CH 10

MQ 8 Ch 10 Page 375 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:36 AM
10
Coordinates
and graphs
You can predict a persons

height (h) if you are given the
length of the persons radius
(r). The radius is the bone in
your forearm that is on the
same side as your thumb. For a
male, the rule is h = 3.6r + 81.
For a female, the rule is different,
but is known to also follow a
linear pattern. Some results are
shown in the table below. Can
you work out the rule?
Radius (r)
Length of
radius (cm)
Height of
female (cm)
14.5
122.9
16
129.2
18
137.6
20
146.0
In this chapter, you will be

working with Cartesian
coordinates and investigating
linear patterns.
376
Maths Quest 8 for Victoria
Interpreting graphs
OUR PLUNGING DOLLAR
82
80
High 81
78
Graphs are found in many areas of everyday life. We often see graphs on television
tracking the changing value of money and other trends. Learning to interpret the
information shown on graphs is very useful.
76
74
72
70
68
Low 64
64
62
Jul 97
Jan 98
Point graphs
For example, look at this graph.
Height
60
C
D
Age
As you move up the vertical axis, height is increasing. As C is above D, C must be

taller than D.
As you move to the right, age is increasing. As C is to the right of D, C must be older
than D.
WORKED Example 1
Use the graph shown to answer the following questions
about Brendan and Kelly.
a Who is taller, Brendan or Kelly?
b Who is younger?
Height
66
When interpreting graphs we should consider the following points.

1. Look for an overall picture where the points are situated, or whether the line is
showing an increase or decrease.
2. Look at what the horizontal and vertical axes represent, the values included (if
any) and their units of measurement.
3. The values are increasing as you move up the vertical axis and to the right
along the horizontal axis.
Kelly
Brendan
Age
THINK
WRITE
a Height is on the vertical axis. Kelly is

above Brendan, so Kelly is taller.
a Kelly is taller.
b The horizontal axis shows age. Brendan

is to the left of Kelly, so Brendan is
younger.
b Brendan is younger.
377
Chapter 10 Coordinates and graphs
Line graphs
A point graph shows pieces of information only. A line graph can show how the information changes. Time is often used on the horizontal axis.
Height
Height
B
Age
Point graph
Time
Line graph
WORKED Example 2
Distance Conchita is from home
Distance
This graph shows the

distance Conchita is from
home when she is out hiking.
Describe what each straight
line section of the graph is
showing.
B
C
A
Time
THINK
WRITE
As you move along section A, the distance is

increasing and time is increasing, so Conchita is
moving further away from home.
Section A: Conchita is walking

away from home.
As you move along section B, the distance is

staying the same, but time is still increasing.
Section B: Conchita could be

resting.
As you move along section C, the distance from

home is decreasing and time is increasing.
Section C: Conchita is walking

towards home.
remember
remember
When interpreting graphs consider the following points.
1. Look for the overall picture: where the points are situated, or whether the line
is showing an increase or decrease.
2. Look at what the horizontal and vertical axes represent, the values included
(if any) and their units of measurement.
3. The values are increasing as you move up the vertical axis and to the right
along the horizontal axis.
10A
Mat
Interpreting
graphs
Lucas
Selina
Age
2 Use this graph to answer the following questions.

a Does Yelena have the larger shoe size?
b Is Yelena older than Andrea?
Shoe size
d
hca
1 Use the graph shown to answer the

following questions about Lucas
and Selina.
a Who is the taller?
b Who is the younger?
Yelena
Andrea
Age
3 Use this graph to answer the following questions.

a Who is the youngest?
b Who weighs the most?
c Is the oldest person the heaviest?
Amy
Weight
Example
Height
WORKED
Interpreting graphs
Talia
Cathlin
Age
4 Use the given graph to answer the following questions.

a Who is given the most pocket money?
b Is the youngest person given the least amount of
pocket money?
c Is the oldest person given the most pocket money?
Pocket money
378
Karl
Janica
Morgan
Age
379
5 a Use the graph at right to answer the following questions.

i Who weighs the most?
ii Who is the tallest?
iii Does the shortest person weigh the least?
b Copy this graph and plot the height and weight of Georgia
who is taller than Linh and weighs less than Hannah,
but more than James.
6 multiple choice
Which of the following is shown by this graph?
A Myfanwy is the lightest and youngest.
B Tania is the oldest.
C Myfanwy is older than Louise and
younger than Tania.
D Tania and Louise are the same age.
E Louise weighs the least.
Weight
James
David
Height
Weight
Myfanwy
Louise
Age
Tim
Height
Chris
Jack
Darren
Age
D
Weight
8 The graph at right shows Jessicas

weight over 2 years. Describe what
each straight line section of the
graph is showing.
Time
9 The graph below shows a babys head circumference for the first 12
weeks after birth.
a Why doesnt the graph start at zero?
b What has happened to the head circumference during the first 12
weeks?
c What would you expect the graph to look
like beyond the first 12 weeks?
Head circumference
Example
Hannah
Tania
7 multiple choice
Which of the following is shown by this graph?
A Jack is the tallest.
B Chris is the oldest.
C Darren and Chris are the same age.
D Tim is the tallest.
E Darren is the same height as Chris.
WORKED
Linh
6
12
Age (weeks)
10 The graph at right shows Moniques journey as she walks to

school.
a In which section of the graph is Monique not moving?
b The line in section C is steeper than the line in section A.
What is this telling us about section C?
c Where is Monique at the end of section C?
Distance from school
380
A
B
C
Time
Profit
11 Yupa owns an ice-cream shop. The graph below shows his profit for the first 4 months
of the year.
a In which month did Yupa make the most profit?
b In which month did Yupa make the least profit?
c Describe what has happened to Yupas profit over
the 4 months.
Jan Feb Mar Apr

Time
Rainfall
12 Copy the axis shown below and draw a line graph that you think would show rainfall
over one year.
J FMAMJ J ASOND
Time (months)
QUEST
GE
EN
M AT H
13 Cathy has been training hard for the 100 m. She has kept a record of the fastest time
she has run each week. Draw a graph that shows the following sections:
Section A: Cathy increased her speed for the 100 m each week for the first 4 weeks.
Section B: After 4 weeks Cathys speed stayed the same for the next 2 weeks.
Section C: Cathy had a cold and her speed decreased for 2 weeks.
Section D: Having recovered from her cold, Cathy trained hard and increased her
speed again.
CH
AL
1 There is the same number of desks in each row in my classroom and the
rows are straight. My desk is fourth from the front and fourth from the
back. It has one desk to its left and two to its right. How many desks
are there in the classroom?
2 Explain how you can obtain exactly 6 litres of water using a source of
water and only two containers. One container will hold 4 litres and the
other 9 litres. The containers do not have any scale marked on them.
381
The Cartesian plane

Using mathematics, numbers can be used to accurately describe the position of any
point or coordinate. You may recall from last year that a system for naming and
locating points involved the Cartesian plane. This method was invented in the 17th
century by Ren Descartes (15961650).
History of mathematics
R E N D E S C A RT E S ( 3 1 M a rc h 1 5 9 6 1 1 Fe b r u a r y 1 6 5 0 )
During his life . . .

English settlers arrive at Plymouth in America.
Bubonic plague kills millions in Europe and
England.
The Taj Mahal is built.
The Dodo bird becomes extinct.
Ren Descartes was a philosopher,
mathematician, and scientist. Descartes
refused to believe anything until he had
established grounds for believing it was true. He
decided that the only thing he could not doubt
was that he doubted. This led to his famous
conclusion Cogito, ergo sum (I think,
therefore I am.).
Descartes was born in the village of La Haye

in France. During his childhood he suffered
from poor health and was allowed to remain in
bed until late in the morning, a custom he
maintained until the year of his death. He went
to a Jesuit college when he was older but even
there he was still allowed to sleep during the
morning and only attended classes in the
afternoon. Nevertheless, he was a brilliant
student and very curious, often questioning his
teachers and asking for more detailed
explanations.
After studying law and mathematics at
university, Descartes joined the army. One day
while walking through the streets of Breda in
the Netherlands, he noticed a large placard. It
showed a problem in geometry and challenged
anyone to find a solution. He was intrigued and
decided to try it. Descartes found the solution.
This experience prompted him to pursue further
studies in pure mathematics.
Descartes made many important
contributions to mathematics, particularly in
geometry. He applied algebra to geometrical
problems in a systematic way which became
known as analytical, or Cartesian, geometry.
The word Cartesian comes from Cartesius,
the Latin form of Descartes name. He also
began using Cartesian coordinates, which are
the numbers given to a point to identify its
position. In his writings he used a method of
writing equations which has become part of the
language of mathematics he used the letters
at the beginning of the alphabet to designate
constants and the last letters of the alphabet to
designate variables.
(continued)
382
In 1649 Queen Christina of Sweden invited

