Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Chapter 1a
Propositional Logic
Discrete Structures for Computing (CO1007)
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Michael Huth and Mark Ryan. Logic in Computer Science: Modelling and
Reasoning about Systems, 2nd Ed., Cambridge University Press, 2006.)
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
1a.1
Contents
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Excursion: Intuitionistic Logic
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
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Required
Texts/Materials
1a.2
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
6 Required Texts/Materials
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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Required
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1a.3
Propositional Calculus
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
Building propositions
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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1a.4
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Meaning of formula
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Proofs
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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1a.5
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Hardware design
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Verification
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Problem solving
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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1a.6
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Richer language
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Quantifiers
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Compositionality
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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1a.7
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.8
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
{a 0 b 0} P {a = gcd(a, b)}
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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1a.9
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Theorem proving
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
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Required
Texts/Materials
1a.10
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
6 Required Texts/Materials
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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Required
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1a.11
Declarative Sentences
The language of propositional logic is based on propositions or
declarative sentences.
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Declarative Sentences
Examples
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Not Examples
Normal Form
1a.12
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Example 1.2
If it is raining and
Jane does not have her umbrella with her then
she will get wet.
Jane is not wet.
It is raining.
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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Required
Texts/Materials
Focus on Structure
We are primarily concerned about the structure of arguments in
this class, not the validity of statements in a particular domain.
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Normal Form
becomes
Letter version
1a.14
Focus on Structure
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
If it is raining and
Jane does not have her umbrella with her then
she will get wet.
Jane is not wet.
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
It is raining.
Formal Language
Semantics
has
the same letter version
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
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1a.15
Logical Connectives
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Notations/Symbols
Contents
Introduction
: negation of p is denoted by p.
: disjunction of p and r is denoted by p r, meaning at least
one of the two statements is true.
: conjunction of p and r is denoted by p r, meaning both are
true.
: implication between p and r is denoted by p r, meaning
that r is a logical consequence of p. p is called the antecedent
(mnh ng trc), and r the consequent (mnh kt
qu).
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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Required
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1a.16
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Symbolic Propositions
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Symbolic Connectives
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
p q r
1a.17
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Excursion: Intuitionistic Logic
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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1a.18
Introduction
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Objective
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Idea
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Notation
We write a sequent 1 , 2 , . . . , n `
to denote that we can derive (conclusion - kt lun) from
1 , 2 , . . . , n (premises - cc tin ).
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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1a.19
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
English
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Sequent
Formal Language
Semantics
p q r, r, p ` q
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Remaining task
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.20
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Introduction of Conjunction
Contents
[i]
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Elimination of Conjunction
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
[e1 ]
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
[e2 ]
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
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Required
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1a.21
Propositional Logic
Example of Proof
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
To show
p q, r ` q r.
How to start?
Contents
pq
r,
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
q r.
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Proof Step-by-Step
1
p q (premise)
r (premise)
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
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1a.22
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
pq
Introduction
[e2 ]
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
[i]
qr
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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1a.23
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
1 , 2 , . . . , n `
We introduce rules that allow us to form legal proofs
Then any proof of any formula using the premises
1 , 2 , . . . , n is considered correct.
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
valid, or meaningful?
What does it mean to be meaningful?
Can we say that any meaningful sequent has a valid proof?
...but first back to the proof rules...
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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1a.24
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Double Negation
[e]
[i]
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Eliminating Implication
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
[ e]
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Example
1a.25
Propositional Logic
Modus Ponens
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
The rule
[ e]
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Origin of term
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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Required
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1a.26
Propositional Logic
Modus Tollens
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
[M T ]
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Origin of term
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
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Required
Texts/Materials
1a.27
Propositional Logic
Example
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
p (q r), p, r ` q
1
2
3
4
5
p (q r)
p
r
qr
q
premise
premise
premise
e 1,2
MT 4,3
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.28
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
p q ` q p
The second sequent should be provable, but we dont have a rule
to introduce implication yet!
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
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1a.29
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
p q ` q p
1
pq
premise
Contents
Introduction
2
3
q
p
assumption
MT 1,2
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
q p
i 23
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
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Required
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1a.30
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Introduction of Implication
Contents
Introduction
..
.
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Intuitionistic Logic
[ i]
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.31
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Introduction of Disjunction
[i1 ]
[i2 ]
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Elimination of Disjunction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
..
.
..
.
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
[e]
1a.32
Propositional Logic
Example
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
1
2
3
p (q r)
p
qr
premise
e1 1
e2 1
4
5
6
q
pq
(p q) (p r)
assumption
i 2,4
i1 5
7
8
9
r
pr
(p q) (p r)
assumption
i 2,7
i2 8
10
(p q) (p r)
e 3, 46, 79
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
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Required
Texts/Materials
1a.33
Special Propositions
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
the same!
Contents
Introduction
Example: p p, p p
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.34
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Elimination of Negation
[e]
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Introduction of Negation
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
..
.
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
[i]
1a.35
Propositional Logic
Elimination of
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Elimination of
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
[e]
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.36
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
[i]
[e1 ]
[e2 ]
Contents
Introduction
[ii ]
..
.
