IMPORTANCE AND

RECENT
ADVANCEMENTS IN
COGENERATION
OF CHEMICAL
PLANTS

CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION TO CO-GENERATION
2.TRIGENERATION
3.HISTORY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF COGENERATION
TECHNOLOGY
4.ECONOMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPORTANCES OF COGENERATION
5.ADVANTAGES OF A TRIGENERATION SYSTEM
6. ADVANCEMENTS IN COGENERATION TECHNOLOGY
* Bagasse and Blended Biomass Cogeneration Advances in the Cuban
Sugarcane Industry.
* Cogeneration - The development and implementation of a cogeneration system
for a chemical plant, using a reciprocating heavy fuel oil engine with a
supplementary fired boiler.
* Renewable Co-generation Technologies

* Co-generation and Variable Renewable Electricity Production

* The implementation and development of a cogeneration system of a chemical

plant, by the usage of a reciprocating heavy fuel oil engine with a supplementary
fired boiler

7.REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION TO COGENRATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS

Cogeneration:
The cogeneration is the energy generation process in which two or more forms of
energy, such as thermal and electric energies, are produced simultaneously by using
the same energy installations and the same fuel sources (organic fuel, nuclear fuel,
waste, regenerable energy).

Electrical Energy
Fuel

COGENERATION
SYSTEM

PROCESS
PLANT
Thermal
Energy

Cogeneration systems are generally powered by a variety of fuels, like natural gas, coal,
oil, and alternative fuels such as biomass.
Nowadays, natural gas has been the most dominant fuel for CHP systems, but biomass
and opportunity fuels, that is, wastes or by-products from industrial processes,
agriculture, or commercial activities are expected to gain a larger share with because of
environmental and security of energy concerns.
Some cogeneration technologies are operate with multiple fuel types, making the
system less vulnerable to fuel availability and volatile commodity prices.
Cogeneration is very useful in those places where a facility has a continuous demand
for heating or cooling as well as demand for mechanical or electrical power.

Cogeneration systems are able to provide electrical or mechanical power like for driving
rotating equipment like pumps, compressors and fans. This heat energy can be used for
steam or hot water, dehumidification and process heating, cooling and refrigeration.

Trigeneration:
Tri-generation is to produce electric power, heat and cooling in the same process.
This typically means a gas fired generator producing electric power and heat with the
heat exhausted going to an absorption chiller that produces chilled water and hot water
for air conditioning or vice versa, the heat is used to heat a swimming pool. The ratio of
electricity produced and exhaust heat for the absorption chiller and the ratio of cooling
to heating can be changed to meet the specific site requirements.

Trigeneration flowchart for the above described process:

Chilled water
Gas

GENERATOR

Heat

ABSORPTIO
N
CHILLER

Electricity

Heating for
pools or hot
water for A/C

for A/C

History And Future Prospects Of Cogeneration Technology

Thomas Edison built the first commercial power plant. His first commercial power plant
known as the "Pearl Street Station," was built in 1882 in Lower Manhattan, New York.
It was also a cogeneration power plant.
As cogeneration and trigeneration are most efficient method of production of electrical
and thermal energy, in terms of output of energy, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
has announced for the doubling of electrical power generated from cogeneration power
plants - from the existing 46 GW to 92 GW by the year 2010.
When this goal is achieved, cogeneration will be representing about 14 percent of the
total U.S. generating capacity of electricity.
The American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE) estimates that an
additional 95 GW of cogeneration capacity could be added between 2010-2020,
resulting in 29 percent of total U.S. electric power generation being produced through
cogeneration.
Europe is also exponentially increasing the number of cogeneration power plants over
the next decade.
And the historical basis and success of cogeneration has been the foundational basis
for expanding the efficiencies of cogeneration to trigeneration and even quadgeneration,
with each new increase in energies recovered resulting in higher efficiencies and lower
fuel/energy costs and fewer related emissions.