Descartes to Stockholm. He died there the
following year. It is said that he had to give up
his habit of staying in bed until late in the day
because the Queen liked to work on
mathematics first thing in the morning. This
may have led to him catching a cold which
developed into pneumonia.
Questions
1. What is Descartes most famous saying?
2. What did he see on a placard in the town of
Breda?
3. What branch of mathematics is named after
Descartes?
4. What habit did he give up in the last year of
his life?
Extension
1. Get a copy of the map of your school and
create a Cartesian set of coordinates on it.
Work out the location of the most
important places in the school. Describe
your journey throughout the school in the
morning, for example: Through the main
gate (E4) to locker room (A7) to assembly
room (C8) and so on.
2. Most cities are built upon Cartesian
coordinates with regular block sizes and
roads which can be considered a grid.
What limits this in the design of new cities
or parts of cities? How much does your
city follow this pattern? What is so
different about the city of Canberra?
A Cartesian plane consists of two axes as shown at right.

The horizontal axis is called the x-axis.
The vertical axis is called the y-axis.
Note: The axes are drawn so they cross over, instead of
being drawn along two edges of the page.
The centre of a Cartesian plane is called the origin. Both
axes have numbers along them, which start from the
origin. This places the origin at 0 (zero) on both the x-axis
and the y-axis.
Arrows are placed on the end of each axis to show that
they actually keep going, even though we have stopped
drawing at these points.
As you move to the right along the x-axis, the numbers
increase. As you move to the left along the x-axis, the
numbers decrease. As you move up the y-axis, the numbers
increase. As you move down the y-axis the numbers
decrease. The numbers on each axis are marked the same
distance apart to give an even scale.
y
6
5
4
3
2
1
2 1 0
1
2
Origin
1 2 3 4 5 6
Coordinates
To describe a position on the Cartesian plane, coordinates are used. A coordinate is
made up of a set of brackets, containing two numbers. For example, consider the point
(1, 2). The first number, 1, refers to the position on the x-axis. The second number, 2,
refers to the position on the y-axis.
A Cartesian coordinate is written as (x, y).
To locate a point on the Cartesian plane, go across on
the x-axis to the first number, and then up or down on
the y-axis to the second number.
So (1, 2) refers to the point with a position, across 1, up 2.
y
6
5
4
3
2
1
2 1 0
1
2
(1, 2)
1 2 3 4 5 6
383
Cabri Geom
Coordinates
x-
yxy-
x-
y-
WORKED Example 3
Draw a Cartesian plane that goes from 0 to 5 on the x- and y-axes, and show the position
of the following points.
a A(4, 1)
b B(3, 3)
c C(1, 0)
d D(0, 2)
THINK
DRAW
Draw a Cartesian plane that goes from

0 to 5 on the x- and y-axes.
Find and plot the position of each point.

a Across to 4 on the x-axis, then up to
1 on the y-axis.
b Across to 3 on the x-axis, then up to
3 on the y-axis.
y
6
5
4
3
2 D
1
2 1 0
1
2
1 2 3 4 5 6
c Across to 1 on the x-axis, stay at 0

on the y-axis.
d Stay at 0 on x-axis, then up to 2 on
the y-axis.
You may have noticed that as you move to the left of the origin along the x-axis or
below the origin on the y-axis, the numbers are negative, that is, less than zero.
etry
Open the Cabri Geometry file Coordinates on the Maths Quest 8 CD-ROM to check
your understanding of x- and y-coordinates.
384
WORKED Example 4
Draw a Cartesian plane that goes from 3 to 5 on the x-axis and the y-axis and plot the
following points.
a A(1, 2)
b B(3, 2)
c C(2, 3)
d D(0, 1)
e E(2, 0)
THINK
1
2
Draw a Cartesian plane that goes from

3 to 5 on the x- and y-axes.
Find and plot the position of each point.
a Across to 1 on the x-axis, then up
to 2 on the y-axis.
b Across to 3 on the x-axis, then down
to 2 on the y-axis.
c Across to 2 on the x-axis, then
down to 3 on the y-axis.
d Stay at the origin (0 on the x-axis),
then down to 1 on the y-axis.
e Across to 2 on the x-axis, then stay
at 0 on the y-axis.
DRAW
y
5
4
3
A 2
1
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 D
B
2
C
3
WORKED Example 5
Write down the Cartesian coordinates of the points
A to E marked on the Cartesian plane at right.
THINK
1
Trace along the x-axis to find the first

number, and then along the y-axis to
find the second number.
Point A is at 1 on the x-axis, and 1 on
the y-axis.
Point B is at 1 on the x-axis, and 4 on
the y-axis.
Point C is at 3 on the x-axis, and 1
on the y-axis.
Point D is at 2 on the x-axis, and 4 on
the y-axis.
Point E is at 0 on the x-axis, and 3 on
the y-axis.
Write each point as a pair of
coordinates.
WRITE
y
B 4
3
2
1
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1
C
2
3 E
D
4
A(1, 1) B(1, 4) C(3, 1) D(2, 4) E(0, 3)
385
remember
remember
1. The Cartesian plane has a horizontal axis called the x-axis and a vertical axis
called the y-axis.
2. The two axes cross at the origin, which has the coordinates (0, 0).
3. A Cartesian coordinate is written as (x, y).
4. The first number gives the position on the x-axis, and the second number gives
the position on the y-axis.
5. To locate a point on the Cartesian plane, go across on the x-axis to the first
number, and then up or down on the y-axis to the second number.
The Cartesian plane
L Spread
XCE
sheet
10B
Plotting
points
1 Draw a Cartesian plane that goes from 0 to 5 on the x- and y-axes, and show the
position of the following points.
3
a A(3, 3)
b B(2, 3)
c C(3, 1)
d D(0, 4)
e E(5, 0)
WORKED
Example
on the x-axis and 7 to 7 on the y-axis
Example
GAME
Coordinates
and graphs
001
y
B
6
5 E
K
J
D4
3
A
2
G
1 H F
I C
x
0
654321
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
2
L
3
4
M 5
6
5 Open the Excel file Cartesian plane game on the Maths Quest 8 CD-ROM. Play the
game to test your skills.
L Spread
XCE
Cartesian
plane
game
sheet
4 multiple choice
a The point (3, 4) gives a position on the Cartesian plane of:
A 3 on the y-axis, 4 on the x-axis
B 3 left, 4 up
C between 3 and 4
D 3 on the x-axis, 4 on the y-axis
E 3 up, 4 right
b The point (2, 0) gives a position on the Cartesian plane of:
A 2 on the x-axis, 0 on the y-axis
B left 0, up 2
C left 0, down 2
D go up to 2 on the y-axis then dont
E 2 on the y-axis, 0 on the x-axis.
move
3 Write down the Cartesian coordinates of the points A to M

marked on the Cartesian plane at right.
5
WORKED
d D(1, 4)
h H(4, 5)
l L(4, 0)
Cartesian
plane
time
C(5, 1)
G(2, 3)
K(3, 1)
cad
2 Draw a Cartesian plane that goes from 5 to 5

