A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored

in its own memory, that can accept data (input), process the data according to
specified rules, produce information (output), and store the information for future
use.
Data is a collection of unprocessed items, which can include text, numbers,
images, audio, and video. Information conveys meaning to users.
Input device is any hardware component that allows you to enter data and
instructions into a computer or mobile device.
Keyboard contains keys you press to enter data and instructions into a computer or
mobile device.

Pointing Devices A pointing device is an input device that allows a user to control a
small symbol on a screen, called the pointer.
A microphone is an input device that enables you to speak into a computer or mobile
device.
Headset, which contains both a microphone and a speaker.
A webcam is a digital video camera that allows you to capture video and usually audio
input for your computer or mobile device.
A scanner is a light-sensing input device that converts printed text and images into
a form the computer can process.
Output device is any hardware component that conveys information from a
computer or mobile device to one or more people.
Printer is an output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium
such as paper.
A display is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video
information.
Speakers allow you to hear audio, that is, music, voice, and other sounds.
Storage device records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from storage
media.
Hard disk is a storage device that contains one or more inflexible, circular platters that
use magnetic particles to store data, instructions, and information.
Solid-state drive (SSD) is a storage device that typically uses flash memory to store
data, instructions, and information. Flash memory contains no moving parts, making it
more durable and shock resistant than
other types of media.
USB flash drive is a portable flash memory storage device that you plug in a USB
port, which is a special, easily accessible opening on a computer or mobile device.
Memory card is removable flash memory, usually no bigger than 1.5 inches in height
or width, that you insert in and remove from a slot in a computer, mobile device, or card
reader/writer.

Optical disc is a type of storage media that consists of a flat, round, portable metal
disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written and read by a laser. CDs
(compact discs) and DVDs (digital versatile discs) are two types of optical discs.
Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks that connects millions of
businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals.
Internet service providers (ISPs), offer users and organizations access to the Internet
free or for a fee.
World Wide Web (or web, for short) is a global library of information available to
anyone connected to the Internet.
Malware, short for malicious software, is software that acts without a users
knowledge and deliberately alters the computers and mobile devices operations.
Netbook focuses on affordability, while an ultrathin laptop focuses on power, speed, and
durability.
Slate tablet is a type of tablet that does not contain a physical keyboard.
Convertible tablet is a tablet that has a screen it its lid and a keyboard in its base, with
the lid and base connected by a swivel-type hinge.
Server virtualization uses software to divide a physical server logically into many virtual
servers.
server farm is a network of several servers together in a single location.
mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful server that can handle hundreds or thousands
of connected users simultaneously.
supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer and the most expensive
terminal is a computer, usually with limited processing power, that enables users to send
data to and/or receive information from a server, or host computer. ATM
ATM (automated teller machine) is a self-service banking terminal that connects to a host
computer through a network
pixel (short for picture element) is the smallest element in an electronic image
embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a
larger product.

Wi-Fi Short for wireless fidelity, Wi-Fi uses radio signals that conform to 802.11
standards, which were developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE).
NFC (near field communications) uses close-range radio signals to transmit data
between two NFC-enabled devices.
uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that contains surge protection circuits
and one or more batteries that can provide power during a temporary or permanent loss
of power

denial of service attack (DoS attack) is an assault whose purpose is to disrupt

computer access to an Internet service such as the web or email.
distributed DoS attack (DDoS attack) in which a zombie army is used to attack computers
or computer networks.
Virtual private network (VPN) provides the mobile user with a secure connection to the
company network
server, as if the user has a private line
A digital signature is an encrypted code that a person, website, or organization
attaches to an electronic message to verify the identity of the message sender.
A cookie is a small text file that a web server stores on your computer.
Processors contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU). control unit is the
component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the
computer. arithmetic logic unit (ALU),
another component of the processor, performs arithmetic, comparison, and other
operations

Machine Cycle
For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise
a
machine cycle (Figure 6-5): (1) fetching, (2) decoding, (3) executing, and, if necessary,
(4) storing.
Fetching is the process of obtaining a program or an application instruction or data
item from memory.
Decoding refers to the process of translating the instruction into signals the computer
can execute.
Executing is the process of carrying out the commands.
Storing, in this context, means writing the result to memory (not to a storage medium)
A processor contains small, high-speed storage locations, called registers, that
temporarily hold
data and instructions.
A heat sink is a small ceramic or metal component with fins on its surface that absorbs
and disperses heat produced by electrical components, such as a processor.
Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed
by the
processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data
(information).
Volatile memory is temporary and nonvolatile memory is permanent. RAM is the most
common type
of volatile memory. Examples of nonvolatile memory include ROM, flash memory, and
CMOS.
RAM (random access memory), also called main memory, consists of memory chips that
can be read from and written to by the processor and other devices.
Dynamic RAM (DRAM pronounced DEE-ram) chips must be reenergized constantly or
they lose their contents. Many variations of DRAM chips exist, most of which are faster

than the basic DRAM (Table 6-1).

