Neem Tree as Pesticide

A Term Paper
Presented to
Mrs. Aurecel Laplana-Alejandro
Humanities Division
Ateneo de Davao University

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for
English 23 Writing Across the Disciplines
First Semester, SY 2016-2017

By
Fonseca D. Baguio
Feby D. Orena
September 8, 2016

Neem Tree as Pesticide

By Fonseca D. Baguio and Feby D. Orena

Thesis Statement:
Despite the fact that pesticides made from neem tree extracts have socioeconomic and
technical constraints in efficacy, farmers perception, and technicality problems, it can be used as
one of the standard pesticides in the Philippines because it is non-toxic, affects the biological
system of the rice black bugs, and prevents economic damage to agricultural crops.

Outline:
1.0
2.0

Introduction
Background
2.1
Neem Tree
2.1.1
Description
2.1.2
Location
2.1.3
Uses
2.1.3.1 Philippine Setting
2.1.3.2 Worldwide
2.3.4
2.2

2.3

3.0
3.1

Pesticide

Rice Black Bugs

2.2.1
Description
2.2.2
Effects on Rice

Pest Control Systems

2.3.1
Biological Control
2.3.2
Cultural Control
2.3.3
Chemical Control
2.3.4
Integrated Pest Management
2.4
Codes and standards in the Philippines
2.4.1
Presidential Decree No. 1144
Advantages
Non-Toxic Properties

3.2
3.3
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
5.0
6.0
7.0

3.1.1
Human Health
3.1.2
Environment
Biological Effects
Prevention of Economic Damage to Agriculture Crops
Disadvantages
Efficacy
Farmers Perception
Technicalities
Refutation
Conclusion
References

In the world, the Philippines is the major producer of rice having 5,590,000 hectares of
arable land, 4,746,080 hectares of rice area, and a total rice production of 18,439,410 tons as of
2013 (World Rice Statistics [WRS], n.d.). One of the challenges that the Philippine rice
industry faces is the infestation of pests since rice crops are prone to about 100 species of insect
pests. Twenty percent (20%) are classified to have an impact on the rice economy, and this
includes the rice black bugs.
Rice black bugs primary hosts are the rice. They attack the rice crop on several stages
from seedling to maturity, therefore, causing damage and preventing rice crops from producing
seeds. There were already several reported cases of rice black bugs attacks on rice farming fields
in the Philippines, e.g. provinces of Davao Oriental and Surigao. The infestation of these black
bugs can cause massive losses to farmers if not given enough attention and can lessen the
production grid for food sustainability in the country. With the less rice production, the
government will be forced to import rice from the neighboring countries.
There were proposed solutions to this problem such as raising the water level in the field
and chemical pest control, but they come with greater problems. Thus, it might have a great
impact to research for environmentally friendly pest control system that can mitigate the damage

brought by the rice black bugs by using the extracts of a plant called neem tree in making a
standard and effective pesticide.
This paper aims to prove that although pesticides made from neem tree extracts have
socioeconomic and technical constraints in efficacy, farmers perception, and technicality
problems, it can be used as one of the standard pesticides in the Philippines because it is nontoxic, affects the biological system of the rice black bugs, and prevents economic damage to
agricultural crops.
Azadirachta indica, popularly known as neem is a small to medium-sized tree belonging
to the Meliaceae family (mahogany). It is also called Indian lilac and Margosa tree. Neem tree is
usually evergreen, a deciduous fast growing plant which may reach a height of 25 meters, with
low branches and dense oval or rounded crown (Schmutterer, 1990). The nomenclature
Azadirachta indica is derived from the Persian words Azad-e darakhat-Hind, which literally
means the free tree of India possibly because of its reported resistance against pest and disease
problems (Sharma & Tewari, 2009). It is also known as the peoples tree.
Neem tree is typically grown in tropical and semi-tropical regions. It is considered to be
native to dry areas in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar and China
(Abdulla, 1972; Tewari, 1992; Vietmeyer, 1992; Gupta, 1993). It is cultivated as well as
naturalized in Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia (Azadirachta indica (neem tree), n.d.). In
2002, the World Agroforestry Center reported that neem tree may have originated in Myanmar
and from there become naturally distributed across the Indian subcontinent. More recently it has
been planted in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, Saudi Arabia, tropical Africa, Central
and South America, and the Philippines (Azadirachta indica (neem tree), n.d.). Neem tree was
introduced in the Philippines in 1978 by scientists working at the International Rice Research