Example
and plot the following points.
4
a A(3, 3)
b B(2, 5)
c
e E(4, 2)
f F(2, 0)
g
i I(0, 3)
j J(1, 2)
k
WORKED
Math
386
Drawing by numbers
For questions 1 to 5 the words START and STOP indicate instructions for groups of
points that must be joined in order. The answer to each question should form a picture.
1 On 1 cm graph paper, draw a Cartesian plane with an x-axis from 5 to 5 and a
y-axis from 3 to 5. Connect these three groups of points.
START (0, 5) (3, 3) (5, 2) (5, 2) (3, 3) (0, 5) STOP
START (5, 2) (0, 0) (5, 2) STOP
START (3, 3) (0, 0) (3, 3) STOP
2 On 1 cm graph paper draw a Cartesian plane with an x-axis from 6 to 6 and a
y-axis from 6 to 6. Connect these groups of points.
START (4, 6) (4, 6) (6, 0) (4, 6) (4, 6) (6, 0) (4, 6) (6, 0) (4, 6) (4, 6) STOP
START (4, 6) (4, 6) (6, 0) (4, 6) STOP
START (4, 0) (2, 2.5) (2, 2.5) (4, 0) (2, 2.5) (2, 2.5) (4, 0) STOP
Colour the 6 triangles between the star and the hexagon. For example the triangle (6, 0) (4, 6) (4, 1) could be coloured red. Colour the 6 triangles inside the
star. For example (4, 0) (4, 1) (2, 2.5) could be coloured green.
3 Draw a Cartesian plane using the following points. First check the coordinates
to find the lowest and highest x- and y-values needed on each axis. Connect
these groups of points.
START (4, 1) (3, 1) (4, 3) (5, 3) (5.5, 4) (5.5, 5) (6, 6) (6, 7) (5, 7.5) (4, 7.5) (3, 7.5)
(2, 8) (1.5, 9) (1.5, 10) (2, 11) (3, 12) (4, 12.5) (5, 13) (6, 14) (7, 15) (8, 15) (10, 14)
(11, 11) (11, 10) (10.5, 8.5) (10, 7.5) (9, 10.5) (8.5, 8) (7.5, 7) (8, 6.5) (8, 5) (9, 4)
(10, 3) (10, 1) (4, 1) STOP
START (2, 8) (1.5, 7.5) (1, 8) (1.5, 9) STOP
START (4, 1) (4, 2) (5, 2.5) (6.5, 2.5) (5.5, 4) STOP
START (6, 6.5) (8, 6.5) (8, 6) (6, 6) STOP
EYE AT (5.5, 11)
4 Draw a Cartesian plane. Check the following coordinates to find the lowest and
highest x- and y-value needed on the axes. Then draw a cartoon character.
START (6, 7) (7.5, 9) (5, 9) (4.5, 12) (2, 11) (0, 13) (1.5, 10) (5, 11) (5, 8) (8, 6)
(6, 4) (8, 2) (6, 1) (7, 2) (4, 1.5) (4, 3.5) (1.5, 3) (2, 4) (4, 7)
(5, 8) STOP
START (2, 9) (1, 7) (1, 8) (3, 8) (4, 7.5) (5, 10) STOP
START (4, 7.5) (3.5, 6) (3.5, 4) (4, 3) (5, 2.5) (5, 2) (4, 1.5) (4, 1) (5, 0.5)
(7, 1) (8, 2) (8, 2.5) (6.5, 3) STOP
START (4, 2.5) (2, 3) (0.5, 3) (0, 2) (1, 1) (2, 0.5) (3, 0) (7, 1) STOP
START (6, 2.5) (6.5, 3) (6.5, 4) (6, 4) (4, 3) STOP
START (6, 7) (5, 7.5) (4, 7) (3, 6) (1, 6) (0, 5) (1, 4) (0, 2) (1.5, 1.5) (3, 2) (4, 4)
(6.5, 4) (7, 5) (7, 6) (6, 7) STOP
START (4, 4) (4, 5) (3, 6) STOP
START (1, 1) (5, 0) STOP
EYES AT (1, 3) AND (5, 5)
EYE LASHES (1, 4) TO (2, 4.5), (0, 5) TO (0.5, 6), (1, 6) TO (0.5, 7), (2, 6) TO
(2, 7), (4, 7) TO (3.5, 8), (5, 7.5) TO (5, 8.5), (6, 7) TO (6.5, 8), (6.5, 6.5) TO (7, 7)
5 On a piece of graph paper draw a Cartesian plane that covers the entire page. Draw
a simple picture on your graph paper. List the coordinates and instructions showing
when to start and stop joining the points. The coordinates should be chosen
carefully so that someone else can draw your picture, following your instructions.
387
Linear patterns
When you plot a set of points and a pattern is formed, the
y
6
coordinates of each point may have the same relationship
5
between the x- and y-values. When this is so, the x-values
4
and y-values are connected by the same rule.
3
2
For example, each of the points (1, 2) (2, 3) (3, 4) (4, 5)
1
have the same relationship (rule) between their x- and
2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y-values. If you look closely you will see that in each case
1
the y-value is one more than the x-value.
2
If we plot these points on a Cartesian plane, they will
make a pattern.
The pattern formed by these points is a straight line. We call this a linear pattern.
WORKED Example 6
Plot the following points on a Cartesian plane. Check the lowest and highest values to help
you decide the numbers to mark on the axes.
(2, 1) (1, 2) (0, 3) (1, 4) (2, 5)
THINK
1
DRAW
Look at the x- and y-values of the

points and draw a Cartesian plane.
The lowest value for the x-axis is 2,
the highest is 2.
The lowest value for the y-axis is 1, the
highest is 5.
Extend each axis slightly beyond these
values.
Plot each point.
y
6
5
4
3
2
1
2 1 0
1
2
1 2 3 4 5 6
When the points that are plotted form a pattern, we have a graph. So the Cartesian
plane in the previous worked example shows a linear graph (a straight-line graph).
Coordinates that form a pattern are often written in a table. For example, the points
(2, 4) (1, 2) (0, 0) (1, 2) (2, 4) could be written in tables like those below.
x-part of the coordinates
y-part of the coordinates
The table can be horizontal, as above,

or vertical, as shown at right.
When using Maths Quest 8 CD-ROM

click on this icon for GC tip: Plotting points.
388
WORKED Example 7
a Plot the points in the table at right on a

Cartesian plane.
b Do the points form a linear graph? If so, what would the next point in the pattern be?
THINK
WRITE/DRAW
Look at the x- and y-values of the

points and draw a Cartesian plane.
Plot each point.
1
2
y
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 110
2
3
4
b Yes, the points do form a linear graph.
The points form a straight line, so

we have a linear graph.
The pattern shows that the x-values
increase by 1, and the y-values
increase by 1. The next x-value will
be 2 and the next y-value will be 4.
1 2 3
The next point in the pattern is (2, 4).
remember
remember
Cabri
1. Linear means in a straight line.

2. When coordinates form a straight line on a Cartesian plane we have a linear
graph.
10C
Geometry
Plotting
a linear
graph
Linear patterns
1 Plot the following points on a Cartesian plane. (Check the lowest and highest values to
help you decide the numbers to mark on the axes.)
6
a (2, 3) (1, 2) (0, 1) (1, 0) (2, 1)
b (2, 0) (1, 1) (0, 2) (1, 3) (2, 4)
c (2, 4) (1, 2) (0, 0) (1, 2) (2, 4)
d (2, 5) (1, 2) (0, 1) (1, 4) (2, 7)
e (2, 2) (1, 1) (0, 0) (1, 1) (2, 2)
f (2, 0) (1, 1) (0, 2) (1, 3) (2, 4)
WORKED
Example
Mat
d
hca
Spreadshe
et
EXCEL
Linear
patterns
Plotting
points
WORKED
Example
7a
2 Plot the following points on a Cartesian plane.

a
10
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
389
3 Plot the following points on a Cartesian plane. Do the points form a linear graph? If so,
state the next point in the pattern.
7b
a (3, 3) (2, 1) (1, 1) (0, 3) (1, 5) (2, 7) (3, 9)
b (3, 5) (2, 3) (1, 0) (0, 1) (1, 4) (2, 5) (3, 7)
WORKED
Example
4 multiple choice
a The next point in the linear pattern made by (2, 0) (1, 1) (0, 2) (1, 3) (2, 4) is:
A (5, 3)
B (3, 5)
C (3, 5)
D (3, 5)
E (4, 6)
b The next point in the linear pattern made by (2, 9) (1, 8) (0, 7) (1, 6) (2, 5) is:
A (3, 8)
B (3, 4)
C (3, 6)
D (4, 3)
E (6, 3)
c The next point in the linear pattern made by (2, 18) (1, 14) (0, 10) (1, 6)
(2, 2) is:
A (1, 3)
B (3, 20)
C (3, 2)
D (4, 6)
E (6, 16)
d Which of the following set of points would make a linear pattern?
A (2, 2) (1, 1) (0, 3) (1, 4) (2, 5)
B (2, 12) (1, 10) (0, 8) (1, 2) (2, 0)
C (2, 1) (1, 0) (0, 1) (1, 1) (2, 0)
D (2, 5) (1, 0) (0, 4) (1, 5) (2, 8)
E (2, 0) (1, 3) (0, 6) (1, 9) (2, 12)
ET
SHE
Work
10.1
QUEST
GE
CH
AL
1 The figure on the right consists of triangles. How many

triangles are in this figure? (Hint: The answer is not 16.)
2 Consider the arrangement of 20 matches above left. Move 3 matches

to new positions to make exactly 5 squares, all the same size.
1
Use the graph to answer questions 1, 2 and 3.
Kristov
1 Who is the youngest?

