You are on page 1of 11

30 5

Vol. 30 No. 5

Control

and

2015 5
May 2015

Decision

: 1001-0920 (2015) 05-0769-11

DOI: 10.13195/j.kzyjc.2014.1330

, ,
( 200444)

: , .

, . ,
: ;
; . .
:
: O223

: A

A literature survey of project resource leveling


LI Hong-bo, XIONG Li, LIU Yin-bin
(School of ManagementShanghai UniversityShanghai 200444ChinaCorrespondentLI Hong-boE-mail:
ishongboli@gmail.com)
Abstract: The resource leveling problem is a class of classical project scheduling problems, which aims at leveling the
resource usages over the project horizon by scheduling activities. Because of the theoretical importance and the practice
background, the resource leveling problem has been attracting many research efforts. Therefore, a literature review of the
research on the area of resource leveling is proposed. Firstly, the mathematical model of the resource leveling problem
and some standard test instances are introduced. The algorithms for solving the resource leveling problem are reviewed.
The extensions and applications of the resource leveling problem are surveyed. Finally, some future research directions are
presented.
Keywords: project schedulingresource levelingalgorithmssurvey

[3] ; RLP

, (
)

, , ,
.

, NP [4] ;

, ,

. (RLP,

. ,

) . RLP

, ,

, RLP

; RLP ; RLP

[1]

RLP (RCPSP)

; .

, [1-2] .

, RCPSP ,

1.1

, ,

: 2014-08-27: 2014-11-30.
: (12YJA630158)(14692105900).
: (1985), , , (1966), , , ,
.

770

1) = (, )
. : = {1, 2, , } ,
; , ,
. (, ) , ,
. 1 (

). 1
, , = .
0, .

1.2

30

RLP :

min
( ).

(1)

=1 =0

(1) , ( ) ,
,
( ) , .

, ( ) , RLP

RLP , :

(CPM)

( ) = 2 ;

(2)

( ) = ;

(3)

. GPR

( ) = ,1 ;

(4)

(GPR). CPM ,

( ) =

,
), CPM

2
.
2

(5)

(2) (5) , ,

. CPM GPR

, GPR [4-5] . GPR

, :

(2) :

( RLP-C)[6-19] .

. ,

2) ,

RLP-C

(),

[18] , RLP-C ,

+ (1 ).

(3)

(, Non-preemption). RLP ,

( RLP-D)[10-11,18,20-31] .

, .
3) . RLP
, (Renewable resources),
;

, , .
,

=
/ .
=1

, ,

(3) . ,

. ,

(3) [ ]+ ,

. ,

. [ ]2

, = 1, 2, , .

(3) . [ ]2 = 2 ,
2

4) ,

,1 [ ,1 ] ,

. ,

, = { < + },

=
.

RLP ,
,
, ,
= (1 , 2 , , ),

(
).

.
(4)
( RLP-P)[10-11,32] ,
+

[ ] ,

. , Kreter [33]
(Total adjustment cost problem),
(RLP-A) RLP-P ,
, RLP-A
.

771

, ; (11)

.
(2) (4) RLP 3

. (8) (10) , 3

(1 , 2 , , )

. ,

()

, .

, : 1)

, (5) (

. Rieck [18] RLP-C RLP-D

[34-35]

RIC)
.

, ,

, . 2)

. , =

; : =
.

(11) ,

=1

=1

(5)

min

=1 =0

2
2

=1

, .

)2

1.4

(3-partition) , 3
(6)

/(

=1

)2

Neumann [4] RLP 3

=1

[37] . , (
) ( CPLEX)

=1

. ,

[1, +] ,

=1

NP , RLP NP . ,
, RLP NP .
RLP

, 1,

. RLP ,

, .

, ,
,

9 .

, . , RCPSP

, RLP

Damci

[36]

(),

, ,

1.5

1.3
RLP :

( ).
min

RLP NP ,
.
, ,
(7)

=1 =0

s.t. 1 = 0;
+ , (, ) ;
;

(8)
(9)
(10)

(Benchmark).
,
, CPU
.
,
. RLP

= 1, 2, , , = 1, 2, , .

: ProGen(http://www.
(11)

om-db.wi.tum.de/psplib/)ProGen/max(http://www.wiwi.

