the court of King Ferdinand the Great and served in cia, but she had to surrender the principality to the Althe household of Ferdinands son Sancho. He rose to be- moravids in 1102.
come commander and the royal standard-bearer (armiger Long after his death, El Cid remains an idolised gure in
regis) of Castile upon Sanchos ascension in 1065. He Spain. The character and his name have been immortalwent on to lead the Castilian military campaigns against ized in plays, lm, folk tales, songs, and videogames.
Sanchos brothers, the rulers of the kingdoms of Leon
and Galicia as well as against the Muslim kingdoms in AlAndalus. He became famous for his military prowess in
these campaigns, and helped enlarge Castilian territory at 1 Title
the expense of the Muslims while driving Sanchos brothers from their thrones. This, however, ended up putting
The name El Cid (Spanish: [el i]) is a modern Spanish
him in a dicult position when suddenly, in 1072, Sandenomination composed by the article el meaning the
cho was murdered and with no legitimate issue leaving
and Cid which comes from the Old Castilian loan word
his recently ousted brother, Alfonso, as his only heir and
id from the dialectal Arabic word sdi or sayyid,
ruler of the reunied empire. Although El Cid continued
which means Lord or Master. He could be so adto serve the crown in the person of Alfonso, who was now
dressed by the Mozarabs or by the Arabs serving in his
Emperor of Spain, he lost his status in court and was held
own ranks, and then its transliteration was adopted by the
in suspicion. Finally, in 1081, he was ordered into exile.
Christians, but no contemporary record referring to RoRodrigo Daz found work ghting for the Muslim rulers drigo as Cid has been found. Arab sources use instead
of Zaragoza, whom he protected from the domination Rudriq, Ludriq al-Kanbiyatur or al-Qanbiyatur (Rodrigo
of Aragon and Barcelona, further bolstering his military el Campeador).[1] The cognomen Campeador given by
record and reputation as a leader. He was also victorious his Christian countrymen derives from Latin campi docin battles against the Muslim rulers of Lrida and their tor that means battleeld master. He probably gained
Christian allies, as well as against a large Christian army it during the campaigns of King Sancho II of Castile
under King Sancho Ramrez of Aragon. In 1086, Alfonso against his brothers King Alfonso VI of Len and King
was defeated by Almoravids from North Africa, and he Garca II of Galicia. While there are no contemporary
overcame his antagonism to talk El Cid into ghting for documents proving that he was addressed as Cid, there
him again. Over the next several years El Cid set his sights are many Christian and Arab records addressing him as
on the kingdom-city of Valencia, operating more or less Campeador, even autographs which prove that he used the
independently of Alfonso while politically supporting the cognomen himself.[2][3][4][5] The whole combination Cid
Banu Hud and other Muslim dynasties opposed to the Al- Campeador is rst documented ca. 1195 in the Navarromoravids. He gradually increased his control over Va- Aragonese Linage de Rodric Daz included in the Liber
lencia; the Islamic ruler, al-Qadir, became his tributary Regum under the formula mio Cid el Campeador.
in 1092. However, the Almoravids instigated an uprising that resulted in the death of al-Qadir he responded
by laying siege to the city. Valencia nally fell in 1094
and El Cid established an independent principality in the 2 Life and career
eastern Mediterranean coast of Spain. He ruled over a
1

2.1

LIFE AND CAREER

Origins

El Cid was born circa 1043 AD in Vivar, also known as

Castillona de Bivar, a small town about six miles north
of Burgos, the capital of Castile. His father, Diego
Lanez, was a courtier, bureaucrat, and cavalryman who
had fought in several battles. Despite the fact that El Cids
mothers family was aristocratic, in later years the peasants would consider him one of their own. However, his
relatives were not major court ocials; documents show
that El Cids paternal grandfather, Lain, conrmed only
ve documents of Ferdinand I's, his maternal grandfather, 1864 Marcos Girldez de Acostas painting depicting the "Santa
Rodrigo Alvarez, certied only two of Sancho II's, and El Gadea Oath. In the middle of the scene, Alfonso VI (with red
Cids own father conrmed only one.
cape) is swearing with his right hand on the Bible that he did not

2.2

Service under Sancho II

First paragraph of the Carmen Campidoctoris, the earliest literary treatment of El Cids life, written by a Catalan partisan to
celebrate El Cids defeat of Berenguer Ramn.