Economical and Environmental importances Of Cogeneration:

Secure, reliable and affordable energy supplies are fundamental to economic stability
and development. The worsening misalignment between energy demand and supply
with major consequences on energy prices, the threat of disruptive climate change and
the erosion of energy securityall pose major challenges for energy and environmental
decision makers. More efficient use of primary energy sources can help to mitigate the

impact of these negative trends. Co-generation represents a proven technology to

achieve that goal.
The environmental benefits are significant, as CO2 emissions are drastically reduced
due to lower consumption of fossil fuels. That is why CHP is fully part of the sustainable
energy policy, in line with the objectives of the European Union " 20-20-20" and with
other Community provisions for environmental protection.
We therefore have a reduced environmental impact, due to both the reduction of
emissions and less waste heat released into the environment (less air pollution and less
thermal pollution).
The efficiency of a simple process is the relationship between the energy stored at the
end of the process, and energy input. Since cogeneration systems produce both
electricity and heat, their total efficiency is given as the sum of electric efficiency and
thermal efficiency. For example, a plant that uses 100 MW of methane to produce 40
MW of electricity and 40 MW of thermal power has electrical and thermal efficiency of
40% and an overall efficiency of 80%.
One of the main charecterstics of Cogeneration is economic viability. This is
because of:
lessening of consumption of fuel.
lessening of transmission losses and distribution losses for the national electricity
board. The losses are due to the location of chemical plants near the catchment areas
of users or the energy produced is consumed by themselves.
replacement of less efficient and more polluting modes of heat supply (boilers , both
civil and industrial, characterized by lower levels of efficiency , high environmental
impact and lack of flexibility regarding the use of fuels).
Therefore, when summarized, a cogeneration plant that is appropriately sized saves
greater percentage of energy which is of the order 25-40%, that translate to economic
advantages in the facilities.
Cogeneration and tri-generation is the combined and simultaneous production of
electric energy, heat energy (thermal) and cooling energy, are taken to be a perfect
choice for all those companies that consider energy efficiency to be an essential
opportunity to minimize costs of production and achieve a maximum of
competitiveness.
Whenever a power plant burns fuel in order to drive electric generators, a large amount
of heat is produced in combination with the electric power. The heat which is produced
this way, is almost of the order of 67% of the energy of the fuel that was used, is and let
out through a vent into the atmosphere.
End users of the electricity , such as manufacturers, hospitals, school and office
buildings purchase this electricity from the local utility. They then burn the fuel in a boiler
and make their own steam(heat). This is known as separate heat and power.

Otherwise, a facility can choose to generate electricity on the site and utilize the waste
heat taken from that process in order to create steam.
When both electric power and heat are provided from the same source, it is known as
combined heat and power (CHP), also called cogeneration. You just pay to generate the
electricity, instead of paying two times, that is, both for electricity and for heat
production.
Separate power and heat systems are many times only 33% efficient, because up to
67% of the energy of the fuel is wasted as unused heat. Also, the most efficient of all the
power plants achieve at most energy efficiency of 60%, while an efficiency of 80% or
higher is achieved by a CHP.
The electric energy lost during a distant delivery
location, that is, electricity line losses are also minimized by a CHP. Line losses are of
the order of 4% to 10% of the total electricity that is produced.
The initial adopters of cogeneration were the industial facilities which needed steam or
heat for processes. Recently, managers and owners of commercial buildings also have
understood that cogeneration can always be a source of reliable energy which is costeffective as well as cooling and heating, that is the highest operating expense in a
building.
Cogeneration systems in commercial office buildings are generally connected to an
absorption chiller that provides necessary cooling and heating for the HVAC system.
The traditional chiller powered by electricity absorption chiller is replaced by a traditional
chiller powered by electricity.
The cogeneration systems can also heat water for use in a building.
CHP is becoming an attractive option to more industries because of improved
technologies that are more efficient, cheaper and reliable to maintain.
According to DOE, the CHP technology can be deployed cost-effectively and quickly
nearly everywhere in the country.
It was estimated that an integrated CHP system can increase a buildings overall energy
efficiency by 30 to 40 percent. CHP can use a many kinds of fuels, both fossil based
and renewable based. Due to its efficiency, CHP lessens the emissions and increases
overall air quality even when fossil-based fuels are used.
On the site electricity production also minimizes the risk of power outages. It also
minimizes the extra cost charged by utilities for electricity during peak-use times.
co-generation is attractive to policy makers and private users and investors because it
delivers a range of energy, environmental and economic benefits.
Some of those benifits are the following:
Very highly increased energy efficiency;
reduction of CO2 and other pollutant emissions;