, .

tu-clausthal.de/en/chairs/produktion/research/ research-

(7) ; (8)

areas/project-generator/) RanGen (http://www.project-

0 ; (9) CPM

management.ugent.be/? q=research/data/RanGen).

RLP 1 .

; (10)

772
1

()
PSPLIB (ProGen)

PSPML (ProGen/max)

[29, 35, 38-41]

30

50 . ,
, ,
.

: rlp j10, j20, j30

2.1

RLP

17-18, 27, 33]

: RLP/max

[19, 42]

[43]

RLP

[4, 10-11, 15,

RanGen

PSPLIB (Project scheduling problem LIBrary)


.

2 RLP ,

3
.
2

,
Kolisch [44-45] ProGen . PSPLIB

:
(Network complexity)(Resource
factor) (Resource strength).
ProGen/max ProGen ,

[49]

CPM

[50]

CPM

[21]

CPM

[20]

CPM

[51]

CPM

[24]

CPM

[32]

CPM

[46-47] . ProGen/

[18]

GPR

max PSPML (PSP/max library).

[33]

GPR

[11]

GPR

[17]

GPR

[39]

CPM

Demeulemeester

[48]

, ProGen

,
,

RanGen,

, Ahuja[49] .

. , RanGen

Ahuja[49] [50]

. Bandelloni [21]

(Order strength) (Resource con-

strainedness).

, Easa[20] RLP

RLP

Easa . ,

. , RLP

, . Rieck

: .

[18] ,

() ,

, CPLEX ,

50

. Kreter [33] ,

. , ,

CPLEX , ,

. ,

, ;

. RLP

, .

, ,
.

, Neumann [11]
,

RLP NP ,

. Gather [17]

() ,

(Quasistable sched-

ules) .

[18]

, ;

. ,
;

773

Step 3: Step 2,
.

, RLP

Harris[8]

(Packing method),

( CPLEX) .

, RLP

CPM ,

, ,

: Neumann [10] 3

(,

RLP

) ,

, , 5

500 ,

2.2

; Neumann [11]

, RLP
: .

,
.

, .

, , RLP

. ,

[6]

Step 1: ,

, : 1)

( CPM ,

, ; 2)

) ;

Step 2: ()

,
.

;
Step 3: , ,
,
().

2.3

RLP ,

Burges ,

. RLP ,

RLP ,

Step 2

. .

[6]

. Woodworth Burges ,

1) . ,

().

= (1 , 2 , , ),

Harris[34] (Minimum moment method)

. Christodoulou

. [11,

[7]

[6]

[52]

, ,

15-16, 19, 23, 30, 54-58].

, .

2) .

[13]

Hiyassat

[14]

. Hiyassat

[53]

,
.
, ,
. .
[8]

.
[26, 34, 59].
3) .
, .
[22].
4) .

Step 1: ;

, .

Step 2: , ,

[9, 60].

, ,

4 ,

774

, ,

30

, Koulinas [63]

RLP, 2 ( 11 10

3 ,

, ) ,

, . Leu

[23]

. [38]
RCPSP ,
. [56]
Matlab . [25]
,
. El-Rayes [59]
; ,
,
, 20
. Ponz-Tienda [35]
,

1.1 RLP ,
, ,
RLP .
3.1

RLP .

, ,
, ,
.

, RLP
RLP , .

; . ,

, Son [24] RLP-D

Chan [22] ,

, RLP .

, RCPSP

Hariga [32] ,

, ,

, 10 .

. 2 (

, Afshar-Nadjafi [40] .

11 ) 14 (

, Hashemi Doulabi [27]

14 51 ) .

, :

Kyriklidis

[41]

, ;
(),

.
, :

1, 0. :

[11] [15] [26,28]

( RLP-D)

[59] [30,60] [19,29]

. ProGen/max 220

[58] [62] . ,

( 5 000 ),

Benchmark .

. Alsayegh [43]

: Neumann [11] /,

, 180

, ; Ballestn

, ,

[15] ,

( 10 ),

1 000 ; [29]

. [64]

, ,

, PSPLIB

3.2

; Ranjbar[19] CPM

RLP ,

, ,

RanGen ,

500 , ,

: ,

Neumann

. RLP.

[11]

Ballestn

[15]

RLP RLP ,
RLP 1. ,
RLP , .
RLP .
, Coughlan

[39]

775

.
,
, RLP
.