As a young man in 1057, Rodrigo fought against the

Moorish stronghold of Zaragoza, making its emir alMuqtadir a vassal of Sancho. In the spring of 1063, Rodrigo fought in the Battle of Graus, where Ferdinands
half-brother, Ramiro I of Aragon, was laying siege to the
Moorish town of Cinca which was in Zaragozan lands.
Al-Muqtadir, accompanied by Castilian troops including El Cid, fought against the Aragonese. The party
would emerge victorious; Ramiro I was killed and the
Aragonese ed the eld. One legend has said that during
the conict, El Cid killed an Aragonese knight in single
combat, thereby receiving the honoric title Campeador.
When Ferdinand died, Sancho continued to enlarge his
territory, conquering both Christian and the Moorish
cities of Zamora and Badajoz. When Sancho learned that
Alfonso was planning on overthrowing him in order to
gain his territory, Sancho sent Cid to bring Alfonso back
so that Sancho could speak to him.

take part in the murder of his brother Sancho II, while El Cid
stands as a witness in front of him.

Almost immediately, Alfonso returned from exile in

Toledo and took his seat as king of Castile and Len. He
was deeply suspected in Castile, probably correctly, of
having been involved in Sanchos murder. According to
the epic of El Cid, the Castilian nobility led by El Cid and
a dozen oath-helpers forced Alfonso to swear publicly
in front of Santa Gadea (Saint Agatha) Church in Burgos
on holy relics multiple times that he did not participate
in the plot to kill his brother. This is widely reported as
truth, but contemporary documents on the lives of both
Rodrigo Diaz and Alfonso VI of Castile and Len do not
mention any such event. Rodrigos position as armiger
regis was taken away and given to Rodrigos enemy, Count
Garca Ordez.
In 1079 Rodrigo was sent by Alfonso VI to Seville to the
court of al-Mutamid to collect the parias owed by that
taifa to LenCastile.[6] While he was there Granada, assisted by other Castilean knights, attacked Seville, and
Rodrigo and his forces repulsed the Christian and Grenadine attackers at the Battle of Cabra, in the (probably
mistaken) belief that he was defending the kings tributary. The Count Garca Ordez and the other Castilian
leaders[7] were taken captive and held for three days before being released.[6]

2.4 Exile

In the Battle of Cabra (1079), El Cid rallied his troops and

turned the battle into a rout of Emir Abdullah of Granada
and his ally Garca Ordez. However, El Cids unauthorized expedition into Granada greatly angered Alfonso,
and May 8, 1080, was the last time El Cid conrmed a
document in King Alfonsos court. This is the generally
given reason for El Cids exile, although several others are
2.3 Service under Alfonso VI
plausible and may have been contributing factors: jealous
Sancho was assassinated in 1072, as the result of a pact nobles turning Alfonso against El Cid, Alfonsos own anbetween his brother Alfonso and his sister Urraca. Since imosity towards El Cid and an accusation of pocketing
Sancho died unmarried and childless, all of his power some of the tribute from Seville.
passed to his brother Alfonso.
At rst he went to Barcelona, where Ramn Berenguer

3
II (10761082) and Berenguer Ramn II (10761097) Hud, and served both him and his successor, Al-Mustain
refused his oer of service.
II. He was given the title El Cid (The Master) and served
as a leading gure in a diverse Moorish force consisting
of Muladis, Berbers, Arabs and Malians.

Moorish service

After being rejected by Ramn Berenguer II, El Cid

journeyed to the Taifa of Zaragoza where he received a
warmer welcome.

During his service to the Taifa of Zaragoza, he had gained a

prominent reputation and the title El Cid (the Lord), he is also
known to have developed links with the other Taifas in 1080.
Detail of the Aljaferia palace, in the Taifa of Zaragoza.