Height
EN
M AT H
390
2 Who is the tallest?

3 Is the oldest person the tallest?
Rob
Sally
Jason
Age
Use the grid shown at right for questions 4 and 5.

4 What is located at B, 3?
5 What is the grid reference for the house?
2
1
A
6 Place the following points on a Cartesian plane: A(2, 5), B(0, 5), C(1, 3), D(4, 0),
E(6, 5).
7 Write down the coordinates of the points A to I
marked on the Cartesian plane at right.
3
4
2
3
1
2
0
1
3
6 4 2
H 4 A
y
6
9 True or false? The following coordinates form a linear

pattern: (3, 5) (2, 6) (1, 7) (0, 8) (1, 9).
2 F
D
G 4
6
C
4
6 x
10 Write the next point in the linear pattern made by (2, 1) (1, 3) (0, 5) (1, 7) (2, 9).
391
Finding the rule for linear relationships

y
4
3
2
1
To show that a linear graph is formed when coordinates are

plotted, the points may be joined to form a straight line.
5 4 3 2 110
2
3
4
If coordinates form a linear graph then more points can

be added to the pattern and the graph can be continued in
both directions by extending the line past the last points.
1 2 3
y
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 110
2
3
4
1 2 3
When coordinates form a linear pattern, a rule can be found for that pattern. The
rule will work for every coordinate in the pattern.
For example, if these points are graphed we get the pattern at right.
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
y=x+2
1 2 3 4 5
These points form a linear pattern. What is the rule for this pattern?
To find the rule, look at the x-value and y-value for each coordinate. It often helps to
look at the positive x numbers first.
x 0 1 2
y 2 3 4
Try adding or subtracting first, then try multiplying or dividing if necessary.
0+2=2
The rule could be to add 2 to the x-value.
Now test this on the other points; if it works you have found the rule.
1 + 2 = 3, 2 + 2 = 4.
It works!
The rule add 2 to the x-value, can be written as:
Rule: x + 2
Rules are usually written as equations (with an equals sign) starting with y =. Our
rule would be written as y = x + 2. This means the y-value is equal to the x-value
plus 2.
392
WORKED Example 8
Find the rule for this set of points.
10
THINK
WRITE
Look at the positive x numbers.

x 1 2 3
y 4 7 10
Try adding a number to the x-value.

The rule could be add 3.
Test the rule when x = 1. It matches the
table.
Test the rule when x = 2. It doesnt
match the table.
The rule doesnt work for all values.
y = x + 3?
When x = 1, y = 1 + 3
=4
When x = 2, y = 2 + 3
=5
y = x + 3 doesnt work when x = 2
Try multiplying by 2 and then adding 2.

table.
Test the rule when x = 2. It doesnt
match the table.
The rule doesnt work for all values.
y = 2x + 2?
When x = 1, y = 2 1 + 2
=4
When x = 2, y = 2 2 + 2
=6
y = 2x + 2 doesnt work when x = 2
Try multiplying by 3 and then adding 1.

table.
table.
y = 3x + 1?
When x = 1, y = 3 1 + 1
=4
When x = 2, y = 3 2 + 1
=7
Test the rule on the other values.

They all match the table.
The rule y = 3x + 2 works.
When x = 3, y = 3 3 + 1
= 10
When x = 1, y = 3 1 + 1
= 2
When x = 0, y = 3 0 + 1
=1
The rule is y = 3x + 1.
remember
remember
1. When coordinates form a linear graph they may be joined to form a straight line.
2. When coordinates form a linear pattern, a rule can be found for that pattern.
3. Rules are usually written as equations, for example, y = x + 1.
393
10D
Finding the rule for linear

relationships
WORKED
Example
b
d
f
h
j
Math
Add 10 to the x-value.

Finding
Subtract 6 from the x-value.
the rule
Multiply the x-value by 2.
Multiply the x-value by 3, then subtract 4.
Multiply the x-value by 1, then subtract 3.
cad
1 Write these rules as equations.

a Add 4 to the x-value.
c Subtract 1 from the x-value.
e Multiply the x-value by 7.
g Multiply the x-value by 4, then add 3.
i Multiply the x-value by 2, then add 1.
2 Find the rule for each of the following sets of points.
18
18
10
11
17
11
19
11
21
10
11
12
13
10
10
20
12
12
11
14
3 multiple choice
Which of the following sets of points forms a linear graph?
A (2, 2) (1, 1) (0, 0) (1, 1) (2, 2)
B (2, 4) (1, 3) (0, 2) (1, 1) (2, 9)
C (2, 4) (1, 8) (0, 2) (1, 3) (2, 6)
D (2, 6) (1, 2) (0, 1) (1, 10) (2, 3)
E (2, 3) (1, 2) (0, 1) (1, 0) (2, 1)
GC pro
gram
Finding
the rule
394
4 multiple choice
a The rule for the set of points at right is:
A y = 2x
B y=x+2
C y=x2
D y = 2x 2
E y = 4x 4
b The rule for the set of points at right is: (2, 2), (1, 1), (0, 4), (1, 7), (2, 10)
A y=x+4
B y = 5x
C y = 4x + 1 D y = 3x + 4 E y = x
Finding the rule for linear patterns

1 Use the rule and the table of values to copy and complete the following
sentences.
Rule: y = x
The difference in the y-values is
.
The rule shows x is multiplied by
.
b Rule: y = 2x
.
.
c
Rule: y = 3x
.
.
d Rule: y = 4x
.
.
When finding the rule for a linear pattern, if the x-values go up by one,
then the difference in the y-values gives the number that x will be
multiplied by.
For example:
2 1
10 5
10
x-value goes up by one

y-value goes up by 5, so the rule will be
y = 5 x or y = 5x
395
2 Find the rule for each of these tables of values.

a
The rule for this table will be

y=
x.
c
2 1
14 7
14

y=
x.
d
x
y

y=
x.
20 10
10
20

y=
x.
Once you have worked out what the x is multiplied by, you can then find
the number added or subtracted at the end of the rule.
For example:
From the table we can see that the
rule will begin with y = 2 x.
x 2 1 0
However, 2 x does not give the
y 3 1 1
y-value, so a number must be added or
subtracted on the end of the rule.
Choose a positive x-value and multiply by 2.
So, 1 2 = 2 but the y-value is 3; so 1 must be added.
This makes the rule y = 2 x + 1.
Check with another x-value. When x = 2, y = 2 2 + 1 = 5.
This is correct so the rule is y = 2 x + 1 or y = 2x + 1.
Find the number that x is multiplied by and use this part of the rule to find
the number added or subtracted on the end of the rule.
3 Find the rule for each of these.
a
x+
Rule: y =
c
x+
Rule: y =
Rule: y =
Rule: y =
x
(continued)
396
4 Look at your answers to question 3. Compare the number added or subtracted

on the end of the rule, with the y-value when x = 0.
Copy and complete the following sentence.
When x = 0, the
gives the number added or subtracted on the end
of the rule.
5 Find the rule for the following.
a
2 1
11 5
13
10
11
10
12
14
19 11 3
13
20 11 2
16
y
h
x
y
Plotting linear graphs

Plotting points to form a linear graph can be done even if you are only given the rule.
For example let us plot the graph of y = x + 3. We know from the last section that this
equation is the rule for coordinates that form this linear graph. To plot the graph we
must find coordinates that fit this rule.
To find coordinates, start with a table and choose simple x-values.
Rule is written at the top of the table.
Rule: y = x + 3
Choose x-values.
y
You could choose any x-values, but it is easier to plot the graph if you keep the values
small, with some positive and some negative numbers.
Now use the rule to find the y-value for each coordinate.
When x = 1,
When x = 0,
When x = 1,
When x = 2,
When x = 3,
y = 1 + 3
y=0+3
y=1+3
y=2+3
y=3+3
=2
=3
=4
=5
=6
The table now looks like this
y=x+3
397
WORKED Example 9
Draw up a table of values and plot the graph of y = 2x + 1 and label the line.
THINK
1
2
3
4
5
WRITE/DRAW
Write the rule.

