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Murat. Tun$
2. Engineering Faculty,
Abstract: The heat transfer analysis was performed for an industrial ladle furnace (LF) with a capacity of 55-57 t in
Turkey. The heat losses by conduction, convection and radiation from outer and bottom surfaces, top and electrodes of L F were determined in detail. Finally, some suggestions about decreasing heat losses were presented.
Key words: heat transfer4 ladle furnace4 refining liquid steel
The measures of temperatures are carried out by using thermocouples in the LF system.
19
Steady State Heat Transfer of Ladle Furnace During Steel Production Process
No. 3
Fig. 3
Table 2
Parameters of LF bottom
Substance
Llmm
r/mm
Ti./K
Magnesite brick
275
1 000
1 873
Steel shell
50
1000
TOut-"/K
303
Magnesite brick
Steel shell
k/
(kJ * h-l
* m-l
K-I)
Thickness/
mm
T /K
Magnesite brick
6. 7
230
1873
Steel shell
187
25
303
1.2
0)
20
Q, =c7EAIr-I ( ?;" - E It
(6)
where TI is temperature of fluxes; Tois temperature
of surroundings;
is LF cover area, and
=
xr2 ; t is opening time of LF cover,
T h e parameters in Eqn. ( 6 ) are given as foll o w ~: ~a =~2 0' . ~4 1~2 X l o - * kJ rn-'
h-'
K-4,
~ = 0 . 4 , T r = l 873 K , T 0 = 2 9 8 K , r = l 000 mm,
and t=210 s.
Heat loss by convection from LF top cover during cover opening time
The heat transferred by convection from LF can
be calculated as follows:
Nu=c(Gr Pr)"=hL/k
(7)
where N u is Nusselt number; G r is Grashof number; P r is Prandtl number; h is heat transfer coefficient; c and m are constant and can be obtained in
Ref. [8] to Ref. [lo].
( 1) At the film temperature (arithmetic mean between- flux temperature and surrounding temperature)
Tril,=(T,+To)/2=1
085. 5 K
Using film temperature, values below can be obtained from Ref. [9] : v = 135. 6 X
m2 s-' ; k =
0.072 4 W m-'
I-'; Pr=O. 704; /I= 1/1 085.5
K-' ; Gr=g/?ATD3/v2 ~ 6 . X2 lo9 ; G r P r = 4 . 4 X
lo9. And c=O. 13 and m = 1 / 3 are obtained according to the G r * P r in Ref. [g] and Ref. [lo]. The
heat convection from liquid steel surface can be calculated using Eqn. (8).
QC=c(Gr P r ) " ( k / D ) ~ r ~ ( T , - T o ) t
(8)
where h = c ( G r P r ) " ( k / D ) = 7 . 7 W m-'
K-I.
1.5
1.6
Vol. 13
PQ=RT
( a Q / a T )=
, RIP
At the film temperature, ~ = 1 5 6 X l O - m2/s,
~
k=
0.077 W m-l
'C-' , and Pr=O. 706.
Using these values, then Grl- = 3. 52 X l o 9 ,
since D / L = 0. 197 and 35/Grl~"4 = 0. 1 4 ; D / L 3
(35/Gr1d"4) is valid, and c=O. 021 and m = 2 / 5 are
found depending on G r P r = 2.48 X lo9. Then, h
can be 5. 14 W m-'
C - ' , and t = 2 4 0 s. Total
heat convection from three electrodes during a
process can be calculated by Eqn. ( 9 ) :
Qc=hA ( T , - To) 3t
(9)
Results
1 400
212
-
1 000
n
749
p
6
287
184
200
0
101
LF lop by
convection
13
LF bottom by
conduction
Fig. 5
LF lop by
radiation
LF cover by
LF wall by
Conduction
conduction
Electrode
Electrode
by convection by radialion
No. 3
Conclusions
(1) The holding thickness can be automatically obtained based on the influence of mill safety limits, tracking zone length and holding time on holding thickness.
( 2 ) The holding temperature can be automatically obtained and the holding time can be reduced.
( 3 ) For a steel grade, the temperature of controlled rolling is stable. But the slab size and product size have influence on rolling time and productivity of rolling mill. The algorithm can modify the
holding temperature and thickness.
Conclusion
[2]
Vainola R V , Holappa I. E K , Karvonen P H J. Modern Steelmaking Technology for Special Steels [J]. J Materials Processing Technology. 1995. 53(1-2) I 453-465.
Asil Celik Inc. Technique Publications [MI. Orhangazi, Tur-
25
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