Professional Documents
Culture Documents
answers
SkillSHEET 1.1
Multiplying whole numbers by a 1-digit
number
Short multiplication is used when we multiply by a 1-digit number.
WORKED Example
Calculate 735 7 using short multiplication.
THINK
1
2
WRITE
5272335
5272337
5212425
Try these
Calculate the following using short multiplication.
1 63 4
2 47 5
3 58 3
4 76 6
5 62 9
6 428 4
7 563 7
8 367 5
9 845 6
10 956 3
11 6750 4
12 8253 9
13 7196 8
14 4936 3
15 5039 5
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 1.2
Rounding decimal numbers to 2 decimal
places
To round a decimal number correct to 2 decimal places, follow these steps:
1. Consider the digit in the third decimal place (that is, the thousandths place).
2. If it is less than 5, simply omit this digit and all digits that follow. (That is, omit all digits beginning from
the third decimal place.)
3. If it is 5 or greater than 5, add 1 to the preceding digit (that is, the one in the hundredths place) and omit
all digits beginning from the third decimal place.
WORKED Example
Round each of the following numbers correct to 2 decimal places.
a 0.239
b 4.5842
THINK
WRITE
a The digit in the third decimal place is 9, which is greater than 5. So add 1 to
the preceding digit (that is, to 3) and omit 9.
a 0.239 0.24
b The digit in the third decimal place is 4. Since it is less than 5, simply omit all
digits beginning from the third decimal place (that is, omit 4 and 2).
b 4.5842 4.58
Try these
Round each of the following numbers correct to 2 decimal places.
1 0.322
2 0.257
3 1.723
4 2.555
6 12.195
7 8.4678
8 25.033 78
9 18.333 333
5 4.308
10 0.166 666 6
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 1.3
Factor pairs
A number that divides exactly into another number is a factor of that number. The result of the division (the
quotient) is also a factor. These two factors form a factor pair. For example, if 7 is a factor of 35, then 5 is
also a factor of 35, since 35 7 = 5 and so 5 and 7 form a pair of factors of 35.
The product of the numbers in a factor pair is always equal to the number whose factors they are. For
example, 3 and 6 is a factor pair of 18, and 3 6 = 18.
WORKED Example
Find the missing factor in each of the following factor pairs of 12:
a 2 and __
b 4 and __ .
THINK
WRITE
a 12 2 = 6
So a factor pair of 12 is 2 and 6.
b 12 4 = 3
So a factor pair of 12 is 4 and 3.
Note: There is an alternative way of finding a missing factor. For example, if 2 is a factor of 12, we can
obtain the other factor by finding the number that when multiplied by 2 will give 12. That is, since 2 6 = 12,
2 and 6 are a pair of factors of 12.
Try these
1 Find the missing factor in each of the following factor pairs of 24:
a 3 and __
b 6 and __
c 12 and __ .
2 Find the missing factor in each of the following factor pairs of 39:
a 3 and __
b 39 and __.
3 Find the missing factor in each of the following factor pairs of 60:
a 4 and __
b 5 and __
c 10 and __
d 20 and __
e 30 and __.
4 Find the missing factor in each of the following factor pairs of 48:
a 1 and __
b 4 and __
c 6 and __
d 16 and __
e 24 and __.
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 1.4
Multiples
A multiple is the result of multiplication of one number by another number. For example, 10 is a multiple
of both 2 and 5, since 2 5 = 10.
WORKED Example
Write the first five multiples of 2.
THINK
WRITE
21=2
22=4
23=6
24=8
2 5 = 10
The first five multiples of 2 are: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10.
Try these
Write the first five multiples of each of the following numbers.
1 3
2 5
3 8
4 11
5 6
6 4
7 12
8 9
9 7
10 15
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 1.5
Rounding to the first (leading) digit
To round to the first (or leading) digit, follow these rules:
Consider the digit after the leading one (that is, the second digit).
If it is less than 5, leave the first digit unchanged and replace all other digits with zeros.
If the second digit is 5 or greater than 5, add 1 to the leading digit and replace the rest of the digits with
zeros.
WORKED Example
Round each of the following numbers to the first (or leading) digit.
a 2371
b 872
THINK
WRITE
a 2371 2000
b 872 900
Try these
Round each of the following numbers to the first (or leading) digit.
1 84
2 77
3 120
4 569
6 7235
7 5502
8 2970
9 23 004
5 903
10 59 455
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 1.6
Simplifying fractions
To simplify a fraction, divide both numerator and denominator by the highest common factor (HCF).
WORKED Example
Write
8
-----52
in simplest form.
THINK
WRITE
8
-----52
2
-----13
Try these
Write each of the following fractions in simplest form.
1
13
-----52
26
-----52
4
-----52
12
-----52
48
-----52
2
--6
4
--6
8
-----10
15
-----20
10
12
-----20
13
18
-----48
14
7
-----56
15
12
-----36
11
8
-----26
12
24
-----42
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 1.7
Converting an improper fraction into a
mixed number
To convert an improper fraction into a mixed number, divide the numerator by the denominator. The quotient will be the whole part of the mixed number and the remainder will be the numerator of the fractional
part. (The denominator of the fractional part is the same as the denominator of the improper fraction.)
WORKED Example
Change
7
--5
THINK
WRITE
7
--5
= 1 2--5-
Try these
Change each of the following improper fractions into a mixed number.
1
9
--5
7
--3
8
--3
17
-----5
12
-----7
14
-----3
17
-----4
23
-----6
42
-----5
10
35
-----8
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 1.8
Finding and converting to the lowest
common denominator
To obtain the lowest common denominator (LCD) of two or more fractions, we need to find the lowest
common multiple (LCM) of the denominators of these fractions.
WORKED Example 1
Find the lowest common denominator of
5
--6
and 3--8- .
THINK
1
WRITE
LCD of
5
--6
and
3
--8
is 24.
To convert a fraction to the lowest common denominator (LCD), we need to establish how many times the
original denominator fits or divides into the LCD. We then need to multiply both numerator and denominator of the fraction by that number.
WORKED Example 2
Convert
5
--6
and
3
--8
THINK
1
WRITE
5
--6
54
-----------64
20
-----24
3
--8
33
-----------83
9
-----24
5
--6
by 4.
3
--8
by 3.
Try these
1 Find the lowest common denominator of each of the following pairs of fractions.
a
5
--7
and
1
--6
3
--4
and
2
--3
1
--6
and
1
--4
2
--3
and
3
--5
2
--3
1
--6
and
5
--8
3
--8
and
3
--4
5
--9
and
5
--6
1
--3
and
4
--9
5
-----12
and
and
5
--6
7
--8
2 Convert each pair of fractions in question 1 to fractions with their respective lowest common
denominators.
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 1.9
Converting a mixed number into an
improper fraction
To convert a mixed number into an improper fraction, follow these steps:
1. Multiply the denominator by the whole part and add the numerator.
2. Put the resultant number as the numerator of the improper fraction.
3. Write the denominator. (It is the same as the one in the mixed number.)
WORKED Example
Convert 2 3--8- into an improper fraction.
THINK
WRITE
2 3--8- =
19
-----8
Try these
Convert each of the following mixed numbers into an improper fraction.
1 1 3--5-
2 2 5--8-
3 1 2--7-
4 2 7--8-
5 3 1--2-
6 2 4--5-
7 4 3--4-
8 1 1--9-
9 5 5--6-
10 4 3--7-
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 1.10
Adding money
To set out addition of money, position the numbers so that the decimal points are in line (that is, directly
under each other). If the amount to be added is in dollars only, put a decimal point after the amount of
dollars and add two zeros for cents. For example, $5 can be written as $5.00.
WORKED Example
Calculate each of the following.
a $2.35 + $15.40
b $7 + $4.15
THINK
WRITE
a + 1 2.35
+ 15.40
+ $17.75
b + 7.00
+ 4.15
+ $11.15
Try these
Calculate each of the following.
