FFS Report of CABI PDF

Annual Report 2006-07
1 . EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Government of the Punjab launched Fruit and Vegetable Development
Project (F&VDP) to increase productivity of Mangoes, Citrus and Vegetables. The
project focused on improvement of quality and reduction in pesticides residue.
For dissemination/adoption of technology, group participatory approach
was followed through Farmer Field School (FFS). CABI South Asia trained
Facilitators of Extension Wing enabling them to establish and run FFS
successfully. During Training of Facilitators (ToF) practicing FFS were
established and subsequently regular FFS were started.
During FFS Agro-Eco-System Analysis (AESA) was carried out by
participants, charts prepared, discussions held and decisions were taken to
manage the crop during next one week/fortnight. CABI South Asia also
provided backstopping to practicing and regular FFS. Quality Assurance
Specialist (QAS) from CABI South Asia visited FFS and gave suggestions
for improvement.
During 2006-07 CABI South Asia held 216 ToF sessions against
target of 240. Shortfall of 24 sessions was due to holidays and meetings on
days fixed for ToF. However, this short fall was covered during subsequent
review sessions. AESA was conducted in 209 ToF sessions, whereas, 230
practicing/regular FFS were visited by CABI staff. More than 230 feedback
sessions were held and 188 special topics were discussed in detail. About 60
insect zoos were arranged and more than 50 resource persons were engaged to
deliver lecture. For resolving differences, 43 On Farm Participatory Research
Trials were arranged. More than 30 workshops/short trainings were held. QAS
visited 23 ToF and 28 FFS during the year under report.
Management of fruit-fly by using Bait Application Technique (BAT) and
Male Annihilation Technique (MAT) on 520 acres were demonstrated. In
addition to that technical guidance was given to extension staff which
demonstrated FF management on 1340 acres. A laboratory was established at
Multan for rearing parasitoids. To support this laboratory, field biolabs were also
established in all DIUs. So far 131 thousand parasitoids have been released.
As regards budget utilization, during 2006-07, Rs. 9.9 Millions were
provided to CABI out of which 9.3 Millions were spent and utilization was 94%.
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2 . INTRODUCTION
Agriculture continues to be the single largest sector, a dominant driving
force for growth and main source of livelihood for 66% of the population.
Agriculture is one of the major sectors of Pakistans economy. It contributes
about 21% to countrys GDP. The sector has registered 6.7% and 5% growth
rates during 2004-05 and 2006-07 respectively. Agriculture sector employs
more than 43% of countrys workforce and is major source of foreign exchange
earning. During 2004-05 export of Agricultural produce and its made-ups were
60% of the total exports of the country. However, total export earnings from
fruits, vegetables and their value added were not more than 1.45% and 0.87%
of Agriculture based and total exports respectively.
Prior to the introduction of green revolution in early sixties, farmers
used to follow natural cropping system including control of pests through
farming practices. For example, simple farming practices like seed selection,
crop rotation, time of planting, trap crop, resistant varieties were used to
control pests. Later on, use of pesticides became a common phenomenon in
agriculture. However, at present chemical control of pests, particularly in
vegetables and fruits, is of growing concern due to the restrictions imposed
under the World Trade Organization (WTO).
One of the major reasons why export
of fruits and vegetables is not increasing is
the pesticide residue and fruitfly attack. Due
to these two major factors we are not able to
sell our fruits and vegetables in sensitive
markets where price is very attractive.
Tephritid fruit flies are highly injurious to
fruits and vegetables in Pakistan. These are
well established and not only in Pakistan but
also in the World. They are of economic
importance and cause colossal loss to fruits
and vegetables in tropical, subtropical and
temperate regions. They cause direct loss to
fruits and vegetables and indirect loss by
enhancing expenditure on chemical sprays
and loss of market value. In an estimate they
annually cause losses of about 7 billion
Rupees and about 10% of insecticides used
in the country are applied on vegetables and
fruits to control them costing more than 63
million Rupees.
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Fruit-fly in action
Damage of Fruit-fly
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The issue of fruit flies is becoming complex overtime. The quarantine

sensitive countries like Japan, USA, Australia and Korea have already banned
the import of mango from Pakistan because of fruit fly. The countries like
Philippines, Sri Lanka and Indonesia need the certification that the citrus
imported from Pakistan is from fruit fly free zone. The consignments of
mangoes to UK were returned because of pesticide residues exceeding
maximum residue limits announced by WHO, Codex Alimentarious
Commission and IPPC.
At present only available option with farmers for controlling fruit flies is
to make cover sprays of insecticides on crops. A particular schedule of cover
sprays is followed e.g. mangoes are sprayed twice in June - July and about six
sprays are done on guava during June - September and some times at weekly
intervals in melons and cucurbits. This has made the fruit fly problem worse
over the years and has now become almost impossible to get these crops
without insecticide sprays. The experience with sole reliance on insecticides in
controlling fruit flies has been more disadvantageous due to adverse effects on
non-target organisms, pesticides residues and hazards to users.
In view of extremely low tolerance levels of fruit losses and to ensure
fruit production in residue free environment, strategies for controlling fruit flies
are changing worldwide from relying on one type of control measure to
integration of all possible control methods. Same strategy is being introduced
in Pakistan to manage fruit flies in economic crops.
As per studies during seventies, CABI recorded up to 50% parasitism in
fruit flies in mango and guava. Subsequently, approach of controlling fruit flies
mainly with insecticides changed the scenario and according to survey during
years 2002-2005 parasitism was hardly recorded up to 3%. The situation
strongly suggest a major change in fruit-fly control strategy.
Pesticides over Rs. 12 Billion are imported in the country every year, out
of which fruits and vegetables consume 18 to 22%. Other environment degrading
chemicals such as nitrogenous fertilizers are also extensively used. Fertilizer use
is quite imbalanced. Our farmers use more nitrogen than required whereas
phosphorus, potash and micronutrients are not used in proper dose to meet the
nutritional requirement of fruits and vegetables. Practices with regards to
irrigation, weed control, picking and marketing are also not as these should have
been. The imbalanced use of agro-chemicals is due to the fact that majority of
farmers lack skills for assessing the need, and determine the form and quantities
to be used. The misuse of the chemicals is therefore, very high. Soil fertility
depletion in various regions of the province and emergence of resistance in key
fruit and vegetable pests have become evident, necessitating the need of careful
management of pests by using environment friendly techniques.
Despite growing demand of agriculture produce and increased input
applications, crop yields in the Punjab have continued to be stagnant for several
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years due to poor adoption of management skills at the farm level. During last
couple of decades our increase in production has been primarily function of
increase in area. The Government of the Punjab and the Department of
Agriculture, Punjab accord high priority to fruit and vegetable production
because raising agriculture production with minimal utilization of agrochemicals for domestic consumption and export is prime priority to meet the
challenges of WTO.
Realizing the situation Government of the Punjab launched a Fruit and
Vegetable Development Project. Integrated crop management (ICM) using nonformal participatory training methodology has been adopted for better crop
management and reduce input use especially hazardous pesticides. For ICM, best
agricultural practices are continuously being explored through on farm
participatory research activities and implemented through Farmer Field School
(FFS) approach. Training of facilitators (ToF) was carried out through ToF
sessions in all DIUs. Efforts are being made to reduce use of chemicals, increase
net profit of farmers and conserve biodiversity and natural Agro-Eco-System.
This model aims to help farmers to discover and learn about field
ecology, integrated crop management including land preparation, seed selection,
irrigation, application of fertilizers/pesticides, harvesting and marketing. Under
these FFS, farmers learn how to utilize indigenous resources and implement
natural resource management strategies in the best possible way based on
financial input.
Use of Best Agriculture Practices (BAP) through integrated management
system has been identified as a key element of sustainable agricultural
development in the policy and strategy for agricultural development by the Govt.
of Pakistan as a part of its response to increasing misuse/overuse of pesticides
and their negative impact on the society.
In implementation of Fruit and Vegetable Development Project CABI
South Asia is playing an important role through conducting ToF, facilitating
practicing and regular FFS, identifying GAP, quality assurance of ToF/FFS, area
wide management of Fruit-fly and parasitoid releases in Guava/Mango/Citrus.
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3 . OBJECTIVES (Main & Specific)