In his History of Medieval Spain (Cornell University

Press, 1975), Joseph F. O'Callaghan writes:

El Cids sword, Tizona was made in Moorish Crdoba and contains amounts of Damascus steel.[8]

According to Moorish accounts:

Andalusian Knights found El Cid their foe
ill, thirsty and exiled from the court of Alfonso,
he was presented before the elderly Yusuf alMu'taman ibn Hud and accepted command of
the forces of the Taifa of Zaragoza as their
Master.
However, the exile was not the end of El Cid, either physically or as an important gure. In 1081, El Cid, went
on to oer his services to the Moorish king of the northeast Al-Andalus city of Zaragoza, Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn

That kingdom was divided between alMutamin (10811085) who ruled Zaragoza
proper, and his brother al-Mundhir, who ruled
Lrida and Tortosa.
El Cid entered alMutamins service and successfully defended
Zaragoza against the assaults of al-Mundhir,
Sancho I of Aragn, and Ramn Berenguer II,
whom he held captive briey in 1082.
In 1084, The Army of the Taifa of Zaragoza under El
Cid defeated the Aragonese at the Battle of Morella near
Tortosa; but in autumn the Castilians started a loose siege
of Toledo and later the next year the Christians capture
Salamanca (a stronghold of the Taifa of Toledo).
In 1086, the Almoravid invasion of the Iberian Peninsula
through and around Gibraltar began. The Almoravids,
Berber residents of present-day North Africa, led by
Yusuf ibn Tashn, were asked to help defend the divided Moors from Alfonso. El Cid commanded a large
Moorish force during the Battle of Sagrajas,[9] which took
place in 1086, near the Taifa of Badajoz. The Almoravid
and Andalusian Taifas, including the armies of Badajoz,
Mlaga, Granada, Tortosa and Seville, defeated a combined army of Len, Aragn and Castile.

4 RECALL FROM EXILE

In 1087, Raymond of Burgundy and his Christian allies

attempt to weaken the Taifa of Zaragoza's northernmost
stronghold by initiating the Siege of Tudela and Alfonso
captured Aledo, Murcia blocking the route between the
Taifas in eastern Iberia and western Iberia.

Recall from exile

Terried after his crushing defeat, Alfonso recalled El

Cid. It has been shown that El Cid was at court on
July 1087; however, what happened after that is unclear.
El Cid returned to Alfonso, but now he had his own
plans. He only stayed a short while and then returned to
Zaragoza. El Cid was content to let the Almoravid armies
and the armies of Alfonso ght without his help, even
when there was a chance that the armies of Almoravid
might defeat Alfonso and take over all of Alfonsos lands.
The reason El Cid did not want to ght was because he
was hoping that both armies would become weak. That
would make it easier for him to carry out his own plan
which was to become ruler of the Kingdom of Valencia.

4.1

Conquest of Valencia
El Cid ordering the execution of Almoravid allies after his conquest of Valencia in 1094.

Valencia. A December 1093 attempt to break the siege

failed. By the time the siege ended in May 1094, El Cid
had carved out his own principality on the coast of the
Mediterranean. Ocially El Cid ruled in the name of
Alfonso; in reality, El Cid was fully independent. The
city was both Christian and Muslim, and both Moors and
Christians served in the army and as administrators.
Battle of Quart de Poblet (21 October 1094). El Cids troops are
in green, Almoravids troops are in red.

4.2 Defeat

Around this time, El Cid, with a combined Christian and

Moorish army, began maneuvering in order to create his
own efdom in the Moorish Mediterranean coastal city
of Valencia. Several obstacles lay in his way. First was
Berenguer Ramn II, who ruled nearby Barcelona. In
May 1090, El Cid defeated and captured Berenguer in the
Battle of Tbar (nowadays Pinar de Tvar, near Monroyo,
Teruel). Berenguer was later released and his nephew
Ramn Berenguer III married El Cids youngest daughter Maria to ward against future conicts.

El Cid and his wife Jimena Daz lived peacefully in Valencia for ve years until the Almoravids besieged the city.
El Cid died on June 10, 1099.[10] His death was likely a result of the famine and deprivations caused by the siege.[10]
Valencia was captured by Masdali on May 5, 1102 and it
did not become a Christian city again for over 125 years.
Jimena ed to Burgos, Castile, in 1101. She rode into the
town with her retinue and the body of El Cid.[10] Originally buried in Castile in the monastery of San Pedro de
Cardea, his body now lies at the center of Burgos CatheAlong the way to Valencia, El Cid also conquered other dral.
towns, many of which were near Valencia, such as El Puig
and Quart de Poblet.

