TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN K THUT HA HC
TRUNG TM NGHIN CU VT LIU POLYME
Bi tiu lun

Mt s vn cht n v nn
polymer trong composite

0
HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
4/2014

I. Nm c ch ph hy vt liu composite.
bn ph hy ca mt vt liu ph thuc vo cc tnh cht ca vt liu, cc
tnh cht bao gm: bn ko, ng sut chy, m un n hi, bn un v
bn ph hy. Cc tnh cht ny li ph thuc vo t l v loi cht n c trong
vt liu nn. Do , cht n c vai tr quan trng, quyt nh n bn ph
hy . Ch c nhng hin tng lin quan n va p, un, ng sut ko mi c
th gy ra s ph hy vt liu. Tt c cc hin tng lin quan ti mi ca
vt liu khi chu ti trng ng c tho lun trong tng phn nh sau.
Cc cch ph hy.
Cc c ch ph hy.
Cu trc vi m ca ht cht n.
Nhng s thay i trong nn di tc ng
Lm bn vt liu.
D on v m phng phng thc ph hy vt liu.

Nm kiu ph hy quan st c trong cc th nghim ko. Phn ln cc vt liu

mm, d un b ph hy trong lc bin dng cng do( kiu A) hoc pht trin
c chai ( kiu B). Kiu C v kiu D l hai kiu in hnh trong kiu ph hy
tng t ph hy gin. Kiu C, mt vng mng c to ra trong qu trnh hnh
thnh c eo. Trong trng hp ny, ng sut gim n ng sut ko. Trong kiu
D, ph hy mu thng qu s hnh thnh di bng. Cc di bng ny ct ngang
qua mu v s ph hy xut hin khi vt qu gii hn n hi. Kiu E l ph
hy gin, pht trin vung gc vi phng tc ng lc. S ph hy xut hin
trc bin dng n hi.

H. S biu din nm kiu ph hy vt liu khi ko

T s ta nhn thy khi hm lng cht n cng tng th s pht trin c eo
ca mu khi chu tc ng ca lc cng gim, s ph hy tin dn ti ph hy
gin.
Cc m t trong cc c ch ph hy di y c quan st bng SEM v
nha nn l polyeste nhit do vi cht n s dng l Canxi terephalat, Canxi
cacbonat.

1.C ch 1( c ch A).
Vt liu: c t l cht n thp so vi nn.
Hnh s 1 m t c ch ph hy kiu A.

H.1. S m t qu trnh ph hy theo c ch A.

Di tc dng ca lc ko, cc vt nt pht trin to nn vng th rp trn b
mt mu. Bin dng cng do gip mu khng b ph hy di tc ng ca ti
trng. T l cht n thp, iu gip c polyme nn mu khng b ph
hy di tc ng ca ti trng bn ngoi. B mt c 1 vng ri ra (v tr ph
hy ban u) v 1 vng hnh hoa hu nh tch ri ra (ni m rng vt x xy
ra). Cc c im hnh thi hc bao gm : mt kt dnh ht v ko di khong
trng. S ph hy xut hin khi ng sut cc b trong cc mch phn t polyme
t ti ng sut ph hy ca nn. Trong vt liu cn c t l cht n thp, th
hoa th mi c th hnh thnh. Hin tng trn c gii thch nh sau, khi ta
tc ng lc ln hai u ca mu, mu bin dng, do s khc nhau v cng
nn dn ti s khc nhau v bin dng gia ht n v nn. Chnh v s khc
nhau gia bin dng gia mu v nn, cc khong trng bt u xut hin ( y
3

chnh l cc vt nt t vi). Tuy nhin t l cht n so vi nn rt thp nn cc

khong trng lc nay khng tp hp li c v nhau, bn ca mu lc ny
ph thuc ch yu vo bn ca nha nn. Gi s l cc ht cht n lp
y c ht cc khuyt tt ca mu, th khi lc tc ng, ni yu nht trong
mu chnh l hai bn b mt ca mu bi v vi cc phn t bn trong lng mu
khi lc tc ng cc phn t c hai phn t hai bn gnh bt lc, cn vi
bn b mt ngoi mu th cc phn t ch c c mt s tr lc ca phn t
bn cnh, do vy s ph hy mu s xy ra t b mt ngoi ca mu.

2. C ch ph hy B.
Vt liu: t l cht n cao hn A.
Hnh 2 m t c ch ph hy kiu B. S hnh thnh v pht trin cc khong
trng tng t nh kiu ph hy A. Ch khc l kiu ny cc khong trng
tp trung li vi nhau v s ph hy xy ra khi cc tp hp ht n tp kt t li
vi nhau to khong trng ln ti a. Ph hy bt u xy ra v tr bn ( b
mt ngoi) nh kiu A , c ph hy t bn trong mu v khng c vng hoa th.
Cc b si ngn v nh theo ng knh.

H.2. S m t qu trnh ph hy vt liu theo c ch B.

Hin tng trn c gii thch nh sau: khi ta cng ko mu th

khong trng cng di ra, do hm lng cht n ln nn cc khong
trng s tp hp li vi nhau theo chiu dc. Ta cng ko, chiu rng
ca mu cng gim, cc khong trng ln cng tin li gn nhau, khi
chng gn, th s tp hp li vi nhau v lc vt ph hy s pht
trin hng ra bn ngoi b mt mu. Kt thc qu trnh l s ph hy
mu.
3. C ch ph hy C.
Vt liu : t l cht n cao hn B.
Hnh s 3 m t c ch ph hy kiu C. Khng nhng c s hnh thnh khong
trng v kt t cc ht n xy ra bn trong mu m cn c hng ra b mt
ngoi ca mu. Ph hy bt u trong lng mu v c nhiu vt nt th cp.
Kiu ph hy ny l in hnh ca ph hy th tch, cc ht cht n gn
kt t li v dn ti lm gim th tch, hnh thnh mt cht nh c eo dn ti s
ph hy vt liu. y l kiu ph hy tng t ph hy gin.

