NO EXPERIMENT

:2

TOPIC EXPERIMENT: BERNOULLI THEOREM

1) Objective
To investigate the validity of Bernoullis Theorem and Pressure measurements along venture
tube.
2) Theory
The measured values are to be compared to Bernoullis equation.
Bernoullis equation for constant head h:

P1 v 1 P2 v 2
+ =
+ = Const.
g 2 g g 2 g
2

Allowance for friction losses and conversion of the pressure p 1and p2into static pressure
heads h1and h2yield:

h 1+

v1
v
=h 2+ 2 +hv
2g
2g
2

p1= Pressure at cross-section A1

h1= Pressure head at cross-sectionA1
v1=Flow velocity at cross-section A1
p2=Pressure at cross-section A2
h2=Pressure at head cross-section A2
v2=Flow velocity at cross-section A2

=Density of medium= constant= for incompressible fluids

h1 = Pressure loss head
The venture tube used has 6 measurement points. The table below shows the standardised
reference velocity v . The parameter is derived from the geometry of the venture tube.
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Point , i
1
2
3
4
5
6

A1
Ai

di

( m)

0.0284
0.0225
0.0140
0.0172
0.0242
0.0284

Multiplying the reference velocity values with a starting value, the students can calculate the
theoretical velocity values vcalc at the 6 measuring points of the venture tube.
At constant flow rate, the starting value for calculating the theoretical velocity is found as:

v=

Q
A1

The result for the calculated velocity, vcalccan be found in the table.
Calculation for dynamic pressure head:

hdyn =h101 80 mmhstat

80mm must be subtracted, as there is a zero-point difference of 80 mm between the
pressure gauges.
The velocity,

v meas

was calculated from the dynamic pressure

v meas =2. g . hdyn

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Bernoullis theorem, in fluid dynamics, relation among the pressure, velocity, and elevation
in a moving fluid (liquid or gas), the compressibility and viscosity (internal friction) of which
are negligible and the flow of which is steady, or laminar. First derived (1738) by the Swiss
mathematician Daniel Bernoulli, the theorem states, in effect, that the total mechanical
energy of the flowing fluid, comprising the energy associated with fluid pressure,
the gravitational potential energy of elevation, and the kinetic energy of fluid motion, remains
constant. Bernoullis theorem is the principle of energy conservation for ideal fluids in steady,
or streamline, flow and is the basis for many engineering applications.
Bernoullis theorem implies, therefore, that if the fluid flows horizontally so that no change in
gravitational potential energy occurs, then a decrease in fluid pressure is associated with an
increase in fluid velocity. If the fluid is flowing through a horizontal pipe of varying crosssectional area, for example, the fluid speeds up in constricted areas so that the pressure the
fluid exerts is least where the cross section is smallest. This phenomenon is sometimes
called theVenturi effect, after the Italian scientist G.B. Venturi (17461822), who first noted
the effects of constricted channels on fluid flow.
Friday, 1.37 a.m (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/62615/Bernoullis-theorem)

3 | Page

3) Apparatus
Hydraulic bench
Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration apparatus
Stop watch

A
J

D
I

E
Figure 3.1: Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.

Assembly board
Single water pressure gauge
Discharge pipe
Outlet ball cock
Venture tube with six measurement points
Compression gland

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G.
H.
I.
J.

Probe for measuring overall pressure (can be moved axially)

Hose connection, water supply
Ball cock at water inlet
6-fold water pressure gauge (pressure distribution in venture tube)

4) Procedures

1.

Arrange the experimentation set-up on the hydraulic bench such that

the discharge routes the water into the channel.

2.

Make hose connection between hydraulic bench and unit.

3.

Open discharge of hydraulic bench.

4.

Set cap nut of probe compression gland such that slight resistance is
felt on moving probe.

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5.

Open inlet and outlet ball cock.

6.

Close drain valve at bottom of single water pressure gauge.

7.

Switch on pump and slowly open main cock of hydraulic bench.

8.

Open vent valves on water pressure gauges.

9.

Carefully close outlet cock until pressure gauges are flushed.

10. By simultaneously setting inlet and outlet cock, regulate water level
in pressure gauges such that neither upper nor lower range limit is
overshot or undershot.

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11. Record pressure at all measurement points. Then move overall

pressure probe to corresponding measurement level and note down
overall pressure.

12. Determine volumetric flow rate. To do so, use stopwatch to establish

time, t required for raising the level in the volumetric tank of the
hydraulic bench at 10 litters.

