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191
and
JAMES C. KECK
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Burning velocities of mixtures of air with methonol, isooctane, and indolene (RMFD303) have been measured using the
constant volume bomb method tot fuel-air equivalence ratios ~ = 0.8-1.5 over the pressure and temperature rangesp =
0.4- 50 atm and T = 298-700K. The eflect of adding simulated combustion products to stoichiometric isooctane-air
mixtures was also studied tot diluent mass fractionsf = 0--0.2. Over the range studied, the results can be fit within _+ I0c/
by the Ihnctional form S u = Su0 (Tu/TO) Cqp/po)3 (1-2.1)'), where Suo depends on fuel type and equivalence ratio and e~
and/3 depend only on equivalence ratio. In overlapping ranges, the results agree well with those previously reported
1. INTRODUCTION
The laminar burning velocity is among the most
fundamental properties characterizing the combustion of homogeneous fuel-air mixtures. It is
also an important parameter entering several current models of turbulent combustion [1-3] and
wall quenching [4, 5].
Although encouraging progress is being made in
the development of basic chemical kinetic models
for predicting laminar burning velocities [6, 7],
such models are extremely complex and require
experimental verification. By contrast, the direct
measurement of laminar burning velocities is relatively easy and accurate and the results can be
used both for direct practical applications to internal combustion engines and burners and for
critical testing of basic theoretical models.
Numerous measurements of the burning velocities as a function of temperature at atmospheric
Copyright 1982 by The Combustion Institute
Published by Elsevier Science Publishing Co.. Inc..
52 Vanderbilt Avenue. New York. NY 10017
192
2. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS
AND PROCEDURES
A detailed description of the experimental apparatus used for the present study is given in Ref.
[16]. Only its general features and the procedures
used to make measurements will be reviewed here.
The combustion bomb had an inside diameter
of 15.24 cm and was designed for pressures up to
700 arm. It was located in a glass-wool oven and
could be heated electrically to a temperature of
500K. Two 1.5-mm diam extended stainless steel
electrodes tapered to a point at their tips were
used to form the spark gap at the center of the
bomb.
Permanent gas pressures were measured by
Bourdon gauges calibrated against a dead weight
tester. Fuel pressures were measured by a mercury
manometer which could be heated up to 400K to
avoid condensation of low vapor pressure components of blended fuels.
The dynamic pressure rise inside the bomb during combustion was measured with a Kistler Model
603B1 piezoelectric pressure transducer coated
with Dow Corning high-vacuum grease to reduce
its thermal sensitivity. The pressure transducer was
assumed to be linear and a calibration point at
high pressure was obtained during each run using a
balanced pressure indicator. Spherical symmetry
and centering of the flame front were checked by
three ionization probes which measured the arrival
time of the flame at the wall. An internal consist-
3. THEORETICAL MODEL
To determine the laminar burning velocity from the
measured pressure rise in the combustion bomb, it
is first necessary to calculate the burned gas mass.
In Ref. [16], this was done by a simultaneous numerical solution of the conservation equations for
energy and volume under the assumption that heat
losses were negligible. In the present work, the
analysis has been simplified and extended to include explicit consideration of the corrections for
several potentially important heat transfer processes.
193
Vu(X'x)dx'
(1)
fo x
v b 0 ( x ,'x ) d x ' + ( 1 - - x ) v u ( x ) ,
(2)
(5)
= ~fO
Vb 0 dxt -.b (1
-- X)~uOUuO
(6)
where
(7)
is a slowly varying function of temperature and
pressure,
(8)
v = %/Cv = 1 + R / c v
where
ab =
fox (t.:b 0 --
Oh) d x / v I
(3)
and
an =
--foX( 'Tb
~Tf
au =
fx
(vu - vu) d u / v l
(4)
1)
-vb
dx'
(9)
v1
194
ex =
dp
vf/v~ =
~fvl
(1 -- (1 -- x)
RfTf--RuTu \
--
(lO)
~p (RfOTfO--RuT~O)
Rf O CpuO
(1
3,:0
_Ru
% fo
) dTu
,
dp
~0.