The project aims at reducing the poverty of rural population (particularly
small landholders, tenants, the land less farmers and women), enhance their
income, and improve the standard of their living by producing fruits and
vegetables of international standard set out by WTO. It also focuses on village
level development and capacity building, assisting and training for creation of
sustainable livelihood and improving the national and provincial economy
through introduction and implementation of best agricultural practices in the
project area. Above all its objective is to bring institutional reforms and
develop empowerment at local level.
3.1
3.2
MAIN OBJECTIVES:
Empowerment of the farming communities to make right site

specific decisions regarding crop management to meet challenges
of world trade scenario.
Socio-economic up lift of the resource poor farming communities

through better quality produce.
Better understanding between farming communities and the

extension staff.
Availability of fruit and vegetables in the local markets with

reduced agro-chemical residues and at low prices.
More possibilities of increasing fruit and vegetable export.
Sustainability of the environment and reduction in health hazards

to pesticide users and consumers through rationalizing use of
pesticides by developing awareness and training.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
a)
Curricula development
b)
c)
Training of Master Trainers/Expert Field Facilitators/Field Facilitators.

Establishment of quality FFS through extension department and
development of FFS network.
Train senior extension project staff in quality monitoring, assurance
and evaluation of the activities for the sustainability of the program.
d)
e)
Awareness regarding BAP and trade implications.
f)
g)
Facilitate network formation between the FFS and service providers.

Introduction and implementation of innovative participatory
technologies that are environmentally friendly and match with
international standards of best agricultural practices.
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h)
Awareness of farmers about international sanitary and phytosanitary standards of production procedures of exportable fruits
and vegetables.
i)
Reduce health hazards to pesticides users and consumers through

rationalizing use of pesticides by creating awareness and training.
j)
To develop activities and processes for evolution of FFSs into

self sustaining farmers associations.
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4 . METHODOLOGY
ToF sessions were held through out
the year under report in all the six DIUs. In
these sessions, after preliminary discussion
and sharing the protocol, participants used to
be divided into five groups for conducting
Agro-Eco-System-Analysis (AESA).
4.1
ToF in progress
AGRO-ECO SYSTEM ANALYSIS (AESA):
During AESA all biotic and abiotic

factors affecting each other were recorded.
Factors studied included but not limited to
the following:
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
Soil
Moisture
Weather
Temperature
Water
Rainfall
Clouds
Sunlight
Wind
Fog
AESA in progress
Plants
Pests
Insects
Diseases
Weeds
Birds
Animals
Predators
Parasites
AESA in progress
The exercise of AESA used to be

conducted separately by every group for
GAP plot and farmers practices plot. Since
sucking pests intend to fly away, they were
recorded first, after selection of plants
without much disturbance, from three leaves
(base, centre and tip). Chewing pests were
recorded from entire selected branch. For
recording parasites and predators entire
selected plant used to be examined. Data
with respect to diseases were recorded after
observing entire selected plant. Sometimes
attack of diseases was predicted in view of
favourable weather conditions even if there
were no symptoms at the time of AESA.
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AESA in progress
AESA in progress
AESA in progress
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For knowing intensity of weeds, count was taken from one meter square
at least at three places in an acre.
To record vegetative growth following data were recorded for selected plants:
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Height
Girth
Growth rate
Circumference of stem
Plant to plant distance
Row to row distance
Length of the branch
Number of leaves on a branch
Colour of the leaves
Symptoms of nutrient deficiency
Length of inflorescence
Number of inflorescence per branch
Number of fruits per inflorescence
Size of fruit and colour
Number of pest affected leaves
Number of dried branches
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After recording
data
the
groups
independently
analyzed it, prepared
charts,
drew
conclusion and agreed
upon the actions to be
taken during next one
week/fortnight.
Having finished the
job with every group,
presentations
were
given by group leaders
to all participants of
the
FFS.
After
discussion consensus
used to be developed
and collective decision
of the group formed
basis
for
actions
during
next
week/fortnight. During
all this process EFF
used to be very
vigilant and in case
any group was not on
track, he used to
initiate
suitable
discussion so that
wrong decision was
not taken. To convince
the participants insect,
zoos were arranged. In
case of difference of
opinion simple trials
were conducted to
resolve the issue.
Special topics were
selected for discussion
during next ToF.
Chart preparation by Group-1
Presentation and discussion
For AESA on vegetables procedure remained the same except that data
were recorded from whole selected plant instead of branch.
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4.2
INSECT ZOO:
To demonstrate the activity of predators, insect zoos were arranged.

Two different methods were used to carry out insect zoo. In Direct Method a
particular insect was collected and its interaction with other insects and plant
was determined by directly observing it in the glass Petri dishes or a small
plastic jar prepared for the purpose. In second method Field cages were fixed,
known number of a particular pest and beneficial were exposed in the cages.
Observations were carried out after a particular period of time. The ToF/FFS
participants took keen interest in all DIUs and considered it very rewarding.
4.3
GROUP DYNAMICS:
The group dynamics were conducted covering ice breakers,

appreciation, folk stories, tit bits and team building exercises. They also learned
the practical demonstration of field situations, insect pests, diseases and other
cultural practices of fruit and vegetables in their respective locations. The
objectives of these exercises were:
Relaxing the participants;
Stimulating the flow of communication between strangers;
Bringing expectations and group reality closer;
Encouraging everyone to participate and learn;
Introducing a session;
Developing new skills to understand complex issues more easily;
Exposing participants to new ways of judging their own actions

particularly in relation to the impact on group work.
FFS feed back sessions were also conducted to review the progress of
FFS after FFS sessions. The different problems which were not understandable
and answerable were discussed in these sessions with other facilitators and
EFF, and solutions were explored through participatory approach. EFFs
suggested the facilitators to improve their efficiency and worth of FSS.
4.4
GOOD AGRICULTURE PRACTICES (GAP) UNDER TOF:
For season long participatory training, about 5 acres plot for BAP
(where decisions regarding crop production and protection were to be made by
the participants based on Agro-ecosystem analyses) were set up and an
adjacent similar 5 acres plot was kept for farmer practices (FP) (where
decisions regarding pest control, fertility, irrigation were to be made by the
owner of the plot as he had practiced in the past) to demonstrate the difference.
The different key practices were promoted through ToF / FFS.
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4.5
RESOURCE PERSONS:
To impart latest information on important issues, resource persons were

invited. Participating and regular FFS were visited by CABI staff for
backstopping. Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) were identified and
emphasized in ToF and FFS.
4.6
QUALITY ASSURANCE OF FFS:
For quality assurance ToF and FFS sessions were visited by Quality
Assurance Specialist and evaluation was done using the following format.
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Based on the evaluation suggestions for improvement were given.
4.7
AREA WIDE FRUITFLY MANAGEMENT:
For implementation strategy of

combined application of Bait Application
Technique (BAT), Male Annihilation
Technique (MAT) and Crop hygiene in
mango
and
citrus
orchards,
demonstration blocks were selected one
in every Tehsil of all DIUs. These control
measures were applied together from
April to August in mango and from
August to December in citrus orchards.
The impact of these measures on fruit
flies populations was pursued in these
orchards and compared with the farmers
managed orchards at monthly interval by
index of fruit flies caught in traps and
damage to fruits harvested by farmers for
market. These samples comprised from
100 to 1000 fruits picked by farmers from
trees as well as those fallen under trees.
Male Annihilation
Male Annihilation Technique
4.7.1 Insectary of Fruit Fly Parasitoids:

Insectary for mass rearing of fruit flies and their parasitoids was
established at Rawalpindi for consequent augmentation of parasitoids in fields
of all respective DIUs.
4.7.2 Field Biolabs:
At all DIUs units of field biolabs
were established for conservation of
parasitoids as a long-term strategy for
controlling fruit flies from natural
resources.
Field bio-lab
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Field bio-lab
Field bio-lab
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5 . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1
TRAINING OF FACILITATORS (TOF) SESSIONS

CONDUCTED DURING 2006-07:
In six District Implementation Units (DIUs), Training of Facilitators

(ToF) remained in progress during 2006-07. The remaining portion of ToF for
2005-06 was also covered during the year under report. Agriculture Officers
(AOs), Field Assistants (FAs), Assistant Director Technical and Deputy
Director Agriculture/HOA were the participants of the ToF in each DIU.
As the project activities were started late due to financial and technical reasons,
decision was made to continue the first year ToF and practicing FFS activities in second
year for the completion of whole crop season training of the facilitators.
The detail of ToF sessions is given as under:
TABLE - 1
Details of ToF sessions conducted during 2006-07.
S/No.
DIU
ToF Session
Target
Achieved
Rawalpindi
52
48
Lahore
52
48
Sargodha
34
30
Toba Tek Singh
34
30
Rahim Yar Khan
34
30
Multan
34
30
Total
240
216
Remarks
Due to meetings, public holidays

& trainings, some ToF Sessions
were not conducted but covered
in Feedback Sessions accordingly.
Shortfall of 24 training sessions was due to public holidays, meetings

etc. on the day fixed for ToF. The shortfall was covered during subsequent
feedback sessions.
During ToF and practicing FFS, AESA was conducted. Subsequently
feedback sessions were also held. Special topics were identified and detailed
discussion held on subsequent training session. Group dynamics and insect zoo
activities were demonstrated. For addressing complicated important issues
resource persons were also engaged. District-wise data with respect to these
activities are given below:
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5.1.1 Activity Details in Training of Facilitators (ToF) During 2006-07:

TABLE - 2
S/No.
DIU
AESA
Sessions
FFS
Visited
FFS
Feedback
Sessions
Special
Topics
Group
Dynamics
Insect
Zoo
Resource
Persons
Engaged
Rawalpindi
41
46
48
16
10
12
Lahore
48
48
48
54
10
10
02
Sargodha
30
34
34
32
15
08
T.T.Singh
30
34
34
32
15
08
R.Y.Khan
30
34
34
27
20
14
09
Multan
30
34
34
27
22
14
12
209
230
232
188
92
59
51
Total
DIU wise list of special topics covered in different sessions was as under:
SPECIAL TOPICS
5.1.1.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
DIU, Rawalpindi:
Tunnel farming
Tunnel Installation & structuring.
Tunnel Technology & production
Effect of pesticides on insect pests
and natural enemies
Disease identification and management
Insect Identification & Role of
Natural Enemies
Vegetables marketing
Packaging
Harvest and post harvest management
Facilitation skill
Motivation skill
Field lay out
Fertilizer application
Vegetable management
Humidity and temperature control in
tunnels
IPM of major insect pest of
vegetables
Tunnel installation
Crop at initial stage in tunnel
Crop coming up in tunnel
Crop approaching maturity in tunnel
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5.1.1.2
DIU Lahore:
1.
History of Farmer Field School.
2.
Training of Facilitators and Farmer Field School approach.
3.
Agro-ecosystem analysis (AESA) and its importance.
4.
Vegetable ecosystem and its importance.
5.
Group formation and its importance.
6.
Conceptual difference between IPM, ICM and GAP.
7.
Cultural practices in vegetables at the later stage in the open field.
8.
Soil and nutrient management in vegetables.
9.
Facilitation skills among the TOF participants.
10.
Skills of land preparation for off-season vegetables in tunnels.
11.
Role of organic matter in the soil fertility.
12.
Soil fertility and its management.
13.
Motivation skills.
14.
Integrated Pest Management in vegetables.
15.
Importance of tunnel farming.
16.
Disease identification and management in the open field

vegetable crop.
17.
Seed availability.
18.
Nursery raising.
19.
Seed germination and seed health.
20.
Cutworm on seedlings and its management.
21.
Damage of nursery due to wind storm.
22.
Age of nursery particularly in tomatoes.
23.
Cucumber transplantation.
24.
Fertilizer application in tunnel plots.
25.
Seed bed preparation in tunnels.
26.
Nursery transplantation.
27.
Soil moisture management.
28.
Nutrients management.
29.
Damping off in young plants.
30.
Temperature and humidity management in tunnels.
31.
Suckering (side shoots) management.
32.

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33.
Downy mildews in cucumber.
34.
Relationship of downy mildews with humidity inside the tunnels.
35.
Disease identification and management.
36.
De-leafing to prevent the disease development from the ground.
37.
stem rot in cucumbers
38.
Fruit pruning in cucumbers
39.
Nutrient management
40.
41.
Disease identification and management.
42.
Stem rot in cucumbers
43.
Fruit pruning in cucumbers.
44.
Picking of cucumbers and crop management.
45.
Life cycle of American Bollworm and its management.
46.
Life cycle of Army Worm and its management.
47.
Life cycle of Jassid and its management.
48.
Life of Aphid and its management.
49.
Life cycle of Mealy Bug and its management.
50.
Neem extracts as Biocontrol pesticide.
51.
Life cycle of White fly and its management.
52.
Mites and its management.
53.
Different groups of chemicals and their application against

different Insect Pests.
54.
Colar Rot of pepper and its management.
5.1.1.3
DIU Sargodha & Toba Tek Singh:

1.
Inter cropping in citrus
2.
Identification, damage and removal of water shoots in citrus
3.
Fruit fly management
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Reasons and management of fruit drop in citrus

Interaction and management options for citrus canker and leaf miner.
Weed management in citrus
Fruit production yield data collection method
PSA Tools and group exercise of these tools
9.
Participatory Criteria development for selection of village for

new FFS establishment
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10.
Development of Semi-structure Interview (SSI) Performa for