H.3. S m t qu trnh ph hy vt liu kiu C.

4. Ph hy kiu D.
Vt liu: t l cht n cao hn C.
Trng hp D, do hm lng cht n rt ln, khi tc ng lc vo hai u
ca mu, mu cha kp bin dng th trong mu xut hin cc vt nt, khi cc
vt nt xut hin, cng vi hm lng polyme nn t, cc vt nt s pht trin
rt nhanh v kt thc bng s ph hy mu.
Hnh H.4 m t c ch ph hy kiu D. Ph hy bt u t mt bn ca khi
mu v pht trin theo mt gc sang pha cnh bn kia. Khi tc pht trin vt
nt tng, s ph hy khng pht trin theo hng c na m n pht trin theo
hng vung gc vi phng chu lc tc ng. Kiu D khng xut hin hin
tng Stress-whitening ( stress-whitening l hin tng khi ta tc ng lc
ln vo mt thanh vt liu polyme, ti ni chu ng sut ln nht ta s quan st
thy ch c mu trng, l do s xut hin v pht trin ca cc vt nt t
vi) m l ph hy gin. Cc ht cht n trong mu khng kt t li vi nhau
nhng mt s ht s b v.

H.4. S m t qu trnh ph hy vt liu theo c ch D.

Khi hnh thnh mt di bng hnh c hnh thnh theo phng ngang vi
phng ca lc ( n hi cho cho), di bng chnh l ni m mu chu ng
sut ln nht v cc i phn t b dn ko cng ra, kt thc ca s dn ko
cng ny l mch polymer s b t, do lc tc ng vt qu nng lng lin
kt. Khi cc vt nt ( s ph hy) u tin xut hin mt cnh bn mu, th n
nhanh chng pht trin theo hng gc m sang cnh i din, khi m vt nt
ny pht trin ti mt gii hn ln th n s pht trin theo phng vung
6

gc vi phng tc ng ca lc. Cc vt nt pht trin vi tc rt nhanh

v kt thc bng s ph hy mu. Kiu ph hy ny l kiu ph hy tng t
ph hy gin.
5. C ch ph hy E.
C ch ph hy E. Trong c ch ph hy E khng c s kt t ca cc ht cht
n, mu cng khng c bin dng m thay vo c cht n v nn polyme
u b ph hy cng nhau, y l ph hy gin. Trong trng hp E, do hm
lng cht n qu ln, nn polyme nn khng thm t hoc thm t mt lp
rt mng ln ht cht n, nn lin kt gia cht n v nn yu dn ti mu
yu. Khi c lc tc ng, cc vt nt xut hin v pht trin s cc k nhanh,
nhanh hn trng hp D.

II.S nh hng ca mt s yu t n bn ca compozit.

Cc sn phm polymer trong qu trnh gia cng, hay trong qu trnh tng hp
lun c nhng khuyt tt. Khi mt mu polymer chu tc ng ca mt lc, th
cc i phn t mp cc khuyt tt s chu ng sut ln hn cc i phn t
khc, v chnh s chu ng xut tp chung gy ra s ph hy mch i phn
t gn mp khuyt tt, cho d lc tc ng cha cn vt qu lc thc t
ph hy vt liu. S ph hy , cc khuyt tt bt u pht trin rng ra v kt
thc bng s ph hy mu. Bi vy, ngi ta a ht cht n vo, nhm lp
y ti a c th nhng ch trng . Khi cht n c a vo, cc lc tng
tc gia nn v cht n xy ra, chnh s tng tc ny gip vt liu bn hn
nh cht n gnh bt mt phn nng lng khi vt liu chu lc tc ng v
hn na cht n gim bt c rt nhiu s tp chung ng sut vo mt hay
mt s i phn t no .Vic mt cht n c a vo mt polymer nn c
nh hng ti s thay i v tnh cht, m r nht l tnh cht c hc ca
polymer nh th no ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t. Sau y l mt vi yu
t : bn cht ha hc ca cht n v polymer, kch thc ht cht n, s
ng u trong phn tn, t l gia cht n v polymer, s tng hp gia cht
n v nn polymer.
Bng di y cho ta thy s nh hng ca cc mt s loi cht n ( kch c,
loi, t t so vi nn ) n c ch ph hy ca vt liu.