4.3 Death

El Cid gradually came to have more inuence on Valencia, then ruled by al-Qadir. In October 1092 an upris- After his demise, but still during the siege of Valencia,
ing occurred in Valencia inspired by the citys chief judge legend holds that Jimena ordered that the corpse of El
Ibn Jahhaf and the Almoravids. El Cid began a siege of Cid be tted with his armor and set atop his horse Ba-

5.2

Babieca

5
est adviser was his vassal and kinsman lvar Fez "Minaya" (meaning My brother, a compound word of Spanish possessive Mi (My) and Anaia, the basque word for
brother), although the historical lvar Fez remained in
Castile with Alfonso VI.
Taken together, these practices imply an educated and intelligent commander who was able to attract and inspire
good subordinates, and who would have attracted considerable loyalty from his followers, including those who
were not Christian. It is these qualities, coupled with El
Cids legendary martial abilities, which have fueled his
reputation as an outstanding battleeld commander.

5.2 Babieca

Tomb of El Cid and his wife Doa Jimena at the Burgos Cathedral, 9 August 2012.

bieca, to bolster the morale of his troops. In several variations of the story, the dead Rodrigo and his knights win
a thundering charge against Valencias besiegers, resulting in a war-is-lost-but-battle-is-won catharsis for generations of Christian Spaniards to follow. It is believed that
the legend originated shortly after Jimena entered Burgos, and that it is derived from the manner in which Jimenas procession rode into Burgos, i.e., alongside her
deceased husband.[10]

5
5.1

Warrior and general

Battle tactics

During his campaigns, El Cid often ordered that books

by classic Roman and Greek authors on military themes
be read aloud to him and his troops, for both entertainment and inspiration before battle. El Cids army had a
novel approach to planning strategy as well, holding what
might be called brainstorming sessions before each battle to discuss tactics. They frequently used unexpected
strategies, engaging in what modern generals would call
psychological warfare waiting for the enemy to be paralyzed with terror and then attacking them suddenly; distracting the enemy with a small group of soldiers, etc. (El
Cid used this distraction in capturing the town of Castejn as depicted in Cantar de Mio Cid (The Song of my
Cid). El Cid accepted or included suggestions from his
troops. In The Song the man who served him as his clos-

Tomb of Babieca at the monastery of San Pedro de Cardea.

Babieca or Bavieca was El Cids warhorse. Several stories exist about El Cid and Babieca. One well-known legend about El Cid describes how he acquired the stallion.
According to this story, Rodrigos godfather, Pedro El
Grande, was a monk at a Carthusian monastery. Pedros coming-of-age gift to El Cid was his pick of a horse
from an Andalusian herd. El Cid picked a horse that
his godfather thought was a weak, poor choice, causing the monk to exclaim "Babieca!" (stupid!) Hence,
it became the name of El Cids horse. Another legend
states that in a competition of battle to become King Sanchos Campeador, or champion, a knight on horseback
wished to challenge El Cid. The King wished a fair ght
and gave El Cid his nest horse, Babieca, or Bavieca.
This version says Babieca was raised in the royal stables
of Seville and was a highly trained and loyal war horse,
not a foolish stallion. The name in this instance could suggest that the horse came from the Babia region in Len,
Spain. In the poem Carmen Campidoctoris, Babieca appears as a gift from a barbarian to El Cid, so its name
could also be derived from Barbieca, or horse of the
barbarian.
Regardless, Babieca became a great warhorse, famous to
the Christians, feared by El Cids enemies, and loved by
El Cid, who allegedly requested that Babieca be buried
with him in the monastery of San Pedro de Cardea. His

GALLERY

name is mentioned in several tales and historical docu- Snchez III of Navarre via an illegitimate son; Mara, rst
ments about El Cid, including The Lay of El Cid.
(it is said) to a prince of Aragon (presumably the son
of Peter I) and second to Ramn Berenguer III, count
of Barcelona. El Cids son Diego Rodrguez was killed
5.3 Swords
while ghting against the invading Muslim Almoravids
from North Africa at the Battle of Consuegra (1097).
El Cids own marriage and those of his daughters raised
his status by connecting him to the peninsular royalty;
even today, most European monarchs (including the current King of Spain) and many commoners of European
ancestry descend from El Cid, through Cristinas son,
King Garca Ramrez of Navarre and to a lesser extent
via Marias daughter, Jimena of Barcelona, who married
Roger III, Count of Foix.

7 In popular culture
The 1961 epic lm, El Cid, was a romanticized story
of the life of Rodrigo Daz de Vivar where El Cid
was portrayed by Charlton Heston.
The 1999 videogame Age of Empires II features El
Cid as a character in his own campaign.
The 2006 videogame Medieval II: Total War has El
Cid as a rebel general in Valencia.
The 2010 videogame Civilization V has El Cid as a
Great General unit.
El Cid depicted on the title page of a sixteenth-century working
of his story.