 energy security increment due to reduced dependence on imported fuel;

minimization of cost for the energy consumer;
minimized requirement for transmission and distribution networks;
through the use of waste, biomass and geothermal resources in district heating and
cooling systems, beneficial use of local energy resources, paving a way for a transition
to a low-carbon future.

THE ADVANTAGES OF A TRIGENERATION SYSTEM

1. Energy costs are saved:
Using tri-generation for the production of electricity, and when gas is used to run the
generator and heat is produced for the absorption chiller instead of power taken from
the grid to run the air conditioning plant, energy costs are saved in the order of about
30%, depending upon the relative price of gas and electric power to the site.
2. Lesser amount of greenhouse gases are produced:
Producing electric power on the site using gas produces about 30% less greenhouse
gases then using power from the grid in NSW for the same amount of power output.
3. Back-up power to the site:
A substantial proportion of a sites power and in the case of a black-out can provide a
proportion of the sites energy requirements can be provided by a tri-generation plant.
4. A level of Independence from the Grid:
Installing a tri-generation plant provides a site with a level of independence from the
power grid. In some areas the capacity of the grid is constrained and in extreme
conditions the grid may need to impose restrictions on use.
5. Constraints on the Grid;
At a few sites the grid constraints may be limited or the cost to the user to upgrade the
grid very high that the use of the site is restricted. A tri-generation plant can overcome
this problem.
6. Energy costs are rising;
The energy cost from the grid worldwide is increasing and will continue to rise in the
foreseeable future. A tri-generation plant can act as a buffer against some of this
increase in energy prices.

ADVANCEMENTS IN COGENERATION TECHNOLOGY

-Bagasse and Blended Biomass Cogeneration Advances in the Cuban Sugarcane
Industry
The sugarcane agri-business has increased the Cuban economy for decades, and
recently it plays an important role in the development and growth of the countrys
internal and external markets. Today, sugarcane biomass accounts for the energy
source with highest potential in the medium to long term, because Cuba is an
agricultural country with a sugarcane industry that generates millions of tons per year of
residues of high energy value.
The cogeneration principle has been in use in Cuba from the very starting of the 20th
century. In 1911, a power plant had been installed in a sugar mill with enough capacity
to meet the factorys energy needs and supply required power to consumers.
There is a current trend in the Cuban sugar industry that focusses on process
integration, especially the power processes combination, to get a more logical
synchronization between the power generation system and the production processes
that are involved.
The power systems used at sugar mills are more efficient when compared with power
systems characterized by the exclusive production of electricity, because they can
generate all the electricity required for primary engines and auxiliary equipment while
supplying the heat needed from the residual energy in the exhaust steam. The energy
demand of a sugar mill can be satisfied with approximately half of the bagasse it
produces.
Presently, many sugar mills are in search of more optimized energy schemes to obtain
maximum amounts of surplus bagasse possible, to be used as a raw material to
produce many important chemicals and products such like ethanol, activated carbon,
resins, and wallboards, and also as an energy source for production of additional
electricity. Power generation has become one of the main products or outputs supplied
by Cuban sugar factories. In other words, power is considered a main product and not
considered a byproduct.
Some Cuban sugar factories are applying a few measures to increase and optimize the
efficiency of their cogeneration systems:

