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Week 1:
Introduction to Materials
Semester 1 2016/2017
1
Course Outcomes
By the end of this course, students should be able to:
Classify the types of materials and distinguish between their
properties resulting from three various crystal structures in solids
based on atomic packing, their microstructures, crystal defects and
composition, strengthening mechanisms, failure mechanisms and
degradation through chemical and electrochemical process such as
corrosion.
Use the binary diagram in predicting the microstructure and
composition of phase, and use the stress-strain curve to measure
and predict the mechanical properties of the materials.
Design materials for Mechanical and Manufacturing applications
through comparison of the mechanical & physical properties of
Engineering materials.
3
Topics
Introduction to Materials
Atomic Structure and Inter-atomic Bonding
The Structure of Crystalline Solids
Phase Equilibrium Diagrams
Mechanical Properties of Engineering Materials
Reinforcement Mechanisms
Corrosion of Metals
Failure of Materials
Engineering Ceramics
Selection and Application of Materials
Assessment
Test 1 & 2
20%
Final Exam
50%
Quiz/ Assignment
30%
References:
1. W. D. Callister, D. G. Rethwisch (2013). Materials
Science and Engineering. 9th Edition, John Wiley and
Sons, USA.
2. W. F. Smith, J. Hashemi (2010). Foundations of
Materials Science and Engineering (SI Units). 5th
Edition, McGraw Hill Publishers.
3. K. G. Budinski, M. K. Budinski (2009). Engineering
Materials: Properties and Selection. 9th Edition,
Pearson Education Series, USA
4. M. F. Ashby (2010). Materials Selection in Mechanical
Design. 4th Edition, Butterworth Heinnemen, Elsevier,
USA
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Introduction to Engineering
Materials
Materials Science and Materials Engineering
Materials science
Search for basic knowledge
about:
internal structure
properties and
processing of materials
Materials engineering
Use of fundamental and applied
knowledge of materials so that it
can be utilised
products
Classification of materials
6 main types:
1.Metals
2.Ceramics
Fundamental class
3.Polymers
4.Composites
5.Electronic
Process/application class
6.Biomaterial
7.Materials for future smart material, nano
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Classification of Materials
1.
2.
3.
Classification of Materials
4.
5.
Composites: Composed of two (or more) individual materials, which come from
the categories previously discussedmetals, ceramics, and polymers. The
design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of properties that is not
displayed by any single material, and also to incorporate the best characteristics
of each of the component materials. A large number of composite types are
represented by different combinations of metals, ceramics. and polymers.
Furthermore, some naturally occurring materials are compositesfor example,
wood and bone. However, most of those we consider in our discussions are
synthetic (or human-made)composites. (e.g. GFRP, CFRP etc.).
Electronic (Semiconductors): have electrical properties that are intermediate
between the electrical conductors (i.e., metals and metal alloys) and insulators
(i.e., ceramics and polymers). Furthermore, the electrical characteristics of
these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute
concentrations of impurity atoms, for which the concentrations may be
controlled over very small spatial regions. Semiconductors have made possible
the advent of integrated circuitry that has totally revolutionized the electronics
and computer industries (not to mention our lives) over the past three decades.
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Comparison of Properties
Density
Stiffness
Strength
Toughness
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Classification of Materials
6.
7.
Classification of Materials
7.
Electrical
property
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Hardness (BHN)
(d)
600
500
400
(c)
(a)
(b)
4m
300
200
30m
30m
100
0.01 0.1
30m
1
10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (C/s)
Pick Application
2.
Properties
3.
Material
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ELECTRICAL
THERMAL
Thermal Conductivity
of Copper:
Adapted from
Fig. 19.4W, Callister
6e. (Courtesy of
Lockheed Aerospace
Ceramics Systems,
Sunnyvale, CA)
(Note: "W" denotes
fig. is on CD-ROM.)
Magnetic Storage:
MAGNETIC
--Recording medium
is magnetized by
recording head.
Magnetic Permeability
vs. Composition:
--Adding 3 atomic % Si
makes Fe a better
recording medium!
Transmittance:
OPTICAL
polycrystal:
low porosity
polycrystal:
high porosity
Callister 6e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by J.
Telford.)
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DETERIORATIVE
Stress & Saltwater...
--causes cracks!
slows
crack speed in salt water!
Heat treatment:
--material:
4m
7150-T651 Al "alloy"
(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)
Adapted from Fig. 11.24,
Callister 6e. (Fig. 11.24 provided courtesy of G.H.
Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial
Airplane Company.)
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Summary
Materials Science and Engineering.
6 different property classifications of materials that determine their applicability: mechanical,
electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative.
One aspect of materials science is the investigation of relationships that exist between the
structures and properties of materials.
With regard to the design, production, and utilization of materials, there are 4 elements to
consider processing, structure, properties, and performance.
Three important criteria in materials selection are in-service conditions to which the material will
be subjected, any deterioration of material properties during operation, and economics or cost of
the fabricated piece.
Classification of Materials.
On the basis of chemistry and atomic structure, materials are classified into three general
categories: metals (metallic elements), ceramics (compounds between metallic and nonmetallic
elements), and polymers (compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic
elements). In addition, composites are composed of at least two different material types.
Advanced Materials.
Used in high-tech applications. These include semiconductors (having electrical conductivities
intermediate between conductors and insulators), biomaterials (which must be compatible with
body tissues), smart materials (those that sense and respond to changes in their environments in
predetermined manners), and nanomaterials (those that have structural features on the order of a
nanometer. some of which may be designed on the atomic/molecular level).
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