(11)
3'
7f(RfTt - R u T u O)
(~ --I--(3,u--7'~
/
\\P']
(13)
where Tf is the adiabatic flame temperature corresponding to the unburned gas temperature Tu .
Under the conditions of the present measurements, (1 - r/u/r/g ) ~ (1 - 7f/Tu ) ~ 0.1 and
Eq. (10) can be solved easily by iteration.
Assuming as a first approximation that R and
7 are constant, so that an = 0 and 7?= 1/3,, we find
for isenthalpic combustion
-----
(Vb/V~)dx'
= 1 + a u -- (1 --x)(vu/vl),
au
(12)
--1)).
m t dx
Su=-puAf dt
(14)
pu
Vf
~ \ dp ] dt
(--2rcg/RaT1),
195
TABLE 1
Physical Properties and Chemical Analysis of
RMFD-303 (Indolene)
Stoichiometric fuel-air ratio
Lower heat of combustion (K cal/gm)
Motor octane rating
Research octane rating
Specific gravity
Average molecular formula
Component weight percents
Aromatic
Olefin
Parafin
Component molecular percents
Aromatic
Olefin
Parafin
Component typical hydrocarbon
Aromatic
Olefin
Parafin
0.06988
10.15
88.3
101.4
0.765
C7.8H13.214
45.3%
13.9%
40.8%
52.49%
9.36%
38.16%
Toulene
Undecene
Isooctane
1-3 as a function of the unburned gas temperature for fuel-air equivalence ratios ~ = 0.8, 1.0,
and 1.2. The three sets of points at each equivalence ratio show the burning velocities along
unburned gas isentropes starting at the initial
temperature T t specified and the initial pressures
Pi = 0 . 4 , 1.0, and 2.0 arm. In general each isentrope includes overlapping points from three runs,
the first starting at the specified Ti and the remaining two at T 1 = 400 and 500K. In some cases
it was not possible to obtain data at all three conditions. For methanol at Pi = 2.0 atm, the vapor
pressure was too low to permit runs at T 1 = 298K
and problems with vapor pressure measurement
prevented runs at 7"1 = 500K. For isooctane at
Pi = 0.4 arm the mixture could not be ignited at
T 1 = 298K and autoignition occurred at T 1 =
500K for all isentropes.
For any single run, the temperature range
spanned was about a factor of 1.5. Thus there is considerable overlap in points for successive runs on
the same isentrope. In general, agreement in the
overlapping regions was within +3% and no systematic trends were observed. This provided a
valuable internal consistency check on measurements as well as supporting the assumptions of
196
METHANOL 8, AIR
,oo
A.~Pi.'04
.r-
=o.8
z o
eo
~ _
201
160
, , , . . , o ,T,
alp
mR
L
l
METHANOL & AIR
~;
[
,
i
;
/'opi=04
)-
ATM
t /
T~= 298 K
I---
I
ATM I
z_
oe
/ /
//
.
180
METHANOL ~ AIR
@=1.2
160
l'~r, 298 K
,,o_
300
"
.y/"
400
500
600
700
800
Su = Suo(Tu/To)~(p/po) ~,
(15)
where To = 298K and Po = 1 atm are the reference temperature and pressure and S~ao, a and/3
are constants for a given fuel, equivalence ratio,
and diluent gas fraction. The values of Suo and t~
and /3 for the three fuel-air mixtures studied are
shown in Table 2 and Fig. 4 as a function of
equivalence ratio for zero diluent fraction. Also
197
I00
ISOOCTANE ~
AIR
@ = 0.8
e 7 Pi f22ATM
80
/ /
/~e
60~._
20
iiiii
..,<.I
~.
hA
140r!