RLP (Branch and price algo-

rithm), 50

. min
,

. ,

. Leu [55]

: ,

. [68]

. Afshar-Nadjafi [42]

RLP .

, [61] [31]

. Leu [54]

. Masmoudi [57]

[65]

. Zahraie [69] Ashuri [16] -

3.3
,
, ,
.
,

NP ,
.
.

, Hegazy[9] ; Jun [66]


, NSGA-II
[67] .
, 20
.

- ,
, NSGA-II
.

,
.
[16,69] :
,
,
.
, Li [70]
,
,
, PSPLIB J90 .

, ,

RLP ,

). , Hegazy[9]

, ( ) ,

, =
. ,

3.4

,
,
.
Ballestn [15]

, ,

(Make-to-order production)

RLP

, ,

. ,

. [71]

776

30

. :

, RLP;

, ,

. ,

RLP .

RCPSP .

RLP [77] . ,

Rieck [18]

Megow

[72]

Kreter [33]
, 20
5 500 , 15%
; ,

() .
(References)
[1]

Demeulemeester E, Herroelen W. Project scheduling: A

() .

research handbook[M]. New York: Kluwer Academic

[31] .

Publishers, 2002: 368.

, Leu [73]

[2]

, 2010, 25(5): 641-650.

. Tang [74]

(Fang C, Wang L. Survey on resource-constrained project

. He [75]

scheduling[J]. Control and Decision, 2010, 25(5): 641-

. , Kastor [76]
3 ( : Primavera P6.0
Microsoft Project 2007, Open Workbench

650.)
[3]

Sprecher A, Kolisch R, Drexl A. Semi-active, active,


and non-delay schedules for the resource-constrained

1.1.6) .

project scheduling problem[J]. European J of Operational

5
RLP ,

, . [J].

Research, 1995, 80(1): 94-102.


[4]

Neumann K, Schwindt C, Zimmermann J. Project

scheduling with time windows and scarce resources:

Temporal and resource-constrained project scheduling with

. ,

regular and nonregular objective functions[M]. Berlin:

, .

Springer, 2003: 242.

1) () ,

[5]

. [M]. :

, 2010: 16.

. ,

(Shou Y Y. Resource-constrained multi-project scheduling

RLP

models and methods[M]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University


Press, 2010: 16.)

.
2) ,

[6]

a cyclical arrow diagram[J]. J of Industrial Engineering,

. RLP
, ,
.

1962, 13(2): 76-83.


[7]

scheduling[J]. Decision Sciences, 1975, 6(3): 525-540.


[8]

Harris R B. Packing method for resource leveling


(PACK)[J].

. , RLP ,
Benchmark ,

Woodworth B M, Willie C J. A heuristic algorithm


for resource leveling in multi-project, multi-resource

3) RLP,
. RLP

Burgess A R, Killebrew J B. Variation in activity level on

of

Construction

Engineering

and

Management, 1990, 116(2): 331-350.


[9]

Hegazy T. Optimization of resource allocation and leveling

using genetic algorithms[J]. J of Construction Engineering

. ,

and Management, 1999, 125(3): 167-175.

[10] Neumann

K,

Zimmermann

J.

Resource

levelling

4) ,

for projects with schedule-dependent time windows[J].

RLP , RLP

European J of Operational Research, 1999, 117(3): 591605.

[11] Neumann K, Zimmermann J. Procedures for resource

777

[25] , .

leveling and net present value problems in project

[J]. , 2006, 25(10): 78-82.

scheduling

resource

(Guo Y, Ning X X. Using genetic algorithms for multi-

constraints[J]. European J of Operational Research, 2000,

project resource balance[J]. Systems Engineering-Theory

with

general

temporal

and

127(2): 425-443.

& Practice, 2006, 25(10): 78-82.)

[12] Son J, Skibniewski M J. Multiheuristic approach for

[26] , , .

resource leveling problem in construction engineering:

[J]. : , 2008, 42(7): 1194-1198.

Hybrid approach[J]. J of Construction Engineering and

(Kuang Y P, Xiong Y, Zhang M F. Ant colony algorithm for

Management, 1999, 125(1): 23-31.

construction resource leveling[J]. J of Zhejiang University:

[13] Hiyassat M A S. Modification of minimum moment


approach in resource leveling[J]. J of Construction
Engineering and Management, 2000, 126(4): 278-284.
[14] Hiyassat M A S. Applying modified minimum moment
method to multiple resource leveling[J]. J of Construction
Engineering and Management, 2001, 127(3): 192-198.
[15] Ballestn F, Schwindt C, Zimmermann J. Resource leveling

Engineering Science, 2008, 42(7): 1194-1198.)