1 $5.60 + $12.90
2 $13.90 + $4.76
3 $190 + $4.58
4 $0.85 + $2.60
5 $9.24 + $3.85
6 $7 + $0.81
7 $12.30 + $4.10
8 $5.90 + $1.23
9 $25.50 + $1.44
10 $20 + $4.57
11 $60.03 + $14.25
12 $8.25 + $3.12
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 1.11
Multiplying decimal numbers by powers
of 10
To multiply a decimal number by powers of 10, move the decimal point to the right one space for each zero
in the power of 10. For example, to multiply by 10, move the decimal point one place to the right, while to
multiply by 1000 move it three places to the right. Note that if there are not enough digits after the decimal
point, we can always add extra zeros.
WORKED Example
Calculate each of the following.
a 5.67 10
b 0.7 100
THINK
WRITE
a 5.67 10 = 56.7
b 0.7 100
= 0.70 100
= 70
Try these
Calculate each of the following.
1 2.56 10
2 7.6 10
3 0.98 10
4 3.49 100
5 2.6 100
6 70.1 100
7 0.2 100
8 5.321 1000
9 10.2 1000
13 0.003 1000
10 0.758 1000
11 2.5 10 000
12 3.576 10 000
14 0.000 6 10 000
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 2.1
Simplifying algebraic terms written in an
expanded form
To simplify a term written in an expanded form, multiply the numbers together and omit all multiplication
signs. Note that it is conventional to place the resultant number (called a coefficient) in front of the
pronumerals (letters).
WORKED Example
Simplify each of the following terms.
a 5a3
b 2b7c
THINK
WRITE
a 5 a 3 = 15a
b 2 b 7 c = 14bc
Try these
Simplify each of the following terms.
1 23a
2 74c
3 3n4
4 a29
6 6m7
7 5zx
8 3x2y
9 4ad8
5 b44
10 5b 2p
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 2.2
Substitution into algebraic expressions I
To substitute the values of the pronumerals into an algebraic expression means to replace all pronumerals
with their respective values (or numbers). Once the values of the pronumerals are substituted, the
expression can be evaluated. While evaluating, the correct order of operations must be observed.
WORKED Example
Evaluate each algebraic expression if a = 2 and b = 3.
a a + 5b
b 4ab
THINK
WRITE
a a + 3b = 2 + 5 3
b 4ab = 4 2 3
a + 3b = 2 + 15
a + 3b = 17
4ab = 24
Try these
Evaluate each algebraic expression if a = 2 and b = 3.
1 a+b
2 ba
6 5a + b
7 4a 2b
3 5ab
2
8 3a b
5 2a b
4 2ba
9 a + 4b
10 ab 6
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 2.3
Substitution into algebraic expressions II
When evaluating algebraic fractions, substitute the values of the pronumerals first and then simplify the
resultant fraction by dividing numerator and denominator by their highest common factor (HCF).
Remember to change improper fractions into mixed numbers for your final answer.
WORKED Example
Evaluate each of the following if a = 2, b = 3 and c = 6.
ab
a+c
a -----b -----------4
2b
THINK
WRITE
ab 2 3
a ------ = -----------4
4
2
3
2
3
=
=
6
--4
3
--2
= 1 1--2a+c 2+6
b ------------ = -----------2b
23
=
8
--6
4
--3
= 1 1--3-
Try these
Evaluate each of the following if a = 2, b = 3 and c = 6.
a
1 --c
b
2 --c
ab
3 -----c
ac
4 -----b
a
6 -----bc
a
7 --- + b
c
ac
8 ------ + 2b
12
abc
9 --------3
bc
5 -----a
ab + c
10 --------------5
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 2.4
Adding and subtracting decimal numbers
When adding or subtracting decimal numbers, add (or subtract) units to (from) units, tenths to (from)
tenths, hundredths to (from) hundredths etc. To set out addition (or subtraction), position the numbers so
that the decimal points are in line (that is, directly under each other). If the numbers contain different
numbers of digits after the decimal, add zeros to make them equal in length before adding (or subtracting).
WORKED Example
Calculate each of the following.
a 2.35 + 15.4
b 7.2 4.15
THINK
WRITE
2.35
+ 15.40
17.75
7.1210
4.1115
3.1015
Try these
Calculate each of the following.
1 5.6 + 12.9
2 13.9 + 4.76
3 190 + 4.58
4 0.855 + 2.6
5 9.24 + 3.85
6 7 + 0.812
7 12.3 4.1
8 5.9 1.23
9 25.5 1.442
10 20 4.57
11 60.03 14.2
12 8.25 3.125
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 2.5
Multiplying decimal numbers
To multiply a decimal number by a whole number, or by another decimal number, first perform multiplication, ignoring the decimal point(s), as you would if both were whole numbers. To find the position of
the decimal point in the answer, count the total number of decimal places in the numbers being multiplied.
The number obtained for the answer will have the same number of decimal places as the total number of
decimal places in the numbers being multiplied.
Note that when setting out multiplication, it is not necessary to position the numbers so that the decimal
points are in line.
WORKED Example
Multiply each of the following.
a 9.78 5
b 1.31 3.2
THINK
WRITE
9.78
5
4484.4940
1.3.1
3.2
2.6.2
3.9.3.0
4.1.9.2
3 44 4
Try these
Multiply each of the following.
1 7.9 6
2 6.5 5
3 1.79 7
4 7.3 13
5 9.6 16
6 1.85 21
7 6.2 0.5
8 7.3 1.7
9 8.9 3.5
10 9.42 1.2
11 64.5 5.2
12 5.72 9.1
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 2.6
Dividing decimal numbers
To divide decimal numbers, we need to change the second decimal (that is, the divisor) into a whole
number. This can be done by moving the decimal point to the right until it is at the end of the number. The
first number (that is, the dividend) needs to be adjusted accordingly. That is, we need to move the decimal
point in the dividend to the right as many places as we did in the divisor. When these adjustments are done,
we can proceed with the division.
WORKED Example
Prepare each of the following for division by making the divisor a whole number.
a 4.598 0.23
b 0.09 0.003
THINK
WRITE
0.09 0. 003 = 90 3
Try these
Prepare each of the following for division by making the divisor a whole number.
1 9.235 0.4
2 4.528 0.7
3 52.39 0.3
4 489.15 0.5
5 6.759 0.02
6 5.2563 0.03
7 24.921 0.08
8 73.21 0.04
9 4.58 0.06
13 0.056 0.003
10 213.4 0.04
11 71.6 0.06
12 21.1 0.11
14 0.0004 0.002
15 0.0257 0.006
16 2.75 0.005
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 3.1
Simplifying fractions with a denominator
of 100
To simplify a fraction, divide both the numerator and the denominator by their highest common factor
(HCF). Remember that the factors of 100 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50 and 100.
WORKED Example
Simplify each of the following.
8
a -------100
226
--------100
THINK
WRITE
8
--------100
226
--------100
26
= 2 -------100
1
2
2
-----25
-----= 2 13
50
Try these
Simplify each of the following.
1
80
--------100
6
--------100
24
--------100
45
--------100
75
--------100
260
--------100
502
--------100
416
--------100
125
--------100
10
315
--------100
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 3.2
Converting a mixed number into an
improper fraction
To convert a mixed number into an improper fraction, follow these steps:
1. Multiply the denominator by the whole part and add the numerator.
2. Put the resultant number as the numerator of the improper fraction.
3. Write the denominator. (It is the same as the one in the mixed number.)
WORKED Example
Convert 2 3--8- into an improper fraction.
THINK
WRITE
2 3--8- =
19
-----8
Try these
Convert each of the following mixed numbers into an improper fraction.
1 1 3--5-
2 2 5--8-
3 1 2--7-
4 2 7--8-
5 3 1--2-
6 2 4--5-
7 4 3--4-
8 1 1--9-
9 5 5--6-
10 4 3--7-
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 3.3
Multiplying decimal numbers by powers
of 10
To multiply a decimal number by powers of 10, move the decimal point to the right one space for each zero
in the power of 10. For example, to multiply by 10, move the decimal point one place to the right, while to
multiply by 1000 move it three places to the right. Note that if there are not enough digits after the decimal
point, we can always add extra zeros.
WORKED Example
Calculate each of the following.
a 5.67 10
b 0.7 100
THINK
WRITE
a 5.67 10 = 56.7
b 0.7 100
= 0.70 100
= 70
Try these
Calculate each of the following.