r
/ ISOOCTANE 8 AIR
120~ (~ = 1.0
u=
Pi IO ATM
~,UTOolGNITION
j~/
z "';
~ / Pi "04 ATM_
Ti = 298 K
".~'//
/ P i , l 0 ATM
--
BO-
.._ ~ - -
4Ol
.~r'.~"
20
t40
1
|
ISOOCTANE 8, AIR
120- ~ : 1.2
Ti = 2 9 8 K
jPi
. ~'~
,04 ATM
J
rOO-
80
~P"
~.,,I PII
P i ' 2 . 0 ATM
~/~1~- ll~lr"J'/AUTOIGNITION
--
--
40
2Q
~0
400
500
600
700
800
starting at values of Ti and Pi indicated. Dashed and solid curves show least squares fits
of Eqs. (15) and (19) to points.
198
n
RMFD
303
--'
~ AIR
/eP
q, ,o.e
i t.~)8 ATM
T, 35oK
../f"
80
,/
~ P,. ,o ArM
~.
o/
,~
zzlll
40 m~mm'm.A-/~
ZO
uI.d 14C
~,
|
1
. "/JPi'O.4 ArM I
o,,,,-4
T~ =35OK
/->~ l~
~ lop
_z
4c
2c
,40
L
i
RMFD 30"~ 8, AIR
120
l
>,'P,.O., AT,, f
.~"~Pi "IOATM I
Oi " 2 ,O AT
60
40
2c )o
400
500
600
700
BOO
UNBURNED GAS TEMPERATURE K
Fig. 3. Burning velocity of R M F D 3 0 3 - a i r mixtures at fuel-air equivalence ratios ~ =
0.8, 1.0, and 1.2. Points show measured velocities along u n b u r n e d gas isentropes starting at values of T i and Pi indicated. Dashed and solid curves show least squares fits o f
Eqs. (15) and (19) to points.
199
TABLE 2
Parameters Suo , a, and 3a
Fuel
0 = 0.8
0 = 1.0
0 =
1.2
Suo (cm/sJ
Methanol
Propane
Isooctane
RMFD-303
23.58
23.20
19.25
19.15
32.69
31.90
27.00
25.21
38.11
33.80
27.63
28.14
Methanol
Propane
Isooctane
RMFD-303
2.47
2.27
2.36
2.27
2.11
2.13
2.26
2.19
1.98
2.06
2.03
2.02
Methanol
Propane
Isooctane
RMFD-303
-0.21
-0.23
-0.22
-0.17
-0.13
-0.17
-0.18
-0.13
3.15
2.94
2.47
2.12
3.93
3.03
3.74
3.52
3,55
2.75
2,55
2,83
-o.lo I -
QD-'OI'5~
-o.2op
-0.251
oL l
T
c 2"30-- ~
(]9)
-0.11
-0.17
-0.11
-0.087
x (cm/s)
Methanol
Propane
Isooctane
RMFD-303
su
2A0
S u = Suo(TuO(K)/298)a(p(atm))3
i.9o
40
METHANOL~
and pressure exponents a and/3 are independent of
fuel types within the estimated experimental error
and can be represented by the expression
= 2.18 - - 0.8(~b -- 1)
30
--
(16)
and
3 = --0.16 + 0 . 2 2 ( @ - 1)
(17)
10
0.6
(18)
o RMFD303
0.8
1.0
I. 2
EQUIVALENCE RATIO
1.4
200
Methanol
Propane
lsooctane
RMFD-303b
~rn
Bm
(cm/s)
B2
(cm/s)
A
(m/s)
1.11
1,08
1,13
1.13
36.92
34.22
26.32
27.58
-140.51
-138.65
-84.72
-78.34
1.99
1.23
0.19
0.81
Methanol
Propane
Isooctane
RMFD-303b
RMFD-303
T
(K)
~m
Cm
(cm/s)
C2
(cm/s)
A
(cm/s)
298
298
298
298
350
1.11
1.08
1.13
1.13
1.11
43.70
40.11
33.72
35.58
41.92
- 157.22
- 186.48
- 110.82
- 140.45
-130.02
0.44
0.28
0.36
0.31
0.39
201
TABLE 4
@= 0.8
= 1.0
~ = 1.2
U (cm/s x 10---4)
Methanol
Propane
Isooctane
RMFD-303
55.0
578
17.1
137
36.2
454
10.9
52
E A (kcal/g mole)
1.05
7.0
4.5
2.9
Methanol
Propane
Isooctane