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
[e]
Preview: Soundness and
[i2 ]
Natural Deduction
..
.
Declarative Sentences
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.37
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
..
.
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
[ i]
[ e]
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.38
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
..
.
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
[i]
[e]
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.39
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
[e]
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
[e]
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.40
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
[i]
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.41
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
1
2
3
premise
assumption
e 1,2
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
i 23
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.42
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
[M T ]
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.43
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
..
.
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
[PBC]
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.44
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
[LEM]
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.45
Propositional Logic
Motivation
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
Proposition p
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
is rational.
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
[LEM ]
p p
p
..
.
p
..
.
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
[e]
1a.46
Propositional Logic
In detail (1)
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
p
..
.
Contents
Natural Deduction
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.47
Propositional Logic
In detail (2)
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
p
..
.
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
a =( 2
b
2 2
( 2 2)
and b to be
Natural Deduction
2.
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
= ( 2)2 = 2.
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
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Required
Texts/Materials
1a.48
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Proposition p
is rational.
Contents
[LEM ]
p p
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
p
..
.
p
..
.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
[e]
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.49
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
that
Note:
and b =
Introduction
is irrational!
2
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
=2
Using
LEM, we can make use of the probable irrationality of
Contents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.50
Propositional Logic
Intuitionistic Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
[e]
Contents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.51
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
1
2
3
4
( )
assumption
assumption
i1 2
e 3,1
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
5
6
7
8
9
( )
i 24
i2 5
e 6,1
i 17
e
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.52
Intuitionistic Logic
Intuitionistic logic is obtained from natural deduction by removing
the rule e.
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Theorem
b
Required
Texts/Materials
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
6 Required Texts/Materials
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.54
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
: negation of p is denoted by p.
: disjunction of p and r is denoted by p r, meaning at least
one of the two statements is true.
: conjunction of p and r is denoted by p r, meaning both are
true.
: implication between p and r is denoted by p r, meaning
that r is a logical consequence of p.
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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1a.55
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Use of Meta-Language
[LEM ]
we mean that letters such as can be replaced by any formula.
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
But what exactly is the set of formulas that can be used for ?
Allowed
(p (q))
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Not allowed
) p q(
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
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1a.56
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Definition
Contents
well-formed formula.
If is a well-formed formula, then so is ().
If and are well-formed formulas, then so is ( ).
If and are well-formed formulas, then so is ( ).
If and are well-formed formulas, then so is ( ).
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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1a.57
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
((p (q)) r)
...but for the formal treatment of this section and the first
homework, we insist on the strict definition, and exclude such
formulas.
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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1a.58
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
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Required
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1a.59
Inversion principle
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
(((p) q) (p (q (r))))
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
is well-formed?
Answer: We look for the only applicable rule in the definition (the
last rule in this case), and proceed on the parts.
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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1a.60
Propositional Logic
Parse trees
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
A formula
(((p) q) (p (q (r))))
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.61
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
6 Required Texts/Materials
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
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Required
Texts/Materials
1a.62
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Approach
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Truth Values
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
1a.63
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
F
F
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.64
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
F
F
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
q
T
T
r
T
F
(p q)
T
T
((p q) r)
T
F
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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Required
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1a.65
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
T
T
F
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
T
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
T
F
F
T
Formal Language
>
T
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
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Required
Texts/Materials
1a.66
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
p
T
T
F
F
q
T
F
T
F
(p)
F
F
T
T
q
F
T
F
T
p q
F
T
T
T
q p
T
F
T
T
(p q) (q p)
T
F
T
T
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.67
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Validity
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Satisfiability
Sequents
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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Required
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1a.68
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Semantic Entailment
Contents
Introduction
1 , 2 , . . . , n |=
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Soundness
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
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Required
Texts/Materials
1a.69
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
6 Required Texts/Materials
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
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Required
Texts/Materials
1a.70
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Definition
Contents
Introduction
L ::= p|p,
D
::= L|L D,
::= D|D C.
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Examples
(p q r) (q r) (r) is in CNF.
(p q r) ((p q) r) (r) is not in CNF.
(p q r) (q r) (r) is not in CNF.
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
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1a.71
Propositional Logic
Usefulness of CNF
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Lemma
Contents
Introduction
|= (q p r) (p r) q?
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
|= (q p r)
|= (p r)
|= q.
Formal Language
How to prove
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
|= (q p q) (p rp) (r r)?
Normal Form
|= (p rp)
|= (r r).
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.72
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Proposition
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Satisfiability test
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Theorem-Transformation to CNF
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
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Required
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1a.73
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
(A B) (A B).
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
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(A B) C (A C) (B C).
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.74
Propositional Logic
Example
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
(p q) (p q)
(p q) (p q)
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
(p q) (p q)
(p q) (p q)
Sequents
(p p q) (q p q)
>.
Natural Deduction
Rules for natural deduction
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
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Required
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1a.75
Homeworks
I. Write down the explanations (in Vietnamese, or in English if
possible) of the following terms, find examples for each term,
what are the differences between them:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.76
Next Week?
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
Exercises Session;
Chapter 1b: Predicate Logic.
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Required
Texts/Materials
1a.77
Required Texts/Materials
Propositional Logic
Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
1a.78