Institute (IRRI) (National Research Council [NRC], 1992). By 1990, IRRI had distributed more
than 120,000 seedlings and the tree was growing on at least eight islands. Widescale plantings
had also been undertaken by private and governmental agencies for fuelwood and potential
pesticide production.
Neem tree can be easily propagated both sexually and vegetatively. Normally, it is grown
from seed, either planted directly on the site or transplanted as seedlings from a nursery. It can
also be propagated air-layering, root and shoot cuttings, grafting, marcotting and tissue culture
(How to Grow Neem Trees, n.d.). The tree grows fast in its early five years but then slows
gradually. It starts flowering and fruiting at the age of 4 to 5 years but industrial quantities of
seed are produced only after 10 to 12 years (NRC, 1992). The flowering and fruiting seasons
largely depend on location and habitat. In the Philippines, flowering begins in March in Luzon
especially in Palawan and seeds are ripened from June through August (Torreta, 2005). It is
especially suited to semi-arid conditions and thrives even in the poorest soil with rainfalls and
temperatures up to 50C. The neem tree can live for more than 200 years and produce fruits
throughout most of their life (The Neem Tree, n.d.).
Neem tree found many uses in traditional medicine, crop protection, ecological servicing,
and various industrial applications. Because of its versatility, neem gained the reputation of being
called natures gift to humankind, the tree for many an occasion, and the wonder tree.
Owing to its many potentials, a 1992 American report on neem, research by the National
Research Council was distinctively entitled Neem: A Tree for Solving Global Problems. NRC
(1992) states that Neem is a fascinating tree. On the one hand, it seems to be one of the most
promising of all plants and may eventually benefit every person on the planet. Indeed, as
foreseen by some scientists, this plant may usher in a new era in pest control, provide millions

with inexpensive medicines, and perhaps even reduce erosion, deforestation, and the excessive
temperature of an overheated globe..
Neem tree can be a producer of natural pesticides (Schmutterer, 1990). Entomologists
had found that neem tree materials can affect more than 200 insect species as well as some mites,
nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and even a few viruses (NRC, 1992). Some of these insects are
pestiferous and disease causing, such as housefly, mosquito, rice black bug, and many other
insects. In some farm areas, neem trees are intentionally planted around farms as the scarecrow
against invading pests. In the provinces, neem trees are planted around backyards to shun away
mosquitoes. A common household practice utilized burning dry neem leaves as alternative
katol. The medicinal value of neem is also popular, in both folkloric and scientific literature. In
India, numerous medicinal applications of neem materials were accounted in Ayurvedic
medicines for over centuries. Thus neem tree was called the village pharmacy.
In 1994, Chaudhury described the powerful effects of the neem tree in preventing the
growth of insects. Chaudhury (2004) states that Azadirachta indica, a compound obtained from
the seeds of neem tree is the most powerful anti-insect substance yet to be discovered. It has been
shown by scientists to be effective against at least 150 species of insects. (p.92).
Currently, there are several plantations being developed for neem-based products around
the world Azadirachta indica acts as an insect antifeedant because when the Azadirachta indica
based pesticide is sprayed on crops, the pests avoid feeding on the plant. It also prevents the
growth of parasites inside vectors if the insect takes a bite of a plant protected by neem
(Chaudhury, 2004)
Neem tree is common in the Philippines as servicing tree. It is found useful in urban
regreening and is promoted under the Green Philippines Program and Green Philippine