[27] Hashemi Doulabi S H, Seifi A, Shariat S Y. Efficient
hybrid genetic algorithm for resource leveling via
activity splitting[J]. J of Construction Engineering and
Management, 2010, 137(2): 137-146.
[28] .
[J]. , 2010, 16(3): 643-649.

Modeling and heuristic

(Li J H. Combination of genetic & ant colony algorithms

solution method[J]. Int J of Operations Research, 2007,

for multi-project resource leveling problem[J]. Computer

4(1): 50-62.

Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 2010, 16(3): 643-649.)

in make-to-order production:

[16] Ashuri B, Tavakolan M. Fuzzy enabled hybrid genetic

[29] , , , .

algorithm Particle swarm optimization approach to

[J]. , 2010, 16(9):

solve TCRO problems in construction project planning[J].

1967-1976.

J of Construction Engineering and Management, 2012,

(Yu X G, Zhan D C, Nie L S, et al. Flexible

138(9): 1065-1074.

resource-constrained resource leveling project scheduling

[17] Gather T, Zimmermann J, Bartels J H. Exact methods for


the resource levelling problem[J]. J of Scheduling, 2011,
14(6): 557-569.
[18] Rieck J, Zimmermann J, Gather T. Mixed-integer linear

problem[J]. Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems,


2010, 16(9): 1967-1976.)
[30] , , .
Pareto [J]. , 2010,

programming for resource leveling problems[J]. European

25(5): 789-793.

J of Operational Research, 2012, 221(1): 27-37.

(Guo Y, Li N, Li X S. Multi-resource leveling in multiple

[19] Ranjbar M. A path-relinking metaheuristic for the resource

projects and vector evaluated particle swarm optimization

levelling problem[J]. J of the Operational Research Society,

based on pareto[J]. Control and Decision, 2010, 25(5):

2013, 64(7): 1071-1078.

789-793.)

[20] Easa S M. Resource leveling in construction by

[31] , , .

optimization[J]. J of Construction Engineering and

[J]. , 2013, 28(1):

Management, 1989, 115(2): 302-316.

131-136.

[21] Bandelloni M, Tucci M, Rinaldi R. Optimal resource

(Guo Y, Li N, Li X S. Multi-mode multiple resources

leveling using non-serial dyanamic programming[J].

leveling and multi-objective particle swarm optimization

European J of Operational Research, 1994, 78(2): 162-177.

with dynamic population[J]. Control and Decision, 2013,

[22] Chan W T, Chua D K H, Kannan G. Construction resource


scheduling with genetic algorithms[J]. J of Construction
Engineering and Management, 1996, 122(2): 125-132.
[23] Leu S S, Yang C H, Huang J C. Resource leveling in
construction by genetic algorithm-based optimization and
its decision support system application[J]. Automation in
Construction, 2000, 10(1): 27-41.
[24] Son J, Mattila K G. Binary resource leveling model:
Activity splitting allowed[J]. J of Construction Engineering
and Management, 2004, 130(6): 887-894.

28(1): 131-136.)
[32] Hariga M, El-Sayegh S M. Cost optimization model
for the multiresource leveling problem with allowed
activity splitting[J]. J of Construction Engineering and
Management, 2011, 137(1): 56-64.
[33] Kreter S, Rieck J, Zimmermann J. The total adjustment cost
problem: Applications, models, and solution algorithms[J].
J of Scheduling, 2014, 17(2): 145-160.
[34] Harris R B. Precedence and Arrow networking techniques
for construction[M]. New York: Wiley, 1978: 268.

778

[35] Ponz-Tienda J L, Yepes V, Pellicer E, et al. The resource


leveling problem with multiple resources using an adaptive
genetic algorithm[J]. Automation in Construction, 2013,
29(1): 161-172.
[36] Damci A, Polat G. Impacts of different objective functions
on resource leveling in construction projects: A case
study[J]. J of Civil Engineering and Management, 2014,
20(4): 537-547.
[37] Pritsker A A B, Waiters L J, Wolfe P M. Multiproject scheduling with limited resources: A zero-one
programming approach[J]. Management Science, 1969,
16(1): 93-108.
[38] , , .

