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Photovoltaic(PV)ElectricalCalculations

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Photovoltaic (PV) - Electrical Calculations

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ByStevenMcFadyen(/users/steven)onJuly11th,2013

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Photovoltaic(PV)cells(sometimescalledsolarcells)convertsolarenergyintoelectricalenergy.Everyyearmoreand
morePVsystemsareinstalled.Withthisgrowingapplication,it'sagoodideaforeverypracticingprofessionaltohavean

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understandingofthecalculationsassociatedwithPVcells.

7.NeutralCTsinHV/LVtransformer

ThereisavastamountofPVcellsinexistence,usingnumerousmaterials.Ataverysimplelevel,PVcellsfunctionby

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usingsolarenergytogenerateelectronholepairs,whichthenseparateandflowintheexternalcircuitascurrent.
Examiningthephysicsofthisofhowthecurrentgenerationworksisnottheintentofthisnote,ratherwewilllookatthe
electricalcalculationssurroundingtheactualapplicationofrealsystems.

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Contents[hide]
1.ElectricalParameters

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2.Calculationoftheoutputofasystem
3.Temperature
4.Efficiency&Performance
1.FillFactor
2.MaximumPowerPointTracking(MPPT)
5.PVCellEquivalentCircuit
6.ListofSymbols
7.SeeAlso

Electrical Parameters

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PVcellsaremanufacturedasmodulesforuseininstallations.Electricallytheimportantparametersfordeterminingthe
correctinstallationandperformanceare:
MaximumPowerthisisthemaximumpoweroutputofthePVmodule(seeIVcurvebelow)
OpencircuitvoltagetheoutputvoltageofthePVcellwithnoloadcurrentflowing
ShortcircuitcurrentthecurrentwhichwouldflowifthePVselloutputwasshorted
MaximumpowerpointvoltagelevelofvoltageontheIVcurvewhichproducesthemaximumpower
MaximumpowerpointcurrentlevelofcurrentontheIVcurvewhichproducesthemaximumpower
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Efficiencymeasureoftheamountofsolarenergyconvertedtoelectricalpeakenergy

ParametersforPVcellsaremeasuredunderspecifiedstandardtestconditions(STC).

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STCisgenerallytakenas1000W/m2,25Cand1.5AM(airmass).

ThemaximumpoweroutputisthepeakpowerwhichasolarcellcandeliveratSTC.WhilecommontoratePV

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installationsbasedonthisvalue,itisunlikelythesepowerlevelswillbeachievedinpractice.

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Foralistofsymbolsused,seetheendofthenote.

Calculation of the output of a system

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ExampleCalculation

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120solarmodules,eachof250Wpandareaof1.67m2areconnectedtoformaPVsystem.Theefficiencyofthesystemis0.75,
andtheaverageannualsolarradiationis1487kWh/m2.Calculatetheexpectedannualenergyproduction.Usingtheabove
equations:

(http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/PhotovoltaicPVElectricalCalculations_BD16/Image(49)_2.png)

(http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/PhotovoltaicPVElectricalCalculations_BD16/Image(50)_2.png)
Ifthesolarorientationandinclinationcorrectionfactoris1.1,whatwouldbethepoweroutput:

(http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/PhotovoltaicPVElectricalCalculations_BD16/Image(51)_2.png)

Nominalratedmaximum(kWp)poweroutofasolararrayofnmodules,eachwithmaximumpowerofWpatSTCisgiven
by:

(http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/PhotovoltaicPVElectricalCalculations_BD16/Image(47)_2.png)
peaknominalpower,basedon1kW/m2radiationatSTC

Theavailablesolarradiation(Ema)variesdependingonthetimeoftheyearandweatherconditions.However,basedonthe
averageannualradiationforalocationandtakingintoaccounttheefficiency()ofthecell,wecanestimateanaveragePV
systemenergyyield:

(http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/PhotovoltaicPVElectricalCalculations_BD16/Image(48)_2.png)
averageenergyperyearproduced,kWh

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Note:Ema isgivenintablesforaparticularlocationandahorizontalplane.
Toobtaintheanticipatedsolarradiationrequiressomeresearch(Internetorlocalmeteorologydepartments).If
youareusingsoftwaretoperformthecalculations,thisinformationisnormallyprovidedaspartoftheprogram.
Theoverallefficiency()ofthesolarinstallation(shadinglosses,inverterlosses,reflectionlosses,temperature
losses,etc.),inawelldesignedsystem,thesewillrangefrom0.75to0.85.