RMFD-303
77.2
72.5
79.7
70.4
105.9
95.6
107.5
88.8
45.7
66.9
63.8
60.4
Methanol
Propane
Isooctane
RMFD-303
-0.25
-0.24
-0.25
-0.19
-0.27
-0.29
-0.31
-0.20
-0,10
-0.20
-0.15
-0.12
3.37
2.75
3.01
4.10
3.87
2.18
2.23
2.72
A (cm/s)
Methanol
Propane
Isooctane
RMFD-303
2.81
2.79
2.03
2.27
given in Table 3B. It can be seen that the parameters Cm are significantly greater than the corresponding parameters B m obtained from the overall fit of Eq. (15) to the data in Figs. 1-3. This
supports our previous observation that the power
law form underestimates the burning velocities
near room temperature for all fuels. This is also
true of the Arrhenius form, and neither should be
used below 350K except for making rough estimates.
The burning velocity for partially vaporized
RMFD303-air mixtures at p = 1 atm and Tu o =
298K are compared with those of fully vaporized
RMFD303 at p = 1 atm and Tu o = 350K in Fig. 6.
The upper equivalence ratio scale is based on the
measured vapor pressure of the fuel in the bomb
and applies to both sets of data. The lower scale
is based on the mass of fuel injected at 298K and
applies only to the data at Tu = 298K. At Tu =
350K the measured fuel vapor pressures were
within -+3% of those calculated from the mass in-
50
METHANOL
exp ( - E A / R f O T f O )
METHANOL
PROPANE
ISOOCTANE
o RMFD303"
PRPANE
(20)
35
>30
(..9
z
z
~j//
303
i,l
~/ S
' OOCTANE X
;/
20 -
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
FUEL AIR EQUIVALENCE RATIO
1.6
202
I
RMFD 303
1.0
ISOOCTANE 8~ AIR
~=
1.0
Pi = I A T M
40
L)
W
0.9
~ 35
>-
o, 30
o.8
f = 0.10
,g
OA
~0.7
z_
25
:7
~g
ne
o
en
2O
O
~5
0.6
I
08
I
I
I
~0
~.2
1.4
EQUIVALENCE RATIO
BASED ON VAPOR PRESSURE
0.6
f= 0.20
I
L6
0.5
1.45
1.84
2.24
5.04
3.60
jected using the ideal gas equations of state, indicating the fuel was fully vaporized. The smooth
curves are fits to the polynomial form Eq. (20), for
which the coefficients are given in Table 3B. Although the equivalence ratio based on vapor pressure and mass injected differ considerably at
Tu = 298K, there is no apparent effect on the
burning velocity when the equivalence ratio is computed from the vapor pressure. This is consistent
with the previous observation that the burning
velocities o f the fuels studied is relatively insensitive to fuel type, and thus the change in composition due to partial vaporization produces no measurable effect. This is of considerable interest in
connection with the cold-starting problem in spark
ignition engines.
k
360
320
1
400
I
440
480
Tu)/Su(O, Tu )
= 1 - - 2. If.
