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Part 1: DC CIRCUITS
L
Vs
R
C
R2
Vs
L1
L2
C1
C1
Vs
R2
R1
RC circuit
4
7
Vs
R1
0,25H
4
i
Ex 8.1: The switch has been closed for a long time, and
opens at t = 0. Find i(+0), v(+0), di(+0)/dt, dv(+0)/dt, i(),
t =0
C1
12V
v()
R2
0,1F
12
2 A,
i(0)
R1 R2
R1
v(0) 2.i(0) 4 V
L
0,25H
+ vL C1 +
12V
0,1F
vC ( 0) vC (0) 4 V ; iL (0) iL ( 0) 2 A
iC C
R1
0,25H
4
i
C1
12V
dvC
dv (0) iC (0) 2
C
20 V / s
dt
dt
C
0,1
R1
Applying KVL:
t =0
12 4i(0) vL (0) vC ( 0) 0 vL ( 0) 0
di(0) vL (0)
0A / s
dt
L
R2
0,1F
L
0,25H
+ vL C1 +
12V
0,1F
i() 0 A, v() 12 V
6
R2
3u(t)A +
vR R1
2
+ v0 -
C1
0,5F
vC
L
0,6H
20V
iL
vR (0) v0 (0)
Apply KCL at node a: 3
R1
R2
vR (0) v0 (0) 4 V
dt
L
R2
3u(t)A +
vR R1
2
+ v0 -
C1
0,5F
vC
L
vL
0,6H
20V
iL
diL (0)
vL (0) vC (0) 20 20 20 0
0
dt
v0 (0)
v0 ( 0) 4
iC (0) iL (0)
iC (0) 1A
Apply KCL at node b:
iL ( 0) 0
R2
2V / s
dt
C
0,5
Apply KCL to node a, and taking the derivative of each term and setting t = +0:
vR v0
dvR (0) dv0 (0)
3
02
R1 R2
dt
dt
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
I0
V0
1
idt V0 , i(0) I0
At t = 0: v(0)
C
t
di 1
d 2i R di 1
idt 0 2
i0
Applying KVL to the loop: Ri L
dt C
dt
L dt LC
To solve a second-order differential equation it requires 02 initial conditions:
i(+0) and i(+0), or
i(+0) and v(+0)
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
st
AR st
A st
se
e 0
R
L
LC
s1
2L
1
R
st 2
Ae s s
0
L
LC
As 2 est
characteristice equation
2L
1
R
2
2
2 L LC 0
1
R
2
2
0
2 L LC
I0
V0
R
2L
1
0
LC
10
s1 2 02
R
, 0
2L
I0
V0
LC
11
12
s 2 2 j
d
0
1
s1 02 2 jd
13
14
R1
10V
C1
0,02F
R3 6
t=0
+
v
R2
i
L
0,5H
10
1A ; v(0) i. R3 6 V
R1 R3
Req
2L
9
9, 0
2.0,5
1
LC
9 t
The response is under damped: i(t ) e A1 cos 4,359t A2 sin 4,359t
15
Applying KCL:
v 1
dv
d v 1 dv 1
vdt C
0 2
v0
R L
dt
dt
RC dt LC
s2
1
1
s
0
RC
LC
2
s1,2
1
1
1
2
2
2 RC
2 RC RC
R
L
I0
V0
1
2 RC
1
0
LC
st
s t
Over damped ( 0 ) : v(t ) A1e 1 A2 e 2
A1, 2: determine
from the initial
t
Critically damped ( 0 ) : v(t ) ( A1 A2 t )e
conditions: v(0),
2
dv(0)/dt
16
R1
40V
0,4H
t=0
S?
50
R2
C
20uF
+v
-
v(0)
R2
40 25V,
R1 R2
i(0)
40
0,5 A
R1 R2
v(0) 1
dv(0)
v(0)
dv(0)
vdt C
0
i(0) C
0
R
L
dt
R
dt
dv(0)
v(0) Ri(0)
25 50.0,5
0
6
dt
RC
50.20.10
17
R1
30
40V
0,4H
t=0
50
S?