PSA in 160 villages
11.
Factors effecting the leaf drop in citrus (Experiment and trial on

topic)
12.
Alternative baring in citrus and option to manage this problem
13.
Importance of AESA in FFS and FFS methodology
14.
Time of hoeing and basin formation in citrus
15.
Interaction and management options for citrus canker and leaf miner.
16.
Irrigation management
17.
Methodology in selection of GAP plot in new FFS
18.
Criteria development and methodology for selection of FFS leader
19.
FFS selection and establishment procedures report writing by each TOF
20.
Non-availability of certified, disease free nursery plants
21.
Unawareness about availability of true to type plant materiel
22.
Lack of awareness in orchard establishment
23.
Indiscriminate use of inorganic fertilizers
24.
High soil pH
25.
Scarcity of irrigation water at critical stages
26.
Inter-cropping
27.
Minimum expertise in insect pest and disease identification and

their management
28.
Major insect pests (Fruit fly, citrus Psylla, leaf miners, citrus
caterpillar)
29.
Major Disease (Gummosis, citrus canker, Dieback, Bark split and CTV)
30.
Low quality production
31.
Lack of awareness about harvest and post harvest skills
32.
Collection and preservation of insects
5.1.1.4
DIU Rahim Yar Khan:

1.
Tools & methodology of FFS
2.
Facilitation & facilitator, Facilitation skills, Qualities of Facilitator,

Facilitation process
3.
Communication process
4.
SMART goal, Hopes & fears, Group formation & leader selection
5.
AESA & MESA, Fruit fly Management

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6.
Mango Hopper Biology and different control measures
7.
Harvesting, Picking & packaging techniques of mango
8.
Anthracnose and its management
9.
Irrigation Management after harvest
10.
Budding and Grafting Techniques in mango
11.
Preparation and use of Bordeaux mixture & paste
12.
Establishment of new orchard, layout and gap filling in mango
13.
Weeds Management in orchard
14.
Irrigation: Its advantages and disadvantages during dormancy of Mango
15.
Mango Scale and its management
16.
Frost effects and its management
17.
Mealy Bug and its Management
18.
Farm Yard Manure and its application in Mango
19.
Importance of Ring formation and Irrigation system in orchard
20.
Dormancy and its management in Mango
21.
Importance and application of micronutrients in mango
22.
Biology and management of Mango Midge
23.
Management of Powdery Mildew Disease in Mango
24.
Types of malformation, biology and its management in mango
25.
Irrigation and nutrition management at fruit setting stage of mango
26.
Intercropping in Mango Orchards
27.
Anthracnose & blossom blight management at inflorescence

stage of mango
5.1.1.5
DIU Multan:
1.
Training vs. Education, Facilitation Skills, Training Cycle and

adult learning
2.
Post harvest Technology
3.
Emergence of New Flushes
4.
Nursery and Orchard Establishment
5.
Budding and Grafting Techniques
6.
Training and Pruning of Mango
7.
Bordeaux Mixture
8.
Post Pruning Management of Diseases

24
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9.
Weed Management
10.
Mango Scales Management
11.
Inter cropping in Mango
12.
Identification, damage and removal of water shoots in Mango
13.
Weed management
14.
Participatory Criteria development for selection of village for

new FFS establishment
15.
Sampling Techniques of Leaf and Soil for analysis
16.
Irrigation methods and requirements in Mango
17.
Spider and Its importance
18.
Composting
19.
Dormancy in Mango
20.
Frost effects and management
21.
Anthracnose and its management
22.
Powdery Mildew and its Management
23.
Mango Malformation
24.
Mango hopper and thrips management
25.
26.
27.
Nitrogen fertilizer and its first dose

Pesticide Health Hazards, Botanical insecticide,
Ladder of inference, Review of facilitation skills.
Group dynamics exercises carried out in different DIUs were as below:
5.1.2
List of Group Dynamics:
5.1.2.1
DIU Rawalpindi:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Body Language
Hot hot, Cold cold
Water bridge
Observing things
Hopes & fears
Name game
How will be the leader
Back to back and speak (Communication exercise)
Nine dots
10.
Wearing the coat

25
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5.1.2.2
DIU Lahore:
1.
Body Language
2.
Hot hot, Cold cold
3.
Water bridge
4.
Observing things
5.
Hopes & fears
6.
Name game
7.
How will be the leader
8.
Back to back and speak (Communication exercise)
9.
Nine dots
10.
Wearing the coat
5.1.2.3

1.
Wearing Coat
2.
Leader walk / Who is the Leader?
3.
Nine Dots
4.
Watch Game
5.
Completing the Picture/ Blind fold
6.
Number Game
7.
Mirror and Actor
8.
How many squares?
9.
Shoes color
10.
Chinese whisper
11.
Hand Tie
12.
Fire Bridge Crossing
13.
Long chain/ line
14.
15.
Ponds Game
Match stick Game
5.1.2.4
DIU Rahim Yar Khan & Multan:

1.
2.
3.
4.
Picture grouping
Table of six / Number Game
Chinese whisper
Observing things
26
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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Watch Game
Water Bridge
Mirror and Actor
Reboot and Remote
Hand Tie
Card Game
Rope Game
Shoe Game
Hot Hot, Cold Cold
14.
How many squares
15.
Wearing Coat
16.
Leader walk / who is the Leader?
17.
Nine Dots
18.
Completing the Picture / Blind fold
19.
Birds with Tree
20.
Cut the cake
21.
Ponds game
22.
Use of different quality of pen
To demonstrate activity of predators, insect zoos were arranged. Detail

of this activity is as under:
5.1.3
Insect Zoo:
5.1.3.1
DIU Rawalpindi:
1.
Semilooper
2.
Army worm
3.
Jassid
4.
Aphid
5.
Coccinelids (lady bird beetle)
6.
Spiders
7.
Fungus
5.1.3.2
DIU Lahore:
1.
2.
H. armigera
Semilooper
27
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3.
Army worm
4.
Jassid
5.
Aphid
6.
Coccinelids
7.
Spiders
8.
Praying mantids
9.
Myrid Bug
10.
Crysoperla
5.1.3.3

1.
Unknown insect identification through rearing of eggs
2.
Interaction between fruit drop and fruit fly infestation
3.
Fruit fly rearing for life cycle understanding
4.
Pupae rearing for emergence of fruit fly parasitoids
5.
Identification of diseased leaves among the dropped leaves due to

other factors
6.
Feeding behavior of Chrysoperla Larvae on whitefly nymphs
7.
Feeding behavior of Lady bird beetle on aphids
5.1.3.4

1.
Fruit fly rearing for life cycle understanding
2.
Identification of Males and Females of Fruit Fly, egg laying by female
3.
Pupae rearing for emergence of fruit fly parasitoids
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Identification of Parasitoid (Adults and cards)

Interaction between fruit drop and fruit fly infestation
Tagging of new fleshes of different ages to check its fruit bearing
Spider identification
Difference between soft scales and hard scales
Difference between symptoms of Salt burning and Anthracnose
Tagging of fruit bearing water shoots to check its fruit quality at harvesting
Identification of diseased leaves among the dropped leaves due to
other factors
Feeding of ants on mango mealy bug eggs.
Identification of different species of mango hopper
14.
Vegetative and inflorescence malformation

28
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Detail of resource persons who delivered lectures on special topics

remained as below:
5.1.4
Resource Persons visited to TOF & FFS:
5.1.4.1
DIU Rawalpindi:
S/No.
Name, Designation &

Organization
Topic
Number
of Visits
Remarks
Mr. Zia, Agriculture

Officer, Barani
Agriculture Research
Institute
Tunnel
Installation &
Structure
- Detail information about tunnel

installation & structure shared.
Mr. Mushtaq Agriculture

Research Officer
(Vehari)
Tunnel
Technology &
Production
- Technical know-how about

tunnel technology & production
discussed in detail.
Dr. Farooq Nasir Higher

Scientific Officer, CABI,
SA
Classification of
Insects,
Morphology,
Preservation and
life cycle
- Insect identification & and role

of natural enemies discussed.
Mr. Shaukat Bashir

Officer, Ayub
Institute
Post harvest
management
technology and
post harvest
techniques of
tomato
- Discussion & knowledge sharing

on post harvest management
completed.
Dr. Qayum Private

Sector
Packaging
- Packaging materials discussed

and how to market commodities
in such kind of packages shared.
Mr. Munir Extra Assist.