1 2.56 10
2 7.6 10
3 0.98 10
4 3.49 100
5 2.6 100
6 70.1 100
7 0.2 100
8 5.321 1000
9 10.2 1000
13 0.003 1000
10 0.758 1000
11 2.5 10 000
12 3.576 10 000
14 0.000 6 10 000
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 3.4
Dividing whole numbers and decimals by
100
To divide a whole or a decimal number by 100, move the decimal point two places to the left. Note that
although a whole number does not have a decimal point, we can always add it at the end of the number.
(For example, 35 and 35. are the same numbers.) Also note that if there are not enough digits to move the
decimal point the required number of places, we can always add extra zeros.
WORKED Example
Calculate each of the following.
a 34 100
b 350 100
c 75.6 100
d 4.1 100
THINK
WRITE
1
2
1
2
34 100 = 0.34
Try these
1 Calculate each of the following.
a 28 100
b 60 100
e 15 100
f 7 100
i 3 100
j 75 100
c 34 100
g 560 100
k 600 100
d 2 100
h 721 100
l 250 100
c 0.5 100
g 0.3 100
k 75.3 100
d 8.19 100
h 71.1 100
l 100.5 100
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 3.5
Changing fractions to equivalent
fractions with a denominator of 100
To change a fraction into an equivalent fraction with a denominator of 100:
1. establish how many times the given denominator fits (divides) into 100
2. multiply both the numerator and the denominator by that number.
Remember that factor pairs of 100 could be of assistance. These are 1 and 100, 2 and 50, 4 and 25, 5 and
20 and 10 and 10. So if the given denominator is one factor in a pair, then both the numerator and the
denominator must be multiplied by the other factor in that pair. For example, if the given denominator is 20,
the numerator and the denominator must be multiplied by 5.
WORKED Example
Change
3
--5
THINK
WRITE
3
--5
=
=
3 20
--------------5 20
60
--------100
Try these
Change each of the following into equivalent fractions with a denominator of 100.
1
1
--5
4
--5
3
-----10
7
-----10
3
--4
3
-----20
17
-----20
8
-----25
10
1
--2
39
-----50
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 3.6
Multiplying fractions by 100
To multiply a fraction by 100:
1. write 100 as a fraction, by placing it over 1
2. cancel where possible
3. multiply numerators together and denominators together
4. convert to a mixed number if necessary.
WORKED Example
Multiply
4
-----15
by 100.
THINK
1
2
3
4
WRITE
4
-----15
=
=
100
--------1
4
20
--- -----3
1
80
-----3
= 26 2--3-
Try these
Multiply each of the following fractions by 100.
1
4
-----10
8
-----20
12
-----50
3
--5
8
-----15
17
-----40
14
-----30
27
-----45
14
-----25
10
15
-----70
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 3.7
Converting an improper fraction into a
mixed number
To convert an improper fraction into a mixed number, divide the numerator by the denominator. The quotient will be the whole part of the mixed number and the remainder will be the numerator of the fractional
part. (The denominator of the fractional part is the same as the denominator of the improper fraction.)
WORKED Example
Change
7
--5
THINK
WRITE
7
--5
= 1 2--5-
Try these
Change each of the following improper fractions into a mixed number.
1
9
--5
7
--3
8
--3
17
-----5
12
-----7
14
-----3
17
-----4
23
-----6
42
-----5
10
35
-----8
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 3.8
Multiplying decimal numbers by 100
To multiply a decimal number by 100, move the decimal point two places to the right. Note that if there are
not enough digits after the decimal point, we can always add extra zeros.
WORKED Example
Calculate each of the following.
a 0.67 100
b 0.7 100
THINK
WRITE
a 0.67 100 = 67
b 0.7 100
= 0.70 100
= 70
Try these
Calculate each of the following.
1 0.56 100
2 0.76 100
3 0.98 100
4 0.49 100
5 2.6 100
6 1.1 100
7 0.2 100
8 5.321 100
9 10.2 100
10 0.758 100
11 0.5 100
12 0.0006 100
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 3.9
Multiplying fractions by a whole number
To multiply a fraction by a whole number:
1. change the whole number into a fraction by writing it over 1
2. simplify as much as possible
3. multiply the numerators together and the denominators together
4. if the answer is an improper fraction, convert it to a mixed number.
WORKED Example 2
Perform each of the following multiplications.
60
- 360
a -------100
45
--------100
25
THINK
WRITE
3
4
5
6
3
4
5
6
360
360
--------1
3
--5
360
--------1
3
--1
72
-----1
216
--------1
= 216
60
---------
100
60
= -------100
45
---------
100
45
= -------100
9
-----20
9
--4
45
-----4
25
25
-----1
25
-----1
5
--1
= 11 1--4-
Try these
Perform each of the following multiplications.
1
20
--------100
36
10
--------100
58
35
--------100
20
75
--------100
32
5
--------100
70
2
--------100
160
17
--------100
5000
92
--------100
250
45
--------100
80
10
110
--------100
75
11
230
--------100
24
12
125
--------100
40
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 3.10
Multiplying decimal numbers by whole
numbers and decimals
To multiply a decimal number by a whole number, or by another decimal number, first perform the multiplication, ignoring the decimal point(s), as you would if both numbers were whole. To find the position of
the decimal point, count the total number of decimal places in the question and then put the decimal point
in the answer so that it (the answer) has the same number of decimal places.
Note that when setting out multiplication, it is not necessary to position the numbers so that the decimal
points are in line.
WORKED Example
Multiply each of the following.
a 0.78 5
b 1.31 3.2
THINK
WRITE
a 03.3748
03.3745
33.3930
b 1.31
3.2
. 262
.3930
4.192
Try these
Multiply each of the following.
1 0.79 6
2 0.65 5
3 1.79 7
4 0.73 13
5 0.96 16
6 1.85 21
7 0.62 0.5
8 0.03 1.7
9 0.9 3.5
10 0.4 1.2
11 0.55 5.2
12 0.04 9.1
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 4.1
Order of operations
If an expression contains more than one operation, the calculations must be performed in the following
order:
1. brackets
2. multiplication and division (from left to right)
3. addition and subtraction (from left to right).
WORKED Example
Find the value of each of the following, using the order of operations rules.
a 7+84
b 12 2 + 4 5
THINK
WRITE
a 7+84
=7+2
=9
b 12 2 + 4 5
= 24 + 4 5
= 24 + 20
= 44
1
2
1
2
Try these
Find the value of each of the following, using the order of operations rules.
1 56 49 7
2 18 + 6 8
3 10 + 8 8
4 144 12 2
5 63+58
6 72 64 8
7 72+9
8 12 + 12 2 6
9 6+64+8
10 11 8 + 9 3
11 5 4 2 9
12 20 8 2 4
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 4.2
Order of operations with brackets
If an expression contains more than one operation, the calculations must be performed in the following
order:
1. brackets (from left to right)
2. multiplication and division (from left to right)
3. addition and subtraction (from left to right).
WORKED Example
Find the value of the following, using the order of operations rules.
a 5 (2 + 4 7)
b 4 (3 5 + 5) (7 4)
THINK
WRITE
a 5 (2 + 4 7)
= 5 (2 + 28)
= 5 30
= 150
b 4 (3 5 + 5) (7 4)
= 4 (15 + 5) (7 4)
= 4 20 (7 4)
= 4 20 3
= 80 3
= 240
1
2
1
2
Try these
Find the value of each of the following, using the order of operations rules.
1 2 (15 6)
2 (10 8) (4 + 2)
3 12 4 (54 49)
4 44 11 (16 5)
5 (18 + 6 8) 2
6 5 (63 9 6)
7 (4 + 21 3) 9
8 (6 + 3) (7 + 2)
9 10 (8 + 9 3)
10 9 3 (4 + 3)
11 2 4 (6 + 3 2)
12 (7 + 2) (12 4 3)
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 4.3
Operations with directed numbers
For addition of directed numbers follow these rules:
1. If both numbers have the same sign, add them together; the answer will have the same sign.
2. If numbers have opposite signs, subtract the smaller number from the larger. The answer will have the
sign of the larger number.