 Usage of high-efficiency boilers which are capable of producing steam at high

pressure (65 to 85 bar) and temperature (450C to 500C), with low fuel consumption and
steam generation per unit of power produced.
Mixing bagasse with sugarcane agricultural residues such as straw, green leaves and
tops, and also with other plants like marabou (Dichrostachys cinarea), in order to obtain
low-priced and high-energy fuel mixes. Mixing of HFS, SHR, and/or IMC with bagasse is
also included in this.
Commercial implementation and design and field evaluation of integrated gasification
processes and technologies in sugar mills, for gasification of sugarcane bagasse and/or
related biomass residues. For example, a few years back, a joint venture was
established between Azcuba and Optimo Finance, a Norwegian consulting firm, in order
to design, install, and evaluate a prototype 17-MW BIG-GT which is a biomass
integrated gasification gas turbine, gasification plant at the Antonio Guiteras sugar mill
in the province of Las Tunas, to produce about 110 GWh per year.
Reduction of steam leakages in steam-consuming equipment.
Increment in the operational efficiency and steam exploitation of most of the steamconsuming/producing equipment, including heat exchangers, turbines, and boilers.
Usage of at least one turbine operating under partial condensation conditions,
otherwise using only one extraction/condensing, high-capacity steam turbine, that works
at 60 to 80 bar and 500C to 530C.
Installing bagasse dryers consuming renewable energy which ismostly solar energy.
Usage of the exhaust steam from the evaporators to heat juices exclusively.
Cubas sugar industry accounts for 3.5% of national electricity generation, and its
expected that the implementation of the mentioned measures will generate a surplus of
755 MW to the national grid by 2030. The aim now is to increase the amount of
electricity generated by sugarcane biomass to approximately 14% by 2030. The gradual
installation of modern bioelectric plants in some sugar mills will also maximize the odds
of reaching that goal.
The implementation of efficient cogeneration systems, as listed above, will bring about
the following advantages to the Cuban economy:
A decrement in ethanol and sugar production costs.
Reduction or complete elimination of fossil fuels dependence.
More secure, reliable, diverse and widespread supply of electric power for local
consumers.
A reduction in distribution losses and electricity transmission.
Generation of jobs for local populations.
It resulted in an added value to agricultural waste.
Lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2), and other harmful gases than from the
conventional fossil fuel generation.

Cuba is now considered the country with the a maximum potential to use bagasse-fired
cogeneration in its energy production balance. It's value has reached as high as 25%,
according to a 2004 study conducted by the World Alliance for Decentralized Energy
(WADE).

-Cogeneration - The development and implementation of a cogeneration system

for a chemical plant, using a reciprocating heavy fuel oil engine with a
supplementary fired boiler
Cogeneration includes incudes the development and design of a cogeneration system
in order to maximize fuel efficiency and achieve environmental compliance for a
particular chemical plant. Here, using a reciprocating heavy fuel oil engine with a
supplementary fired boiler, a cogeneration system for a chemical plant is to be
constructed.
The cogeneration system in this particular project is based upon a diesel cycle engine
burning heavy fuel oil (HFO), driving an alternator and including an exhaust gas heat
recovery boiler supplementary red with either natural gas or heavy fuel oil (HFO). The
normal operation of the cogeneration plant is when the engine runs at 95- 100 per cent
maximum continuous rating (MCR) with the supplementary ring of the boiler
modulating in order to meet the process requirements for saturated steam at 10barg. In
addition to recovery waste heat generated from the engine exhaust gas (EEG),
supplementary ring using the excess oxygen in the exhaust gas enables the process
steam required by the plant to be produced without any loss of energy involved in
heating combustion air.
At the same time the reduced volume of oxygen available to the ame reduces peak
temperature and NO x emissions, this being further promoted by the phased
combustion design of the burner. The technology demonstrated in this application is
commonly used in gas turbine cogeneration cycles burning natural gas. The use of
Heavy fuel oil in this instance necessitated the use of a reciprocating engine driven
generator and the development of supplementary ring of the exhaust gases. The
successful development of the technology promotes this reciprocating engine based

cogeneration system to be scaled up or, possibly the other way around, down utilizing
Heavy fuel oil, natural gas or other renewable derived liquid or gaseous fuels. Its
implementation using spark ignition engine generators may be one of the ways in which
general industry in the United Kingdom might meet its climate change levy (CCL)
targets for energy reduction and this helps the government to achieve the government's
carbon reduction requirements.