Director, Marketing
Marketing
- Marketing principles & and

how to convert FFS into
market
associations
discussed in detail.
Dr. Kausar Niazi, Quality

Assurance Specialist,
CABI, SA
Quality
Assurance
- Protocol of quality assurance

discussed regarding FFS.
5.1.4.2
DIU Lahore:
S/No.
Topic
Name & Designation
Department
Disease of vegetables
Shahbaz Khalid Associate

Professor Agri. Univ. Faisalabad
Agri. Univ. Faisalabad
Tunnel Farming
Naseem Siddiqi, Farm Manager
Ali Akbar Group.
29
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5.1.4.3
DIU Sargodha:
S/No.
Topic
Biological control of Leaf

Minor
Mr. Riaz Mahmood

Insect Bio-control Specialist
CABI- South Asia
Social Organization and

Community Development
M. Saqib Siddiq
Social Organizer
CABI- South Asia
Communication &
Facilitation skill
enhancement
M. Saqib Siddiq
Social Organizer
CABI- South Asia
Classification of Insects,
Morphology, Preservation
Scientific Officer, CABI, SA
and life cycle
Production of Citrus
Muhammad Asghar Malik
Citrus marketing and

export issues
Mr. Tariq Massood,
Agric. Marketing,
Lahore
Management of Fruit Fly

in citrus
Mr. Riaz Mahmood

CABI South Asia
Quality Assurance of FFS
Dr. Kausar Iqbal Khan Quality

Assurance Specialist
CABI South Asia
5.1.4.4
Name & Designation
Department
CABI- South Asia

PHRC-AARI
Faisalbad
DIU Toba Tek Singh:
S/No.
Topic
Biological control of Leaf

Minor
Mr. Riaz Mahmood

CABI- South Asia
Social Organization and

Community Development
M. Saqib Siddiq
Social Organizer
CABI- South Asia
Communication &
Facilitation skill
enhancement
M. Saqib Siddiq
Social Organizer
CABI- South Asia
Classification of Insects,
Morphology, Preservation
Scientific Officer, CABI, SA
and life cycle
Micronutrient
Application
Dr. Mohd. Yasin

Assistant Professor
Univ. of Agriculture,
Faisal Abad
Training vs. Education,

Facilitation Skills,
Training Cycle and adult
learning
Mr. Khalid Masood
CABI South Asia
30
Name & Designation
Department
CABI- South Asia
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S/No.
Topic
Management of Fruit Fly

in citrus
Mr. Riaz Mahmood

CABI South Asia
Quality Assurance of FFS
Dr. Kausar Iqbal Khan

Quality Assurance Specialist
CABI South Asia
5.1.4.5
Name & Designation
Department
DIU Rahim Yar Khan:
S/No.
Special Topic
Facilitators
Organization
Training vs. Education, Facilitation

Skills, Training Cycle and adult
learning
Mr. Khalid Masood
CABI South Asia

-
Biological control, Fruit Fly

Management
Mr. Riaz Mahmood
-do-
Post harvest management of mango
Mr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Training and Pruning Techniques for

Mango orchards
Ch. Abdul Gafar
Mango Res. St,

Shujabad
Sampling Techniques of Leaf and

Soil for analysis
Mr. Abdul Razaq
Assistant Agri.
Chemist, RYK
Biology, management and

experimentation for mango mealy
bug.
Mr. Riaz Mahmood
Quality Assurance Protocol for FFS
Dr. Kauser Iqbal Khan
Dormancy and its importance for

Mango plant
Ch. Abdul Gafar
Mango Res. St,

Shujabad
Frost Protection in Mango Orchard
Ch. Abdul Gafar
Mango Res. St,

Shujabad
5.1.4.6
S/No.
Post Harvest
Res. Centre,
Faisalabad
CABI South
Asia
-do-
DIU Multan:
Designation of Lecturer/Resource Person
Dr. Muhammad Arshad

Plant Pathologist
Ayub Agricultural Research Institute Faisalabad
Dr. Ihsaan Elahi Bajwa

Director Post Harvest Institute, Faisalabad
31
Subject
Training in Anthracnose and
Die Back of Mango.
Interaction on "Quick
Decline"
Training in Mango harvest
and Post harvest techniques.
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S/No.
Designation of Lecturer/Resource Person
Subject
Mr. Abdul Khaliq

Assistant Research Officer/ Mango Research
Station, Shujabad
Raising of Mango Nursery

and its transplantation
Mr. Abdul Khaliq

Station, Shujabad
Training of Facilitators in
Pruning and Grafting of
Mango Plants
Ch. Muhammad Akram

The Agri. Chemist
Training of Facilitators in Soil

and
Leaf
Sampling
Techniques
Soil & Water Testing Lab. Multan
Mr. Abdul Ghaffar

Station, Shujabad
Practical Demonstration on
Pruning and Grafting at
Mango Research Station,
Shujabad.
Mr. Muhammad Naqushband

Agricultural Economist (F&VD) Project
(Marketing Component) Multan
Post Harvest Losses in Mango

and Marketing of Mango
Produce.
Mr. Abdul Ghaffar

Station, Shujabad
Dormancy and its impact on

Mango Plants.
Mr. Abdul Ghaffar

Station, Shujabad
Frost Protection.
10
Mr. Abdul Ghaffar

Station, Shujabad
Requirement of Macro &

Micro Nutrients for Mango
Plants.
11
Dr. Khalid Masud

Project Manager, CABI SA, Pakistan
Adult
Education
Facilitation Skill
12
Dr. Kauser Iqbal Khan

Quality Assurance Specialist, CABI SA, Pakistan
Quality Assurance Protocol

for FFS
CABI staff visited practicing FFS as per target for backstopping.
32
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and
6 . FARMER FIELD SCHOOL DURING 2006-07

6.1
PRACTICING FFS:
Practicing farmer field schools were the practical part of ToF in which
participants ran the FFS in groups where they practically implemented the
training programme as learned in ToF. During the conduction of practicing FFS
they faced many socioeconomic and technical problems which were again
discussed in ToF sessions for proper possible solutions. In this way they were fully
equipped with all kinds of skills during ToF to train and groom the farmers of their
respective FFS. The details of practicing FFS are given as under:
TABLE - 3
Practicing FFS Facilitated During 2006-07
S/No.
6.2
DIU
FFS Facilitated
Target
Achieved
Rawalpindi
05
05
Lahore
12
12
Sargodha
09
09
Toba Tek Singh
07
07
Rahim Yar Khan
09
09
Multan
09
09
Total
49
49
REGULAR FFS:
In the second year of the project there was a target for conduction of
regular FFS for the farmers training by the trained facilitators in the crops as
selected for different DIUs. As the project activities were started late due to
financial and technical reasons, the regular FFS for second year were
established and run parallel to the ToF and practicing FFS of last year to meet
the targets. In this way the trainees were heavily burdened for their work load.
The details of regular FFS facilitated are given as under :
TABLE - 4
Regular FFS Facilitated During 2006-07
S/No.
1
33
DIU
Rawalpindi
FFS Facilitated
Target
Achieved
15
15
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S/No.
34
DIU
FFS Facilitated
Target
Achieved
Lahore
45
45
Sargodha
60
60
Toba Tek Singh
48
48
Rahim Yar Khan
60
60
Multan
48
48
Total
276
276
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7 . ON-FARM PARTICIPATORY RESARCH ACTIVITIES