A weapon traditionally identied as El Cids sword,

Tizona, used to be displayed in the Army Museum
(Museo del Ejrcito) in Toledo. In 1999, a small sample of the blade underwent metallurgical analysis which
conrmed that the blade was made in Moorish Crdoba in
the eleventh century and contained amounts of Damascus
steel.[8]

The 2012 videogame Crusader Kings II has El Cid

as a landless courtier, but can lead battles and can
gain titles for the player.

8 Gallery
General view of the 1954 Juan Cristbal Gonzlez
Quesadas statue of El Cid in Burgos.

In 2007 the Autonomous Community of Castile and Len

bought the sword for 1.6 million Euros, and it is currently
on display at the Museum of Burgos.

Silhouette of the San Francisco's Anna Hyatt Huntington copy of her El Cid statue.

El Cid also had a sword called Colada.

Another copy of Huntingtons El Cid statue in

Buenos Aires.

Statue of El Cid included in the 14th century-15th

century Santa Mara gateway, Burgos.

Marriage and family

El Cid was married in July 1075 to Alfonsos kinswoman

Jimena Daz. The Historia Roderici calls her a daughter
of a Count Diego Fernndez de Oviedo.

In 2008, this El Cid statue made by ngel Gil

Cuevas was placed in Mecerreyes, at the path of the
"es:Camino de El Cid"

Tradition states that when El Cid rst laid eyes on her,

he was enamored by her great beauty. Together El Cid
and Jimena had two daughters and a son. Their daughters Cristina and Mara both married into royal families;
Cristina to Ramiro, Lord of Monzn, grandson of Garca

El Cid medallion (1733-1734) at the Plaza Mayor,

Salamanca.
El Cid depiction on the book Portraits of illustrious
Spaniards (1791).

7
1864 Juan Vicens Cots painting "La Primera hazaa
de El Cid" depicts a young Rodrigo Daz showing his
father Diego Lanez the decapitated head of Count
Lozano, the father of his future wife Doa Jimena.
Count Lozano had previously mocked and slapped
elderly Diego Lanez.
1344 medieval miniature showing the decapitation
of Count Lozano by El Cid.
Another version of the Santa Gadea Oath, painted
by Armando Menocal in 1889.
El Cid portrait from "The Historians History of the
World".
Burgalese traditional representation (called "Gigantones") of El Cid that is taken to the streets during
the town major festivity. Doa Jimenas representation is behind.
El Cids chest at Burgos Cathedral.
The terrain known as the Solar del Cid, where his
house was located. The monument was erected in
1784. Photo taken in Burgos, ca. 18651892.

See also
Alfonso VI
Colada
Jimena Daz

[4] Alberto Montaner Frutos, Rodrigo el Campeador como

princeps en los siglos XI y XII
[5] Georges Martin El primer testimonio cristiano sobre
la toma de Valencia (1098), en el nmero monogrco Rodericus Campidoctor de la revista electrnica eSpania, n. 10 (diciembre de 2010). Online since 22 January 2011. Last time visited November 28th 2011. Complete text (Edition of the Latin text) in Jos Luis Martn
Martn & al., Documentos de los Archivos Catedralicio
y Diocesano de Salamanca (siglos XII-XIII), Salamanca,
Universidad, 1977, doc. 1, p. 79-81.
[6] Chaytor, Henry John (1933). Chapter 3: The Reconquest. A History of Aragon and Catalonia. London:
Methuan. pp. 3940.
[7] The Historia Roderici says that the other two Castilian
leaders were Diego Prez and Lope Snchez. de los Rios,
Jos Amador (1863). Capitulo 3: Primeros Monumentos
Escritos de la Poesa Castellana (Chapter 3:First Written
Monuments of Castilian Poetry)". Historia Crtica de la
Literatura Espaola, Tomo III, (II Parte, Subciclo I) (The
History and Criticism of Spanish Literature, Volume III,
(Second Part, subpart I)) (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: J.
Rodriguez. p. 104.
[8] Alonso, J. I. Garcia; Martinez, J. A.; Criado, A. J. (1999).
Origin of El Cids sword revealed by ICP-MS metal analysis. Spectroscopy Europe (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.) 11
(4).
[9] El Cid, Battle of Sagrajas
[10] Perea Rodrguez, scar. Daz de Vivar, Rodrigo o El
Cid (10431099)". Retrieved 23 April 2012.