Bng 1.1
Filler
CaT-1
Vol %
0
2,4
4,5
7,0
14,0
18,0
24,0
27,0
45,0
54,0

CaT-2

CaCO3-1

CaCO3-2

CaCO3-3

Mode A

B
C
D
E

Biu nh hng ca ca cc loi cht n v t l cht n n cc c ch

ph hy A, B, C, D.
T bng trn ta c th thy rng, v d ta xt trng hp ca CaT-1, CaT-2
( calcium terephthalate) vi cng mt li cht n nhng li c kch thc khc
nhau v cng mt kch thc nhng c t l so vi nn khc nhau th c ch ph
hy mu cng khc nhau. CaT-1 c kch thc nh hn CaT-2, khi t l cht
n-polymer l 14% th tch th c ch ph hy mu ca nn-CaT1 l c ch A,
trong kh vi mu nn-CaT2 l c ch B. Gi ta li i xt cp nn-CaT1 vi
CaCO3-3, ta cng nhn thy iu tng t, CaT-1 th c tnh cht rt khc so vi
CaCO3-3, n tng tc vi nn tt hn, n c kch thc nh hn cho nn n c
hiu qu tng cng tnh cht tt hn, cn vi CaCO 3-3 th c hiu qu tng
cng tnh cht km hn, thm ch l khng c bi n c d=6,1m, khi t l n
nn l 14,0 th vi CaCO 3-3 ph hy theo c ch tn t ph hy gin. Vi
CaCO3, mu ph hy theo c ch ph hy gin l do, mc tng tc gia nn
v cht n t l thun vi din tch tip xc pha, khi ht cht n cng to th
din tch tip xc pha cng nh, do vy m khi ht cht n to dn ti mu yu
v khi chu lc tc ng, s ph hy mu s xy ra theo c ch ph hy gin.
tng hp gia nn v cht n c nh hng rt ln n bn ph hy
ca vt liu. tng hp tng ln th tnh cht ca vt liu cng c tng ln.
Nu tng hp km, khi c lc tc ng cht n v nn rt d tch ra khi
ny lm gim tnh cht ca vt liu. Mc tng hp ph thuc vo kh nhiu
yu t nh, hnh dng ca ht cht n ( hnh cu, hnh kim..), bn cht ha hc
8

ca nn v cht n, b mt cht n. Hnh dng ht cht n, v d nh bt tacl

c cu trc hnh kim( cu trc bt ng hng) gy gim bn x rch- bn
theo chiu dc cc ht n ln hn rt nhiu so vi chiu ngang( nh hng
ca ht trong qu trnh gia cng), nhng vi cht n aramid th li lm tng
bn ca vt liu c bit l bn ko ln rt nhiu. B mt ht cht n, v d
nh cht n CaCO3 cha bin tnh b mt trong PE lm gim bn ko, tuy
nhin khi bin tnh photphate th li lm tng bn ko rt nhiu. Hay vi cht
n silica vi cao su, nu ra khng bin tnh b mt silica ( s dng silan) th
tng hp vi nn rt km, a vo s lm gim tnh cht nn ( chu mi
mn, bn ko, x..). Hay v bn cht ca cht n v nn, nu mt cht n m
khng phn cc, hay khng c cc nhm chc, nhm hot ng b mt a
vo mt nn polymer phn cc nh Epoxy th s lm gim tnh cht c l ca
vt liu do tng hp rt thp. Tuy nhin khng phi c n tng hp cng
cao cng tt, ta chn mt tng hp ph hp vi tnh cht m ta cn ci
thin, v d nh trng hp cht n Alumino-silicate vi PVAc ( polyvinyl
axetat) do s tng tc qu mnh dn ti cng ca vt liu tng v lm gim
bn ko chn cp nn n ph hp.
T l cht n vi nn, bn, c th l bn ko khng tng tuyn tnh vi t l
cht n, m n s c mt t l gi l t l ti u. l t l m ti cho ta
bn c l v gi thnh sn phm ph hp nht. T l cht n cao qu c th dn
ti s tp hp cc ht cht n li do khi tng tac n-n cao hn nnn, lm bt ng nht v tnh cht c l, thm ch c th xy ra o pha. Vi t
l cht n thp qu th bn ca vt liu li c ci thin qu t, khng t
c yu cu.
S bin dng ca ht cht n theo chiu lc tc ng, iu ny kh quan
trng. Nu khi c lc tc ng vo vt liu, lm nn polymer bin dng, m khi
ht cht n khng phn no bin dng theo, s dn ti khc nhau v sc
cng, lin kt n-nn s b ph v hoc suy gim, to iu kin cho vt nt t
vi xut hin
Nhng phn ln kh nng bin dng ca cc cht n v c rt km, iu ny
ngc li hon ton vi kh nng bin dng ca cc cht n polymer.Vi cc
cht n l polymer th s bin dng khi c lc tc ng khng thnh vn ,
cn vi cht n v c ta phi tm cch khc phc kh nng bin dng ca
n.Vi cht n v c ta s dng polymer lin kt, polymer ny s to mt v
bc bn ngoi ht cht n, v n tng hp tt vi nn.
Di y l mt vi v d v s dng cht n trong polymer v s khc bit
gia mt polymer c s dng cao su lin kt v mt polymer khng c.

Sc khc bit gia s dng hay khng

s dng cao su lin kt

Trong trng hp ta khng

s dng cao su lin kt, nhn
thy rng khi c lc tc ng
ln, cc ht talc khng
bin dng, to iu kin
thun li cho xut hin cc
vt nt t vi dn ti lm suy
gim tnh cht ca vt liu.
Nhng trng hp c s
dng cao su lin kt, khi c
lc tc ng, mt vng n
hi s hnh thnh xung
quanh ht c bao bc bi
mng cao su lin kt, lm
gim thiu s hnh thnh cc
vt nt t vi.

c
H.5. Ba s biu din vic s dng cht n trong nn polymer.
X: cht n,

: ht cao su.

a. S dng h hp c cht n v c v cao su, cao su lin kt trng nn

polymer.
b. S dng cao s v cht n v cng mt cch ring bit.
c. S dng cao su lin kt v cht n v c.