30

Institute for Economic Theory and Operations Research,


Universitat Karlsruhe, 1995.
[47] Schwindt C. Generation of resource-constrained project
scheduling problems subject to temporal constraints[R].
Karlsruhe: Institute for Economic Theory and Operations
Research, University Karlsruhe, 1998.
[48] Demeulemeester E, Vanhoucke M, Herroelen W. RanGen:
A random network generator for activity-on-the-node
networks[J]. J of Scheduling, 2003, 6(1): 17-38.
[49] Ahuja

H.

Construction

performance

control

by

networks[M]. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1976: 316.


[50] . [M]. ,
1991: 269.

[J]. , 2002, 17(4): 296-301.

(Feng Y C. Activity network analysis[M]. Beihang

(Liu S X, Wang M G, Tang J F. Approximate

University Press, 1991: 269.)

algorithm for solving resource leveling problems in project

[51] Younis M A, Saad B. Optimal resource leveling of multi-

scheduling[J]. J of Systems Engineering, 2002, 17(4): 296-

resource projects[J]. Computers & Industrial Engineering,

301.)

1996, 31(1): 1-4.

[39] Coughlan E T, Lubbecke M E, Schulz J. A branch-

[52] Christodoulou S E, Ellinas G, Michaelidou-Kamenou A.

and-price algorithm for multi-mode resource leveling[C].

Minimum moment method for resource leveling using

Experimental Algorithms. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer,

entropy maximization[J]. J of Construction Engineering

2010: 226-238.

and Management, 2009, 136(5): 518-527.

[40] Afshar-Nadjafi B, Khalaj Z, Mehdizadeh E. A branch and

[53] , .

bound approach to solve the preemptive resource leveling

[J]. , 2009, 15(6): 1165-1171.

problem[J]. Int J of Manufacturing Engineering, 2013: 1-7,

(Liang Y, Jin Y. Heuristic algorithm for resource leveling

Article ID 930920.

problem in emergency scheduling[J]. Computer Integrated

[41] Kyriklidis C, Vassiliadis V, Kirytopoulos K, et al. Hybrid

Manufacturing Systems, 2009, 15(6): 1165-1171.)

nature-inspired intelligence for the resource leveling

[54] Leu S S, Chen A T, Yang C H. A fuzzy optimal model for

problem[J]. Int J of Operational Research, 2014, 14(3):

construction resource leveling scheduling[J]. Canadian J of

387-407.

Civil Engineering, 1999, 26(6): 673-684.

[42] Afshar-Nadjafi B, Najjarbashi H, Mehdizadeh E. A branch-

[55] Leu S S, Hung T H. An optimal construction resource

and-bound procedure for resource leveling in multi-

leveling scheduling simulation model[J]. Canadian J of

mode resource constraint project scheduling problem[J].

Civil Engineering, 2002, 29(2): 267-275.

Research J of Recent Sciences, 2012, 1(7): 33-38.


[43] Alsayegh H, Hariga M. Hybrid meta-heuristic methods

[56] , , .
Matlab [J]. , 2004, 18(1): 52-55.

for the multi-resource leveling problem with activity

(Zhang L Y, Zhang J P, Wang L. Genetic algorithms based

splitting[J]. Automation in Construction, 2012, 27(11): 89-

on Matlab of construction project resource leveling[J]. J

98.

of Industrial Engineering/Engineering Management, 2004,

[44] Kolisch R, Sprecher A. PSPLIB A project scheduling


problem library[J]. European J of Operational Research,
1996, 96(1): 205-216.
[45] Kolisch R, Schwindt C, Sprecher A. Benchmark instances
for project scheduling problems[C]. Project Scheduling:
Recent Models, Algorithms, and Applications. Boston:
Kluwer, 1999: 197-212.

18(1): 52-55.)
[57] Masmoudi M, Hat A. Project scheduling under uncertainty
using

fuzzy

modelling

and

solving

techniques[J].

Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 2013,


26(1): 135-149.
[58] , , .
[J]. , 2014, 34(1): 189-193.

[46] Schwindt C. ProGen/max: A new problem generator for

(Song Y J, Ye C M, Huang Z Y. Cuckoo search algorithm

different resource constrained project scheduling problems

for multi-resource leveling optimization[J]. J of Computer

with minimal and maximal time lags[R]. Karlsruhe:

Applications, 2014, 34(1): 189-193.)