R2
20uF
s1,2
1
500, 0
2 RC
1
LC
354
s1 854
v(t ) A1e 854 t A2 e 146 t
s2 146
2
2
0
v(0) A1 A2 25
At t = 0: dv(0)
dt 854 A1 146 A2 0
A 5,16
1
A2 30,16
18
t=0
Vs
i
L
50
+C
di
2
Vs
d
v R dv v
L
Ri
v
V
S
dt
dt 2 L dt LC LC
dv
v(t ) vn (t ) v f (t )
iC
dt
Over damped:
t
Critically damped: v(t ) VS A1 A2 t e
Under damped:
A1, 2: determine
from the initial
conditions: v(0),
dv(0)/dt
19
R1
t=0
1H
24V
C
0,5F
+
-
different values of R1 = 5, 4, 1
R1
2,5
2
L
24
4 A, v(0) 1.i(0) 4 V
For t = 0: i(0)
R1 R2
0 1 2
s1 1
LC
2
2
s1,2 0
s2 4
R1 = 5
t
4 t
t
4 t
For t > 0: v(t ) v f A1e A2 e 24 A1e A2 e
At t = 0: v(0) 24 A1 A2 4 A1 A2 20
dv(t )
C A1e t 4 A2 e 4 t i(0) C A1 4 A2 4
dt
dv 4
4
i(t ) C 4e t e 4 t A
v(t ) 24 16e t e 4 t V
dt 3
3
i (t ) C
20
R2
R1
L
1H
24V
t=0
C
0,5F
+
-
different values of R1 = 5, 4, 1
R1
24
2L
4,5 A; v(0) 1.i(0) 4,5V
For t = 0: i(0)
R1 R2
0 1 2
LC
2 t
2 t
For t > 0: v(t ) v f ( A1 A2 t )e 24 ( A1 A2 t )e
R1 = 4
dv(t )
C 2 A1 2tA2 A2 e 2 t i(0) C 2 A1 A2 4,5 A2 57
dt
dv
v(t ) 24 19,5 57t e 2 t V
i(t ) C 4,5 28,5t e 2 t A
dt
i (t ) C
21
R2
R1
L
1H
24V
t=0
C
0,5F
+
-
R2
different values of R1 = 5, 4, 1
R1
0,5
24
2L
12 A; v(0) 1.i(0) 12 V
For t = 0: i(0)
R1 R2
0 1 2
LC
s1,2 2 02 0,5 j1,936
R1 = 1
0,5t
For t > 0: v(t ) 24 ( A1 cos1,936t A2 sin1,936t )e
At t = 0: v(0) 24 A1 12 A1 12
dv(t )
e 0,5t (1,936 A1 sin1,936t 1,936 A2 cos1,936t ) 0,5e 0,5t A1 cos1,936t A2 sin1,936t
dt
dv(0)
i(0)
1,936 A2 0,5 A1
48 A2 21,694
dt
C
v(t ) 24 (21,694 sin 0 t 12 cos 0 t )e0,5t V i(t ) (3,1sin 0 t 12 cos 0 t )e0,5t A
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
22
i
R
IS
t=0
+C
V
di
2
v L
I
v
dv
d
i
1 di
i
dt
iC
IS
2
S
R
dt
dt
RC dt RC LC
i(t ) in (t ) i f (t )
in (t ) : natural response
i f (t ) : forced response
Over damped:
t
Critically damped: i(t ) IS A1 A2 t e
Under damped:
23
t=0
i
4A
L
20H
R2
iR
R1
20
i(0) 4 A
For t < 0:
R1
di(0) v(0)
v
V
(0)
30
15
0,75
R
R
dt
L
1
2
8mF
20
V
30u(-t)V
R1 R2
10
R1 R2
1
6,25
s1 11,978
2 RC
2
2
s1,2 0
i(t ) I f A1e 11,978t A2 e 0,5218t
1
s2 0,5218
0
2,5
LC
i(0) 4 4 A1 A2 A1 A2
A1 0.0655
At t = 0: di(0)
dt 11,978 A1 0,5218 A2 0,75 A2 0.0655
1 di
L 0,785e 11,978t 0,0342e 0,5218t A
i(t ) 4 0.0655(e 0.5218t e 11.978t ) A iR (t )
20 dt
24
25
L
1H
i(0) 0
i(0) i(0) 0
Applying KCL:
R1
R2
2
12V
C