10

M hnh biu din s khc bit

Gia s dng v khng s dng cao su
Lin kt.
a cc ht cao su nh, hay s dng cao su lin kt vo trong cc polymer c
tnh gin nhm tng bn va p ca vt liu. Cc ht cao su, hay cao su lin
kt s hn ch s pht trin ca cc khong trng t gim s hnh thnh
vt nt t vi, iu xy ra c l nh chng c kh n hi khi c lc tc
ng, nh s nh hng li ng sut v chia u ra trn mt khong din
tch b mt rng.
bn ca mt composite c tnh nh sau:
bn ph hy c th c tnh ton t phng trnh Einstein:

Trong :
l bn ph hy ca composite.
l bn ph hy ca nn.
l phn th tch cht n.
Phng trnh ny ph hp vi nhng h thng khng c s kt dnh gia cht
n v nn. Phng trnh ny d on rng bn ph hy ca composite b
gim khi m mt cht n tng ln.
Vi nhng vng cha cc ht cng kch c, lng t do, c phn th tch cht
n tp trung l 0,56> >0, phng trnh nh sau:

11

Phng trnh ny d on s c vi s tng nh trong bn ph hy khi m

mt cht n tng ln. Vi composite n si, phng trnh sau di y
c xy dng nh nhng s liu thc nghim.
c = m ( 1 + 1.64.)
Phng trnh ny gii thch ti sao si gia cng c vai tr quan trng trong
vic tng kh nng chu ph hy. Nhng phng trnh trn quan trng vi vic
phn loi c bn ca cht n xt v mt nh hng ca chng trn kh nng
chu ph hy nhng chng khng kh nng trong vic miu t nh hng ca
nn v tng tc ca cht n.
Mt phng php c s dng l s tnh ton tc nng lng ca tch phn
J. N c tha nhn rng c 2 hng s nh gi mt l im khi u vt
nt, Jc, v ci khc im h hng,Jr, c a ra bi phng trnh:

Trong :
B l dy mu o.
Uc l nng lng khi u.
a l chiu di vt nt.
UT l tng nng lng ph hy.
Nhng gi tr ca 2 nng lng ny c th tm thy nh v th U trn mt
n v chiu dy (U/B) vi a. Nhng gi tr J c th c xc nh t nhng dc
ca nhng ng thng. V th nhng gi tr J vi phn th tch cht n cho
thy nh hng ca cht n vi vic bt u vt nt v vi nng lng ph
hy.
Nhng phng php khc ca vic x l d liu gm tnh ton cng ti hn
( bn ph hy), tc pht trin vt nt, nng lng ph hy, v kh nng
chu ph hy. Nhng mu ny tin on s phn tn lc v tnh cht lu bin
ca nn xung quanh ht.

III. bn ma st v bn mi mn trong vt liu polymer.

1. bn ma st.

12

S ma st xut hin khi ta cho hai b mt vt liu trt trn nhau, lc ny lc

ma st xut hin do s cn tr dch chuyn hai b mt bi cc ch li lm
trn b mt vt liu hay do cc lc bn dnh ca hai b mt vt liu ti cc
im tip xc. Lc ma st c c trng bi mt h s, gi l h s ma st.
H s ma st ny ph thuc rt ln vo ti trng v nhit . S ph thuc
ca h s ma st vo ti trng c tnh nh sau.
= K.W0.3-0.4
y:
K h s t l
W Ti trng

mt nhit c nh, th khi ta tng ti trng ln mu h s ma st s gim,

nu ti trng c nh v nhit tng th h s ma st tng.
Khi thay i nhit v tc trt th cht do c th thay i tnh cch:
chng c th nh vt th trng thi thy tinh, c th l vt th mm cao hoc
vt th do. Quan st qu trnh ma st trong iu kin ng nhit l rt kh v
trong vng tip xc gia hai mt phng lun lun c s ta nhit. Ngoi ra c
th c hai loi tng tc ca cc vt liu khi c xt vi nhau. Loi th nht l do
cc lc bm dnh ti cc im tip xc gy ra. Cc lc ny cn tr s trt, do
s trt ch c th xy ra khi ph v cc lin kt cc b tng ng. Loi th
hai l do cc ch li lm trn b mt tip xc mc vo nhau v s bin dng
nhiu ln ca cc ch li lm khi trt. Trong trng hp ny, cng ca lc
ma st s tiu th vo tn hao tr ca cc bin dng nhiu ln.
i vi nhng vt liu polymer s dng cht n th h s ma st cn ph
thuc vo t l cht n, loi cht n trong vt liu. Bng di y cung cp
mt s v d v t l cht n nh hng ti h s ma st trong vt liu ( h s
ma st ng)

Bng 2. H s ma st trong mt s cht do.

Polyme

Cht n

T l, wt%

H s ma st
ng
13

Polycarbonate
Polycarbonate
Polycarbonate
Polyoxymethylene

PTFE
Aramid
PTFE
PTFE
Aramid
Silicone
PTFE

Polybutyleneterephthalat
e
Polyethyleneterephthalate PTFE
Polyamide-6
PTFE
PTFE
Polyamide-6
Silicone

10
15
15
10
5
3
15

0.12
0.15
0.10

10
15
18
2

0.15
0.23

0.05
0.20

0.11

PTFE
Glass fiber

15
30

PTFE
Glass fiber
Silicone
PTFE
Carbon fiber

13
30
2
15
30
15
20
20
15
20

0.31
0.20
0.22

Polypropylene

PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
Glass fiber

Polyurethane,
thermoplastic

PTFE

15

0.32

Polyamide-6,6
Polyamide-6,6
Polyamide-6,6
Polyamide-11
Polyamide-12
Polyamide, amorphous

0.26
0.14
0.11

0.09

T bng s liu trn ta nhn thy rng, vi cng mt nn polymer, khi t l cht
n tng ln ( tng cht n) th h s ma st s gim xung. Vi cng mt loi
cht n, cng mt t l nhng trn hai nn polymer khc nhau th h s ma st
cng khc nhau.