-Renewable Co-generation Technologies

1.Biomass
Biomass co-generation is one of the main examples of how renewables and cogeneration can be combined. Biomass co-generation is the use of biological material as
feedstock for co-generation plants.
The biomass resource can take a wide range of forms and shapes. It can be in solid
form like agricultural residues, wood wastes, that is, from forestry and industry, residues
from the food and paper industries, green
municipal solid waste called MSW, dedicated energy crops and reclaimed wood.
Biomass can be in various forms. It can be in gas form including in the form of landfill
gas, manure biogas and wastewater treatment biogas. Otherwise, it can also be fed
indirectly to generating plants through production of liquid bio-fuel or gasification of
solid biomass.
In a few countries, biomass co-generation, now, already accounts for a significant share
of co-generated electricity a trend which may reflect local circumstances. Because
biomass resources are in large number in countries that have a huge forestry industry, it
is expected that such countries should have the maximum proportions of biomass in the
fuel mix for co-generation.
Finland and New Zealand, which are known to have very high forest plantations, also
have a high proportion of biomass co-generation. Many other countries, such as
Norway and Portugal also have good penetration rates of biomass in their co-generated
electricity production despite relatively small forestry industries. For example, from old
buildings, reclaimed wood is also be a source of biomass sometimes. Canada and
France, both these countries have large forestry industries. Therefore, they show huge
capacity for increased biomass co-generation.

The forestry and wood processing industries generate huge amounts of waste biomass
that could be given value as fuel in co-generation plants in pure plants fuelled by
biomass or in plants that use biomass combined with other combustible fuels. There are
a few biomass co-generation projects under development use mainly forestry products
and reclaimed wood as fuel. The biomass fuel for all these projects does not give
competition to many applications that require virgin, prime biomass or biomass that
might be destined for food production. On the other hand, in a few countries, including
Sweden and Germany, there is an discussion going on about using co-generation as a
means to dilute coal by mixing it with biomass in co-generation plants. As a side note,
it is always worth pointing out that boiler/steam turbine technology currently employed in
most biomass-fuelled projects definitely produces much more steam than electricity.
Thus, the use of co-generation to increase the overall energy efficiency of such projects
is supported.In many regions, the demand for electricity is growing at a faster rate than
the demand for heat. Thus, there is a market demand for mordern technologies that can
utilize renewable biomass to produce a high ratio of electricity to thermal output at very
high efficiencies.
2.Geothermal
Geothermal power plants use heat energy from the underground, that is, below Earths
surface to produce electric power. The heat energy is in the form of steam that is a
result of the decompression of geothermal fluid as it travels from reservoirs that are
located at several hundred to a few thousand meters underground to the surface of the
Earth.
Totally, there are three types of geothermal power plants.
They differ from each other in the composition of the geothermal resource and the
temperature level of the resource:
-steam only
-steam in combination with water
-water only
High temperature reservoirs that consist of steam only can be used directly for driving
steam turbines in dry steam power plants.
High temperature geothermal resources that consist of both water and steam are first
allowed to flash which results in conversion of the mixture to steam: the steam is then
used to drive a turbine.
In another type of plant, that is, binary plants, geothermal resources are fed into a heat
exchanger in order to produce steam indirectly. These typically operate with