0,5F
t=0
v(0)
dv(0) iC (0)
iC (0) 6 A
12 V / s
R2
dt
C
12
2 A, v() 2.i() 4 V v f (t )
i ( )
R1 R2
i(0) iC (0)
Find the natural response: Turn off the voltage source, and apply KCL, KVL
v
dv
i
C
d 2v
dv
R
dt
5
6v 0
2
2
vn (t ) Ae 2 t Be 3t
dt
dt
4i L di v 0
s 2 5s 6 0
dt
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
26
1H
R1
R2
12V
C
0,5F
t=0
A B 8
A 12
dv(0)
2
3
12
A
B
B 4
dt
i
v(t ) 4 12e 2 t 4e 3t V, t 0
v
dv
C
2 6e 2 t 2e 3t 12e 2 t 6e 3t 2 6e 2 t 4e 3t A, t 0
R2
dt
27
L1
R1
0,5H
7u(t)V
i1
V0
R2
i2
L2
0,2H
14 V / s
dt
L1
di2 (t ) vL 2
0
dt
L2
7
2,33 A
R1
di1
2
R
R
i
R
i
L
(
)
0
d
i1
di1
1
2
1
2
2
1
30i1 0
dt
2
dt
dt
di
to find natural responses: R (i i ) L 2 0
s 2 13s 30 0
2 2
1
2
dt
28
As t : i1 () i2 ()
s 3
s 2 13s 30 0 1
i1n Ae 3t Be 10 t
s2 10
L1
R1
0,5H
7u(t)V
i1
V0
R2
i2
L2
0,2H
i1 (t ) i1 f i1n 2,33 Ae 3t Be 10 t
Imposing the initial condition gives:
A B 2,33 0 A 1,33
i1 (t ) 2,33 1,33e 3t e 10 t A
B 1
3 A 10 B 14
Applying KVL to loop
7 4i1 i2 L1
di1
di
i2 7 4i1 L1 1 2,33 3,33e 3t e 10 t A
dt
dt
v0 (t ) R2 i1 (t ) i2 (t ) 2 e 3t e 10 t A
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
29
10k R1
Applying KCL:
v v
dv v v
At node 1: S 1 C2 2 1 0
R1
dt
R2
1
V1
10u(t) mV
100F
+V R2 10k
20F
2
4
7
3
V0
VO
- C1
dv
v1 v0
dv
C1 0 v1 v0 R2 C1 0
dt
R2
dt
v v
dv
dv
v2 v1 v0
S 1 C2 2 C1 0
R1
dt
dt
At node 2 :
vS
d 2 v0
dv0
d 2 v0 1
v0
1 dv0
2
5v0 5vS
2
2
dt
dt
dt
R
C
R
C
dt
R
R
C
C
R
R
C
C
2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
2
For the natural response, turning off the source: s 2s 5 0 s1,2 1 j 2
v0 n (t ) e t A cos 2t B sin 2t
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
30
10k R1
As t : v0 () v1 () vS v0 f v0 () 10mV
V1
10u(t) mV
100F
+V R2 10k
20F
2
4
7
3
V0
VO
- C1
v0 (t ) v0 n v0 f 10 e t A cos 2t B sin 2t
v0 (0) v2 (0) 0
v0 (0) v2 (0) 0
v1 (0) v2 (0) v0 (0) 0
dv0 (0) v1 v0
0
dt
R2 C1
v0 (0) 10 A 0 A 10
dv0 (0)
dt A 2 B 0 B 5
The complete response becomes:
v0 (t ) 10 e t 10 cos 2t 5sin 2t mV
31
VI. Applications
Practical applications of RLC circuits are found in control and communications
circuits, for examples:
Ringing circuits
Peaking circuits
Resonant circuits
Smoothing circuits
Filters
Automobile ignition
Most of the circuits cannot be covered until we treat AC sources.
32