Highways project. The Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (ERDB) identified neem
tree as one of the plant species recommended for forest parks. In cities, neem trees are
established for shading, for ornamental purposes, and as a natural air purifier.
Windholz (1987) observed that the fundamental phytochemicals present in neem has been
observed to have numerous medicinal values. Almost a hundred percent of a fixed oil is the yield
from the seed kernels of the neem composed mainly of glycerides. All parts of the tree produce
beta-sitosterol while Azadirachtin is the most complex secondary metabolite present in the tree
(Boadu, Tulashie, Anang, & Kpan, 2011).
To prepare the natural pesticide made from neem, dried neem leaves are ground into
powder to have a consistent mixture. It is then mixed with a binder which is starch, and distilled
water and then dried (Boadu et al., 2011) While other researches show that neem seed extracts
are used to create a pesticide.
Some of the field trials were conducted in artificial ponds (Vatandoost, H. & Vaziri, V.
M., 2004), distributed among households within the research area (Boadu, K. O et. al, 2011), and
spraying the rice black bugs with the neem insecticide (Saxena, R. C., 1989). Results were
analyzed by using regression analysis software where regression lines were plotted for the dose
response to neem treatment of the larvae. Results show that neem insecticide is proficient of
generating numerous multiple effects on some insect species, specifically in this study the rice
black bugs, such as anti-feeding effects, growth regulation, fecundity suppression, and
sterilization (Vatandoost & Vaziri, 2004).
There are two common species of rice black bugs called the Malayan rice black bug
Scotinophara coarctata and Japanese rice black bug Scotinophara lurida. The Scotinophara
coarctata is causing the black bug infestations in the rice fields in the Philippines. These black

bugs are also present in some neighboring countries in Asia such as Cambodia, China, India, and
some other countries (Pathak & Khan, 1994).
Pathak and Khan (1994) described some characteristics of the Malayan rice black bug; it
is a black head, collar, and cicatrices with golden-brown antennae, reddish and dark brown
abdomen, and reddish brown legs with yellowish tibiae and tarsi. The average size of a rice black
bug is 9 mm from the anterior margin of the head to the apex of the abdomen (Pathak & Khan,
1994). When the black bugs feel harmed, they have a defense mechanism by giving off a foul
odor (Rice IPM CD, 2001). Adult bugs can be detected around street lights but not to the yellow
electric bulbs and buzz around in peoples houses. Adult female black bugs lay eggs in groups
containing 29-34 eggs each group (Pathak & Khan, 1994), and arranged longitudinally in 3-7
rows (Polaszek & Kumar, 2007).
The nymphs and adult black bugs feed by sucking the sap of the rice plants at the
lowermost part of the plant that causes the damages (Simbajon, 1992). During the early hours of
the day, they feed on the top part of the rice plant and gradually go undersides of the leaves as
the sun rises (Pathak & Khan, 1994). However, they are usually active during the night hovering
from one crop to another relentlessly (Polaszek & Kumar, 2007).
There are two types of damage caused by the black bugs. One is called deadheart
where the central roots are damaged due to heavy infestation during the tillering stage. The other
one is the whitehead damage wherein the infestation happens during the booting stage causing
the crops to produce very few panicles, unfilled grains (Carter, Chalfant, & Goodhue, 2004).
Heavy black bug infestation may interfere with the rice grain development and lead to a massive
crop loss. Ten adult bugs, on average, can destroy around 35% of a plantation (Black bug,
n.d.).

There are different ways to control the pest from damaging the rice crops. One is by
biological control. This is done by introducing predators such as parasitoids (scelionid egg
parasitoid Telenomus triptus Nixon, gryllid predators Metioche vittaticollis, etc.) and fungal
infections (Paecilomyces) to attack and kill adults and nymphs of the black bugs (Polaszek &
Kumar, 2007). Secondly is by cultural control. The rice field will be flooded with water to
prevent the eggs from hatching (Justo, 1995) as the eggs of the black bugs do not hatch when
submerged for 24 hours. However, this method should not be done if the eggs are parasitized
because flooding will also kill the parasitoids. Cultural control poses a problem with the lack of
good irrigation practice here in the Philippines; this method might compete with the water supply
as well. Another approach for natural control is by plowing the fields because this will help kill
the pests and destroy the host plants and allowing more sunlight to reach the lowermost part of
the rice plant by removing the weed from the field (Pathak & Khan, 1994).
Another method is by chemical control. Fernando (1960) studied using ten insecticides
by the application of acetone solutions to the abdomen of sexually mature black bugs. The results
said that the adult black bugs were more resistant to the pesticides compared to the bugs that
were sexually mature of uninterrupted development (Murthy, 2007). In field application, the
pesticides are sprayed directly to the bottom part of the rice plant where the bugs habituate; this
method is the most effective control (Pathak & Khan, 1994). However, chemicals can seep
through groundwater affecting the water supply for human consumption.
Integrated Pest Management or commonly known as IPM, is a system designed to be
efficient, sustainable, and safe in managing the pests. It is the combination of the chemical,
biological, and cultural measures for greater effectiveness. This management is the most cost
effective, environmentally friendly, and socially acceptable procedure of controlling insects,