temperatures varying from as low as 70C to 180C, that is, with lower temperature
geothermal resources in water form.
The hot water left out after electricity generation independent of the type of the
geothermal power plant under consideration can be used in cascade methods for
district heating and other direct heat use applications.
In high temperature geothermal resources, heat may be considered as a by-product of
production of geothermal power in terms of either waste heat released by the
generating units or excess heat that is generatedfrom the geothermal source.
When power is generated from lower temperature sources in binary plants, they usually
strive for economic viability by seeking an additional revenue stream from the sale of
heat.
Some examples of geothermal co-generation where heat is delivered to district heating
grids can be seen in Iceland, Italy, Germany and Turkey. Strong policy support to the
renewable energy especially for renewable electricity in the European Union has
ended up in many recent increased efforts to use geothermal resources for cogeneration plants.
3.Concentrating solar power
Concentrating solar power (CSP) first converts solar energy into thermal energy which
is then eventually converted into electricity. The second process, that is, converting into
electric power, is achieved most often through a steam turbine as in most conventional
power plants that depend upon the steam cycle to drive an electric generator.
Just as with any technology that generates power through prior heat generation,
Concentrating Solar Power has scope for the application of co-generation.
Isolated locations such as deserts receiving large amounts of direct sunshine are very
much suitable for solar CSP plants. The drawback is-they are located far from energy
demand and must deal with transmission issues.
Other regions such as the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), some parts of United
States and the Mediterranean, which have the best potential for solar CSP, are relatively
close to inhabited and/or industrial areas. A few large metropolitan areas in diverse
parts of the world including Athens, Cairo, Houston, Istanbul, Jaipur, Johannesburg,
Lima, Riyadh and Sydney are can probably get benefit from CSP by 2020.
When proper planning is done, heat derived from CSP can be used profitably to
dramatically increase the overall efficiency of a CSP system.
While CSP has been in operation reliably for at least 15 years in some countries such

as the United States, when the amount of electricity currently generated is taken intlo
account, it is still an emerging technology.
Many projections show a qualitative increase in power generation from CSP in the
coming years. It is very important to consider and take advantage of new project
developments to benefit from the most energy efficient options.
CSP operating in co-generation mode is one of the options. One application in which
the heat produced from CSP plants could be used is desalination especially at those
times when many regions which are suitable for CSP due their large levels of solar
irradiation, face severe fresh water deficits.
Many arid regions of the world are now depending more on technology, including
desalination processes, to help meet the growing demand for fresh water.
Two main technologies account for most of desalinated water production:
Distillation:
This involves boiling of seawater and collecting the water vapour which, after
condensation is done, yields fresh water. The technical names of the methods used for
this distillation process are multi-stage flash distillation (MSF) and multi-effect distillation
(MED).
Filtration:
Filtration is conducted by pumping seawater through a porous membrane that allows
the passage of all smaller water molecules. It thus produces fresh water on the other
side of the membrane by blocking blocks larger salt molecules. This process is called
reverse osmosis (RO).
Both are energy-intensive technologies. But filtration tends to be more energy-efficient.
Heat energy is required in distillation, generally in the form of low temperature steam in
the range of about 70C to 110C, for evaporation.Electrical energy for pumping is
required by filtration.
In 2006, a Jordanian/German consortium performed a feasibility study on technological
and economic aspects for the production of 10 MW of power and 10,000 ton (t) per day
of desalinated water and 40 MW cooling capacity for the Ayla Oasis Hotel Resort in
Aqaba, Jordan.
The team investigated both a conventional solution using the only energy source as gas
and an integrated solution using gas and solar energy sources. Here, CSP was the
chosen solar technology). The study showed that using CSP and co-generation, the
integrated process required 34% less fossil fuel gas than the conventional solution.
Although project promoters decided not to go ahead with the project, the study actually

showed that integrated option could be realized with good internal rate of return even
without relying on any subsidies.

-Co-generation and Variable Renewable Electricity Production

1.Renewable electricity generation forecast
Planned integration of variable Renewable Electricity into the electricity generation mix
can make variable Renewable Electricity a much betterr contributor towards electricity
generation compared to the present position.
Over the last decade, IEA countries have experienced an exponential growth in the
share of non-hydro renewables in electricity production which is largely driven by wind.
In spite of growth in the sector, in 2009, the share of non-hydro renewables in electric
power generation was below 5%. According to IEA forecasts, a greater integration of
renewables, including variable Renewable Electricity, will be needed to de-carbonize the
energy systems.
The Opryland Hotel in Nashville Tennessee has developed a 5 MW combined heat and
power plant with an 80,000 pound per hour heat recovery steam generator, an 80 pound
per hour gas/oil standby boiler and 9,000 tons of chilled water capacity. A 1,000-ton
absorption chilled water generator is used for heating and laundry purposes. The hotel
has a 23.9 KV and 5 KV primary electrical distribution system. The system was installed
in 1994 and till now the energy savings have resulted in a five-year payback on the
installation costs invested.
In the same year, UCLA completed constructing a CHP system using natural gas and
landfill. The exhaust from two 14.5 MW combustion turbine generators goes to a pair of
heat recovery steam generators which in turn drive a condensing steam-turbine electric
generator to produce 48 MW of electricity. Thermal energy from the CHP unit is used for
heating and cooling. As a result, UCLA cut its electricity purchase by 85%.
Cogeneration, or CHP, is the production of two forms of energy from the same source.
In its most typical application, heat from energy production is utilized for heating and/or
cooling operations as in the Opryland and UCLA examples. The benefits are obvious.
When fuels are converted to energy, as much as two thirds of the energy input can be
lost. By capturing the lost energy, efficiency of the plant can be as high as 70% to 80%
while emissions are cut drastically. At UCLA, emissions were cut by 50%, with the NOx