(21)
5. DISCUSSION
5.1. Methanol Air Mixtures
Laminar burning velocities for methanol-air mixtures at room temperature Tu o = 298K have been
measured by Gibbs and Calcote [8] at p = 1.0 atm
203
50
Su
(22)
,,.)
w
'5
40
i
1-0
_1
M E T H A N O L B AIR
T=29B K
z
30-Z
,,rY
GIBBS&
c,n
CALCOTE
P:LATM
W I S E R 8~ H I L L P = 0 . 8 6 A T M
T H I S STUDY P= I A T M
2O
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
IA
1.2
EQUIVALENCE
L3
RATIO-~
Because TuO and p are correlated along an unburned gas isentrope, the parameters of b 2 and b 3
are not independent and the particular values found
depend on the functional form used to fit the
measurements. The value o f the pressure exponent
b 2 = - 0 . 0 9 5 determined by Ryan and Lestz is in
reasonable agreement with the value ~ = - 0 . 1 3
found in this study. The corresponding values o f
b I and b 3 are 4680.9 cm/s and 2086.6K. The burning velocities computed form Eq. (22) using these
constants are shown in Fig. 9 as a function of unburned gas temperature at a pressure of 6 atm.
Also shown are the corresponding values computed
from Eq. (15) using the parameters in Table 2
found in this study. It can be seen that the burning
velocities measured by Ryan and Lestz increase
considerably faster with temperature than those
measured in this study. The reasons for this are
not clear but may be due to the difference in the
procedures used to deduce the burning velocities
from the pressure records. Ryan and Lestz used
140
--
'J
METHANOL
@: i.o
AIR
P= 6 . 0 A T M
P I00>.-
o,
~J 8 0 - >
o
_z
z
60--
40-- /
/
20
400
J
UNBURNED
I
.500
I
600
GAS TEMPERATURE-K
Fig. 9. Comparison of the burning velocities of stoichiometric methanol-air mixtures measured by Ryan and
Lestz [10} and in this study at 6 atm as a function of
unburned gas temperature.
204
200
METHANOL
AIR
~= LO
P= I ATM
P= I0 ATM
150
fJ
LLI
CO
//////
~E
t..:,
>..
I-(j
//f~'//
WESTBROOK ~ DRYER
o too
llt
>
// .I//"
THIS STUDY
(-9
Z
X
n"
//
w/w
f
.//
5O
ol
300
400
500
600
U N B U R N E D GAS T E M P E R A T U R E
J
700
Fig. 10. Comparison o f the burning velocities of stoichiometric methanol-air mixtures calculated by Westbrook
and Dryer [7] with those measured in this study at 1 and
10 atm as a f u n c t i o n of u n b u r n e d gas temperature.
I ' 'I
'
I i iI
i ~I
800
,,, 700
Measurements of the burning velocity of isooctane-air mixtures have been made as a function of temperature at atmospheric pressure by
Dugger and Graab [17], Heimel and Weast [28],
and Gibbs and Calcote [18] using bunsen burners
and at high pressures by Babkin et al. [18] and
Ryan and Lestz [10] using constant volume
bombs similar to that employed in this study. The
ranges of temperatures and pressures over which
the measurements were made are shown in Fig. I 1,
and the results are compared in Fig. 12 at pressures of 1, 6, and 40 atm. The points show individual measurements and the coded curves show
smoothed fits to the data made using various assumed functional forms. The results of this study
are given by
S u = 27p-O.16(TuO/298) 2.1a,
l--
,~ 600
(23)
rY
500
400
uJ
z
w
(24)
rn
Z
D 300
250
~ I I
0.4
I
4
HEIMAL ~ WEAST
= [I
IO
i
40
= ,
I00
P R E S S U R E - ATM
Fig. 11. T e m p e r a t u r e and pressure ranges for which burning velocities were measured by various investigators: o,
this study; o, Babkin et al. [18] ;% R y a n and Lestz [10] ;
v, Heimel and Weast [28].
S u = 2965.5p--O.OSXe--t2ooa.a/Tu),
(25)
(26)
'
I
ISOOCTANE - AIR
~b = 1.0
'
205
velocities at high temperatures than those measured by Heimel and Weast; however, considering
the long extrapolation in pressure required to obtain the values above 600K, the agreement is well
within experimental error.