For subtraction of directed numbers, follow these rules:
1. Replace subtraction with addition and change the sign of the number that is being subtracted to opposite.
2. Perform the addition.
For multiplication and division of directed numbers, use the following rules:
1. Multiply (or divide) the numbers.
2. If both numbers have the same sign, the product (quotient) will be positive.
3. If two numbers have opposite signs, the product (quotient) will be negative.
WORKED Example
Perform each of the following calculations.
a (5) + (4)
b 2 + (6)
c (7) (3)
d 5 (8)
THINK
WRITE
a (5) + (4) = 9
b 2 + (6) = 4
e (16) (4)
(7) (3) = 4
d 5 (8) = 40
e (16) (4) = 4
Try these
Perform each of the following calculations.
1 (2) + (3)
2 (2) + 5
3 (6) + 4
4 (12) + (4)
6 (8) (12)
7 5 (7)
8 (8) 4
9 6 (3)
12 5 (4)
13 (8) 7
14 12 (3)
11 (6) (2)
5 (2) (7)
10 (6) 5
15 (20) (4)
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 4.4
Simplifying fractions
To simplify a fraction, divide both numerator and denominator by the highest common factor (HCF).
WORKED Example
Write
8
-----52
in simplest form.
THINK
WRITE
8
-----52
2
-----13
Try these
Write each of the following fractions in simplest form.
1
13
-----52
26
-----52
4
-----52
12
-----52
48
-----52
2
--6
4
--6
8
-----10
15
-----20
10
12
-----20
13
18
-----48
14
7
-----56
15
12
-----36
11
8
-----26
12
24
-----42
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 5.1
Inverse operations
The four basic operations and their inverses are shown in the table below:
Operation
Inverse
operation
WORKED Example
Write the inverse of each of the following.
a 3
b 4
THINK
WRITE
a 3
b +4
Try these
Write the inverse of each of the following.
1 +5
2 7
3 6
4 8
6 9
7 11
8 +8
9 10
5 12
10 2
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 5.2
Expanding brackets
To expand (multiply out) brackets, multiply each term in the brackets by the coefficient in front of the
brackets.
WORKED Example
Expand each of the following.
a 3(2x 4)
b 2(4x + 7)
THINK
WRITE
a 3(2x 4)
= 6 x + 3 4
= 6x 12
b 2(4x + 7)
= 2 4x + 2 7
= 8x 14
1
2
3
1
2
3
Try these
Expand each of the following.
1 3(2x + 1)
2 2(4x + 2)
3 7(x 5)
4 6(5x 4)
5 4(3x 1)
6 2(2x + 3)
7 3(3x + 4)
8 4(2x 2)
9 5(x 2)
10 6(x 1)
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 5.3
Substitution and evaluation of algebraic
expressions
To substitute into an algebraic expression means to replace the pronumerals in the expression with their
corresponding values (that are given). Once the substitution is complete, the resultant expression can be
evaluated. Order of operations must be observed while evaluating.
WORKED Example 2
WRITE
a x2 + x, x = 5
52 + 5
= 25 + 5
= 30
1
2
3
2
3
Simplify.
2x + 4
b --------------- , x = 5
7
25+4
--------------------7
10 + 4
= --------------7
14
= -----7
=2
Try these
Substitute the given value of x in each of the following expressions and then evaluate.
x+5
1 ------------ , x = 4
3
3x 2
2 --------------- , x = 6
4
x
4 --- 5, x = 21
7
7 x2 + x, x = 2.1
8 x2 + 7, x = 4
2
--- x
5
+ 1--5- , x = 2
2x + 1
3 --------------- , x = 7
5
6 2.5x + 3.4, x = 1.2
9 4 2x, x = 3
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 6.1
Conversion to smaller units
To convert to smaller units, we multiply by the appropriate conversion factor. Below are conversion factors
for various units, which could be of assistance.
Units of length
Units of mass
Units of capacity
Units of time
1 cm = 10 mm
1 kg = 1000 g
1 L = 1000 mL
1 min = 60 s
1 m = 100 cm
1 tonne = 1000 kg
1 kL = 1000 L
1 hour = 60 min
1 km = 1000 m
1 day = 24 hours
1 week = 7 days
1 year = 12 months
1 year = 52 weeks
WORKED Example
Convert each of the following to the units shown in brackets.
a 4 cm (mm)
b 3 min (s)
THINK
WRITE
a 4 cm = 4 10 mm
4 cm = 40 mm
b 3 min = 3 60 s
3 min = 180 s
Try these
Convert each of the following to the units shown in brackets.
1 5 cm (mm)
2 3 m (cm)
3 4 km (m)
4 12 kg (g)
5 8 tonnes (kg)
6 15 L (mL)
7 2 kL (L)
8 3 days (hours)
9 8 h (min)
10 9 min (s)
11 2 weeks (days)
12 3 years (months)
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 6.2
Highest common factor (HCF)
To find the highest common factor of 2 or more numbers, list all the factors of those numbers and select the
largest factor that appears on all lists.
WORKED Example
Find the highest common factor of 24 and 36.
THINK
1
2
3
WRITE
Try these
Find the highest common factor of each of the following groups of numbers.
1 8 and 12
2 6 and 9
3 10 and 24
4 9 and 21
6 10 and 18
7 20 and 36
8 24 and 30
9 12, 24 and 36
5 12 and 16
10 8, 12 and 16
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 6.3
Finding and converting to the lowest
common denominator
To obtain the lowest common denominator (LCD) of two or more fractions, we need to find the lowest
common multiple (LCM) of the denominators of these fractions.
WORKED Example 1
Find the lowest common denominator of
5
--6
and 3--8- .
THINK
1
WRITE
LCD of
5
--6
and
3
--8
is 24.
To convert a fraction to the lowest common denominator (LCD), we need to establish how many times the
original denominator fits or divides into the LCD. We then need to multiply both numerator and denominator of the fraction by that number.
WORKED Example 2
Convert
5
--6
and
3
--8
THINK
1
WRITE
5
--6
54
-----------64
20
-----24
3
--8
33
-----------83
9
-----24
5
--6
by 4.
3
--8
by 3.
Try these
1 Find the lowest common denominator of each of the following pairs of fractions.
a
5
--7
and
1
--6
3
--4
and
2
--3
1
--6
and
1
--4
2
--3
and
3
--5
2
--3
1
--6
and
5
--8
3
--8
and
3
--4
5
--9
and
5
--6
1
--3
and
4
--9
5
-----12
and
and
5
--6
7
--8
2 Convert each pair of fractions in question 1 to fractions with their respective lowest common
denominators.
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 6.4
Multiplying decimal numbers by powers
of 10
To multiply a decimal number by powers of 10, move the decimal point to the right one space for each zero
in the power of 10. For example, to multiply by 10, move the decimal point one place to the right, while to
multiply by 1000 move it three places to the right. Note that if there are not enough digits after the decimal
point, we can always add extra zeros.
WORKED Example
Calculate each of the following.
a 5.67 10
b 0.7 100
THINK
WRITE
a 5.67 10 = 56.7
b 0.7 100
= 0.70 100
= 70
Try these
Calculate each of the following.
1 2.56 10
2 7.6 10
3 0.98 10
4 3.49 100
5 2.6 100
6 70.1 100
7 0.2 100
8 5.321 1000
9 10.2 1000
13 0.003 1000
10 0.758 1000
11 2.5 10 000
12 3.576 10 000
14 0.000 6 10 000
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 6.5
Converting a mixed number into an
improper fraction
To convert a mixed number into an improper fraction, follow these steps:
1. Multiply the denominator by the whole part and add the numerator.
2. Put the resultant number as the numerator of the improper fraction.
3. Write the denominator. (It is the same as the one in the mixed number.)
WORKED Example
Convert 2 3--8- into an improper fraction.
THINK
WRITE
2 3--8- =
19
-----8
Try these
Convert each of the following mixed numbers into an improper fraction.
1 1 3--5-
2 2 5--8-
3 1 2--7-
4 2 7--8-
5 3 1--2-
6 2 4--5-
7 4 3--4-
8 1 1--9-
9 5 5--6-
10 4 3--7-
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 6.6
Multiplying a whole number by a fraction
To multiply a whole number by a fraction:
1. change the whole number into a fraction by writing it over 1
2. simplify as much as possible
3. multiply the numerators together and the denominators together
4. if the answer is an improper fraction, convert it to a mixed number.