2. bn mi mn.

14

S mi mn ca cht do xy ra khi c s tng tc bm dnh cht, s mm

mi, bin dng ko ln, tc ng mi mn tng tc nhit v tng tc nhit
oxy ha, s n mn, s to l..v.v.. Th tch b mi mn ca vt liu cht do
c tnh bng cng thc:

y:
K Hng s t l
- H s ma st
P Trng lc
E Modun
D Khong cch trt
W Ti trng
Is Cng bin dng gia cc lp vi nhau.
Mt cht n c s dng nh mt ph gia lm gim s mi mn bi
khng h thp sc cng cho php, P/E.
C cht nn v cht n u gp phn lm tng bn mi mn. Mt s
Polyme in hnh s dng trong nhng ng dng chng mi mn nh:
polyamit, polyaxetat, polybuten terePhtalat, v polycacbonnat. Nhng polymer
ny c nhng tnh cht ph hp nh kh nng ma st thp, tnh c hc tt, chu
va p, n nh hnh khi. Vic la chn cht n thng qua h s ma st sao
cho nh hng t nht n tnh cht c hc ca nn v bm dnh tt vi nn.
Thng th rt kh c c nhng cht n theo tiu chun nh trn v cht n
c h s ma st thp lm tip xc vi cc cht khc khng c tt.
Polyterafloetylen thng s dng lm ph gia chng mi mn, v d ta thm
20% PTFE vo polyamit 66 lm bn ko xung 40%. khc phc hin tng
ny PTFE thng c s dng cng vi vi si thy tinh. Si thy tinh lm
tng mi mn ca vt liu nhng cng tng cng tnh cht c hc cho vt
liu v do lm b li nhng khuyt im nh s dng PTFE
Mt s cht n in hnh s dng gip tng bn gm :PTFE, silicon, bt
graphit, molipden, disunfit v cht n aramit. Vi hn hp mica v oxit
ziroconi cng cho hiu qu gia cng tng t. Hnh.6biu din tc dng tng
chu mi mn cho nn Epoxy ca mica v mica trong hn hp vi oxit
ziriconi.
15

H.6 Wear volume vs amount of filler.

Hnh.7 cho thy, MoS2 kt hp vi PTFE c hiu qu tng chng mi mn cho
nn cao hn l s dng Graphite kt hp vi PTFE. Kt qu ny l gii hn ti
1 dy kh nh ca cht n tp trung bi v PTFE khng tng tc vi cht n
v tnh cht c hc ca n b gim i nhanh chng nh vic cht n tp trung
tng ln. Vic thm vo 40% cht n (graphit hay MoS 2) lm gim dn di
t 240% v gn n 0. Thm vo ch 20% cht n cng lm gim dn di
xung khong khng y mt na gi tr.

16

H.7. Wear rate vs filler content

Hnh 7.9 minh ha nh hng ca s nh hng si trong tc mi mn.
S bm dnh ca si ti nn v cht phn tn ca chng l nhng thng s ch
yu ca si aramit. Din tch b mt ca si aramit to ra s bao bc b mt
phn chia c hc v gii hn phn tn ca chng trong nn. Mt s cht n c
kch thc nh lm tng bm dnh nhng cng khin cho cc si to b, cc
b ny rt kh b ph v sau qu trnh gia cng ct. Mt loi du gia cng c
bit c dng ngn to b.
Mi mn l s ph hy cc lp b mt polymer trong khi c xt.Trong qu trnh
mi mn vt liu b tch khi b mt c xt. S mi mn cht do xy ra theo
cc c ch khc nhau: c ch giy rp, c ch c xt v c ch kt dnh ni.
Mi mn kiu giy rp xy ra do s ct, co b mt vt liu bi cc mu li
cng ca vt liu gay ra c xt. Du hiu bn ngoi ca mi mn theo c ch
ny l cc vch c trng trn b mt sp xp dc theo hng chuyn ng
tng h ca hai vt c xt. Mi mn do c xt xut hin do lc ma st ca cc
im li ko mnh cc lp b mt cht do. Vi vy, vng tip xc s chu ti
trng ng lien tc v kt qu l xy ra ph hoi do mi. Ty thuc vo trng
thi ca cht do v iu kin th nghim, c ch mi mn dng ny c th
chuyn sang dng khc.
C 2 vn s c tho lun l kh nng chng chu ca vt liu v s
dng cht n trong vt liu ma st. C 2 u c nhng c im ring bit v
khc nhau.
Thng thng, cao su c tnh chng mi mn thp do kh nng n hi ca
n. Ta c th tng kh nng chng mi mn bng cch cho thm silica v carbon
en. th di y cho ta thy cc mc mi mn khc nhau khi cho carbon
en.
T ta thy khong cch lin hp gim th mi mn cng gim
Mt th khc di y cho thy vic tng cht n trong vt liu lm gim
mi mn. Do tng tc ha hc gia gc hydroxyl trong t st v lin kt ion
trong EPDM, t st gip gim mi mn tt hn carbon en.

17

H.8. Abrasion loss of SBR containing different types of carbone balck

Vs interaggregate distance.

H.9. Abrasion loss EPDM vs filler content.