The effect of diluting stoichiometric isooctaneair mixtures with simulated combustion products
has been studied by Ryan and Lestz [10] at p = 6
atm and Tu = 520K. For diluent mass fractions
up to f = 0.3 they found
THIS STUDY EQ 2 3
....
-----
~50
--
B A B K I N ET AL EQ 2 4
RYAN 81 L E S T Z EQ 2 5
-
H E I M E L 81WEAST EO ;)6
THIS
STUDY
P=IATM
GIBBS C A L C O T E
O3
(j
>F-
DUGGER 8i GRAAB
hi
>
Su(f)/Su(0 ) = 1 -- 2.5f,
Z
c~
40
ATM
m
5O
(23)
I"
0
300
400
UNBURNED
500
600
700
GAS TEMPERATURE-K
Fig. 12. Comparison of burning velocities of stoichiometric isooctane-air mixtures measured by various investigators at 1, 6, and 40 atm as a function of unburned
gas temperature. Points are experimental measurements.
Curves were computed from the equations indicated. See
text for references.
at 1 atm. In the above equations, S u is in cm/s, p is
in arm, and Tu is in degrees K. In the range where
the data actually overlap the results of this study
agree well with those of Babkin et al., Heimel and
Weast, and Dugger and Graab. The results of Gibbs
and Calcote are somewhat high, and those of Ryan
and Lestz show a significantly stronger temperature dependence. This is similar to the situation for
methanol-air mixtures shown in Figs. 8 and 9 and
is probably due to the same causes. It can also be
seen from Eq. (24) and Fig. 12 that the functional
form used by Babkin et al. to fit their results has
an unrealistic zero at TuO = 312K and cannot be
used for extrapolation to low temperatures. Equation (23) used in this study is very much better in
this respect, although, as previously noted, it underestimates the measured burning velocities at
temperatures less than ~350K. This could be
corrected by inclusion of an additive constant of
the type included by Heimal and Weast in Eq. (26).
Equation (23) also given slightly larger burning
6. SUMMARY
Measurements of the burning velocity of practical
fuel-air-diluent mixtures over a wide range of
temperatures and pressures of interest for internal
combustion engines and burners have been made.
The fuels studied were methanol, isooctane, and
indolene (RMFD303). The diluent used to simulate
combustion products was 85% N 2 and 15% CO 2.
The measurements covered the range of fuel-air
equivalence ratios = 0.8-1.4, diluent mass fractions f = 0-0.2, pressures p = 0.4-50 atm, and unburned gas temperatures Tu = 300-700K. The
results for p = 1 and Tu = 298K are given in Figs.
5 and 6. For temperatures above 350K, the data
for all fuels including propane which was studied
previously [16] could be fit within +10% by the
206
S u = Suo(TuO/To)a(p/po)#(1 -- 2.1f),
(24)
,
=2(1__1_1/(v*P___L~z/2
where
~u/\
Su0 = B m +
B2(~ -- ~m) 2,
( ft ,t
x ff
@'
a = 2 . 1 8 - 0.8(-- i),
.p /
Pp'dt")\
-- *lz/Y~)\(23'u-*)/Vu
X--
r o = 298K,
(A2)
where
PO = 1 atm,
and the constants Bin, B2, and era are given in
Table 3A. Note that Suo is a weakly decreasing
function of increasing molecular weight, while
within experimental error, a and 3 are independent
of fuel type. In regions of overlapping data, the results of this study generally agree well with those
of previous studies.