WORKED Example
Perform each of the following multiplications.
a 50 3--5-
b 75
4
--3
THINK
WRITE
a 50
3
--5
50
-----1
3
--5
10
-----1
3
--1
30
-----1
3
4
5
3
4
5
= 30
b 75
4
--3
75
-----1
4
--3
25
-----1
4
--1
100
--------1
= 100
Try these
Perform each of the following multiplications.
1 50
2
--5
2 27
1
--3
3 40
3
-----10
4 16
3
--4
5 60
5
-----12
6 81
2
--9
7 42
7
--8
8 36
4
-----15
9 12
4
--3
10 14
10
-----7
11 200
13 28
9
--4
14 20
7
--6
15 15
3
--2
23
-----10
12 35
6
--5
16 30
9
--4
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 6.7
Converting units of length
To convert units of length, the following chart may be useful.
10
mm
100
cm
10
1000
m
100
km
1000
WORKED Example
Convert each of the following to the units given in brackets.
a 20 m (cm)
b 3000 m (km)
THINK
WRITE
a 20 100 = 2000
b 3000 1000 = 3
20 m = 2000 cm
3000 m = 3 km
Try these
Convert each of the following to the units given in brackets.
1 20 m (cm)
2 350 m (cm)
3 5 m (cm)
4 10 km (cm)
5 400 km (cm)
6 5000 km (m)
7 200 cm (m)
8 500 mm (cm)
9 8000 m (km)
13 78 m (cm)
11 50 cm (m)
12 750 m (km)
14 25 km (cm)
15 8 m (cm)
16 300 m (cm)
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 6.8
Expressing minutes as fractions of an
hour
Since there are 60 minutes in an hour, to express a number of minutes as a fraction of an hour, put the
number of minutes over 60 and simplify.
WORKED Example
Express 40 minutes as a fraction of an hour.
THINK
1
WRITE
40
-----60
2
--3
40 minutes =
2
--3
of an hour
Try these
Express the following number of minutes as fractions of an hour.
1 30 minutes
2 45 minutes
3 15 minutes
4 12 minutes
5 3 minutes
6 1 minute
7 50 minutes
8 20 minutes
9 10 minutes
10 5 minutes
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 7.1
Solving equations
When solving an equation, the same operations must be performed to both sides of it.
WORKED Example
Solve each of the following equations.
a x + 50 + 40 = 180
b x + 2x + 30 = 180
THINK
WRITE
a x + 50 + 40 = 180
00 + x + 90 = 180
b x + 2x + 30 = 180
x + 3x + 30 = 180
1
2
3
1
2
3
x + 90 90 = 180 90
00 + 00 x = 90
3x + 30 30 = 180 30
30 + 30 3x = 150
3x 150
------ = --------3
3
x = 50
Try these
Solve each of the following equations.
1 x + 60 + 50 = 180
2 x + 20 + 35 = 180
3 x + 59 + 46 = 180
4 x + 50 + 50 = 180
5 x + x + 40 = 180
6 38 + x + 38 = 180
7 x + 2x + 36 = 180
8 2x + 3x + 30 = 180
9 3x + 6x + 18 = 180
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 7.2
Angle relationships
When two lines cross each other, two pairs of vertically opposite angles are formed. Vertically opposite
angles are equal in size. In the figure shown below AOB = DOC and AOD = BOC.
A
O
D
Angles on a straight line are called supplementary. Supplementary angles add up to 180. In the figure
shown below AOB + BOC = 180.
B
C
O
WORKED Example
For each of the following, name the relationship between the angles shown and write this relationship
as an algebraic statement. (Do not simplify.)
a
b
7x 10
x
x + 120
2x 40
THINK
WRITE
1
2
x + 120 = 2x 40
x + 7x 10 = 180
Try these
For each of the following name the relationship between the angles shown and write this relationship as an
algebraic statement. (Do not simplify.)
1
2x
3x
x + 20
4x 200
3x 20
2x + 10
5x 250
2x
7x
7
x + 30
2x 55
8
3x + 10
2x + 40
3x + 4
10
x
x + 10
7x 50
2x + 80
x
2x 5
2x
x
x
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 7.3
Constructing angles with a protractor
The following worked example shows the procedure of constructing an angle using a protractor.
WORKED Example
Construct an angle of 75, using a protractor.
THINK
1
DRAW
75
0
Try these
Construct each of the following angles using a protractor.
1 90
2 60
3 72
4 45
5 30
6 120
7 150
8 36
9 40
10 24
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 8.1
Multiplying and dividing by powers of 10
(10, 100, 1000 and so on)
To multiply a whole number by a power of 10, add as many zeros to that number as there are in the power
of 10. For example, to multiply by 10, add one zero and to multiply by 100, add two zeros.
To multiply a decimal number by a power of 10, move the decimal point to the right one place for each
zero in the power of 10. For example, to multiply by 10 move the decimal point one place to the right,
while to multiply by 1000 move it three places to the right. Note that if there are not enough digits after the
decimal point, we can always add extra zeros.
WORKED Example 1
Calculate each of the following.
a 72 10
b 540 1000
c 5.67 10
d 0.7 100
THINK
WRITE
a 72 10 = 720
c 5.67 10 = 56.7
d 0.7 100
= 0.70 100
= 70
To divide a whole or a decimal number by a power of 10, move the decimal point to the left one place for
each zero in the power of 10. Note that although a whole number does not have a decimal point, we can
always add it at the end of the number. (For example, 35 and 35 are the same numbers.) Also note that if
there are not enough digits to move the decimal point the required number of places, we can always add
extra zeros.
WORKED Example 2
Calculate each of the following.
a 234 100
b 350 1000
c 75.6 10
d 4.1 1000
THINK
WRITE
1
2
1
2
234 1 00 = 0.350
234 100 = 0.35
c 75.6 10 = 7.56
Try these
1 Calculate each of the following.
a 23 10
b 45 10
e 2500 10
f 71 100
i 25 1000
j 710 1000
c 235 10
g 531 100
k 2 10 000
d 530 10
h 300 100
l 70 10 000
c 0.98 10
g 0.2 100
k 2.5 10 000
d 3.49 100
h 5.321 1000
l 3.576 10 000
c 3400 10
g 560 100
k 600 1000
d 2050 10
h 7210 100
l 2500 10 000
c 0.5 10
g 0.3 100
k 75.3 10 000
d 8.19 100
h 71.1 1000
l 1000.5 10 000
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 8.2
Substitution into a formula
To substitute the values of pronumerals into a formula means to replace the pronumerals with their corresponding values. When all but one pronumeral in the formula are replaced with numbers, the value of the
remaining pronumeral can be evaluated. Order of operations must be observed at all times while evaluating.
WORKED Example
Substitute the given values of the pronumerals into the formula and hence find the value of P.
P = 2(l + w), l = 4, w = 8
THINK
1
2
3
WRITE
P = 2(l + w), l = 4, w = 8, P = ?
P = 2(4 + 8)
P = 2 12
P = 24
Try these
Substitute the given values of the pronumerals into each formula and hence find the value of the unknown
pronumeral.
1 P = 2(l + w), l = 3, w = 7
3 A = l w, l = 12, w = 5
4 A = l 2, l = 1.2
5 C = 2r, = 3.14, r = 8
6 C = D, =
7 A = r 2, = 3.14, r = 9
22
------ ,
7
D = 14
h
10 A = --- (a + b), a = 2.8, b = 5, h = 3
2
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 8.3
Solving equations
When solving an equation, the same operations must be performed to both sides of it.
WORKED Example
Solve each of the following equations.
a x + 50 + 40 = 180
b x + 2x + 30 = 180
THINK
WRITE
a x + 50 + 40 = 180
00 + x + 90 = 180
b x + 2x + 30 = 180
x + 3x + 30 = 180
1
2
3
1
2
3
x + 90 90 = 180 90
00 + 00 x = 90
3x + 30 30 = 180 30
30 + 30 3x = 150
3x 150
------ = --------3
3
x = 50
Try these
Solve each of the following equations.
1 x + 60 + 50 = 180
2 x + 20 + 35 = 180
3 x + 59 + 46 = 180
4 x + 50 + 50 = 180
5 x + x + 40 = 180
6 38 + x + 38 = 180
7 x + 2x + 36 = 180
8 2x + 3x + 30 = 180
9 3x + 6x + 18 = 180
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 9.1
Addition of directed numbers
For the addition of directed numbers follow these rules:
1. If both numbers have the same sign, add them together; the answer will have the same sign.
2. If numbers have opposite signs, subtract the smaller number from the larger. The answer will have the
sign of the larger number.
