ANSWER 3:

Computer memory refers to devices that are used to store data or programs (sequences of
instructions) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer. Computers
represent information in binary code, written as sequences of 0s and 1s. Each binary digit (or bit)
may be stored by any physical system that can be in either of two stable states, to represent 0 and 1.
Such a system is called bistable. This could be an on-off switch, an electrical capacitor that can store
or lose a charge, a magnet with its polarity up or down, or a surface that can have a pit or not. Today,
capacitors and transistors, functioning as tiny electrical switches, are used for temporary storage and
either disks or tape with a magnetic coating, or plastic discs with patterns of pits are used for longterm storage.
Computer memory is usually meant to refer to the semiconductor technology that is used to store
information in electronic devices. Current primary computer memory makes use of integrated circuits
consisting of silicon-based transistors. There are two main types of memory: VOLATILE and NONVOLATILE.
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that controls the creation,
maintenance, and the use of the database in a computer platform or of an organization and its end
users. It allows organizations to place control of organization-wide database development in the
hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. A DBMS is a system software
package that helps the use of integrated collection of data records and files known as databases. It
allows different user application programs to easily access the same database. DBMSs may use any
of a variety of database models, such as the network model or relational model. In large systems, a
DBMS allows users and other software to store and retrieve data in a structured way. Instead of
having to write computer programs to extract information, user can ask simple questions in a query
language. Thus, many DBMS packages provide Fourth-generation programming language (4GLs)
and other application development features. It helps to specify the logical organization for a database
and access and use the information within a database. It provides facilities for controlling data access,
enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency controlled, and restoring database.
Database administrator (DBA) is a person responsible for the design, implementation, maintenance
and repair of an organizations database. They are also known by the titles Database Coordinator or
Database Programmer, and are closely related to the Database Analyst, Database Modeller,
Programmer Analyst, and Systems Manager.
The duties of a database administrator vary depending on job description, corporate and Information
Technology (IT) policies and the technical features and capabilities of the DBMS being administered.
They include disaster recovery (backups and testing of backups), performance analysis and tuning,
data dictionary maintenance, and database design.
Roles of the DBA include:

Installation of new software It is the job of the DBA to install new versions of DBMS
software, application software, and other software related to DBMS administration. It is
important that the DBA or other IS staff members test new software before it is moved into a
production environment.
Configuration of hardware and software with the system administrator - In many cases the
system software can only be accessed by the system administrator. In this case, the DBA

works closely with the system administrator to perform software installation, and to configure
hardware and software so that it functions optimally with the DBMS.
Security administration - One of the main duties of the DBA is to monitor and administer
DBMS security. This involves adding and removing users, administering quotas, auditing,
and checking for security problems.
Data analysis - The DBA analyses data stored in the database and makes recommendations
relating to performance and efficiency of that data storage. This includes the effective use of
indexes, enabling Parallel Query execution, or other DBMS specific features.
Database design (Preliminary) - The DBA can be involved at the preliminary database-design
stages, eliminating many problems that might occur. The DBA knows the DBMS and system,
can point out potential problems, and can help the development team with special
performance considerations.
Data modelling and optimization By modelling the data, it is possible to optimize the
system layouts to take the most advantage of the I/O subsystem.