Theabovecalculationiscarriedoutonanannualbasis,butcouldeasilybedoneforanytimeperiod(hours,day,month,
etc.)bysubstitutingtheperiodmeansolarradiationfortheannualvalue.
Formaximumpower,anysolarradiationshouldstrikethePVpanelat90.Dependingwhereontheearthssurface,the
orientationandinclinationtoachievethisvaries.Softwareisnormallyusedforthecalculationofthisortheuseof
correctioncoefficientsfromtheconcernedlocation.

Temperature
AsthetemperatureofPVcellsincrease,theoutputdrops.Thisistakenintoaccountintheoverallsystemefficiency(),
byuseofatemperaturederatingfactortandisgivenby:

(http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/PhotovoltaicPVElectricalCalculations_BD16/Image_2.png)
Note:powertemperaturecoefficient()istypically0.005forcrystallinesilicon

Eiciency & Performance

Efficiency:measurestheamountofsolarenergyfallingonthePVcellwhichisconvertedtoelectricalenergy
SeveralfactorsaffectthemeasurementofPVefficiency,including:
wavelengthPVcellsresponddifferentlytodifferingwavelengthsoflight,producingvaryingqualitiesofelectricity
materialsdifferentPVmaterialsbehavedifferently
temperaturecellsworkbetteratlowertemperatures,withefficiencydroppingoffathighertemperatures
reflectionanyreflectedlightdecreasestheefficiencyofthecell
resistancethecellselectricalresistancecreateslosses,affectingtheefficiency

myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/PhotovoltaicPVElectricalCalculations_BD16/Image%20%5B14%5D_2.jpg)
BestResearchCellEfficiencies
ImageSource:NationalRenewable
EnergyLaboratory(NREL)
ManufacturedPVcellsormodulesaretypicallysortedbyabinningprocessintodifferentlevelsofefficiency.Moreefficient
cellswouldhaveagreaterelectricaloutputandhencehighercost.
Withthelatestdevelopmentinsolartechnologies,PVcellarenowstartingtoreachthetheoreticalmaximumlimitfor
semiconductordevices.Theimagetotheside(clickforalargerversion)showstheachievablerangeofefficienciesover
differingcelltechnologies.
Inalaboratory,efficiencyismeasuredunderstandardconditionsbytheuseofIVcurves.IVcurvesareobtainedby
varyinganexternalresistancefromzero(shortcircuit)toinfinity(opencircuit).TheillustrationshowsatypicalIVcurve.

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(http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/PhotovoltaicPVElectricalCalculations_BD16/Image53.png)
PVCell,IVandPowerCurves

PowerdeliveredbythePVcellistheproductofvoltage(V)andcurrent(I).Atbothopenandclosedcircuitconditionsthe
powerdeliverediszero.Atsomepointinbetween(aroundthekneepoint)thedeliveredpowerisamaximum.

Note:themaximumamountofcurrentthataPVcellcandeliveristheshortcircuitcurrent.Giventhelinearityof
currentinthevoltagerangefromzerotothemaximumpowervoltage,theuseoftheshortcircuitcurrentforcable
andsystemdimensioningisreasonable.

Fill Factor
Onewaytomeasuretheperformanceofasolarcellisthefillfactor.Thisistheratioofthemaximumpowertotheproduct
oftheopencircuitvoltageandshortcircuitcurrent:

(http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/PhotovoltaicPVElectricalCalculations_BD16/Image(54)_2.png)

Thehigherthefillfactorthebetter.Asageneralrule,commercialPVcellswillhaveafillfactorgreaterthan0.7.Cellswith
factorslessthanthisarenotreallyrecommendedforpracticalapplicationinlargerelectricitygenerationprojects.

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

APVmodule'sIVcurvecanbegeneratedfromtheequivalentcircuit(seenextsection).IntegraltothegenerationoftieI
VcurveisthecurrentIpv,generatedbyeachPVcell.
Thecellcurrentisdependantontheamountoflightenergy(irradiance)fallingonthePVcellandthecell'stemperature.
Astheirradiancedecreasesnotonlyistheamountofpowerreduce,butthepeakpowerpointmovestotheleft.Similarly
asthetemperatureofthecellincreases,thepoweroutputlowersandthemaximumpowerpointagainshiftstotheleft.
Withthemaximumpowerpointbeingavariablequantity,dependantonthesolarirradianceandcelltemperature,modern
invertershavemechanismstotrackthisandalwaysdeliverthemaximumpossiblepowerfromaPVcell.Thisiscalled
maximumpowerpointtracking(MPPT).