pests, diseases, and weeds in agriculture (Integrated Pest Management, 2016). Long-term
prevention of pests and their damage is its main focus. The major components that is practiced
by IPM programs are the identification of pests, pest monitoring and damage assessment,
management guidelines, pest prevention problems, combination of the different control, and
assessment of the effect of the pest management (What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?).
In the Philippine Constitutions, Presidential Decree No. 1144 was promulgated creating
the Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA) and abolishing FIA from P.D. 135. The merging of
the fertilizer and pesticide industries placed them under the jurisdiction of a single government
agency (Aquino, Ani, & Derequito, 2013).
In creating the neem-based pesticides, the formulations are proven to be safe. Saxena
(2007) stated that compared to synthetic pesticides, the standardization of neem materials to be
used for the rice insect pest management is more preferable and has the additional benefit of
weak or in sequential effects on pests' natural enemies.
The latter is a relevant factor for a successful integrated pest management nowadays.
These reasons and advantages given by the neem materials used for the pesticides should pave
the way for the increase of acceptance here in the Philippines.
There are several reasons which prove that neem tree extracts is an advantageous
pesticide, and thus should be used as a standard pesticide in the Philippines. First, it is non-toxic;
second, it affects the biological system of the rice black bugs; and third, it prevents economic
damage to agricultural crops.
Many pesticides used are ecologically disruptive, adversely affect the environment, and
can seriously harm farmers health. Neem pesticide is non-toxic. It is non-hazardous compared to
some synthetic pesticides which are hazardous or toxic.

(NRC, 1992) states that neem products appear to have no toxicity to warm-blooded
animals. Birds and bats eat the sweet pulp of the fruits of neem trees without apparent ill effects,
in fact, neem fruits are the main part of their diets. When neem-seed extracts were brushed on the
skins of rats, the animals blood showed no abnormalities; indeed, the treated rats ate more food
and gained more weight than the untreated ones.
This safety to mammals extends to people. Neem extracts show no mutagenicity in the
Ames test, which detects potential carcinogens. Certain neem products may even benefit human
health. The seeds and leaves contain compounds with demonstrated antiseptic, antiviral, and
antifungal activity. There are also hints that neem has anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, and antiulcer effects. There is a potential indirect benefit to health as well. Neem leaves contain an
ingredient that disrupts the fungi that produce aflatoxin on moldy peanuts, corn, and other foods
(NRC, 1992).
Azadirachtin, the most active ingredient extracted from the neem tree, have significant
effects on the black bugs. Rice black bugs are particularly sensitive to Azadirachtin. It affects the
feeding activity of the rice black bugs (Mordue (Luntz) & Nisbet, 2000). Azadirachtins most
important property is feeding determent. The rice plant leaf which the nymphs usually feed on is
treated with the neem-based pesticide; there will be an anti-peristaltic wave in the alimentary
canal of the leaf which causes the insect to have a vomiting sensation. This sensation will prevent
the insect from consuming the plant. The presence of Azadirachtin and its composites will lead to
the blockage of the swallowing ability of the black bugs (Preparation of neem biopesticides at
farm level, n.d.). This means that the neem-based pesticide protects the rice plants and will,
therefore, increase the yield of the rice grain due to the reduction in the food consumption of the
black bugs.