DURING 2006-07
During ToF, some on farm participatory activities were conducted to
build the confidence of the facilitators regarding certain issues of different
crops. Such exercises and activities were conducted to develop key skills
among TOF participants. These research activities are simple type of
experiments which can be conducted with farmers.
TABLE - 5
On Farm Participatory Research Activities during 2006-07
S/No.
DIU
FFS Facilitated
Target
Achieved
Rawalpindi
Lahore
12
Sargodha
Toba Tek Singh
Rahim Yar Khan
Multan
Total
43
7.1
LIST OF ON FARM PARTICIPATORY TRIALS
7.1.1
DIU Rawalpindi:
1.
Application of backing soda + mustard oil + detergent against

diseases and aphids.
2.
Introduction of tunnel technology at farm level.
3.
Just beside the tunnel, mini tunnel was installed. Two beds
having 20 ft length, 3 ft width and 9 inches height (including 3
inches of silt layer) at a distance of 2 ft from each other were
prepared. After bed preparation, seeds of tomato, sweet pepper
and hot pepper were sown separately. Each crop was sown at half
inch depth in a zigzag manner at a distance of 4 inches each in
both P x P and R x R. Mulching was then carried out after seeds
sowing. Water was given with shower to remain the sown seeds
on the same line or place.
4.
Trial develops in tomato (TOF) plot i.e. one branch Vs two

branches per plant.
35
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5.
Sown two varieties of cucumber namely Bilboaw and Saad to

know about best suitable variety for the region.
7.1.2
DIU Lahore:
1.
Thinning
2.
Pruning
3.
De Toping.
4.
Nitrogen deficient leaves identification.
5.
Phosphorus deficient leaves identification.
6.
Potash deficient leaves identification.
7.
Grass hopper attacked leaves identification.
8.
Army worm attacked leaves identification.
9.
Jassid attacked leaves identification.
10.
Fertilizer application.
11.
Celebration of spray machine.
12.
Appropriate spray method.
7.1.3
DIU Sargodha:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Basin Formation
Gypsum Application
Training and Pruning
Micronutrient Application
Soil and leaf analysis
7.1.4
DIU Toba Tek Singh:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Biological Lab for control of leaf minor

Basin Formation
Gypsum Application
7.1.5

1.

36
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ring Formation and Modified Basin Irrigation System
Soil and Leaf Analysis in Mango
Gypsum Application
Fruit Fly Management
Mango Hopper Management
37
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8 . WORKSHOP AND TRAININGS

Different trainings and workshops were conducted during 2006-07 to
enhance the skills of the trainee facilitators. Detail is given below:
TABLE - 6
Training and workshops held during 2006-07
S/No.
Target
Achieved
Rawalpindi
06
Lahore
05
Sargodha
04
Toba Tek Singh
04
Rahim Yar Khan
06
Multan
04
CABI Regional Office, RWP
03
CABI PM office Lahore
02
Total
8.1
FFS Facilitated
DIU
34
LIST OF TRAININGS / WORKSHOP / MEETINGS:
8.1.1
DIU Rawalpindi:
1.
One week orientation session on ToF and FFS Approach

organized by CABI for ToF participants at DIU Rawalpindi
(Miss. Bushra, EFF, CABI-SA).
2.
Two days training on FFS Quality Assurance organized by

CABI for ToF participants at DIU Rawalpindi (Dr. Kauser Iqbal
Khan Niazi, QAS, CABI-SA).
3.
One day training on Social Mobilization organized by CABI

for ToF participants at DIU Rawalpindi (Mr. Saqib Siddiq, SO,
CABI-SA).
4.
One day training on Condense Training regarding AESA

methodology, Participatory Approach, quality assurance and social
mobilization organized by CABI for ToF participants at DIU
Rawalpindi (Dr. Kauser Iqbal Khan, QAS; Mr. Muhammad
Faheem, EFF; Mr. Abdul Rehman, EFF CABI-SA).
5.
Two days training on Insect Identification and Classification

organized by CABI for ToF participants at DIU Rawalpindi
(Dr. Farooq Nasir, SO, CABI-SA).
38
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6.
One day training on Tunnel Installation and its Structure

organized by DIU Rawalpindi for ToF participants at DIU
Rawalpindi (Mr. Zia, ARO, BARI, Rawalpindi).
8.1.2
DIU Lahore:
1.
One day workshop on Curricula development for vegetables at

DIU Lahore.
One day training on Condense Training regarding AESA
methodology, Participatory Approach, quality assurance and
social mobilization organized by CABI for ToF participants at DIU
Rawalpindi (Dr. Kauser Iqbal Khan, QAS; Mr. Muhammad
Faheem, EFF; Mr. Abdul Rehman, EFF CABI-SA).
2.
3.
One day training on Fertilizers (N P K) importance and

application by FFC advisory service at DIU Lahore.
4.

CABI for ToF participants at DIU Rawalpindi (Dr. Kauser Iqbal
Khan Niazi, QAS, CABI-SA).
5.

for ToF participants at DIU Rawalpindi (Mr. Saqib Siddiq, SO,
CABI-SA).
8.1.3

1.

CABI for ToF participants at DIU Sargodha and TT Singh (Dr.
Kauser Iqbal Khan Niazi, QAS, CABI-SA).
2.

for ToF participants at DIU Sargodha and TT Singh (Mr. Saqib
Siddiq, SO, CABI-SA).
3.
Two days training on Facilitation and Communication skills

enhancement organized by CABI for ToF participants at DIU
Sargodha and TT Singh (Mr. Saqib Siddiq, SO, CABI-SA).
4.
One day Condense Training on AESA, Participatory Approach,

GAP, Social Mobilization and Quality Assurance of FFS
organized by CABI SA for ToF Facilitators at 32/P Farm, Khan
Pur, Dist. R.Y.Khan (Dr. Kauser Iqbal Khan, QAS; Mr. Abdul
Rehman and Mr. Muhammad Faheem, EFF; CABI SA)
8.1.4
DIU Rahim Yar Khan:

1.
One day workshop on Adult Education and Facilitation Skills

organized by CABI for ToF participants at DIU Rahim Yar Khan
(Mr. Khalid Masood, PM, CABI-SA).
39
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2.
Two day seminar with practical demonstration on the Fruit Fly

Management Techniques organized by CABI for ToF
facilitators at DIU Rahim Yar Khan (Mr. Riaz Mehmood,
IBCS, CABI).
3.
One day Orientation Workshop on FFS Approach & its

Methodology at DIU- R.Y. Khan for Field Assistants group
from ISTI R.Y.Khan (Muhammad Faheem, CABI-SA)
4.

organized by CABI SA for ToF Facilitators at 32/P Farm, Khan
Pur, Dist. R.Y.Khan (Dr. Kauser Iqbal Khan, QAS; Mr. Abdul
Rehman and Mr. Muhammad Faheem, EFF; CABI SA)
5.
Participation in the Mango Show and Seminar organized by

the Dist. Govt. of Rahim Yar Khan by demonstrating all good
agricultural practices done by them in FFS.
6.
Two days training on Training and Pruning Techniques of