[59] El-Rayes K, Jun D H. Optimizing resource leveling in

779

[68] , , .

construction projects[J]. J of Construction Engineering and

[J]. , 2006, 17(10): 2500-2503.

Management, 2009, 135(11): 1172-1180.

(Xu Z, Li K, Liu R. Resource leveling optimization of

[60] , , . MDE
[J]. , 2009, 17(6):
130-138.

network scheduling under probabilistic time and cost[J]. J


of Systems Simulation, 2006, 17(10): 2500-2503.)
[69] Zahraie

B,

Tavakolan

M.

Stochastic

time-cost-

(Pang N S, Ji C M, Qi J X. Leveling optimization of parallel

resource utilization optimization using non dominated

adjustment to resource divided period and work translation

sorting genetic algorithm and discrete fuzzy sets[J]. J

based on modified differential evolution[J]. Chinese J of

of Construction Engineering and Management, 2009,

Management Science, 2009, 17(6): 130-138.)

135(11): 1162-1171.

[61] , , .

[70] Li H, Xu Z, Demeulemeester E. Scheduling policies for the

[J]. , 2009, 27(9): 70-75.

stochastic resource leveling problem[J]. J of Construction

(Pang N S, Ji C M, Zhang Y. The balanced optimization

Engineering and Management, 2015, 141(2): 04014072.1-

model of network planning resources based on multiple


mode of activity[J]. Systems Engineering, 2009, 27(9): 70-

04014072.9.
[71] .
[J]. , 2010, 31(2): 162-170.

75.)
[62] , , . Hopfield

(Wang C F. Research on the model and application of group

[J]. , 2006, 26(3): 83-87.

project resource balance for the large communications

(Xie J R, Liu C X, Zhou Y H. The Hopfield-based solution

guarantee engineering of Olympics[J]. Science Research

for resource-leveling problem[J]. Systems Engineering-

Management, 2010, 31(2): 162-170.)

Theory & Practice, 2006, 26(3): 83-87.)

[72] Megow N, Mohring R H, Schulz J. Decision support and

[63] Koulinas G K, Anagnostopoulos K P. A new tabu searchbased hyper-heuristic algorithm for solving construction
leveling problems with limited resource availabilities[J].
Automation in Construction, 2013, 31(5): 169-175.

optimization in shutdown and turnaround scheduling[J].


INFORMS J on Computing, 2011, 23(2): 189-204.
[73] Leu S S, Yang C H, Huang J C. Resource leveling in
construction by genetic algorithm-based optimization and

[64] , . [J].
, 2011, 25(2): 191-194.

its decision support system application[J]. Automation in


Construction, 2000, 10(1): 27-41.

(Li P G, Wang J P. Research on resource optimization based

[74] Tang Y, Liu R, Sun Q. Two-stage scheduling model for

on activity partition[J]. J of Engineering Management,

resource leveling of linear projects[J]. J of Construction

2011, 25(2): 191-194.)

Engineering and Management, 2014, 140(7): 1-10.

[65] , .

[75] He L, Zhang L. Dynamic priority rule-based forward-

[J]. , 2011, 26(4): 538-545.

backward heuristic algorithm for resource levelling

(Pang N S, Ji C M. Leveling optimization for multi-

problem in construction project[J]. J of the Operational

mode and discrete resource under generalized precedence


relations[J]. J of Systems Engineering, 2011, 26(4): 538545.)

levelling tools for resource constraint project scheduling

[66] Jun D H, El-Rayes K. Multiobjective optimization of


resource leveling and allocation during construction
scheduling[J].

Research Society, 2013, 64(8): 1106-1117.


[76] Kastor A, Sirakoulis K. The effectiveness of resource

of

Construction

Engineering

and

Management, 2011, 137(12): 1080-1088.


[67] Deb K, Pratap A, Agarwal S, et al. A fast and elitist
multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II[J]. IEEE Trans
on Evolutionary Computation, 2002, 6(2): 182-197.

problem[J]. Int J of Project Management, 2009, 27(5): 493500.


[77] , . [J]. ,
2014, 32(2): 123-131.
(Li H B, Xu Z. Robust project scheduling: A review[J].
Systems Engineering, 2014, 32(2): 123-131.)

()

You might also like