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  • EE309 AC-DC Converters Feb 15

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    Rahul Kumar Meena
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    A vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft is one that can hover, take off, and land vertically. This classification includes fixed-wing aircraft as well as helicopters and other aircraft with powered rotors, such as cyclogyros/cyclocopters and tiltrotors.[1] Some VTOL aircraft can operate in other modes as well, such as CTOL (conventional take-off and landing), STOL (short take-off and landing), and/or STOVL (short take-off and vertical landing). Others, such as some helicopters, can only operate by VTOL, due to the aircraft lacking landing gear that can handle horizontal motion. VTOL is a subset of V/STOL (vertical and/or short take-off and landing). Helicopter[edit] Main article: Helicopter The helicopter's form of VTOL allows it to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forwards, backwards, and laterally. These attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft would usually not be able to take off or land. The capability to efficiently hover for extended periods of time is due to the helicopter's relatively long, and hence efficient rotor blades, and allows a helicopter to accomplish tasks that fixed-wing aircraft and other forms of vertical takeoff and landing aircraft could not perform at least as well until 2011. On the other hand, the long rotor blades restrict the maximum speed to about 250 miles per hour (400 km/h) of at least conventional helicopters, as retreating blade stall causes lateral instability. Autogyro[edit] Main article: Autogyro Autogyros are also known as gyroplanes or gyrocopters. The rotor is unpowered and rotates freely in the airflow as the craft travels forward, so the craft needs a conventional powerplant to provide thrust. An autogyro is not intrinsically capable of VTOL: for VTO the rotor must be spun up to speed by an auxiliary drive, and vertical landing requires precise control of rotor momentum and pitch. Gyrodyne[edit] Main article: Gyrodyne Gyrodynes are also known as compound helicopters or compound gyroplanes. A gyrodyne has the powered rotor of a helicopter with a separate forward thrust system of an autogyro. Apart from take-off and landing the rotor may be unpowered and autorotate. Designs may also include stub wings for added lift. Cyclogyro[edit] Main article: Cyclogyro A cyclogyro or cyclocopter has a rotary wing whose axis and surfaces remain sideways across the airflow, as with a conventional wing. Powered lift[edit] Main article: Powered lift Convertiplane[edit] Main article: Convertiplane A convertiplane takes off under rotor lift like a helicopter, then transitions to fixed-wing lift in forward flight. Tiltrotor[edit] Main article: Tiltrotor A tiltrotor or proprotor tilts its propellers or rotors vertically for VTOL and then tilts them forwards for horizontal wing-borne flight, while the main wing remains fixed in place. Tiltwing[edit] Main article: Tiltwing A tiltwing has its propellers or rotors fixed to a conventional wing and tilts the whole assembly to transition between vertical and horizontal flight. Tail-sitter[edit] Main article: Tail-sitter A tail-sitter sits vertically on its tail for takeoff and landing, then tilts the whole aircraft forward for horizontal flight. Fan-in-wing[edit] Main article: Powered lift § Fan-in-wing In the fan-in-wing configuration, a ducted fan is enclosed within the main wing shape. The craft takes off and land using fan lift, then transitions to wing-borne lift in forward flight. The fans may or may not have covers which close over them in forward flight. Vectored thrust[edit] Main article: Thrust vectoring Thrust vectoring is a technique used for jet and rocket engines, where the direction of the engine exhaust is varied. In VTOL, the exhaust can be varied between vertical and horizontal thrust. Lift jets[edit] Main article: Lift jet A lift jet is an auxiliary jet engine used to provide lift for VTOL operation, but ma