Carbon black to s tng tc yu vi mch chnh, tng bm dnh gia

cht n v nn gp phn lm tng kh nng chng mi mn. Da vo nghin
cu cao su thin nhin vi cht n silica, ta c th ci thin kh nng kt dnh
gia cht n v nn bng 1 cht n a chc . Nh vy nng ca cc cht
n tng, s mt mt mi mn gim.
18

Vt liu ma st in hnh c s dng trong ngnh cng nghip t l m

phanh. Trong qu kh, aming l cht n c s dng nhiu nht nhng sau
nm 1983, vic s dng aming c dn dn gim bt v thay vo l vt
liu thay th ( c tm thy sau khi th nghim rng ri trn hn 1200 vt
liu khc nhau). C ba cng ngh chnh c s dng sn xut m phanh: lt
kim loi, phanh carbon - carbon composite, vt liu ma st t cao su. Chng ta
s ni v vt liu ma st t cao su. Cc vt liu ma st c la chn qua mt
qu trnh phc tp vi mt s yu cu nht nh. Ngoi h s ma st, h thng
phanh cn tnh ton khng b nh hng qu ln ca ma st trong chu k lp
i lp li t qu nhit v tr v nhit bnh thng. Phanh nn c kh nng
phc hi nhanh chng tn tht ma st khi tip xc vi nc, chng cn c kh
nng chng chu vi cao ln khc nhau ca ti v ma st. Cht n him khi
c s dng mt mnh m thng kt hp vi cc cht khc . C th bao gm
mt dy dn to iu kin tn nhit (bt kim loi, thng xuyn nht ng
hoc ng thau), mt cht n ht cho b mt (in hnh l barytes, canxi
cacbonat, v t st) v gia c (si m c th chu c nhit v duy tr c
tnh v kh nng ma st nh aramid, thy tinh, carbon ) . Tuy vy tt c cc
si c s dng ngy nay vn khng th bng aming vi s n nh nhit,
tnh cht c hc cao, n hi v ngn chn t gy cu trc (thy tinh
thng thng v si carbon)

IV. bn try xc.

Trong thc t, chng try xc l mt yu cu rt quan trng, v mt sn phm
c b mt try xc khng n nh, c th lm hng sn phm( do c khuyt tt
trn b mt dn n ph hy sn phm trong khi s dng) tuy nhin li c rt t
nghin cu tin cy c thc hin v rt kh thc hin chnh xc.
Gn y, k thut phn tch hnh nh tr gip qu trnh khc phc cc li k
thut xy ra trong qu trnh thc nghim. Ngoi nhng thit hi ti chnh ni b
try xc, cc khu vc xung quanh vt xc cng b nh hng. S dng nha
trong cng nghip sn xut oto, c bit l vic nghin cu s dng
polypropylene pht trin cc sn phm c cht lng cao hn, bn try
xc cao hn.
Phng php trong vic nghin cu bng phn tch hnh nh gm cc bc sau:
S dng mt thit b kim sot b mt b try xc,
Phn tch khu vc b try xc bng nh sng phn cc trong knh hin vi
quang hc
Sao chp v phn tch cc hnh nh thu c.
19

V d v cht n chng try xc.

Bt talc l mt cht n lm gim bn try xc ca vt liu polyme
compozit:
th di y th hin cc d liu thu c khi phn tch b mt try
xc c ph gia propylene:

H.10. Average scattering difference vs talc load in polypropylene.

Nh vy lng bt talc tng th kh nng chng try xc gim.
bm dnh gia cht n v nn y c th c tng cng v bt talc c
cng km, hon ton c th thm cht n vo ci thin.
Di y l mt cht n nano c tc dng tng kh nng chng try xc ca
vt liu.

20

Hnh.11. cu trc ca 1 chui nano composite v phn ng hnh thnh.

Nanocomposite ny c kh nng chng try xc tt. N thng c ph
thm mt lp mng knh, nh kh nng chng xc ca n tng gp 3 ln so
vi vt liu thng khi ct bng kim cng, v gp 2 ln cc vt liu khc vi
cng mng ph y.
Vy ta c th nhn thy rng, khi kch thc ht cht n cng nh, vi cng
mt din tch b mt th mt ht cht n c lp b mt i vi cht n
kch thc nh cao hn rt nhiu so vi ht n c kch thc ln, s tng tc
cht n-nn cng tng, th vt liu c kh nng chng chy xc cao hn, tuy
nhin vn phn b cht n ng u trong khi hn hp l rt kh khn bi
kch thc ht cht n cng nh th s kt t li vi nhau cng ln.

V. bn mi.
Cht n nh hng n tnh n hi ca vt liu, do nh hng n bn
mi. Chng ta s cp n nhng vn sau :
Yu t nh hng s khng mi
C ch ca s suy gim bn mi ca cht n
nh hng ca cht n trong vic tng cng bn mi.
nh lut Paris ch ra quan h tc pht trin vt ph hy v mc
mi:

a: di vt ph hy
21

N: S chu k
C,m: Hng s ph thuc vt liu
K= Kmax - Kmin, khong h s mi
Gi tr ca hng s C v m khng km theo ngha vt l ring no. K tng
ln khi lng cht n tng. iu ny ch ra rng cht n tng bn mi.D
liu pht trin vt ph hy c th thu c vi my kim tra bn ko hot
ng trong mt ch tun hon vi s kt hp phn mm/phn cng c kh
nng xc nh chiu di vt ph hy ti mt khong chu k. Phng trnh sau
c dng tnh ton:

n: s ln lp .
Hnh H.12 ch ra kt qu ca vi nghin cu. Vic cng thm vo b mt cc ht
thy tinh c x l i hi ng sut thc t cao hn h tr tc pht
trin ging nhau ca cc vt nt so vi epoxy nguyn cht. kt dnh tt v
kh nng phn phi lc ng vai tr quan trn trong vic ci thin tnh cht.