Draw up a table and choose simple
x-values.
Use the rule to find each y-value and
enter them in the table.
When x = 2, y = 2 2 + 1 = 3.
When x = 1, y = 2 1 + 1 = 1.
When x = 0, y = 2 0 + 1 = 1.
When x = 1, y = 2 1 + 1 = 3.
When x = 2, y = 2 2 + 1 = 5.
Draw a Cartesian plane and plot the
points.
Join the points to form a straight line
and label the graph.
y = 2x + 1
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
Cabri Geom
etry
You can check

whether a given
point lies on the line
by substituting the
x- and y-coordinates
of the point into the
rule for the line.
The screen shows
the Cabri Geometry
file Linear patterns
and equations on
the Maths Quest 8
CD-ROM.
y = 2x + 1
y
y x
y x
remember
remember
To plot a linear graph, follow these steps.
1. Draw up a table and choose some x-values
2. Substitute each x-value into the rule to obtain the corresponding y-value
3. Plot these coordinates as points on a Cartesian plane
4. Rule a straight line through the plotted points.
5. Label the line with a rule.
Linear
patterns
and
equations
398
10E
10.1
Cabri
SkillS
HEET
1 Complete the following tables of values, plot the points on a Cartesian plane, and join
them to make a linear graph. Label the graphs with the rules.
9
a Rule: y = x + 3
b Rule: y = x 5
WORKED
Example
Geometry
Coordinates
and graphs
Spreadshe
Plotting
graphs
(tables)
2 1
10
2
3
0
f
Rule: y = 2x 2
et
Plotting
graphs
(tables)
(DIY)
x
y
GC tip:
Drawing graphs
given the rule
et
Mat
Plotting
linear
graphs
h Rule: y = 3x + 2
x
y
1
5
3 Draw up a table of values and plot the graph for each of the following rules. Label each
graph.
9
a y=x+2
b y=x4
c y=x1
d y=x+5
e y = 3x
f y = 7x
g y = 4x + 1
h y = 2x 3
i y = 3x 5
j y = 2x
k y = 6x + 2
l y = 5x + 4
WORKED
d
hca
2 multiple choice
a y = 3x + 4 means:
A The y-value equals the x-value, add 3 then times 4.
B The y-value equals the x-value times 3 then add 4.
C The x-value equals the y-value times 3 then add 4.
D The y-value equals 4 times the x-value divided by 3.
E The x-value equals 4 times the y-value, add 3.
b A table of values shows:
A a rule
B that a rule continues forever
C coordinates
D a linear graph
E an axis
Spreadshe
Plotting
graphs
(rule)
x
y
g Rule: y = 4x 3
EXCEL
d Rule: y = 2x + 4
e Rule: y = 3x + 2
Spreadshe
x
y
Rule: y = 5x
et
EXCEL
EXCEL
Plotting linear graphs
Example
399
4 Plot a graph of the following rules from the tables of values provided. Label the graphs.
Then copy and complete the sentences.
a y=4
b y=1
For the rule y = 4, the y-value
of all coordinates is
c
y = 2
d y = 5
5 Make a table of values and plot the graph for each of the following rules.
a y=3
b y=2
c y = 2
d y = 4
6 Plot the graph of each of the following rules from the table of values provided. Label
the graph. Then copy and complete the sentence.
a x=1
b x=3
For the rule x = 1, the x-value
c
x = 2
d x = 7


.
7 Make a table of values, then plot and label the graph for each of the following.
a x=2
b x=5
c x = 5
d x=0
400
Gradient and y-intercept

Gradient gives a measure of how steep something is. For
example the gradient of a road might tell you how steep
the slope of a hill is. Gradient is measured in the following
way.
To find the gradient of a hill, we need to measure the
vertical rise of the hill and the horizontal run of the hill, as
shown in the diagram at right.
Hill
Rise
Run
rise
Gradient = --------run
For example, if the rise of the hill is 3 metres and the run is 1.5 metres then the
gradient can be calculated as follows:
3
Gradient = ------1.5
= 2
Note: The gradient in this case does not have any units.
The symbol for gradient is m.
rise
The gradient of a straight line is given by: m = --------- .
run
The gradient of a linear graph is found in the same way.
We measure the rise and run using any two points on the
graph.
To find the gradient of this linear graph you can draw a

right-angled triangle anywhere along the line as shown at
right and use it to measure the rise and the run.
rise = 2, run = 2
Cabri
2
So, the gradient m = --- = 1 .
2
Geometry
Gradient
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
y
5
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 110
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
Linear graphs usually slope in one of two directions: / or \. A graph that rises from
left to right, /, has a positive gradient. A graph that drops from left to right, \ , has a
negative gradient. A linear graph that is horizontal has a zero gradient as shown below.
A vertical line has an infinite gradient.
m is positive
m is negative
m is zero
Rise
Run
Rise
Run
m is infinite
401
WORKED Example 10
State whether these lines have a positive, negative or zero gradient.
a
b
y
y
THINK
WRITE
a A line that rises from left to right, /, has

a positive gradient.
b A line that drops from left to right, \, has
a negative gradient.
a Positive gradient
b Negative gradient
WORKED Example 11
Find the gradient of
this linear graph.
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
THINK
1
WRITE/DRAW
Choose two convenient points on the

line and draw a triangle to find the rise
and the run.
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
1 2 3 4 5
2
3
4
5
Read the rise and the run from the

graph.
Calculate the gradient.
rise = 2, run = 1
rise
Gradient: m = -------run
2
= --1
=2
Another important part of a linear graph is the y-intercept. This is the point where the
graph crosses the y-axis. The symbol for the y-intercept is c.
402
WORKED Example 12
Find: a the gradient, m

b the y-intercept, c, of this linear graph.
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
THINK
WRITE/DRAW
Choose two convenient points on the

line and draw a triangle to find the
rise and the run.
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
rise = 2, run = 2
2
Calculate the gradient. In this case

the rise is negative since the line
slopes down from left to right.
b The y-intercept is where the graph

crosses the y-axis, and c is the y-value at
this point.
rise
Gradient: m = -------run
2
= -----2
= 1
b c = 2
remember
remember
1. Gradient is a measure of steepness.
rise
2. Gradient: m = -------- .
run
3. A linear graph can have a positive gradient ( / ), a negative gradient ( \ ) or zero
gradient ().
4. The y-intercept is where the graph crosses the y-axis. The symbol c stands for
the y-value at this point.
10F
403
1 State whether each of the following lines has a positive, negative or zero gradient.
a
b
c
10
y
y
y
WORKED
Cabri Geom
Gradient
sheet
L Spread
XCE
etry
Example
Gradient
and
intercepts
Gradient
and
intercepts
(DIY)
2 Find the gradient of each of the linear graphs below by measuring the rise
and the run.
a
y
5
4
3
2
1
x
0
5 4 3 2 1
1 1 2 3 4 5
2
3
4
5
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
WORKED
Example
11, 12a
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
y
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5
y
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
SkillS
HEET
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
y
5
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 110
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
3 Find the gradient of the following linear graphs.

a
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
y
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3 4 5
sheet
L Spread
XCE
10.2
404
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5 6
y
10
8
6
4
2
0
5 4 3 21
2
4
6
8
10
4 For each of the following linear graphs find:

i the gradient, m
12
ii the y-intercept, c.
a
b
y
1 2 3 4 5
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
WORKED
Example
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
5 4 3 2 110
2
3
4
5
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
y
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
y
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 110
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
5 multiple choice
For each of these graphs, choose the correct alternative.
y
a The gradient of this graph is:
5
A 1--4B 4
C 4
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
y
5
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 110
2
3
4
5
D 1--4-
1 2 3 4 5
E 0
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
y
5
4
3
2
1
The gradient and y-intercept, respectively, of this

graph are:
A 2, 4 B 2, 2 C 2, 4 D 2, 2 E 4, 2
405
6 multiple choice
Hugo has developed greater skills with his
skateboard. Earlier he mastered the ramp at the
back of the photograph which has the run and
rise marked. This small ramp has a gradient of:
A
B
C
D
0.75
3
1.5
3--2-
E 2
1.5 m
2m
2
Use the following graph to answer questions 1, 2 and 3.
1 In which section(s) did the rainfall increase?
Rainfall
2 In which section(s) did the rainfall stay the same?

3 In which section(s) did the rainfall decrease?
Time
Use the Cartesian plane at right for questions 4 and 5.

y
4 X
4 State the coordinates for the letter Y.