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    A vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft is one that can hover, take off, and land vertically. This classification includes fixed-wing aircraft as well as helicopters and other aircraft with powered rotors, such as cyclogyros/cyclocopters and tiltrotors.[1] Some VTOL aircraft can operate in other modes as well, such as CTOL (conventional take-off and landing), STOL (short take-off and landing), and/or STOVL (short take-off and vertical landing). Others, such as some helicopters, can only operate by VTOL, due to the aircraft lacking landing gear that can handle horizontal motion. VTOL is a subset of V/STOL (vertical and/or short take-off and landing). Helicopter[edit] Main article: Helicopter The helicopter's form of VTOL allows it to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forwards, backwards, and laterally. These attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft would usually not be able to take off or land. The capability to efficiently hover for extended periods of time is due to the helicopter's relatively long, and hence efficient rotor blades, and allows a helicopter to accomplish tasks that fixed-wing aircraft and other forms of vertical takeoff and landing aircraft could not perform at least as well until 2011. On the other hand, the long rotor blades restrict the maximum speed to about 250 miles per hour (400 km/h) of at least conventional helicopters, as retreating blade stall causes lateral instability. Autogyro[edit] Main article: Autogyro Autogyros are also known as gyroplanes or gyrocopters. The rotor is unpowered and rotates freely in the airflow as the craft travels forward, so the craft needs a conventional powerplant to provide thrust. An autogyro is not intrinsically capable of VTOL: for VTO the rotor must be spun up to speed by an auxiliary drive, and vertical landing requires precise control of rotor momentum and pitch. Gyrodyne[edit] Main article: Gyrodyne Gyrodynes are also known as compound helicopters or compound gyroplanes. A gyrodyne has the powered rotor of a helicopter with a separate forward thrust system of an autogyro. Apart from take-off and landing the rotor may be unpowered and autorotate. Designs may also include stub wings for added lift. Cyclogyro[edit] Main article: Cyclogyro A cyclogyro or cyclocopter has a rotary wing whose axis and surfaces remain sideways across the airflow, as with a conventional wing. Powered lift[edit] Main article: Powered lift Convertiplane[edit] Main article: Convertiplane A convertiplane takes off under rotor lift like a helicopter, then transitions to fixed-wing lift in forward flight. Tiltrotor[edit] Main article: Tiltrotor A tiltrotor or proprotor tilts its propellers or rotors vertically for VTOL and then tilts them forwards for horizontal wing-borne flight, while the main wing remains fixed in place. Tiltwing[edit] Main article: Tiltwing A tiltwing has its propellers or rotors fixed to a conventional wing and tilts the whole assembly to transition between vertical and horizontal flight. Tail-sitter[edit] Main article: Tail-sitter A tail-sitter sits vertically on its tail for takeoff and landing, then tilts the whole aircraft forward for horizontal flight. Fan-in-wing[edit] Main article: Powered lift § Fan-in-wing In the fan-in-wing configuration, a ducted fan is enclosed within the main wing shape. The craft takes off and land using fan lift, then transitions to wing-borne lift in forward flight. The fans may or may not have covers which close over them in forward flight. Vectored thrust[edit] Main article: Thrust vectoring Thrust vectoring is a technique used for jet and rocket engines, where the direction of the engine exhaust is varied. In VTOL, the exhaust can be varied between vertical and horizontal thrust. Lift jets[edit] Main article: Lift jet A lift jet is an auxiliary jet engine used to provide lift for VTOL operation, but ma