Note:controlsystemsusedtocarryoutMPPTvarytheoperationaroundthecurrentoperatingpointtoseeifthe
maximumpowerpointhasmoved.Theythenadjusttheoperatingpointsaccordingly.

PV Cell Equivalent Circuit

TounderstandtheperformanceofPVmodulesandarraysitisusefultoconsidertheequivalentcircuit.Theoneshown
belowiscommonlyemployed.

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(http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/PhotovoltaicPVElectricalCalculations_BD16/Image(55)_2.png)
PVmoduleequivalentcircuit
Fromtheequivalentcircuit,wehavethefollowingbasicequations:

(http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/PhotovoltaicPVElectricalCalculations_BD16/Image(56)_2.png)
loadcurrentinAmperes

(http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/PhotovoltaicPVElectricalCalculations_BD16/Image(57)_2.png)
voltageacrosstheshuntbranches

(http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/PhotovoltaicPVElectricalCalculations_BD16/Image(58)_2.png)
currentthroughtheshuntresistor
ThecurrentthroughthediodeisgivenbyShockley'sequation:

(http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/PhotovoltaicPVElectricalCalculations_BD16/Image(59)_2.png)
and

(http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/PhotovoltaicPVElectricalCalculations_BD16/Image(60)_2.png)
CombiningtheaboveequationsgivethePVcell(module)characteristicequation:

(http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/PhotovoltaicPVElectricalCalculations_BD16/Image(61)_2.png)
Note:thecharacteristicequationscanbeusedforfindboththeoutputvoltageandcurrent.Unfortunately,give
thatvoltageandcurrentappearastheydo,thereisnoanalyticalsolution.Typicallynumericalmethodswouldbe
usedtosolvetheequation.

Atthelimits,itiseasytousetheequationtodeterminetheopencircuitvoltageandshortcircuitcurrent.Duringopen
circuitconditions,I=0andtheequationreducesto:

(http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/PhotovoltaicPVElectricalCalculations_BD16/Image(62)_2.png)

TypicallyRshishighcomparedtotheopencircuitvoltageandthelasttermcanbeneglected.Neglectingthetermand
rearrangingtheequationgives:

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Photovoltaic(PV)ElectricalCalculations

(http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/PhotovoltaicPVElectricalCalculations_BD16/Image(63)_2.png)

Similarlyfortheshortcircuitcurrent,wecansettheoutputvoltagetozero,giving:

(http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/PhotovoltaicPVElectricalCalculations_BD16/Image(64)_2.png)

TheassumptionthatRshismuchhigherthanRsandthatIoissmallcomparedtoI.Withtheseassumptions,thelasttwo
termscanbeneglected,giving:

(http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/PhotovoltaicPVElectricalCalculations_BD16/Image(65)_2.png)

Theseriesresistance(Rs),shuntresistance(Rsh)andreversesaturationvoltage(Io)aredependentontheareaofthePV
cell.GenerallythebiggerthecellthelargerIo(biggerdiodejunctionarea)andthelowerRsandRshwillbe.
ThecharacteristicequationcanbeusedtoevaluatetheeffectofvariousparametersontheperformanceofthePVcellor
module:
temperature(T)affectsthecellbybeingpartoftheexponentialtermandthevalueofthereversesaturation
voltage.Asthetemperatureincreases,whiletheexponentialwilldecreasethereversesaturationvoltagewill
increaseexponentially.Thenexteffectistoreducetheopencircuitvoltageofthecell.Typicallythevoltagewill
decreaseby0.35to0.5%foreachdegreeincreaseintemperature.
seriesresistance(Rs)increasinghasasimilareffecttotemperatureinthattheopencircuitvoltagewillstartto
drop.VeryhighvaluesofRswillinadditionreducedtheavailableshortcircuitcurrent.
shuntresistance(Rsh)decreasingwillprovideagreaterpathfortheshuntcurrent,againloweringthecell
voltage.