5 State the letter for the coordinates (0, 2).
Y 2
6 True or false? The next point in the linear pattern made

by (2, 1) (1, 0) (0, 1) (1, 2) (2, 3) is (3, 4).
4 2
2
C 2 D
7 Write the rule multiply the x value by 6 then add 3 as

an equation.
4 x
8 Complete the table of values below, then plot the points on a Cartesian plane.
y = 3x + 4
y
9 Find the rule for the following set of coordinates.
10 State the gradient and the y-intercept for

the graph of the line shown at right.
y
10
8
6
4
2
10 5 2
4
6
8
10
10 x
406

1 For each of the following rules.
i Draw up a table of values.
ii Plot the coordinates on the same set of axes.
iii Label each graph clearly.
a y=x2
b y=x1
c y=x
d y=x+1
e y=x+2
Cabri
2 What is the y-intercept of each of the following?

a y=x2
b y=x1
c y=x
d y=x+1
e y=x+2
Geometry
Linear
graphs and
y-intercept
3 In question 2, what did you notice about the equation of each linear graph and
its y-intercept?
4 For each of the following rules:
i draw up a table of values
ii plot the coordinates on the same set of axes.
iii label each graph clearly.
a y = 2x
b y = 1x (or y = x)
c y=x
d y = 2x
5 What difference does the negative sign make to a linear graph?
6 Draw up a table of values for each of the following rules by choosing x-values
from 1 to 3. Using a whole sheet of graph paper (or a whole page in your
workbook), plot the graphs for each rule on the same set of axes. (Use x-axis:
4 to 6 and y-axis: 4 to 15.) Label each graph clearly.
a y=x+1
b y = 2x + 1
c y = 3x + 1
d y = 4x + 1
Cabri
7 What did you notice about the graphs in question 6?

Geometry
Linear
equations
and
gradient
8 Find the gradient of each graph in question 6.

9 Copy and complete the following table.
Rule
y=x+1
y = 2x + 1
y = 3x + 1
y = 4x + 1
Gradient
10 Copy and complete the following sentence.
The gradient for a linear graph is given by
in the rule.
407
Finding the rule for linear graphs

We know the rule for linear graphs shows us the relationship between the y-value and
the x-value of the coordinates on the line. The rule also gives us information about the
gradient, m, and where the graph crosses the y-axis, the y-intercept, c.
The general rule for all linear graphs is given by the equation: y = mx + c.
To find the rule for any particular linear graph, we only need to find the values of m
and c.
WORKED Example 13
For each of the linear graphs at
right:
Find the gradient, m, the
y-intercept, c, and, using m and c,
work out the rule.
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
THINK
WRITE/DRAW
a rise = 2
run = 2
Choose 2 convenient points on the

line and draw a triangle to find rise
and run. Use the triangle formed by
the axes.
State the value of c. The y-intercept

is where the graph crosses the y-axis.
Substitute the values of m and c into
the general rule.
State the rule.

Choose 2 convenient points on the
line and draw a triangle to find rise
and run. The rise is negative as the
line slopes downwards from left to
right.
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
rise
Gradient, m = -------run
2
= --2
=1
c=2
y = mx + c
=1x+2
=x+2
The rule is y = x + 2.
b
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
rise = 2
run = 1
1 2 3 4 5
Continued over page
408
THINK
WRITE
rise
Gradient, m = -------run
2
= -----1
= 2
The y-intercept is where the graph

crosses the y-axis at 2.
Substitute the values of m and c into
the general rule.
c=0
State the rule.
The rule is y = 2x.
y = mx + c
= 2 x + 0
= 2x
WORKED Example 14
State the gradient and y-intercept for each of the following linear rules.
a y = 2x 3
b y = x + 1
THINK
WRITE
Write down the rule.

Compare with the general rule.
The gradient is given by m.
The y-intercept is given by c.
a y = 2x 3
y = mx + c
Gradient, m = 2
y-intercept, c = 3
Write down the rule.

Compare with the general rule.
The gradient is given by m.
The y-intercept is given by c.
b y = x + 1
y = mx + c
Gradient, m = 1
y-intercept, c = +1
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
remember
remember
1. The number before the x in the rule for a linear graph tells us the gradient, m.
2. The number on the end of the rule for a linear graph tells us the y-intercept, c.
3. The rule for any linear graph is given by:
y = mx + c
Gradient y-intercept
10G
409
Finding the rule for linear

graphs
1 For each of the following linear graphs:

find i the gradient, m, ii the y-intercept, c, and, iii using m and c, work out the rule.
13
a
b
c
y
y
y
Cabri Geom
WORKED
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
Linear
equations
and
gradient
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
y
5
4
3
2
1
Cabri Geom
x
0
5 4 3 2 1
1 1 2 3 4 5
2
3
4
5
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
54 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5
Linear
graphs and
y-intercept
etry
5
4
3
2
1
etry
Example
1 2 3 4 5
y
5
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 110
2
3
1 2 3 4 5
2 State the gradient and y-intercept for each of the following linear rules.
a y=x+3
b y=x4
c y = 3x + 1
14
d y = 5x 2
e y = 6x + 10
f y = 8x 7
g y = 5x + 3
h y = 9x 4
i y = 3x + 4
j y = 6x + 2
k y = 4x
l y=x
WORKED
Math
3 multiple choice
For each of the following graphs choose the correct response.
y
a The rule for this linear graph is:
3
A y = 3x
B y=x+3
2
1
D y=x3
E y=x
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
C y = 3x 3
cad
Example
Gradient
and
y-intercept
410
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
GAM
me
E ti
Coordinates
and graphs
002
Work
ET
SHE
1 2 3 4 5
The rule for this linear graph is:

A y = 2x + 1 B y = x + 1
D y = 2x + 1
E y = 1--2- x + 1
4 multiple choice
a A linear graph with the rule y = 2x + 6 would have:
A m = 6, c = 2
B m = 2, c = 6
D m = 1, c = 6
E m = 2, c = 2
b A linear graph with the rule y = 4x 7 would have:
A m = 7, c = 4
B m = 7, c = 4
D m = 4, c = 7
E m = 4, c = 7
10.2
C y=x+1
C m = 2, c = 6
C m = 4, c = 4
Applications of linear graphs

When information or data are displayed as a graph, we can often get a much clearer
picture of any patterns that may exist. This allows us to find the rule or equation which
describes the data.
The following section shows you how to graph data that have been recorded, and
then find an equation for those data, if a linear pattern exists.
WORKED Example 15
Cindy saved $20 per month for 6 months.
The table below shows her bank account
balance or savings at the end of each
month.
a Draw a set of axes showing time on the
x-axis and savings on the y-axis.
(Check the values you need to show on
each axis).
Time
(months)
Savings
($)
80
100
120
140
160
180
b
c
d
e
f
Plot the points from the table onto your axis. Do they form a linear pattern?
Join the points to form a linear graph.
Find the gradient, m, and y-intercept, c, for your graph.
Write an equation for this graph using y = mx + c.
Replace y with savings (in $) and x with time (in months), so that your equation
looks like:
Savings = ___ time + ___.
WRITE/DRAW
a Draw a set of axes and label them.

Time is on the x-axis, the values go from
1 to 6, so go across by ones.
Savings goes on the y-axis, the values go
from 80 to 180, so go up by 20s.
b, c
Plot each pair of coordinates as a

point.
The points lie in a straight line so

they form a linear pattern.
c Join the points to make a straight line.
Savings ($)
THINK
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
20
1
2 3 4 5
Time (months)
The points form a linear pattern.