H.12. Crack growth rate of epoxy with and without glass beads vs stress intensity factor

Nhn t khc quan trng trong vic nghin cu khng mi lin quan n
vic phn tn nng lng. Ni nng vt liu phi c phn tn. Nng lng
phn tn c tnh bng phng trnh :

22

Hnh 13. cho thy s khc bit trong s tc ng ca vt liu c cht n

v khng c cht n. l s khc bit ln v nng lng trong hai h do s
gia cng ca cacbon en. Cc h c n khc v phn ng ca chng trc
cc lc lin tc tc ng vo. trong h cht n, Tnh cht khng tuyn tnh
c theo di vi mc nng lng lin quan n chu k. Ci ny nh hng
n hiu qu ca s phn tn nng lng v hnh thnh cc lin kt ngang.
Hiu ng lm mm l mt hin tng lin quan n cht n gia cng.
Khi vt liu bin dng n mc cng nht nh, tr v ban u v b ko cng
ln th hai th ng cong bin dng ln 2 s nm di ng cong th nht.
C vi l do cho hin tng ny,bao gm hi phc n hi khng hon ton,s
o pha t cng sang mm, ph v mng li, s trt ca chui t cc im
tch ri.

Hnh 13.Modun ca cao su nitril c v khng c than en

Phng trnh biu din s mt mt nng lng bin dng .

: nng lng bin dng mt mt

: gi tr ng sut chu k 2 ( bin dng)

23

: bin dng ti a

: gi tr ng sut chu k u

Phng trnh Mooney-Rivlin thng c s dng gii thch kt qu

th nghim lin quan n Hiu ng lm mm:
g() = 1 +(C2/C1)*(1/).
Trong :
g() Hm tt dn ( da trn thc t l s phn ng ca vt liu khng
cn t l thun vi s bin dng ).
C1

hng s n hi (thc o kt ni cc thnh phn mng li).

C2 hng s hi phc ng sut (ng gp ca nhng s tp trung n

modun cn bng)

t l gin n

Qu trnh ph hy din ra theo 2 bc: xut hin vt ph hy v pht trin

vt ph hy. Nhng v d trn v mt vi v d di ch ra rng a thm cc
cht n vo c th gip can thip vo bc pht trin vt ph hy. Nhng cht
n khng ng nht vi nn c th gp phn to v pht trin vt ph hy .
Trong phng din ny, tnh cht ca nn rt quan trng. Nu nn c c tnh
gin, bn mi s ph thuc vo vic xut hin vt ph hy. Mt khi xut
hin vt ph hy th qu trnh pht trin ca n rt nhanh. Trong nn c tnh
mm do, c sc khng mi ln hn pht trin vt ph hy, do vy s xut
hin v tr c vt nt khng gy ra bt li cho ton s khng mi. S bm dnh
gia nn v cht n v c tnh nn quyt nh nh hng ca cht n trn s
xut hin ca vt ph hy.
S pht trin vt ph hy b nh hng bi bn cht ca cht n v
tng tc ca n vi nn. Hnh.14 cho thy c ch cc ht cht n lm chm
qu trnh pht trin vt ph hy. Mt trc vt ph hy tin n cc ht cht n
c kt dnh tt ti nn. Mt trc ca vt ph hy s pht trin chm li bi
cc ht cht n do tng tc ca chng ti vng ng sut trn nh. S hnh
thnh v tp trung cc khong trng thng i km vi ph hy nn t cc ht
n v mt trc ca vt ph hy pht trin tip tc. [H.14]

24

H.14. Crack front propagation slowed down by a pinning mechanism.

Hnh.16 cho thy s liu thc nghim t ngun khc xc nhn c ch
ghim. Trong vt liu c cht n bm dnh t vi nn, pht trin cc vt ph
hy cn c ng sut tc ng vo mu cao hn nhiu so vi trong vt liu c
cc ht cht n bm dnh vi nn km (

t Eq).

Hnh 16.nh hng ca s gn kt ln tc pht trin vt nt trong HDPE n cao lanh

Hnh.17 cho thy nh hng ca s pht trin vt ph hy trn ton b cc ht

cht n. Vt nt pht trin c th b cn tr bi c ch ghim nu ng sut nh
hn bm dnh ngoi v bm dnh ni ca ht cht n. Nu ng sut cao
hn bm dnh ni ht cht n th ht s b v. Cc bng chng thc nghim
hot ng ca c ch ny c a ra hnh [7.31].
25

H.17. Crack growth mechanism.

C ch mt kt dnh si c a ra hnh 8.47. C nhiu giai on, bao gm
mt kt dnh, hnh thnh khong trng, tp hp, v cui cng l hnh thnh vt
ph hy. Bi v c mt ng sut ln hn xung quanh cc im cui ca si, Mt
kt dnh c nhiu kh nng xy ra cc ch ny. C nhng bng chng thc t
nghin cu ca SEM xc nhn rng c ch xy ra trong composites.

H.18. Failure mechanism in fiber reinforce system.

Mt vi v d di y minh ha s nh hng ca cht n ln s khng mi.
Hnh.19 cho thy chiu di vt ph hy ph thuc vo s chu k. Bt Talc tng
thi gian ph hy ln khong 50%. Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin vt ph
hy u c ci thin bng cch thm vo bt Talc.