= ~,/pCp
(A3)
is the thermal diffusivity and k is the thermal conductivity. In the derivation of Eq. (A2), it has been
assumed that the thermal conductivity can be approximated by
;~ = hoT/T o
(A4)
(A5)
For rapidly increasing pressures such as those occurring in combustion bombs, Eq. (A2) can be integrated approximately to give
a b = a d + a e + a r + ag,
(A6)
P,
where
z = p/(dp/dt) = p(dx/dp)/(dx/dt)
(A7)
Io(
/'nl
P__~u _
Pu 0
dz
(AS)
~l
( o . o - ou)w
(A1)
X ~, (tO/tO1 - -
1)/(p2/p, -- i),
(A9)
207
Using Eqs. (A3), (A4), (A13), and (AI6) and noting
that
P2/Pl
(A10)
("/t(Tf -- Tu)/T1) + 1,
pu A f
A t Xuo
dx = - dz - - d~,
ml
ml CpuS u
T -~ ( V d S u A f ) ( ( p , / p D - -
we find
1)-~(p/pD (~"-~'~u
(A 17)
(A11)
Combining Eqs. (A1), (A6), and (A11) and using
the further approximations
at =
1--TuO
PuVl
(A18)
(A12)
and
where
(A13)
S u = Suo(Tu/To) 2,
Bf = - -
fx
aw =
~ 0.02.
To
(v. -
d x /' v l
= 38w/r e
~ BW ~ pO
Pl To
T----~I~112 ( \ pl
"~p ]~(3'u--l)/3~u- 1)
(A14)
where
-0.02.
= mlP
--
Rb
- - bt, o ) d x ' .
(A19)
Preheat Layer
This gives
For a reaction zone of zero thickness the temperature distribution in the preheat layer is given by
[3o1
Tu - Tu = (Tt - T ~ ) e - ,
(o
(A15)
where
Vl
pv~
(A20)
and since the maximum energy stored in the ignition system condenser was 1 J,
ad =
(A16)
a d ~ 0.001pO/p.
208
Electrode Boundary Layer
ae = 2
fox (vb
(A26)
dx'
- Oh) ol
4re
~ o _ 1) dz dr.
='~C forf fo**(~ -'-
(A21)
Tf P ~l12pl
1)
fO~*(~--l) dg~1(zfO-l~(vlrf~l122\T
1
/\"~'u /
(A27)
(A22)
where
Br -
4(7b -- 1)
(2 --r~)
X
400oTo(T~ O)2
~ 0.02.
PoSuo
(A23)
where
_reT, O (
VO
~l/a
ag = ~ Rb
a, - - Rb
-
PO1Cpb
(~{b
-- l) fot rrAf dt',
7bPVc
pOlCpb
-- (~b -- 1) fot
~'bPVc
(A24)
(A28)
PgA~dt',
where
r, ~hb
F, ~ (1
is the heat flux per unit area from burned to unburned gas. Using the relations
wt)ll2eboZb4 ,
(A25)
where o = 5.67 10- a w/m z K 4 is the StefanBoltzmann constant, w r is the reflection coef-
TbO(p',P)
f\~uO]d-'~-~
(A29)
(A30)
209
Pal
a,
"k px,]Ao k p ,]
(A31)
where
Bg =
~-
3(% -- 1)
NOMENCLATURE
Roman
a
A
C
f
g
m
P
r
R
S
T
U
V
wr
X
Z
Subscripts
1
2
b
c
d
e
f
g
i
77
0
p
r
s
T
u
v
w
initial conditions
final condition
burned gas
combustion bomb
spark discharge
electrode
reaction front
burned gas temperature gradient
reference isentrope
correction for 7? variation
reference condition: Po = 1
To = 298K
constant pressure
radiation
constant entropy
constant temperature
unburned gas
constant volume
wall
atm,
Superscripts
0
', "
adiabatic conditions
dummy variables
Greek
12
/3
-y
77
X
P
ff
p
Pah
temperature exponent
pressure exponent
specific heat ratio
displacement thickness
burned gas emissivity
(a In v/O In P)s
thermal conductivity
thermal diffusivity
Peclet number
3.1416
density
density of species a at top of bomb
Fitted Parameters
Sue, a,/3
U, EA, b
Bin, B2, ~bm
Cm, C2, em
bl, b2, ba
Table 2
Table 4
Table 3A
Table 3B
Ryan and Lestz [10]
210
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