d
Use two points to draw a triangle in

order to find rise and run.
rise = 20, run = 1.
Carefully extend the line until it

crosses the y-axis to find the value
of c, the y-intercept.
rise
d m = -------run
20
= -----1
= 20
y-intercept, c = 60
e Substitute m and c into the general

equation y = mx + c.
e y = mx + c
y = 20x + 60
f Replace y with savings and x with time.
f Savings = 20 time + 60
remember
remember
The general rule or equation for a linear graph is y = mx + c, where m is the

gradient and c is the y-intercept.
411
412
Applications of linear
graphs
Spreadshe
et
EXCEL
10H
Plotting
points
(table)
Mat
d
hca
Finding
the rule
1 Helen saved $30 per month for 6 months. The table below shows her bank account
balance (savings) at the end of each month.
15
WORKED
Example
Time (months)
Savings ($)
90
120
150
180
210
240
a Draw a set of axes showing time on the x-axis and account balance on the y-axis.
(Check the values you need to show on each axis.)
b Plot the points from the table onto your axis. Do they form a linear pattern?
c Join the points to form a linear graph.
d Find the gradient, m, and y-intercept, c, for your graph.
e Write an equation for this graph using y = mx + c.
f Replace y with savings and x with time, so that your equation looks like:
Savings = ___ time + ___.
2 Chris fridge is not working. He called a company which is sending someone to repair
the fridge.
Company charges are: $55 to come to your home, plus
$45 for every 1--2- hour the repairer is there.
a Copy and complete the table to show how much it could cost Chris to have his
fridge repaired.
Time (hours)
1
--2
1 1--2-
Cost ($)
55
100
145
2 1--2-
b Draw a graph of this information. Put time on the x-axis and cost on the y-axis.
c Is there a linear relationship between cost and time?
d Find the gradient of the graph.
e Find the y-intercept.
f Find the rule for this graph (using y = mx + c).
In your equation replace y with Cost and replace x with time: Cost = ___ time + ___.
g Use your equation to find the cost if a repair person takes 4 hours to fix Chris
fridge.
3 Kyle was very bored on his holidays and decided to measure how much the grass grew
every day for one week. His results are shown in the table.
Day number
Height of grass (mm)
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
a Kyle knew his dad would want the grass cut as soon as it was 2.5 cm (25 mm) long.
On which day would this occur?
b Plot the points from the graph on a Cartesian plane putting Day on the x-axis and
Height on the y-axis.
c Do the points form a linear graph?
d Find the gradient and y-intercept of the graph.
413
e Find an equation for the height of the grass by filling in the blanks.
Height = ___ no. of days + ______
or h = ___ d + ______
f How long would the grass be after 14 days if it had not been cut?
4 Madeleine jogs 3 times a week. She always goes around the same path at a park near
her home. When she gets to a very steep hill in the park, her speed slows down. The
distance from the bottom to the top of the hill is 250 m. Madeleine estimates that every
50 m her speed slows down by 0.5 km/hour.
a Copy and complete the following table.
Speed (km/h)
Distance from bottom (m)
4.5
2.5
100
200
5 Samantha has
noticed that
there are fewer
students in her
form group
now, than when
she started
school 3 years
ago. The graph
at right shows
how the
number of
students has
changed.
Student numbers
b How fast is Madeleine jogging when she is at the top of the hill?
c Draw a graph of the information in the table.
d From your graph find how fast Madeleine is jogging when she is halfway up the
hill.
e How far up the hill is Madeleine when her speed is 3.25 km/h?
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3
Time (years)
a If the pattern continues, how many students will there be in Samanthas form group
next year?
b Find the gradient and y-intercept of the graph.
c The equation for this graph would be:
Number of students = _____ time + _____.
This could be shortened to s = ____ t + ____.
Fill in the blanks in the equation above with the gradient and y-intercept.
d Using the equation from part c, find the number of students in Samanthas form
group after 6 years.
6 James and his sister are going for a bike ride. They know they can ride 25 km in an
hour (average).
a Copy and complete the following table.
Distance (km)
Time (hours)
25
100
2
414
b
c
d
e
Plot these points on a Cartesian plane.

Do the points form a linear graph?
Find the gradient and y-intercept of the graph.
Using the gradient and y-intercept you found in part c, copy and complete the
equation below.
Distance = _____ time + _____
or d = ____t + ____
f Use the equation you found in part e to work out how far they would have ridden
after 5 hours.
g If they leave home at 9.00 am and arrive home at 5.00 pm, how far would James
and his sister have ridden?
7 Lara sells computers and is paid $300 per week plus $20 for every computer she sells.
a Draw up a table to show how much money Lara would be paid if she sold between
0 and 10 computers per week.
b Plot the points in your table on a Cartesian plane.
c Do the points form a linear graph?
d Find the gradient and y-intercept of your graph.
e Find an equation for your graph in the form y = mx + c.
f If Lara sold 25 computers in a week, how much money would she be paid?
415
Sketching linear graphs

To sketch a straight-line graph you only need two points. Here are two methods you
can use to sketch linear graphs.
1. Gradient and y-intercept method
We know that the equation of a linear graph is of the general form y = mx + c, where m
is the gradient of the line and c is the y-intercept. If we know the y-intercept we can use
this as one of our points. The gradient can be used to find a second point.
To sketch a graph using the gradient and y-intercept, follow these steps:
Step 1. Plot a point at the y-intercept.
rise
Step 2. Write the gradient in the form m = -------- .
run
Step 3. From the y-intercept move up the number of units equal to the rise (move down
if the gradient is negative).
Step 4. Move across (right) the number of units equal to the run and plot your second point.
Step 5. Join the two points together to form a straight line.
WORKED Example 16
Sketch the graph of y = 2x + 1 using the gradient and y-intercept method.

THINK
1
2
WRITE/DRAW
Write down the equation and compare

with the general equation y = mx + c.
Plot a point at the y-intercept.
Write the gradient as a fraction to

identify the rise and the run.
From the y-intercept at 1, move up 2

and across 1 to plot the second point.
Join the 2 points to form a straight line.
Extend and label the line.
y = 2x + 1 m = 2, c = 1
2
m = --1
So, rise = 2 and run = 1.
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
y = 2x + 1
1 2 3 4 5
2. Intercept method
Another method of getting two points to sketch a linear graph
y
x-intercept 5
is to find the x-intercept and y-intercept. These two points are
4
3
important features of a linear graph.
2
At the y-intercept, x = 0, so to find the y-intercept we either:
1
1. Substitute x = 0 into the equation (rule) to find the
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
y-intercept or
2
3
2. Look at the value of c in the equation.
4
At the x-intercept, y = 0. So to find the x-intercept, substitute
y = 0 into the equation to find the x-intercept.
y-intercept
1 2 3 4 5
416
WORKED Example 17
Sketch the graph of y = x + 2 using the intercept method.

THINK
1
2
WRITE/DRAW
Write down the equation.
y=x+2
At the y-intercept, x = 0.
To find it, substitute x = 0 into the
equation.
At y-intercept, x = 0
y =0+2
=2
y-intercept (0, 2)
At the x-intercept, y = 0.
To find it, substitute y = 0 into the
equation.
At x-intercept, y = 0
0=x+2
x+2=0
x = 2
x-intercept (2, 0)
Plot the 2 intercepts and join them to

form a straight line. Label the line.
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
y=x+2
1 2 3 4 5
remember
remember
1. To sketch a straight-line graph you only need two points.
2. To get two points you can use the gradient and y-intercept, or the x- and
y-intercepts.
3. Two methods can be used to sketch linear graphs.
(a) Gradient and y-intercept method: plot a point at the y-intercept and then
use the gradient to plot the second point.
(b) Intercept method: find the x-intercept, (substitute y = 0 into the equation),
find the y-intercept, (substitute x = 0 into the equation),
or find c by comparing the equation with y = mx + c.
10I
d
hca
1 Sketch and label the following graphs using the gradient and y-intercept method.
a y=x+1
b y=x+3
c y=x3
16
d y=x2
e y = 2x + 2
f y = 2x 1
g y = 4x 2
h y = 6x 4
i y = x + 4
j y = x + 2
k y = x 5
l y = 2x + 3
WORKED
Mat
Example
Gradient
and
y-intercept
Sketching linear graphs
417
2 Sketch and label the following graphs using the intercept method.
a y=x+3
b y=x+6
17
c y=x4
d y=x5
e y = x + 10
f y=x7
g y=x+1
h y=x8
i y=x+8
j y=x+9
k y = x + 1
l y = x 4
WORKED
10.3
HEET
SkillS
Example
cad
Math
4 multiple choice
a The x- and y-intercepts for the linear graph whose rule is y = x + 9, are:
A 9 and 9
B 9 and 9
C 9 and 9
D 0 and 9
E 0 and 9
b The x- and y-intercepts for the linear graph whose rule is y = x 15, are:
A 15 and 15
B 15 and 15
C 15 and 0
D 15 and 15
E 0 and 15
Predicting a persons height

At the start of the chapter, you were given some results to use to work out
the relationship between the length of the radius (r) of a female and her
height (h).
Length of radius (cm)
14.5
16
18
20
Height of female (cm)
122.9
129.2
137.6
146.0
Lets look at this problem again.