emissions meeting the 6 parts per million standard. By its very nature, combined
systems imply close proximity between the power source and end user. Cogeneration
then becomes closely aligned with another trend in the energy industry, namely
distributed generation (DG), which is the onsite production of power. Not surprisingly,
some the most recent advances in DG technology are also the same as the innovations
in CHP.

-The implementation and development of a cogeneration system of a chemical

plant, by the usage of a reciprocating heavy fuel oil engine with a supplementary
fired boiler

The contribution of cogeneration plants to a minimization in primary energy

consumption will be required not only in lessening the emissions to the atmosphere but
also in reducing the production costs by increasing the overall efficiency of conversion
of fuel to the electricity and heat used by the process industries.
This illustrates the importance of the interactions of the utility needs of a process with
the design and developement of a cogeneration system to increase fuel effciency and
accquire environmental compliance for a chemical plant.
The cogeneration system taken into consideration here is based on a diesel cycle
engine burning heavy fuel oil (HFO), driving an alternator and with an exhaust gas heat
recovery boiler supplementary red with either Heavy Fuel Oil or natural gas.
The normal operation of a cogeneration plant considered is with the engine running at
95100 percent of the maximum continuous rating (MCR) with the supplementary ring
of the boiler modulating to meet the process requirements for saturated steam at 10
barg.
Supplementary ring using the excess oxygen in the exhaust gas, in addition to recover
waste heat from the engine exhaust gas (EEG), helps the process steam required by
the plant to be generated without the loss of energy involved in heating up the
combustion air.
Simultaneously, the reduced volume of oxygen available to the ame reduces the peak
temperature and NOx emissions, this being further promoted by the phased combustion
design of the burner.
The technology demonstrated here, in this application, is generally as used in gas
turbine cogeneration cycles to burn natural gas.
The use of Heavy Fuel Oil in this case required the use of a reciprocating engine driven
generator and the development of supplementary ring of the exhaust gases.
The successful development of the technology promotes the scaling up of this
reciprocating engine based cogeneration system or, possibly more importantly, down
using Heavy Fuel Oil, natural gas or renewable derived liquid or gaseous fuels.

One way general industry in the United Kingdom may meet its climate change levy
(CCL) targets for energy reduction and help approach the governments carbon
reduction requirements by this implementation using spark ignition engine generators
retorted to economic boilers.

References
http://www.c2es.org/technology/factsheet/CogenerationCHP
http://www.haronrobson.com.au/product-and-technology-reviews/what-is-tri-generation
http://www.heat-and-power.com/en/cogeneration
http://www.powermag.com/bagasse-blended-biomass-cogeneration-advances-cubansugarcane-industry/?pagenum=6

-Journal:
link:
https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_Renewables
SolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf
Author:
International energy agency
Title:
Solutions to low carbon future
Year of publication:
2011

-Journal:
link:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242155337_Cogeneration__The_development_and_implementation_of_a_cogeneration_system_for_a_chemical_
plant_using_a_reciprocating_heavy_fuel_oil_engine_with_a_supplementary_fired_boile
r
Author:
Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Oporto, Porto, Portugal

Title:
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part A Journal of Power and
Energy
Year of Publication:
August, 2003