13. Repeat above procedure.

5) Results and analysis

I

Qcalc

(s)

)
hstatic

0.240

0.235

0.190

0.210

0.225

m /s
)

0.230

(m)

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htotal

0.240

0.240

0.195

0.215

0.225

0.230

=10

(m)

97

=1.031

104

hdynamic

-0.00008

0.00492

0.00492

0.00492

- 0.00008

-0.00008
/

(m)
Diameter, d

0.0284

0.0225

0.0140

0.0172

0.0242

0.0284

m3

2
( m )

Area, A

6.3347

104
Velocitymeas

0.01

3.9761

10

1.5394

2.3235

4.5996

10

10

10

6.3347

10

0.0396

0.3107

0.3107

0.3107

0.0396

0.0396

0.1627

0.2593

0.6697

0.4437

0.2241

0.1627

(m/s)
Velocitycalc
(m/s)

FORMULA

Qcalc=

V
t

Vmeas=

2 gh

Q= A.v

d2
A= 4

hdynamic= htotal- 0.08m - hstatic

dynamic

Vcalc= Qcalc/A

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Hdynamic(m)= htotal(m) 0.08m - hstatic(m)

1. 0.240 0.08 -0.240 = -0.00008

2. 0.240 0.08-0.235 = 0.00492
3. 0.195 0.08

0.190 = 0.00492

4. 0.215 0.08

0.210 = 0.00492

0.225 =- 0.00008

6. 0.230 0.08

0.230 = - 0.00008

5. 0.225 0.08

d2 2
( 0.0284)
Area,
A= 4
1.
4
=

2.

6.3347 10

( 0.0225 )
4

= 3.9761 10

3.

( 0.0140 )2
4
1.5394 104

4.

( 0.0172 )2
4
= 2.3235 10

5.

( 0.0242 )2
4
= 4.5996 10

6.

( 0.0284 )2
4
= 6.3347 10

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Velocitymeas(m/s) =

1.

2 gh

dynamic

2 ( 3.981 ) (0.00008 )

=0.0396
2.

2(3.981)(0.00492)

=0.3107

3.

2(3.981)(0.00492)

=0.3107
4.

2(3.981)(0.00492)

=0.3107
5.

2(3.981)(0.00492)

=0.0396

6.

2(3.981)(0.00008)

=0.0396

Qcalc=

0.01
97

V
t

=1.031 10

10 |
Page

Velocitycalc(m/s) = Qcalc/A

/6.3347 10

/3.9761 10

/1.5394 10

/2.3235 10

/4.5996 10

/6.3347 10

1. 1.031 10
2. 1.031 10
3. 1.031 10

4. 1.031 10
5. 1.031 10

6. 1.031 10

= 0.1627
= 0.2593
= 0.6697

= 0.4437
= 0.2241

= 0.1627

11 |
Page

6) Discussion
a. Determine the dynamic pressure head
The htotal subtracted by 0.08 m then subtracted again with hstatic again will result in
dynamic pressure head. The results are shown as below:1. 0.240

0.08 -0.240 = -0.00008

2. 0.240 0.08-0.235 = 0.00492

3. 0.195 0.08

0.190 = 0.00492

4. 0.215 0.08

0.210 = 0.00492

0.225 =- 0.00008

6. 0.230 0.08

0.230 = - 0.00008

5. 0.225 0.08

b. Determine theoretical velocity head and measured velocity head at each

tapping position. Illustrate the measured and theoretical velocity with plotting
the graph of Flow Velocity, V against measurement point, i.
At constant flow rate, the starting value for calculating the theoretical velocity is found
as:

v=

Q
A1
Graph is shown in appendix

c. Plot the graph of pressure head, hstatic,htotal and hdynamicagainst measurement

point, i. what can you concluded from the graph
Graph is shown in appendix

7) Conclusion
Bernoullis theorem, in fluid dynamics, relation among the pressure, velocity, and
elevation in a moving fluid (liquid or gas), the compressibility and viscosity (internal friction)
12 |
Page

of which are negligible and the flow of which is steady, or laminar. First derived (1738) by the
Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli, the theorem states, in effect, that the total mechanical
energy of the flowing fluid, comprising the energy associated with fluid pressure,
the gravitational potential energy of elevation, and the kinetic energy of fluid motion, remains
constant. Bernoullis theorem is the principle of energy conservation for ideal fluids in steady,
or streamline, flow and is the basis for many engineering applications.The measured values
are to be compared to Bernoullis equation. Bernoullis equation for constant head h:

P1 v 1 P2 v 2
+ =
+ = Const.
g 2 g g 2 g

Allowance for friction losses and conversion of the pressure p 1and p2into static pressure
heads h1and h2yield:

h 1+

v1
v
=h 2+ 2 +hv
2g
2g
2

The purpose of carrying out this lab work is to investigate the validity of Bernoullis Theorem
and Pressure measurements along venture tube.

8) Reference
Labwork sheet POLITEKNIK MERLIMAU, Hydraulic Lab, cc303. CIVIL
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, Hazilahmohamad, Zamali Omar,

AbdullSulaimanIsmil, Noorhaslizah Ahmad Rosli, HaizahHamzah

Friday, 1.37 a.m (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/62615/Bernoullis-theorem)
Friday, 1.58 a.mhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_pressure
13 |
Page

Friday, 2.03 a.m. http://www.google.com.my/imgres?q=the+graph+of+pressure+head,

+static,total+and+d namic+against+measurement+point,
+i&um=1&hl=en&sa=X&biw=1366&bih=667&tbm=i
ch&tbnid=_H1nY6wQyr78sM:&imgrefurl=http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pitot-tubes
d_612.html&docid=Z09V4a7ArkMzLM&imgurl=http://docs.engineeringtoolbox.com/doc
ments/916/air_velocity_head.png&w=564&h=692&ei=R88qT-mxEoO0rAeUt33DA&zoom=1

9) Appendix

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Lab procedure

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