1 Plot the given points onto a Cartesian plane and join them with a straight line.
Label the horizontal axis r for length of radius and the vertical axis h for the
height. (Choose the scale on your axes carefully.)
2 Find the gradient and axis intercepts of the line.
3 Find the rule for this graph.
4 Sketch the linear graph of the rule for a male, h = 3.6r + 81.
5 Find the approximate length of your radius.
6 Use the appropriate graph or rule to predict your height.
How does it compare?
ET
SHE
Work
3 multiple choice
a The gradient and y-intercept of the graph given by y = 3x 5 is:
A m = 3, c = 5
B m = 5, c = 3
C m = 3, c = 5
D m = 3, c = 5
E m = 5, c = 3
b If m = 6 and c = 4 the rule for the linear graph would be:
A y = 4x 6
B y = 6x + 4
C y = 6x 4
D y = 4x + 6
E y = 6x 4
Sketching
linear graphs
x, y-intercepts
10.3
418
What happens
happens from
from the ag
age of 35?
Sketch the graphs of the straight lines after
determining the gradient (m) and y-intercept (c)
of each. Each line number and the letter that the
line passes through gives the puzzle code.
y
7
H
8
1
5
S
V
0
1
10
4
5
m=
c=
2 y = 4
m=
c=
3 x=8
m=
c=
4 x = 3
m=
c=
5 y=x
m=
c=
6 y = x
m=
c=
7 y=x+1
m=
c=
8 y = 2x 5
m=
c=
9 y = 2x + 6
m=
c=
1
10 y =
x+4
2
m=
c=
11 y =
1
12 y =
x3
4
m=
c=
13 y = 6x 6
m=
c=
x
14 y =
5 +6
m=
c=
15 y = 3
m=
c=
1
13
y=2
2 3 4 2
14
11
15
5 6 5 6
8
16
7
6
1
3
x6
m=
c=
16 y = x + 4
m=
c=
6 8 9 10 2 3 5 11 8 12
4
11
12
11
419
summary
Copy the sentences below. Fill in the gaps by choosing the correct word or
expression from the word list that follows.
1
The horizontal axis is called the
The vertical axis is called the
The
x-axis.
in a coordinate refers to the position on the
The
y-axis.
in a coordinate refers to the position on the
When coordinates form a straight line it is called a

.
The rule for any linear graph is
Gradient is a measure of
The symbol for gradient is
The point where a linear graph cuts the y-axis is called the
.
.
.
.
.
.
10
The symbol for the y-coordinate of the y-intercept is
11
To sketch a linear graph you only need
12
Using the gradient and y-intercept method to sketch a graph, you plot a
point at the y-intercept, then use the
to plot the second
point.
13
Using the intercept method of sketching graphs, you find the

and the y-intercept as your two points.
14
At the x-intercept, y equals
15
The y-intercept can be found by substituting

by looking at the value of c.
WORD
steepness
linear graph
x=0
y-axis
.
.
.
into the rule or
LIST
arrows
m
two points
first number
y = mx + c
x-axis
c
second number
y-intercept
gradient
x-intercept
zero
420
CHAPTER
review
1 Use the graph shown below to answer the following.
Hours watching television
10A
Namiko
Rina
Tegan
Age
a Who watches the most television?

b Who is the youngest of the three?
c Does the youngest watch the least amount of television?
2 The following graph shows
Antons distance from the shore
during a surf life-saving drill.
Distance from shore
10A
B
A
C
Time (mins)
a Describe what each section of the graph is showing.

b The line in section A is steeper than the line in section C. What does this tell you about
Antons swimming speed in section A compared to his speed in section C?
10B
3 Place the following points on your Cartesian plane.

a A(1, 4)
b B(5, 3)
c C(0, 2)
e E(4, 1)
f F(5, 0)
g G(6, 6)
i I(0, 5)
j J(2, 1)
k K(2, 3)
10B
4 Write down the coordinates of the points A to M, marked on the Cartesian plane below.
E
y
6
5
4 A
3
2
1
d D(2, 5)
h H(5, 4)
l L(2, 0)
F
C
0 1 2 3 4 5 6x
65 4 3 21
1 G
M
2
H 3
L
J
4
5
I 6
K
421

a (3, 1) (2, 0) (1, 1) (0, 2) (1, 3) (2, 4) (3, 5)
b (3, 12) (2, 9) (1, 6) (0, 3) (1, 0) (2, 3) (3, 6)
10C
6 Write these rules as equations.

a Add 3 to the x-value.
b Multiply the x-value by 2 then add 4.
c Multiply the x-value by 4 then subtract 3.
10D
7 Find the rule for the following sets of coordinates.

b (2, 6) (1, 5) (0, 4) (1, 3) (2, 2)
a (2, 1) (1, 2) (0, 3) (1, 4)
10D
2 1
11 8
8 Make a table of values and plot a graph for each of the following.
a y=x2
b y=x+5
c y = 4x 2
d y = 3x + 2
10E
9 Find the gradient of the following linear graphs.

a
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
10F
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
10 Find the values of m and c for each of the following graphs.

a
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
y
5
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 110
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
10F
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
11 i Find the values of m and c for the following graphs.

ii State the rule for each of the linear graphs.
a
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
10G
c
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
422
10H
12 Chris gets the newspaper delivered 7 days a week. He saves his newspapers for recycling.
Over a month the newspaper pile grows very high. The table below shows the height of the
newspaper recycling pile at the end of each week.
Time (weeks)
Height (cm)
35
70 105 140
a Copy and complete the table.

b Draw a set of axes showing height on the y-axis and time on the x-axis. Plot the
information from your table on the axes and join the points to form a linear graph.
c Find the gradient, m, and the y-intercept, c.
d Find the rule for the graph using y = mx + c.
e Replace the y with height and x with time. Height = __ time + __.
f What would the height of the pile be after 20 weeks?
10I
13 Sketch the following using the gradient and y-intercept method.

a y=x+7
b y = 2x 2
c y = 3x 5
d y = 2x + 4
10I
14 Sketch the following using the intercept method.

a y=x+7
b y=x3
c y=x5
CHAPTER
test
yourself
10
d y = x + 4

CH 10

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MQ 8 Ch 10 Page 375 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:36 AM

You can predict a persons

In this chapter, you will be

MQ 8 Ch 10 Page 376 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:36 AM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

As you move up the vertical axis, height is increasing. As C is above D, C must be

When interpreting graphs we should consider the following points.

a Height is on the vertical axis. Kelly is

b The horizontal axis shows age. Brendan

MQ 8 Ch 10 Page 377 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:36 AM

Chapter 10 Coordinates and graphs

Distance Conchita is from home

This graph shows the

As you move along section A, the distance is

Section A: Conchita is walking

As you move along section B, the distance is

Section B: Conchita could be

As you move along section C, the distance from

Section C: Conchita is walking

MQ 8 Ch 10 Page 378 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:36 AM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

2 Use this graph to answer the following questions.

1 Use the graph shown to answer the

3 Use this graph to answer the following questions.

4 Use the given graph to answer the following questions.

MQ 8 Ch 10 Page 379 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:36 AM

Chapter 10 Coordinates and graphs

5 a Use the graph at right to answer the following questions.

8 The graph at right shows Jessicas

MQ 8 Ch 10 Page 380 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:36 AM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

10 The graph at right shows Moniques journey as she walks to

Distance from school

Jan Feb Mar Apr

MQ 8 Ch 10 Page 381 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:36 AM

Chapter 10 Coordinates and graphs

The Cartesian plane

During his life . . .

Descartes was born in the village of La Haye

MQ 8 Ch 10 Page 382 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:36 AM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

In 1649 Queen Christina of Sweden invited

A Cartesian plane consists of two axes as shown at right.

MQ 8 Ch 10 Page 383 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:36 AM

Chapter 10 Coordinates and graphs

Draw a Cartesian plane that goes from

Find and plot the position of each point.

c Across to 1 on the x-axis, stay at 0

MQ 8 Ch 10 Page 384 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:36 AM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Draw a Cartesian plane that goes from

Trace along the x-axis to find the first

A(1, 1) B(1, 4) C(3, 1) D(2, 4) E(0, 3)

MQ 8 Ch 10 Page 385 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:36 AM

Chapter 10 Coordinates and graphs

The Cartesian plane

on the x-axis and 7 to 7 on the y-axis

3 Write down the Cartesian coordinates of the points A to M

2 Draw a Cartesian plane that goes from 5 to 5

MQ 8 Ch 10 Page 386 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:36 AM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

MQ 8 Ch 10 Page 387 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:36 AM

Chapter 10 Coordinates and graphs