26

Hnh.19 di vt ph hy v s chu k ca PC/ABS n talc

Hnh.20 ch ra nh hng ca mt cht n ti bn mi. S mt mt trng
lng trong sut qu trnh tc dng lc theo chu k c gy ra bi phn ng
li ca cc mnh ion cng vi mch polyme. Kt qu phn ng l cc mu bay
hi bin mt. Trong th nghim ny, mi mu c thc hin n 60 ln.

H.20. Weight loss vs filler amount in PDMS.

Hnh.20 ch ra kt qu ca cc nghin cu tng t cho cc cht n khc nhau
trong PDMS. Trong phn ln cc trng hp, Modun Young tng ln ca
composite c n lm gim s mt mt khi lng. iu ny ch ra 1 ln na
nh hng ca s tng tc trn kh nng chu ph hy.
27

H.20. Weight loss vs filler type.

VI. S ph hy bn trong vt liu composite.

Cc nhn xt sau c nh gi da trn nh cc nh hng ca cc hin tng
(hiu ng) lin quan n cht n n s ph hy ca vt liu. C vi l do cho
ph hy cht do lin quan n cht n. Bao gm hin tng tch lp ca ca
vt liu composites dng phin mng, mt kt dnh trong vt liu c n dng
ht.
Phn tch s ph hy ca ng composite cho thy rng phn ln cc vn
c lin quan n b si - n ngn cn s thm t ca mi si, xp ca
nha cho php thm nhp vo composite bi cht lng n mn, v s thiu kt
dnh ngoi gia nn v cht n. Tt c nhng ph hy ny c th gim ng k
v thi gian s dng c ko di nu s dng nhng k thut thch hp.
xp cao trong lp kt dnh s tng tc n mn, lm gim bn ban u ca
si cn 1/3 trong khong 10 nm. Vi s bo v si tt, bn c hc ch gim
30%.
Hnh.21 v 22 ch ra s khc bit gia tnh cht ca PP n ht thy tinh nhit
khc nhau. Trong tt c cc trng hp, mt kt dnh gia cht n v nn
i hi mc nng lng thp nht c th,ci m gn nh l mt kiu ph hy.
Phn th tch cht n c t nh hng trong vic mt kt dnh, to khong
28

trng, v n hi 0oC. -60oC, n hi c ci thin bng vic tng mt

cht n, mt kt dnh c bt u cc im cc v bt u n hi cht do
trong nn ci m cui cng dn n ph hy. Sc cng i hi ph hy ban u
b ct gim i khi m mt n tng ln .

H.21. Global stress vs volume fraction of glass beads in polypropylene at

-600V

29

H.22. Global stress vs volume fraction of glass beads in polypropylene at

00C
S kt dnh ngoi gia nn v cht n c nh hng v cng quan trng vi
c ch ph hy. Trong Polyeste n cc ht quartz, cc ht quarz khng kt hp
(kt dnh ngoi thp) b tch ra t nn nu cc ht quartz vn trong hng pht
trin c ca vt ph hy. Cc ht Quartz kt hp Silane a ra nhiu v d v
cc vt ph hy ht theo hng pht trin c ca vt ph hy. R rng , lc kt
dnh ngoi cao hn lc kt dnh ni ca bn thn vt liu n.
Trong polymer blend, s phn b cht n gia hai hay nhiu polyme gy
nh hng n s ph hy ko, ph hy x, ph hy mi. V d, khi than en
phn b u trong hai pha th tui th ln hn 30% so vi khi than en ch phn
tn trong mt pha. ng thi, s phn b u ca than en lm tng khng
mi.

VII. bm dnh.
Phn ny trnh by d liu c sn da trn bm dnh nha vi cc loi b mt
lin quan n mt cht n. bm dnh gia cht n v nn c bn
lun mc khc. Hnh.23 cho thy nh hng ca silica ha hi trn bm
dnh ca silicone silant. Ci ny c th ng dng c bit khi bm dnh ca
cc silicone silant c ci thin bi silanes. Vic tng din tch b mt ca

30

silica ha hi c lin quan n vic tng mt nhm chc trn b mt, v th

s ci thin lin quan n nh hng ca silane hn l cht n.

H.23. Effect of fumed silica surface area on peel adhesion of silicone

sealant.
Trong mt ng dng c th ca cht kt dnh nng chy, s la chn cht
n c nh hng n bm dnh (Hnh 8.54). 4 dng hnh cu tng kt dnh
so snh vi kt dnh khng n (K-20, S-22, Z-light, v ML 3050). Loi 1 v 2 (
K-20, S-22) l nhng vi cu rng c t trng thp. Hai loi ny c t trng( mt
) thp hn thy tinh nhng c thnh dy hn. Ba loi cht n ( CaCO 3,
Zeospheres, v aluminum) l sn phm rn. Cc cht n lm gim bm dnh
c dn nhit cao hn ng k so vi cc cht n lm tng tnh bm dnh. T
nhng nghin cu cu hnh tinh th, r rng thi gian kt tinh lu hn cn cho
php mng nh hng trn b mt, kt qu l bm dnh tt hn.

31

MC Lc
Trang
I. Nm c ch ph hy vt liu composite..1.
1. C ch 1..1.
2. C ch B.....2.
3. C ch C.3.
4. C ch D.4.
5. C ch E.....5.
II. S nh hng ca mt s yu t n bn ca compozit..5.
III. bn ma st v bn mi mn trong vt liu polymer......10.
1. bn ma st..10.
2. bn mi mn...12.
IV. Bn chy xc.....16.
V. bn mi...18.
VI. S ph hy bn trong bt liu composite....25.
VII. bm dnh.. 27.

32