The neem-based pesticide also affects the physiology of the black bugs directly and
indirectly. Indirect effects, Azadirachtin attacks the cells and tissues of the black bugs that lead to
a demarcation of cells division and protein synthesis. These effects are visible in the paralysis of
muscles, loss of regenerative cells, and loss of enzyme production. While in indirect effects, the
Azadirachtin affects the neurosecretory system of the brain which leads to blockage of the
release of morphogenetic peptide hormones and allatostatins. These functions control a series of
another function that when disrupted by the Azadirachtin, may affect the sterility and
reproduction of the black bugs (Mordue (Luntz) & Nisbet, 2000).
Another effect of the neem-based pesticide is in the growth regulation. When a larva
grows, it will shed its old skin; a phenomenon called ecdysis or molting. If the Azadirachtin is in
the system of the insect, the molting of the larva ceases. The insect will remain in the larva stage
and die (Preparation of neem biopesticides at farm level, n.d.).
Neem tree extracts use as a pesticide is helpful in preventing economic damage of
agricultural crops. It is more advantageous compare to some pesticides especially the synthetic
pesticides.
Neem extract is not an instant, knock down, kill everything pesticide (Neem Insecticide
- Neem Oil Insecticide - Does It Work?, n.d.). Instead it affects insects in many different and
subtle ways. Neem extract has many complex active ingredients. Rather than being simple
poisons, those ingredients are similar to the hormones that insects produce. Insects take up the
neem extract ingredients just like natural hormones.
Azadirachtin constituents enter the system and stop the real hormones from functioning
properly that will lead the insects to stop eating, reproducing, or laying eggs. Some forget that
they can fly. If eggs are produced, they dont hatch it. Thus, the insects will not survive. The

population will eventually plummet, and they disappear (Neem Insecticide - Neem Oil
Insecticide - Does It Work?, n.d.).
Schmutterers work shows that neem extracts applied to vegetable crops would repel
locusts. Neem compounds usually leave pests alive for some time, but so repelled, debilitated, or
hormonally disrupted that crops, people, and animals are protected.
Despite the favorable characteristics of neem tree extracts as a pesticide, it has its
disadvantages. Neem-based pest control technology is constrained in efficacy, farmers
perception, and technicality problems.
One is the insufficient data on the effectiveness of the products in the farming level. This
will lead to farmers not be convinced of its benefits. Another is that the accessibility of the neem
raw materials. Also, the available products are not standardized, thus, the quality varies (Soon &
Bottrell, 1994).
Farmers have gotten used to buying agricultural needs as a readily made product from
stores than preparing them themselves. They are also used to the automatic and fast effect of the
chemical pesticides. Also, farmers are hesitant about the effectiveness of the extracts from the
neem tree which they extract on their own. Some farmers also think that it is quite more
laborious to create these organic pesticides and hence, increasing their workload. These extracts
really do affect the pests by attacking their biological system, but they will still remain in the rice
plants. Farmers would be in hesitation seeing that the pests are still on the rice plants even
though the pests were already inactive and will not cause any harm to the plants anymore
(Preparation of neem biopesticides at farm level, n.d.).

Technical disadvantages such as lack of information about the product, lack of training to
help farmers use the neem-based pesticide effectively, and lack of official recommendation for
using the neem in pest control (Soon & Bottrell, 1994).
To convince the farmers from using the neem-based pesticide instead of the quick killing
synthetic made pesticides, they should be educated and provided more information and
knowledge about the product.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) can be implemented to the farmers. Through heavy
demonstrations and training, this will help the farmers learn and evaluate the product. Making
farmer aware of the potential and constraints of the neem-based pest control technology is very
important in places like the Philippines. The farmers will be trained through the demonstration of
the use, discussion on the natural enemies of the black bugs, and question-and-answer session
with the farmers.
Rice farmers that have undergone proper IPM training lessen their dependence on
external inputs for agriculture. For the average rice farmers, the neem tree is well established in
the Philippines and other countries in Asia. Thus, the availability of the raw materials that will be
used in creating a neem-based insecticide will not be a problem. Also, by educating the Filipino
farmers about using biopesticides such as neem-based pesticides rather than the synthetically
made products, this would bring their cost of pest control to almost zero, leaving only labor as a
potential expenditure item. The extracts of the neem being environmentally friendly and is nontoxic, therefore, they can be used as one of the standard pesticides in the Philippines.

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