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    10 views8 pages

    EE309 AC-DC Converters Feb 15

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Kumar Meena
    A vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft is one that can hover, take off, and land vertically. This classification includes fixed-wing aircraft as well as helicopters and other aircraft with powered rotors, such as cyclogyros/cyclocopters and tiltrotors.[1] Some VTOL aircraft can operate in other modes as well, such as CTOL (conventional take-off and landing), STOL (short take-off and landing), and/or STOVL (short take-off and vertical landing). Others, such as some helicopters, can only operate by VTOL, due to the aircraft lacking landing gear that can handle horizontal motion. VTOL is a subset of V/STOL (vertical and/or short take-off and landing). Helicopter[edit] Main article: Helicopter The helicopter's form of VTOL allows it to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forwards, backwards, and laterally. These attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft would usually not be able to take off or land. The capability to efficiently hover for extended periods of time is due to the helicopter's relatively long, and hence efficient rotor blades, and allows a helicopter to accomplish tasks that fixed-wing aircraft and other forms of vertical takeoff and landing aircraft could not perform at least as well until 2011. On the other hand, the long rotor blades restrict the maximum speed to about 250 miles per hour (400 km/h) of at least conventional helicopters, as retreating blade stall causes lateral instability. Autogyro[edit] Main article: Autogyro Autogyros are also known as gyroplanes or gyrocopters. The rotor is unpowered and rotates freely in the airflow as the craft travels forward, so the craft needs a conventional powerplant to provide thrust. An autogyro is not intrinsically capable of VTOL: for VTO the rotor must be spun up to speed by an auxiliary drive, and vertical landing requires precise control of rotor momentum and pitch. Gyrodyne[edit] Main article: Gyrodyne Gyrodynes are also known as compound helicopters or compound gyroplanes. A gyrodyne has the powered rotor of a helicopter with a separate forward thrust system of an autogyro. Apart from take-off and landing the rotor may be unpowered and autorotate. Designs may also include stub wings for added lift. Cyclogyro[edit] Main article: Cyclogyro A cyclogyro or cyclocopter has a rotary wing whose axis and surfaces remain sideways across the airflow, as with a conventional wing. Powered lift[edit] Main article: Powered lift Convertiplane[edit] Main article: Convertiplane A convertiplane takes off under rotor lift like a helicopter, then transitions to fixed-wing lift in forward flight. Tiltrotor[edit] Main article: Tiltrotor A tiltrotor or proprotor tilts its propellers or rotors vertically for VTOL and then tilts them forwards for horizontal wing-borne flight, while the main wing remains fixed in place. Tiltwing[edit] Main article: Tiltwing A tiltwing has its propellers or rotors fixed to a conventional wing and tilts the whole assembly to transition between vertical and horizontal flight. Tail-sitter[edit] Main article: Tail-sitter A tail-sitter sits vertically on its tail for takeoff and landing, then tilts the whole aircraft forward for horizontal flight. Fan-in-wing[edit] Main article: Powered lift § Fan-in-wing In the fan-in-wing configuration, a ducted fan is enclosed within the main wing shape. The craft takes off and land using fan lift, then transitions to wing-borne lift in forward flight. The fans may or may not have covers which close over them in forward flight. Vectored thrust[edit] Main article: Thrust vectoring Thrust vectoring is a technique used for jet and rocket engines, where the direction of the engine exhaust is varied. In VTOL, the exhaust can be varied between vertical and horizontal thrust. Lift jets[edit] Main article: Lift jet A lift jet is an auxiliary jet engine used to provide lift for VTOL operation, but ma

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 8

    6/9/2015

    EE309 Power Electronics

    AC-DC Converters

    Prof. Ramesh Oruganti


    School of Computing and Electrical Engineering
    Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi

    EE309 AC-DC Converters

    About AC-DC Power Converters


    AC to DC rectifiers can be:
    Uncontrolled rectifiers (using
    diodes) and
    Controlled rectifiers (using
    thyristors
    Traditionally, either to obtain DC
    power from AC, the arrange
    shown in the top figure is used.
    This is very bulky (and
    expensive) due to large
    transformer and filter elements.
    Nowadays, the approach shown
    in the bottom figure is used.
    Here, the galvanic isolation and
    step-down is carried out in the
    DC-DC chopper stage.
    February 2015

    Neverthless, AC-DC power converters using


    thyristors continue to be used in many
    places, especially in older systems and in
    large power applications.

    Prof. Ramesh Oruganti, School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, IIT Mandi

    EE309 Power Electronics / IIT Mandi / Prof Ramesh Oruganti

    6/9/2015

    EE309 AC-DC Converters

    Single Phase AC-DC Diode Bridge Rectifier


    Show that
    where Vo = DC output voltage and
    VS = AC rms input voltage
    If L is large, output current =
    constant = Io
    Then the AC input current will be

    By Fourier Analysis

    February 2015

    Prof. Ramesh Oruganti, School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, IIT Mandi

    EE309 AC-DC Converters

    Single Phase AC-DC Diode Bridge Peak Rectifier

    Single Phase Bridge Peak Rectifier

    February 2015

    Prof. Ramesh Oruganti, School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, IIT Mandi

    EE309 Power Electronics / IIT Mandi / Prof Ramesh Oruganti

    6/9/2015

    EE309 AC-DC Converters

    Input Power Factor

    If voltage and current are both sinusoidal, then

    This, we know already.

