CIVL2611IntroductoryFluidMechanics

CIVL5505FoundationsofIntroductoryFluidMechanics

Tutorial 10 Solutions
Question 1:
The drag force F on a cylinder depends on
Geometry D and L;
Fluid properties and ;
Forcing V.
Thus we can write
F f ( D , L , , , V )

The dimensions of all variables are

F ML2

T
M
LT

D L

L L

M3

V L

There are 6 variables and 3 dimensions. Thus, there are 3 groups. An obvious one is the
length to diameter ratio. That is,

Another one that is common for this type of problem is the Reynolds number. Thus,

VD

We still need to determine 3, which must involve the drag force F. We could follow the
Buckingham theorem procedures to obtain 3, but here we try to determine it intuitively.
Since a force is equal to pressure times area, the dynamic pressure is given by V2, and an
area is given by LD (the projection area of the cylinder), we can write
3

V 2 LD

The functional form of the correlation is then written as

3 f 1 , 2

F
L

f , Re
2
V LD
D

We could also include the surface roughness . In that case, there will be one more nondimensional group
4

Question 2:

The drag force as a function of the other variables can be expressed as

FD f (V , , , D, h, r , C )

where
FD
V

D
h
r
C

Drag force on the golf ball

Velocity of the golf ball
Viscosity of the air
Density of the air
Diameter of the golf ball
Dimple height
Dimple radius
Concentration of dimples measured in the number per unit area.

The dimensions of all variables are

FD ML2

V L

T
D L

M
LT
r L

T
h L

M3

L
C L2

There are 8 variables and 3 dimensions. Thus, there are 5 groups. Some obvious ones can be
formed as follows:

VD
h
r
, 2 , 3 Re

D
D

A less obvious one drag coefficient can be formed using the drag force:

FD

V 2 D 2

So far we have 4 groups and need one more. We need to use C. Given the dimension of C is
L-2, an obvious choice is

5 CD 2
Thus the functional form of the drag force can be written as
h r VD

FD
f , ,
, CD 2
2 2
V D
D D

Or
h r VD

FD V 2 D 2 f , ,
, CD 2
D D

Question 3:

(a) The well known non dimensional group usually used when the flow is totally confined
and viscosity is thought to be important is the Reynolds number defined as
Re

VD

VD

(b) The well known non dimensional group usually used for free surface flows is the Froude
number defined as

Fr

gh

(c) For model and prototype using the same fluid, it is possible to have both of these numbers
matched between model and prototype. But this is only possible if
3

gm 1

gp S
where S is the scale factor defined as
S

lm
lp

If gm = gp, different fluids must be used in order to achieve both Froude and Reynolds
number similarities.

Question 4:

Froude number similarity requires

Frm Frp

where the Froude number is defined as

v
gh
An equivalent form of the Froude number is written as
Fr

Fr

Q A Q hw
Q

gh
gh
w g h3

Use the above form

Qm
wm g m hm

Qp
3
wp g p hp

where
gm g p

Thus,
Qm wm

Qp wp

With geometric similarity we have

hm
3
hp

wm hm

.Thus,
wp hp
2

Qm
h
m5
Qp
hp

hm Qm 5

h p Q p

Since

Qm
1

Q p 1024
we have
Qm

Qp
1024

3
2.93 10 3 m 3 /s

1024

1 5
hm
h p 0.0625 1.5 0.09375 m
1024

Question 5:

Froude number similarity requires:

Frm Frp

vm

g m lm

vp
gp lp

Since gm = gp, the requirement becomes

vp
vm

lm
lp

vm

vp

lm
lp

Reynolds number similarity requires

Re m Re p

vm l m

vp l p

Thus,
vm l p m

vp lm p

From both Froude and Reynolds number similarities we have

32

m l m

p l p

For seawater at 20o, p 1.0510-6 m2/s, and lm/lp = 1/40. Thus,

32

32
l
1
m m p 1.05 10 6 4.15 10 9 m 2 /s
40
lp

So none of the fluids listed in Figure B.2 on Page 715 of Munson et al. (2009) be used for the
model.

Question 6:

We need to do a dimensional analysis first to determine the dependence.

The flow rate of the pump will depend on D, , and p. Thus
Q f ( D , , , p )

The dimensions of all variables are

3

Q L

D L

T
M3
L

M
LT

M
LT 2

There are 5 variables and 3 dimensions. Thus, there are 2 groups. We need to choose 3
repeating variables, say (D, , ). The 2 groups are constructed as follows:

1 QD
1

2 p D
1

We must have both 1 and 2 non-dimensional. The exponents are determined accordingly,
and the procedures are given below.
1 Equation:

1 QD
1

QD
1

L3 1 M 2 M 3
L 2 2 33 M 2 3 L31 2 3 3 T 1 2
T
L T L

For no dimensions we need to have

2 3 0

3 1 2 3 3 0
1 0
2

Solving the above equation set gives

1 1, 2 1, 3 1
Thus,

This is equivalent to the Reynolds number.

2 Equation:

2 p D
1

pD
1

M 1 M 2 M 3
1 2 3 1 1 2 3 3 2 2
L

M
L
T
LT 2
L 2 T 2 L3 3

For no dimensions we need to have

6

 1 2 3 0

1 1 2 3 3 0
2 0
2

Solving the above equation set gives

1 2, 2 2, 3 1
Thus,

pD 2

The functional form of the flow rate dependence is then written as

Q
pD 2
f(
)

D
2

For similitude,
pD 2
pD 2

2
2

m
p

Dp
p m p p
Dm

Since water is used in both model and prototype, m = p and m = p. Furthermore,

Dp
Dm

40
5

Thus,
2

Dp
400 5 2 10 MPa
p m p p

Dm

With similitude,
Q
Q

D m D p

Qm Q p

p Dm m
m Dp p

Thus,
Q m 1 .5 1

8
1 0.3 m 3 /s

40