Mango Plant at DIU- R.Y. Khan for ToF facilitators at DIU
Rahim Yar Khan (Ch. Abdul Gaffar, ARO, Mango Res.
Station, Shujabad)
8.1.5
DIU Multan:
1.
One day workshop on Adult Education and Facilitation Skills

organized by CABI for ToF participants at DIU Multan (Mr.
Khalid Masood, PM, CABI-SA).
2.
Two day seminar with practical demonstration on the Fruit Fly

Management Techniques organized by CABI for ToF
facilitators at DIU Multan (Mr. Riaz Mehmood, IBCS, CABI).
3.

organized by CABI SA for ToF Facilitators at DIU Multan
(Dr. Kauser Iqbal Khan, QAS; Mr. Abdul Rehman and
Mr. Muhammad Faheem, EFF; CABI SA)
4.
Two days training on Training and Pruning Techniques of

Mango Plant at DIU- R.Y. Khan for ToF facilitators at DIU
Multan (Ch. Abdul Gaffar, ARO, Mango Res. Station, Shujabad).
8.1.6
CABI SA Regional Office, Rawalpindi:

1.
Three days training workshop on Fruit Fly and its Parasitoids

Identification, Biology and Rearing Techniques at Bio Control
Lab of CABI-SA, Rawalpindi (Mr. Riaz Mehmood, IBCS, CABI).
40
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2.
Three days Interactive workshop on FFS Approach and Quality

Assurance Activities organized by CABI - SA in Islamabad.
(CABI-SA).
3.
Curricula development Workshop on Vegetables at Islamabad
8.1.7
CABI PM Office, Lahore:

1.
Two Days training on Quality Assurance of ToF and FFS.
2.
Four Day Social mobilization, community organization, communication

skills to Assistant Director (SM).
41
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9 . GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

Keeping in view the crop and season good agricultural practices were
identified and emphasized in ToF and FFS. Relevant statistics and lists are
given blow:
9.1
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES (GAP) CARRIED

OUT DURING 2006-07:
TABLE - 7
S/No.
DIU
FFS Facilitated
Target
Achieved
1.
Rawalpindi
11
2.
Lahore
11
3.
Sargodha
18
4.
Toba Tek Singh
18
5.
Rahim Yar Khan
17
6.
Multan
17
92
Total
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES CARRIED OUT

9.1.1
DIU Rawalpindi & DIU Lahore:
S/No.
Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs)
Before bed preparation, soil test was carried out. Application of well
rotten Farm Yard Manure (FYM) along with sowing of Jantar crop as
green manure was done to keep land soft and well fertile. To reduce high
soil PH, application of sulphuric acid was also given to field. Bed was
then prepared for sowing of desire crops.
Good quality seed purchased from a well reputed company. Seed

treatment and proper seed placing were also carried out.
Raised beds were set aside for nursery raising in mini tunnel structure.
Proper Plant x Plant and Row x Row distance for good plant health were
kept. Up kept of proper moisture to nursery plants. Hardening of nursery
before transplanting. Nursery transplanted at evening time to avoid
mortality of young plants.
Proper ventilation and judicious use of irrigation were held in reserve

through out the winter season for the appropriate maintenance of temperature
and humidity inside the tunnels
42
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S/No.
Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs)
Proper raised bed prepared along with well drainage system in the
tunnels. To kept cucumber and tomato crops upward instead of led on
grounds, threads were used as supporting materials. Maximum numbers
of plants were sown in limited area with the help of supporting materials.
AESA/Pest scouting in the field. Participatory approach for the crop

management decision was kept. Learning by doing process carried out
through out the season.
Timely removal of off-shoots. Nursery prepared from off-shoot cuttings

of tomato crop in small polythene bags and used as replacement or open
field cropping.
Judicious use of proper fungicides along with local totka i.e. use of
mixture of mustard oil, backing soda and detergent at required ratio for
the control of fungus.
Used of micro nutrients as foliar spray
10
Drenching
11
Picking and harvesting with equipments
9.1.2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Irrigation system with rings and
furrows (waatt bandi)
Pruning of disease infested branches
and twigs
Application of Bordeaux paste
Pruning Techniques (Thinning out, Heading
back, skirting, Internal Pruning)
Clean Culture
Orchard sanitation
Fruit Fly Management (Sanitation,
BAT, MAT, Bio-control)
Judicious use of irrigation and fertilizers
(Time, quantity and method)
Balanced fertilizer
Leaf, soil and water analysis
Balanced fertilizer
Leaf, soil and water analysis
Identification of deficiency symptoms
Polythene+ Grease band
43
Irrigation system in mangoes
Irrigation system in mangoes
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15.
16.
17.
18.
Formation contact poison (dust) ring around the tree trunk

Application of Bordeaux mixture on tree trunks
Single light Irrigation
Proper harvesting tools and equipments
9.1.3

1.
Irrigation system with rings and furrows (waatt bandi)
2.
Training and Pruning Techniques (Thinning out, Heading back,

skirting, Internal Pruning)
3.
Fruit Fly Management (Sanitation, BAT, MAT, Bio-control)
4.
Mango Hopper Management (Biology, Cultural, biological and

chemical control)
5.
Judicious use of irrigation and fertilizers (Time, quantity and method)
6.
Mango Mealy bug Management (Biology, Cultural, Mechanical

and Biological control)
7.
Use of Micronutrients in orchards (Importance, time, quantity and method)
8.
Use of Manure and Gypsum in orchards (Time, quantity and

method)
9.
Soil and Leaf Sampling Techniques, analysis and recommendations
10.
Diseases management on different stages of plant (Leaves,

Inflorescence, Fruits)
11.
Harvesting Techniques of Fruits
12.
Post harvest handling of fruits, packaging, labeling and marketing
13.
Frost effects on orchards and its management
14.
Establishment of new orchards and nursery raising
15.
Effective management of powdery mildew and anthracnose at

inflorescence
16.
Record keeping in the orchards
17.
EUREP GAP awareness and standardization
44
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10.
QUALITY ASSURANCE
For quality assurance of ToF and FFS 23 and 28 sessions were visited
by Quality Assurance Specialist respectively. Details are given as under:
10.1
DETAIL OF FFS VISITED:

Table - 8
S/No.
DIU
ToF/ FFS Covered

ToF
FFS
Rawalpindi
Lahore
Sargodha
Toba Tek Singh
Rahim Yar Khan
Multan
Total
23
28
10.2
Remarks
Quality Assurance Specialist

serving as 50% time in
F&VDP- Punjab
DIUS AND FFS VISITED BY QAS:

The following DIUs were visited for quality assurance of their ToF:
Visit to DIU Multan
Visit to DIU TT Sing
June 2007
*
*
*
*
*
Visit to DIU Sargodha
45
Visit to DIU Rawalpindi
Interactive workshop on QA
May 2007
Visit to DIU RY Khan

Visit to DIU Lahore
April 2007
March 2007
Feb. 2007
January 2007
Dec. 2006
Nov. 2006
October 2006
Sep. 2006
August 2006
Task
July 2006
DIUs Visited Schedule
*
*
*
*
*
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Critical analyses of FFS
10.3
Critical analysis of FFS can be summarized as under:
Establishment was good in more than 90 % Farmer Field Schools,
Organization is excellent in more than 78 % Farmer Field Schools,
Management was satisfactory in 85 % Farmer Field Schools and
Implementation was poor in more than 21% Farmer Field Schools.