WORKED Example
Calculate each of the following.
a 7 + (5)
b (8) + (2)
THINK
WRITE
a 7 + (5) = 2
b (8) + (2) = 10
Try these
Calculate each of the following.
1 6 + (3)
2 7 + (12)
3 (8) + 4
4 (12) + 13
5 (7) + (11)
6 12 + 8
7 (9) + (6)
8 (8) + (8)
9 (2) + 4 + (5)
10 12 + (5) + (1)
11 6 + 2 + (8)
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 9.2
Translation of a point
If a point is moved up, down, right, left or in any combination of these directions, we say that it has been
translated.
WORKED Example
Use graph paper to show the original position of point P and its position after each of the following
translations.
a 5 right
b 2 left, 3 up
THINK
DRAW
P'
P'
P
Try these
Use graph paper to show the original position of point P and its position after each of the following translations.
1 2 right
2 3 left
3 5 down
4 6 up
5 2 left, 1 up
6 3 right, 2 up
7 1 left, 4 down
8 5 right, 2 down
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 9.3
Reflection of a point
A reflection is an exact image of an object as seen in a mirror. A reflection is as far behind the mirror as the
object is in front of it.
To find a reflection of a point in a given line, follow these steps:
1. draw a perpendicular line from the point to the mirror line
2. extend the perpendicular line beyond the mirror line
3. measure the distance from the point to the mirror along the perpendicular line. The reflection is on the
other side of the mirror, at the same distance along the line.
WORKED Example
Draw a reflection of the given point in the dotted line.
THINK
1
DRAW
P'
Try these
For each of the following, draw a reflection of the given point in the dotted line.
1
3
P
6
P
P
9
P
P
10
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 9.4
Rotation of a point
The turning of an object about a certain point is called a rotation. To rotate a point half a turn (180), follow
these steps:
1. join the given point and the centre of rotation with a straight line
2. extend the line beyond the centre of rotation
3. locate the image; it is as far from the centre of rotation as the original point.
WORKED Example 1
Show the final position of point P after a half-turn rotation about the dot.
P
THINK
1
DRAW
P'
To rotate a point any number of degrees in either a clockwise or anticlockwise direction, follow these steps:
1. join the given point with the centre of rotation
2. position your protractor so that its centre is at the centre of rotation; that is, the 0 mark is at the given
point and angle size increases in the required direction (clockwise or anticlockwise)
3. measure out the required number of degrees and put a small mark
4. join the centre of rotation and the degree mark with a straight line
5. measure the distance of the given point from the centre of rotation
6. locate the image along the new line: it is as far from the centre of location as is the original point.
WORKED Example 2
Show the image of point P after
rotating 90 in a clockwise direction.
P
THINK
1
DRAW
90
P'
P
90
Try these
1 For each of the following, show the final position of point P after a half-turn rotation about the dot.
a
b
c
d
e
P
90 anticlockwise
d
270 anticlockwise
e
135 clockwise
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 10.1
Substitution into a rule
To substitute a given value of the pronumeral into an algebraic sentence or rule means to replace the pronumeral with that value.
When all pronumerals have been replaced with numbers, the expression can be evaluated. Order of operations must be observed at all times when evaluating.
WORKED Example
Substitute 5 for x in each of the following rules and then find the value of y.
a y=x+7
b y = 2x 3
THINK
WRITE
a y=5+7
b y=253
1
2
1
2
y = 12
y = 10 3
y=7
Try these
1 Substitute 5 for x in each of the following rules and then find the value of y.
a y=x+9
b y=x3
c y = 12 + x
d y = 25 x
f y = 7x
g y = 3x 4
h y = 2x + 6
i y = 25 3x
2 Substitute 3 for x in each of the rules in question 1 and hence find the value of y.
e y = 4x
j y = 11 + 6x
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 10.2
Measuring the rise and the run
To measure the rise and the run for a straight line, follow these steps:
1. Select two points on the line. If the line goes through the origin, it is best to select the origin and any
other point. If the line cuts both axes, select the x-intercept and the y-intercept.
2. Construct the gradient triangle, so that the two points are the vertices.
3. Measure the horizontal distance (that is, the distance along the horizontal side of a triangle) between the
two points. This distance represents the run. Note that the run is always positive.
4. Measure the vertical distance (that is, the distance along the vertical side of a triangle) between the two
points. This distance represents the rise. Note that if the line slopes upward from left to right, the rise is
positive, while if the line slopes downward, the rise is negative.
WORKED Example
State the rise and the run for each of the following straight lines.
y
a
b
y
4
3
2
1
4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 x
3 2 11
2
3
4
1 2 3 4 5 6
THINK
WRITE/DRAW
y
4
3
2
1
4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
Run = 2
Rise = 3
3
2
1 2 3 4
THINK
WRITE/DRAW
y
4
3
2
1 2
6
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 2 11
2
3
4
2
Run = 6
Rise = 2
Try these
State the rise and the run for each of the following straight lines.
1
2
y
4
4
3
2
1
3
2
1
3 2 1
1
2
3
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
y
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 2 11
2
3
y
4
3
2
1
3 2 1
1
2
3
3 2 11
2
3
y
5
4
3
2
1
3 2 1
1
2
3
y
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 2 11
2
3
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
3 2 1
1
2
3
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 2 1
1
2
3
10
1 2 3 4 5 6
y
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
3 2 11
2
3
1 2 3
4 3 2 11
2
3
4
1 2
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 10.3
Substituting 0 for x and y into a rule
Zero can be substituted into a rule connecting two variables x and y for either of the variables. When zero
is substituted for x, y can be evaluated. If we replace y with zero, the value of x can be found.
WORKED Example
For the expression y = x 5, substitute:
a x = 0 and find the corresponding value of y
THINK
1
2
3
4
5
Try these
For each of the following expressions, substitute:
a x = 0 and find the corresponding value of y
b y = 0 and find the corresponding value of x.
1 y=x3
2 y=x+5
3 y=x9
4 y=x+7
5 y=x8
6 y=x+6
7 y = x 5
8 y = x + 5
9 y = x 4
10 y = x + 10
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 11.1
Reading scales (How much is each
interval worth?)
When reading scales it is important to remember that the intervals between the adjacent marks are equal. To
find the value of each interval, find the value of the section of the scale whose end points are known (that
is, the length between the adjacent major marks) and then divide by the number of intervals along this
section.
WORKED Example
For each of the following scales, find how much each interval is worth.
a
b
20
30
THINK
WRITE
a 30 20 = 10
100
10 10 = 1
b 65=1
1 10 = 0.1
Each interval is worth 0.1 of a unit.
Try these
For each of the following scales, find how much each interval is worth.
1
3
5
7
9
40
50
11
12
10
20
400
500
2
4
6
8
10
70
80
23
24
300
20
4000
400
30
5000
200
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 11.2
Finding the location of the median
n+1
If a set of data contains n scores, the median is given by the ------------ th score.
2
Note that for the sets of data containing an odd number of scores, the median will be one of the actual
scores, while for the sets with an even number of scores, the median will be positioned halfway between the
two scores.
WORKED Example
State the location of the median for a set of data containing:
a 5 scores
b 12 scores.
THINK
WRITE
a n=5
5+1
Location of the median = -----------2
Location of the median = 6--2Location of the median = 3
So the median is the 3rd score in the set.
b n = 12
12 + 1
Location of the median = --------------2
-----Location of the median = 13
2
Location of the median = 6 1--2-
Try these
State the location of the median for the sets of data containing the following number of scores.
1 6 scores
2 7 scores
3 8 scores
4 9 scores
5 10 scores
6 20 scores
7 29 scores
8 30 scores
9 35 scores
10 100 scores
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 12.1
Understanding a deck of playing cards
A standard deck of playing cards consists of 52 cards.
All cards are divided into 4 suits. There are two black
suits spades () and clubs () and two red suits
hearts () and diamonds (). In each suit there are
13 cards including a 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, a jack,
a queen, a king and an ace. (Note that there is no 1.)
A jack, a queen and a king are called picture cards.
WORKED Example
For a standard deck of playing cards, state the number of:
a diamonds
b black queens.