Sancho II
Tizona
Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud

10

References

[1] Mara Jess Viguera Molins, El Cid en las fuentes

rabes, in Csar Hernndez Alonso (coord.), Actas del
Congreso Internacional el Cid, Poema e Historia (1216
de julio de 1999), Ayuntamiento de Burgos, 2000, pgs.
5592. ISBN 84-87876-41-2
[2] See Ramn Menndez Pidal, Autgrafos inditos del Cid
y de Jimena en dos diplomas de 1098 y 1101, Revista
de Filologa Espaola, t. 5 (1918), Madrid, Sucesores
de Hernando, 1918. Digital copy Valladolid, Junta de
Castilla y Len. Consejera de Cultura y Turismo. Direccin General de Promociones e Instituciones Culturales, 20092010. Original in Archivo de la Catedral de
Salamanca, caja 43, legajo 2, n. 72.
[3] Alberto Montaner Frutos y ngel Escobar, El Carmen
Campidoctoris y la materia cidiana, in Carmen Campidoctoris o Poema latino del Campeador, Madrid, Sociedad
Estatal Espaa Nuevo Milenio, 2001, pg. 73 [lam.].
ISBN 978-84-95486-20-2

11 Sources
Simon Barton and Richard Fletcher. The world of El
Cid, Chronicles of the Spanish reconquest. Manchester: University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-7190-5225-4
hardback, ISBN 0-7190-5226-2 paperback.
Gonzalo Martnez Dez, El Cid Histrico: Un Estudio Exhaustivo Sobre el Verdadero Rodrigo Daz de
Vivar, Editorial Planeta (Spain, June 1999). ISBN
84-08-03161-9
Richard Fletcher. The Quest for El Cid. ISBN
0-19-506955-2
Kurtz, Barbara E. El Cid. University of Illinois.
I. Michael. The Poem of El Cid. Manchester: 1975.
C. Melville and A. Ubaydli (ed. and trans.), Christians and Moors in Spain, vol. III, Arabic sources
(7111501). (Warminster, 1992).
Joseph F. O'Callaghan. A History of Medieval
Spain. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975

12
Peter Pierson. The History of Spain. Ed. John E.
Findling and Frank W. Thacheray. Wesport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1999. 3436.
Bernard F. Reilly. The Kingdom of Len-Castilla
under King Alfonso VI, 10651109 Princeton, New
Jersey: University Press, 1988.
The Song of El Cid. Translated by Burton Rael.
Penguin Classics, 2009.
R. Selden Rose and Leonard Bacon (trans.) The Lay
of El Cid. Semicentennial Publications of the University of California: 18681918. Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press, 1997.
Steven Thomas. 7111492: Al-Andalus and the Reconquista.
M. J. Trow,El Cid The Making of a Legend, Sutton
Publishing Limited, 2007.
Henry Edwards Watts. The Story of El Cid (1026
1099)" in The Christian Recovery of Spain: The
Story of Spain from the Moorish Conquest to the Fall
of Grenada (7111492 AD). New York: Putnam,
1894. 7191.
Cantar de mo Cid Spanish (free PDF)
Poema de Mio Cid, Cdice de Per Abbat in the
European Library (third item on page)
T.Y. Henderson. Conquests Of Valencia
J. I. Garcia Alonso, J. A. Martinez, A. J. Criado,
Origin of El Cids sword revealed by ICP-MS metal
analysis, Spectroscopy Europe, 11/4 (1999).

12

xternal links

Media related to El Cid at Wikimedia Commons

Information about The Route of El Cid English

XTERNAL LINKS

13
13.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

El Cid Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cid?oldid=682907807 Contributors: Kpjas, The Cunctator, Derek Ross, Bryan Derksen, Koyaanis Qatsi, Rmhermen, Deb, William Avery, Isis~enwiki, Montrealais, J.F.Quackenbush, Olivier, Michael Hardy, Paul Barlow,
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File:Cronica_del_muy_esforado_cauallero_el_Cid_ruy_diaz_campeador.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/

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File:Firma_del_Cid.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Firma_del_Cid.jpg License: Public domain
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File:Tizona.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Tizona.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own
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