    February 2015

    Prof. Ramesh Oruganti, School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, IIT Mandi

    EE309 AC-DC Converters

    Input Power Factor (contd.)


    Typically, the current will be distorted in power electronic circuits while
    voltage will be reasonably okay.

    Here, IS1 is the rms of the fundamental current, while Is is the total rms
    current. 1 is the angle between the voltage and the fundamental current.

    February 2015

    Prof. Ramesh Oruganti, School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, IIT Mandi

    EE309 Power Electronics / IIT Mandi / Prof Ramesh Oruganti

    6/9/2015

    EE309 AC-DC Converters

    Problems due to Non-linear Loads


    1. Voltage distortion
    2. Additional heating due to higher rms current values
    3. System overvoltages due to exciting of system resonances
    4. Possible metering errors and malfunctioning of utility relays
    5. EMI interference with communication and control equipment
    6. Restriction of equipment load connection to a mains outlet
    7. Possible overcurrent in the neutral wire

    February 2015

    Prof. Ramesh Oruganti, School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, IIT Mandi

    EE309 AC-DC Converters

    Single Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier (contd.)


    Show that, assuming lossless operation,
    input average power = output DC power

    Show also that

    February 2015

    Prof. Ramesh Oruganti, School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, IIT Mandi

    EE309 Power Electronics / IIT Mandi / Prof Ramesh Oruganti

    6/9/2015

    EE309 AC-DC Converters

    Single Phase Fully Controlled Thyristor Bridge Converter

    (T1, T2) & (T3, T4) switch in pairs.


    N  Natural point of commutation

    February 2015

    Prof. Ramesh Oruganti, School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, IIT Mandi

    EE309 AC-DC Converters

    Single Phase Bridge Converter (Contd.)


    Show that
    where Vo = DC output voltage and VS = AC rms input voltage and is the firing
    angle.
    Show that the device r.m.s current

    Also, show that the input power factor

    February 2015

    Prof. Ramesh Oruganti, School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, IIT Mandi

    EE309 Power Electronics / IIT Mandi / Prof Ramesh Oruganti

    10

    6/9/2015

    EE309 AC-DC Converters

    Single Phase Bridge Converter - As Varies

    = 0

    The voltage waveforms as is


    increased is shown alongside.

    = 45

    = 90

    = 135
    February 2015

    Prof. Ramesh Oruganti, School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, IIT Mandi

    11

    EE309 AC-DC Converters

    Single Phase Bridge Converter (Contd.)


    For < /2, Vo > 0 and Power > 0. Rectifier operation
    For > /2, Vo < 0 and Power < 0. Inverter operation
    This is possible only of the load has energy suitable for
    feeding back.
    Energy Feedback A Simplified Picture:

    February 2015

    Prof. Ramesh Oruganti, School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, IIT Mandi

    EE309 Power Electronics / IIT Mandi / Prof Ramesh Oruganti

    12

    6/9/2015

    EE309 AC-DC Converters

    Single Phase Bridge Converter - Firing Circuit


    A Possible Scheme.
    T3 & T4 pulses will
    be generated in a
    similar fashion.

    Waveforms

    February 2015

    Prof. Ramesh Oruganti, School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, IIT Mandi

    13

    EE309 AC-DC Converters

    Single Phase Half Controlled Thyristor Bridge Converter


    These do not allow reverse energy flow.
    They operate in single quadrant in the
    output v-i plane.
    Reduced cost
    Improved power factor
    Show that

    Show also that

    February 2015

    Prof. Ramesh Oruganti, School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, IIT Mandi

    EE309 Power Electronics / IIT Mandi / Prof Ramesh Oruganti

    14

    6/9/2015

    EE309 AC-DC Converters

    1 Half Controlled Bridge Converter (contd.)


    Notice that for the same Vo the firing
    angle is larger for the half-controlled
    converter.
    Yet the power factor is higher in this
    case. How?

    February 2015

    Prof. Ramesh Oruganti, School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, IIT Mandi

    EE309 Power Electronics / IIT Mandi / Prof Ramesh Oruganti

    15

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