THINK
WRITE
Try these
For a standard deck of playing cards, state the number of:
1 black cards
2 aces
3 picture cards
4 queens of hearts
5 kings
6 clubs
7 not spades
8 red cards
9 tens
10 red jacks
11 black threes
12 red nines
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 12.2
Simplifying fractions
To simplify a fraction, divide both numerator and denominator by the highest common factor (HCF).
WORKED Example
Write
8
-----52
in simplest form.
THINK
WRITE
8
-----52
2
-----13
Try these
Write each of the following fractions in simplest form.
1
13
-----52
26
-----52
4
-----52
12
-----52
48
-----52
2
--6
4
--6
8
-----10
15
-----20
10
12
-----20
13
18
-----48
14
7
-----56
15
12
-----36
11
8
-----26
12
24
-----42
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 12.3
Converting a fraction to a decimal
number
To convert any fraction into a decimal number, divide its numerator by the denominator. This can be easily
done using a calculator.
WORKED Example
Convert
15
-----80
into a decimal.
THINK
WRITE
80
=
With a graphics calculator, press the keys for
15
15
-----80
= 0.1875
Try these
Convert each of the following fractions into decimals.
1
15
-----40
5
-----16
7
--8
25
-----80
45
--------300
91
--------128
15
-----64
138
--------200
41
--------100
10
159
--------160
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 12.4
Converting a fraction to a percentage
To convert a fraction into a percentage, multiply the fraction by 100%.
WORKED Example
Convert each of the following fractions into percentages.
a 3--5b 2--3THINK
WRITE
1
2
3
100
--- --------5
1
300
--------5
2
--3
100%
2
100
--- --------3
1
200
--------3
= 60%
100%
3
--5
= 66 2--3- %
Try these
Convert each of the following fractions into percentages.
1
3
--4
4
--5
3
--8
2
--5
1
--3
5
--6
3
--7
5
--9
10
7
--8
7
-----12
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 12.5
Multiplying a fraction by a whole number
To multiply a fraction by a whole number:
1. change the whole number into a fraction by writing it over 1
2. simplify as much as possible
3. multiply the numerators together and the denominators together
4. if the answer is an improper fraction, convert it to a mixed number.
WORKED Example
Perform each of the following multiplications.
a 50 3--5-
b 75
4
--3
THINK
WRITE
a 50
3
--5
50
-----1
3
--5
10
-----1
3
--1
30
-----1
3
4
5
3
4
5
= 30
b 75
4
--3
75
-----1
4
--3
25
-----1
4
--1
100
--------1
= 100
Try these
Perform each of the following multiplications.
1 50
2
--5
2 27
1
--3
3 40
3
-----10
4 16
3
--4
5 60
5
-----12
6 81
2
--9
7 42
7
--8
8 36
4
-----15
9 12
4
--3
10 14
10
-----7
11 200
13 28
9
--4
14 20
7
--6
15 15
3
--2
23
-----10
12 35
6
--5
16 30
9
--4
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 12.6
Finding the size of a sector in degrees,
given its size as a fraction of a circle
There are 360 in a full circle. So to find the size of a sector in degrees, given its size as a fraction of a full
circle, multiply the fraction by 360.
To multiply a fraction by 360:
1. change 360 into a fraction by writing it over 1
2. simplify as much as possible
3. multiply the numerators together and the denominators together
4. if the answer is an improper fraction, convert it to a mixed number.
WORKED Example
Finding the size of a sector in degrees, if the sector is
3
--5
of a circle.
THINK
1
2
3
4
5
WRITE
3
--5
360
=
=
3
--5
3
--1
216
--------1
360
--------1
72
-----1
= 216
Try these
Find the size of each of the following sectors in degrees, given that their size as a fraction of a circle is:
1
2
--5
1
--3
3
-----10
3
--4
5
-----12
2
--9
7
--8
4
-----15
4
--5
10
1
--6
11
23
-----36
12
29
------ .
60
SkillSHEET
answers
SkillSHEET 12.7
Multiplying proper fractions
To multiply fractions:
1. simplify as much as possible
2. multiply the numerators together and the denominators together.
WORKED Example
Perform the following multiplication:
3
--5
1--6- .
THINK
WRITE
3
--5
1
--6
1
--5
1
-----10
1
--2
Try these
Perform each of the following multiplications.
1
2
--5
1
--2
1
--3
1
--2
3
-----10
2
--3
1
--2
7
--8
2
--3
4
--5
1
--3
1
--4
3
--4
1
--2
1
--2
1
--2
4
--9
3
--4
10
1
--8
1
--4
SkillSHEET Answers
SkillSHEET 1.1 Multiplying
whole numbers by a 1-digit
number
1
5
9
13
252
558
5070
57 568
2
6
10
14
235
1712
2868
14 808
3
7
11
15
174
3941
27 000
25 195
4 456
8 1835
12 74 277
2 0.26
6 12.20
10 0.17
3 1.72
7 8.47
4 2.56
8 25.03
a
a
a
a
8
13
15
48
b
b
b
b
4
1
12
12
c 2
c 6
c 8
d 3
d 3
3, 6, 9, 12, 15
8, 16, 24, 32, 40
6, 12, 18, 24, 30
12, 24, 36, 48, 60
7, 14, 21, 28, 35
2
4
6
8
10
2 80
7 6000
3 100
8 3000
1
--2
1
-----13
3
-----13
1
--3
2
--3
4
--5
3
--4
10
3
--5
12
4
--7
13
3
--8
14
1
--8
15
1
--3
11
4
-----13
3 2 2--3-
4 3 2--5-
5 1 5--7-
6 4 2--3-
7 4 1--4-
8 3 5--6-
9 8 2--5-
10 4 3--8-
a 42
b 12
f 24
g 8
7
------ and -----a 30
42
42
d
10
-----15
3
--8
10
-----24
9
-----15
and
and
and
6
--8
c 12
h 18
9
- and
b ----12
e
4
--6
10
-----18
and
and
8
-----12
d 15
i 9
c
5
--6
15
-----18
e 6
j 24
3
and ----12
2
-----12
4
-----24
3
--9
15
-----24
and
and
4
--9
21
-----8
9
--7
23
-----8
14
-----5
19
-----4
10
-----9
35
-----6
10
76
7010
758
6
3
7
11
15
9.8
20
25 000
8
4
8
12
16
349
5321
35 760
400
3 12n
8 6xy
2 1
7 2
4 18a
9 32ad
3 30
8 36
1
--2
1
--3
1
--9
7 3 1--3-
5 16b
10 10bp
4 12
9 38
5 1
10 1
3 1
4 4
5 9
8 7
9 12
10 2 2--5-
1 47.4
5 153.6
9 31.15
3 194.58
7 8.2
11 45.83
4 3.455
8 4.67
12 5.125
2 32.5
6 38.85
10 11.304