Static RAM (SRAM pronounced ESS-ram) chips are faster and more reliable than any
variation of DRAM chips. These chips do not have to be reenergized as often as DRAM
chips; hence, the term, static. SRAM chips, however, are much more expensive than
DRAM chips. Special applications such as cache use SRAM chips. A later section in this
chapter discusses cache.
cache (pronounced cash), which is a temporary storage area.
Memory cache helps speed the processes of the computer because it stores frequently
used instructions and data.
L1 cache is built directly on the processor chip. L1 cache usually has a very small
capacity.
L2 cache is slightly slower than L1 cache but has a much larger capacity. Current
processors include advanced transfer cache (ATC), a type of L2 cache built directly on
the processor chip. Processors that use ATC perform at much faster rates than those
that do not use it.
L3 cache is a cache on the motherboard that is separate from the processor chip. L3
cache
exists only on computers that use L2 advanced transfer cache.
Read-only memory (ROM pronounced rahm) refers to memory chips storing
permanent data and instructions.
firmware, contain permanently written data, instructions, or information such as a
computer or mobile devices start-up instructions.
Flash memory is a type of nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and
rewritten.
CMOS complementary metal-oxide semiconductor provides high speeds and consumes
little power
bus, allows the various devices both inside and attached to the system unit to
communicate with each other.
local area network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and devices in a
limited geographical area such as a home, school, office building
wireless LAN (WLAN) is a LAN that uses no physical wires.
metropolitan area network (MAN) is a high-speed network that connects local area
networks in a metropolitan area, such as a city or town, and handles the bulk of
communications activity across that region.

WAN A wide area network (WAN) is a network that covers a large geographic area
(such as a city, country, or the world) using a variety of wired and wireless transmission
media

Arsitektur
client/server network, one or more computers act as a server, and the other
computers on the network request services from the server

peer-to-peer network (P2P) is a simple, inexpensive network that typically connects fewer
than 10 computers.
Each computer, called a peer, has equal responsibilities and capabilities, sharing
hardware (such as a printer), data, or information with other computers on the peer-topeer network
Topologi
star network, all of the computers and devices (nodes) on the network connect to a
central device, thus forming a star
bus network consists of a single central cable, to which all computers and other devices
connect
ring network, a cable forms a closed loop (ring) with all computers and devices arranged
along the ring
Standar & protocol
Ethernet is a network standard that specifies no central computer or device on the
network (nodes) should control when data can be transmitted / bus topologi. Ethernet
standard defines guidelines for the physical configuration of a network, e.g., cabling,
network devices, and nodes.
token ring standard specifies that computers and devices on the network share or pass
a special signal, called a token, in a unidirectional manner and in a preset order. Topologi
ring
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, TCP/IP is a network protocol that defines
how messages (data) are routed from one end of a network to the other, ensuring the
data arrives correctly.
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) transmits on existing standard copper phone wiring. ADSL
(asymmetric digital subscriber line) is a type of DSL that supports faster transfer rates
when receiving data (the downstream rate) than when sending data (the upstream rate).
Fiber to the Premises, uses fiber-optic cable to provide extremely high-speed Internet
access to a users physical permanent location.
A broadband modem, also called a digital modem, is a communications device that sends
and receives data
and information to and from a digital line. Three types of broadband modems are cable
modems, DSL
modems, and ISDN modems.
network card, sometimes called a network interface card (NIC pronounced nick), is a
communications device that enables a computer or device that does not have built-in
networking capability to access a network.
hub or switch is a device that provides a central point for cables in a network
Kabel fisik

Twisted-pair cable consists of one or more twisted-pair wires bundled together. The
wires are twisted together to reduce noise, which is an electrical disturbance that can
degrade communications.
Coaxial cable/Cable TV, often referred to as coax (pronounced KO-ax), consists of a
single copper wire surrounded by at least three layers: (1) an insulating material, (2) a
woven or braided metal, and (3) a plastic outer coating
fiber-optic cable consists of dozens or hundreds of thin strands of glass or plastic that
use light to transmit
signals.
communications satellite is a space station that receives microwave signals from an
earth-based station, amplifies (strengthens) the signals, and broadcasts the signals back
over a wide area to any number of earth-based stations