List of Symbols
GeneralSymbols

EquivalentCircuit

Imppcurrentatmaximumpower,A

Icurrentthroughload,A

Iscshortcircuitcurrent,A

Idcurrentthroughdiode,A

Uocopencircuitvoltage,V

IpvcurrentgeneratedbyPV,A

Umppvoltageatmaximumpower,V

Ishcurrentthroughtheshuntresistor,A
Rsequivalentcircuitseriesresistance,

PVSystems

Rshequivalentcircuitshuntresistance,

Emameanannualsolarradiation,kWh/m2 Uvoltageappliedtotheload,V
Epestimatedpeakenergydelivered,kWh Ushshuntvoltage,V
kWpnominalpeakenergy,kW
nnumberofmodules

Shockley'sDiodeEquation

ttemperaturederatingfactor

Ioreversesaturationcurrent,V

Pmaxmaximumpower,W

kBoltzmann'sconstant

TctemperatureofthePVcell,K

==(1.38064881023),J.K1

TstctemperatureofSTC,25C,K

nlinearityfactor(1foridealdiode)

Wppeakenergyofasinglemodule,W

qelementarycharge

efficiencyofsystem

=(1.6021765651019),C

powertemperaturecoefficient,C1

Tpnjunctionabsolutetemperature,K
VTthermalvoltage,V

See Also
Photovoltaic(PV)UtilityPowerGridInterface(http://myelectrical.com/notes/entryid/215/photovoltaicpvutility
powergridinterface)informationontheconnectionofPVsystemstoautilitygridandinstallationadvice.
PV(http://myelectrical.com/notes/tag/pv),SolarCells(http://myelectrical.com/notes?tag=solar+cells),Renewable

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Energy(http://myelectrical.com/notes?tag=renewable+energy),Energy(http://myelectrical.com/notes/tag/energy),
Generation(http://myelectrical.com/notes/tag/generation),Photovoltaic(http://myelectrical.com/notes/tag/photovoltaic)

MoreinterestingNotes:
LaplaceTransform(http://myelectrical.com/notes/entryid/173/laplacetransform)
FamousScientists(http://myelectrical.com/notes/entryid/143/famousscientists)
CapacitorTheory(http://myelectrical.com/notes/entryid/221/capacitortheory)
FaultCalculationPerUnitSystem(http://myelectrical.com/notes/entryid/214/faultcalculationperunitsystem)
FaultCalculationsIntroduction(http://myelectrical.com/notes/entryid/192/faultcalculationsintroduction)
StevenMcFadyen(/users/steven)
Stevenhasovertwentyfiveyearsexperienceworkingonsomeofthelargestconstructionprojects.He
hasadeeptechnicalunderstandingofelectricalengineeringandiskeentosharethisknowledge.
Abouttheauthor

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Jointhediscussion
YongChung9monthsago

CanitranslatethisposttoKoreananduploaditonmyblog?
I'msurethatiwillwritethesource,yourpageaddress

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StevenMcFadyen

Mod >YongChung 9monthsago

Please,canyousendmeyouremailandblogdetails.Youcanusethesitescontactpage.

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puspendersignhg10monthsago

canyoupleasecontactmesir..iwantyoursuggestionregardingpv/windenergy

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StevenMcFadyen

Mod >puspendersignhg 10monthsago

Ifyouwanttogetintouch,youcandothisviathesite'scontactusform
(http://myelectrical.com/suppor....

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DineshSharma2yearsago

ThanksSteven,
YouhavedonereallyagreatjobbypostingsolarPVcalculationsonlineformanyusersworldwide.
Iexpectthesamegesturefromyouinthefuturetoo.

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Theacresistanceofconductors

CableSheathandArmourLoss

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2comments3yearsago

StevenMcFadyenAssumingana.c.supply,

kokonice,but...theinformationisnot

ideallyyouwouldneedtocalculateandusethe
a.c.resistance.Youwouldalsoneedto

enough...Iwanttocalculatethesheathlosses
ofcablelines.Couldyoudogiveusan

Howtoreferfaultlevelsacrossatransformer

UnderstandingMotorDutyRating

2comments3yearsago

3comments3yearsago

StevenMcFadyenThisisthelevelofshort

bens1cancovers2dutycycle?

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StevenMcFadyenThisisthelevelofshort

bens1cancovers2dutycycle?

circuitfault(inMVA)thetransformerhasbeen
designedtowithstand.2secondsisthe

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