3 12.53
7 3.1
11 335.4
4 94.9
8 12.41
12 52.052
92.35 4
4891.5 5
2492.1 8
21 340 4
56 3
2750 5
2
5
8
11
14
45.28 7
675.9 2
7321 4
7160 6
0.4 2
3
6
9
12
15
523.9 3
525.63 3
458 6
2110 11
25.7 6
4
--5
6 2 3--5-
21
-----24
2
6
10
14
25.6
260
10 200
3
1 18.5
5 13.09
9 24.058
12
-----13
1 1 4--5-
4 $3.45
8 $7.13
12 $11.37
1
5
9
13
1 5
6 13
4 600
5 900
9 20 000 10 60 000
3 $194.58
7 $16.40
11 $74.28
2 $18.66
6 $7.81
10 $24.57
1 6a
6 42m
e 2
e 2
1 $18.50
5 $13.09
9 $26.94
3
-----50
1
7 5 ----50
6
-----25
4
8 4 ----25
9
-----20
9 1 1--4-
3
--4
3
10 3 ----20
7
--2
8
--5
21
-----8
9
--7
23
-----8
31
-----7
14
-----5
19
-----4
10
-----9
35
-----6
10
7
--2
31
-----7
25.6
260
10 200
3
2
6
10
14
76
7010
758
6
3
7
11
15
9.8
20
25 000
8
4
8
12
16
349
5321
35 760
400
a
f
k
a
f
k
0.28
0.07
6
0.092
1.234
0.753
b
g
l
b
g
l
0.6
5.6
2.5
0.523
0.003
1.005
c 0.34
h 7.21
d 0.02
i 0.03
e 0.15
j 0.75
c 0.005
h 0.711
d 0.0819 e 0.049
i 1.556 j 0.0425
20
--------100
75
--------100
80
--------100
15
--------100
30
--------100
85
--------100
70
--------100
50
--------100
32
--------100
10
78
--------100
2 40
7 42 --12-
3 24
8 46 --23-
4 60
9 60
5 56
10 21 --37-
2 2 1--3-
3 2 2--3-
4 3 2--5-
5 1 5--7-
6 4 --23-
7 4 --14-
8 3 --56-
9 8 --25-
10 4 --38-
2 76
6 110
10 75.8
3 98
7 20
11 50
4 49
8 532.1
12 0.06
2 5 4--5-
3 1--2-
3 1--5-
9 36
10 82 1--2-
3 7
4 24
7 850
8 230
11 55 1--5-
12 50
2 3.25
6 38.85
10 0.48
3 12.53
7 0.31
11 2.86
4 9.49
8 0.051
12 0.364
1 49
5 58
9 38
2 66
6 64
10 115
3 11
7 23
11 2
4 24
8 16
12 16
3 15
7 99
11 96
4 44
8 81
12 0
2 3
7 12
12 20
3 2
8 12
13 56
4 16
9 9
14 4
5 5
10 11
15 5
1
--4
1
--2
1
-----13
3
-----13
1
--3
2
--3
4
--5
3
--4
10
3
--5
12
4
--7
13
3
--8
14
1
--8
15
1
--3
11
4
-----13
2 +7
7 11
3 6
8 8
4 8
9 +10
5 +12
10 2
2 8x + 4
6 4x 6
10 6x + 6
3 7x 35
7 9x 12
4 30x 24
8 8x + 8
2 4
7 6.51
4 2
9 10
3 3
8 23
5 1
50 mm
12 000 g
2000 L
540 s
2
5
8
11
300 cm
8000 kg
72 hours
14 days
3
6
9
12
4000 m
15 000 mL
480 min
36 months
2 3
7 4
3 2
8 6
4 3
9 12
5 4
10 4
2 12
6 45
10 21
a 42
b 12
c 12
f 24
g 8
h 18
9
7
- and
------ and -----a 30
b ----12
42
42
d
10
-----15
3
--8
10
-----24
9
-----15
and
and
and
6
--8
21
-----24
4
--6
10
-----18
and
and
8
-----12
5
--6
15
-----18
d 15
i 9
c
2
-----12
4
-----24
3
--9
e 6
j 24
3
and ----12
15
-----24
and
and
4
--9
25.6
260
10 200
3
2
6
10
14
76
7010
758
6
3
7
11
15
9.8
20
25 000
8
4
8
12
16
8
--5
21
-----8
9
--7
23
-----8
14
-----5
19
-----4
10
-----9
35
-----6
10
10
349
5321
35 760
400
7
--2
31
-----7
2 9
6 18
3 12
7 36 3--4-
4 12
8 9 3--5-
9 16
13 63
10 20
14 23 1--3-
11 460
15 22 1--2-
12 42
16 67 1--2-
2000 cm
1 000 000 cm
2m
2 km
7800 cm
30 000 cm
2
5
8
11
14
35 000 cm
40 000 000 cm
50 cm
0.5 m
2 500 000 cm
3
6
9
12
15
500 cm
5 000 000 m
8 km
0.75 km
800 cm
1
4
1
--5
5
--6
10
1
-----12
of an hour
of an hour
of an hour
1
2
3
--4
1
-----20
1
--3
of an hour
of an hour
of an hour
1
--4
1
-----60
1
--6
of an hour
of an hour
of an hour
of an hour
a
f
j
a
f
k
a
f
k
a
f
j
l
230 b
7100 g
710 000
25.6 b
7010 g
25 000
12.8 b
0.07 g
0.6
l
0.92 b
1.234 g
0.004 25
0.100 05
450
c 2350 d
53 100 h 30 000 i
k 20 000 l
76
c 9.8
d
20
h 5321 i
l 35 760
756
c 340
d
5.6
h 72.1
i
0.25
5.23
c 0.05
d
0.003 h 0.0711 i
k 0.007 53
5300 e 25 000
25 000
700 000
349
e 260
10 200 j 758
205
0.003
e 0.15
j 0.075
0.0819 e 0.049
0.1556
1 x = 70
4 x = 80
7 x = 48
1
3
5
7
9
10
2 x = 125
5 x = 70
8 x = 30
3 x = 75
6 x = 104
9 x = 18
2x = 4x 200
2 3x + x + 20 = 180
x = 3x 20
4 2x + 7x = 180
2x + 10 = 5x 250
6 x + 30 + 2x 55 = 180
3x + 10 = 2x + 40
8 3x + 4 + x + x = 180
7x 50 = 2x + 80
x + x + 10 + x + 2x 5 + 2x = 180
1 P = 20
2 P = 7.8
5 C = 50.24 6 C = 44
9 A = 21.07 10 A = 11.7
1 x = 70
4 x = 80
7 x = 48
3 A = 60
4 A = 1.44
7 A = 254.34 8 A = 24.3
2 x = 125
5 x = 70
8 x = 30
3 x = 75
6 x = 104
9 x = 18
1 3
5 18
9 3
3 4
7 15
11 0
4 1
8 16
12 12
2
P
P'
P'
P'
P'
P'
6
P'
P'
P
5
P
P
P'
P'
P'
9
10
P'
11
P'
P'
P
12
P'
P'
P
P
7
P'
8
P
P
P'
P'
2
9
P
P'
P
P'
10
P
P'
P
P'
1
3
5
7
9
P
P
P'
a
a
a
a
a
y = 3
y = 9
y = 8
y = 5
y = 4
b
b
b
b
b
x=3
x=9
x=8
x = 5
x = 4
2
4
6
8
10
a
a
a
a
a
y = 5 b x = 5
y = 7 b x = 7
y = 6 b x = 6
y=5 b x=5
y = 10 b x = 10
P'
c
d
P'
P'
1
4
7
10
P
P
1 unit
0.1 of a unit
0.2 of a unit
500 units
2 1 unit
5 2 units
8 5 units
3 0.1 of a unit
6 20 units
9 25 units
P'
4 5th score
5 5 1--2- , or halfway between the 5th and the 6th scores
b
P
P'
P
7 15th score
8 15 1--2- , or halfway between the 15th and the 16th scores
P'
9 18th score
10 50 1--2- , or halfway between the 50th and the 51st scores.
d
P'
P'
P'
14
35
12
21
b
g
b
g
2
11
0
5
c
h
c
h
17
16
15
12
d
i
d
i
20
10
22
16
e
j
e
j
20
41
12
29
Run = 1, rise = 2
Run = 3, rise = 5
Run = 2, rise = 1
Run = 1, rise = 1
Run = 1, rise = 3
2 4
7 39
12 2
3 12
8 26
13 16
4 1
9 4
14 6
5 4
10 2
SkillSHEET 12.1
Understanding a deck of playing
cards
1 26
6 13
11 2
2
4
6
8
10
Run = 4, rise = 1
Run = 1, rise = 1
Run = 1, rise = 2
Run = 2, rise = 3
Run = 4, rise = 3
12
-----13
1
--4
1
--2
1
-----13
3
-----13
1
--3
2
--3
4
--5
3
--4
10
3
--5
12
4
--7
13
3
--8
14
1
--8
15
1
--3
11
4
-----13
0.375
0.3125
0.710 937 5
0.993 75
2 0.3125
5 0.41
8 0.234 375
3 0.875
6 0.15
9 0.69
2 80%
3 37 1--2- % 4 40%
5 87 1--2- %
2 9
6 18
3 12
7 36 --34-
4 12
8 9 --35-
9 16
13 63
10 20
14 23 1--3-
11 460
15 22 1--2-
12 42
16 67 1--2-
2 120
6 80
10 60
3 108
7 315
11 230
4 270
8 96
12 174
1
--5
1
--6
1
-----10
3
--8
1
--3
7
-----12
1
--5
1
--3
10
1
--4
1
-----32