CIVL2611IntroductoryFluidMechanics

CIVL5505FoundationsofIntroductoryFluidMechanics

Tutorial 9 Solutions
Question 1:
Since the pressure drop is a function of D and l, the velocity V, and the fluid viscosity , we
have
p f (, D , V , )

The dimensions of all variables are

M
LT 2
V L
T

D L

M
LT

There are 5 variables and 3 dimensions. Thus, there are 2 groups. We need to choose 3
repeating variables. The principles are:

Do not use p;

Do not use both l and D;

Must have all 3 dimensions M, L and T.

There are several choices. Since we want to determine the dependence of pressure drop on D,
we should include D as one of the repeating variables. Lets choose D, V and . The 2
groups are constructed as follows:
1 p D 1V 2 3
2 l D 1V 2 3

We must have both 1 and 2 non-dimensional. The exponents are determined accordingly,
and the procedures are given below.
1 Equation:

1 p D V p D V
1

M 1 L2 M 3
1 3 1 1 2 3 22 3
L

M
L
T
LT 2
T 2 L3 T 3

For no dimensions we need to have

1 3 0

1 1 2 3 0
2 0
2
3

Solving the above equation set gives

1 1, 2 1, 3 1

Thus,
1

2 Equation:

p D

2 l D V l D V
1

L L1

L2 M 3
3 1 1 2 3 2 3

M
L
T
T 2 L3 T 3

For no dimensions we need to have

3 0

1 1 2 3 0
0
2
3

Solving the above equation set gives

1 1,

2 0,

3 0

Thus,

Lets check the dimensions of the groups.

p D
V
l
2
D
1

M
T LT
M 0 L0T 0
L
2
LT
L M

L
0
2 L
L

The functional form of the correlation is then rewritten as

1 f 2

p D
l
f
V
D

Thus,

V
D

l
f
D

Question 2:
Since the velocity c is a function of the artery diameter D, the wall thickness h, the density of
blood , and the modulus of elasticity E of the arterial wall, we can write
c f ( D , h, , E )

The dimensions of all variables are

c L

D L

T
M3
L

h L

M
LT 2

There are 5 variables and 3 dimensions. Thus, there are 2 groups. We need to choose 3
repeating variables. The principles are:

Do not use c;

Do not use both D and h;

Must have all 3 dimensions M, L and T.

There are different choices. Lets choose D, and E. The 2 groups are constructed as
follows:
1 c D 1 2 E 3
2 h D 1 2 E 3

We need to have both 1 and 2 non-dimensional. The exponents are determined accordingly,
and the procedures are given below.
1 Equation:

1 cD E cD E
1

L 1 M 2 M 3
L 32 3 2 3 M 2 3 L11 32 3 T 12 3
T
L L T

For no dimensions we need to have

2 3 0

1 1 32 3 0
1 2 0
3

Solving the above equation set gives

1 0, 2 0.5, 3 0.5

Thus,

1 c
2 Equation:
3

1 hD E hD E
1

M 2 M 3
L L 3 2 3 2 3 M 2 3 L1 1 3 2 3 T 2 3
L L T
1

For no dimensions we need to have

2 3 0

1 1 3 2 3 0
2 0
3

Solving the above equation set gives

1 1,

2 0,

3 0

Thus,

Lets check the dimensions of the groups.

1 c
E
h
2
D

12

2
1 L M3 L T
TL M

2 L L0
L

M 0 L0T 0

The functional form of the correlation is then rewritten as

1 f 2

h
f
E
D

The pulse-wave velocity is then represented by

c

E h
f
D

Question 3:
From f (, d , , , V , E ) , the dimensions of all variables are

M3

d L

M
LT

V L E
T

M
LT 2

There are 7 variables and 3 dimensions. Thus, there are 4 groups. We need to choose 3
repeating variables. The principles are:

Do not use ;

Do not use both l and d;

Must have all 3 dimensions M, L and T.

There are many choices. Lets choose d, V and E (Other choices are just as good as this one).
The 4 groups are constructed as follows:

1 d V E
1

2 l d V E

3 d V E

4 d V E

We must have all 1, 2, 3 and 4 non-dimensional. The exponents are determined

accordingly. Lets examine the dimensions of each group.
1 Equation:

1 d V
1

E d V E
1

L 2 M 3
L L 2 3 23 M 3 L11 2 3 T 2 2 3
T L T
1

For no dimensions we need to have

3 0

1 1 2 3 0
2 0
2
3

Solving the above equation set gives

1 1, 2 3 0
Thus,

1
2 Equation:

 2 l d V
1

E l d V E
1

L 2 M 3
3 1 1 2 3 2 2 3
LL

M
L
T
T 2 L3 T 2 3
1

For no dimensions we need to have

3 0

1 1 2 3 0
2 0
2
3

Solving the above equation set gives

1 1, 2 3 0
Thus,

2
3 Equation:

3 d V
1

E d V E
1

M 1 L 2 M 3
1 3 3 1 2 3 2 2 3
L

M
L
T
L3
T 2 L 3 T 2 3

For no dimensions we need to have

1 3 0

3 1 2 3 0
2 0
2
3

Solving the above equation set gives

1 0, 2 2, 3 1
Thus,
3

V 2

4 Equation:

4 d V
1

E d V E
1

M 1 L 2 M 3

L 2 3 2 3 M 1 3 L11 2 3 T 1 2 2 3
LT
T L T

For no dimensions we need to have

1 3 0

1 1 2 3 0
1 2 0
2
3

Solving the above equation set gives

1 1, 2 1, 3 1
Thus,

dE

It is easy to check that all groups have no dimensions.

d
l
2
d
V 2
3
E
V
4
dE
1

1 L L0

L
2 L L0
L

M L2 L T 2
0 0 0
3 3 2
M LT
L T M
M L 1 LT 2
4
M 0 L0T 0
LT T L M

The functional form of the correlation is then rewritten as

l V 2 V

f ,
,
d
E
dE
d