FIGURE 1
Com parative scoring by different criteria of quality assurance protocol in
FFS of DIU Multan (Self Assessm ent)
Score
Total
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Score
FFS Rizabad
FFS Umar pur
188
FFS Naiw ala
FFS Meetanw ala
60
59
43
Establishm ent
Organization
Managem ent
Im plem entation
FIGURE 2
Error! Not a valid link.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 4
10.4 SUGGESTIONS:
Field Facilitators should perform actively during FFS visit.

Pre & Post evaluation test of Facilitators must be carried out and
then Expert Facilitators should concentrate on needs identified.
Implementations of Decisions made during AESA needs to be improved.
46
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Basic Philosophy of FFS approach should be reminded to participants

steadily and correlated to each FFS activity.
10.5 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT:

Observations:
Only few farmers could relate FFS activities with Community
development, especially in vegetable farmers as they see all FFS
activities as introduction of new technology which they classified
very profitable but expensive for them to adopt.
Suggestions
Every activity during FFS session should be consciously

demonstrated to relate with project objectives.
Attention should be given to social problems of the Farmers. It

would help in sustainability of the interventions.
Initiate discussions in FFS for transforming them into Community

organizations.
Farmers problems must be conveyed to higher authorities.
10.6 AGRO ECO SYSTEM ANALYSIS (AESA)

Observations
No Farmers plots identified for data comparison.
FFS participants were unable to draw insect pictures.
Sugge1stions
Improve the AESA Technology.
Use the results of AESA as basis by suggesting plant protection

measures.
Responsibilities for data collection and other activities should

revolve among the group members.
10.7 AESA PRESENTATION

Observations
Facilitators were reluctant to indicate key learning points during FFS
activities (e.g. relation of AESA findings with objectives of the Project).
47
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During presentation, previous week charts were not available for

comparison.
Lack group coherency
Suggestions
AESA presentation charts must carry Mirror image information

and standardized.
Facilitator should always stress on key learning points, identifying,

and developing relationship between different factors.
10.8 PARTICIPATORY APPROACH

Observations
Lacked group coherency and there was no division of responsibilities.
Suggestions
Involve all FFS members in all activities.
10.9 FACILITATION SKILLS

Observations
Facilitators intended to deliver knowledge, mostly discussions
ended in recommendations by them.
Suggestions
Need of training in Adult learning methodologies
10.10 INSECT ZOO

Observations
Concept and Methodology of insect zoo was not very clear.
Recognition and Familiarity with the function of beneficial was
poor, farmers lacked confidence in beneficial insects.
Suggestions
Improve insect zoo activity beyond only capturing periodically or

accidentally another insect.
48
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10.11 SCIENCE AND FARMERS

Observations
Concept of Science and Farmer not clear to the FFS participants
Majority of Facilitators were able to perform and lead discussions
in AESA to Trials development (Science and Farmers), an
essential element of approach but avoid due to over commitment.
Suggestions
There should be a minimum of Small experiments/Trials for each

Crop/ FFS
10.12 FARMERS SELECTION

Observations
Farmers were not selected by any known method such as
Participatory Rural Appraisal etc.
Suggestions
Host farmers of FFS should not be traditional client of Agri.

Extension Department.
Written agreement should be made with host farmer in detail

explaining all rights of decision-making regarding IPM plot with
FFS Participants.
10.13 FFS PLANNING

Observations
Hardly any home work done
Suggestions
Maintenance of records of all activities in FFS will help in setting

priorities while making FFS planning.
10.14 RECORD KEEPING

Observations
Insufficient record keeping
Suggestions
49
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Data on Crops interventions, Pest and Expenditure must be

maintained regularly in all FFS. Economic Profit / loss in IPM
Plot and comparison of IPM and Farmers Plots data must be
shared with FFS participants.
10.15 WORKSHOP AND TRAININGS

Interactive Workshop on FFS approach and Quality Assurance (QA)
protocol with the Agriculture Extension staff of all DIUs and CABI staff
conducted in September, 2006. Sessions with prominent Resource Persons
were held for Concept Clarity of QA.
50
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11.
AREA WIDE MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT-FLY
CABI demonstrated fruit fly management on Citrus and Mango orchards

as per detail given below :
11.1 AREA WIDE FRUIT FLY MANAGEMENT BLOCKS

DURING 2006-07:
TABLE - 9
S/No.
1
Block Managed
DIU
Area covered
Targets
Achieved
Targets
Achieved
120
120
Sargodha
Toba Tek Singh
120
120
Rahim Yar Khan
140
160
Multan
Total
3
13
3
11
120
500
120
520
Remarks
A single
separate
block was
managed
The fruit-fly management demo plots of agriculture extension component

were also monitored and technically observed during the visits of respective DIUs.
Technical suggestions regarding improvements in management strategies were
also provided to competent authority of each DIU.
11.2 TECHNICAL SUPPORT TO AREA WIDE FRUIT-FLY

MANAGEMENT BLOCKS OF EXTENSION COMPONENT
DURING 2006-07:
TABLE - 10
S/No.
DIU
Block Organized
Area Covered
Targets
Achieved
Targets
Achieved
Sargodha
300
300
Toba Tek Singh
300
300
Rahim Yar Khan
400
400
Multan
Total
3
13
3
13
300
1300
340
1340
51
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11.3 MONITORING OF FRUIT FLY MANAGEMENT (FFM)

DEMONSTRATION PLOTS:
During the year 2006-07 insect biocontrol specialist visited the DIU's for the
monitoring of demonstration blocks as well as to provide technical support to the
agricultural extension staff by refreshing their knowledge and experience through
practical demonstration of technology implementation. The schedule is given below.
January,2007
February,2007
March, 2007
April, 2007
May, 2007
June, 2007
Visit to DIU RY Khan
Visit to DIU TT Sing

Visit to DIU Sargodha
December,2006
November,2006
August,2006
September,2006
Visit to DIU Multan
Task
October, 2006
July,2006
Monitoring of Fruit-Fly Management (FFM) Demonstration Plots
11.4 MEETINGS/SESSIONS HELD WITH FARMERS, DIU'S

STAFF AND TOF FOR CONCEPT CLEARANCE OF FRUIT
FLY ISSUE AND ITS MANAGEMENT:
Meetings were held with farmers of each selected demo plot and
explained them need and FFM technologies, their application and obtained
their consent for their participation for carrying out the season long activities
and identified the areas where their cooperation was needed. With the help of
charts presentations were given to farmers, DIUs staff and TOF participants, on
world concerns regarding fruit flies and pesticide residues issues in fruits. They
were briefed on biology of fruit flies, their existing status, need for their control
by non-pesticides measures and about the results of technologies already tested
for fruit fly management by CABI. They were given the action plan for
implementation in different fruits at different DIUs.
11.5 DEMONSTRATION OF IMPACT OF COMBINED APPLICATION

OF BAT, MAT AND CROP HYGIENE:
The fly infestations in May were almost the same in all orchards where
above mentioned measures (IPM measures) were applied together and in the
farmers managed orchards where no control measures were applied. With the
implementation of IPM measures the fruit flies population decreased drastically
in June and losses incurred to fruits were at the minimum in IPM plots. In some
orchards the infestations were too low to be detected whereas in farmers
managed orchards at distances about 20 km the infestations were beyond
52
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tolerable limits. The management techniques were applied as designed and

observations on their impact on fruit flies populations remained in progress.
11.6 STATUS OF FRUIT FLIES IN MANGO ORCHARDS WHERE

FRUIT FLY MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES WERE APPLIED
AND IN FARMERS MANAGED ORCHARDS AT MULTAN:
TABLE - 11
Fruit fly (FF) infestation (%) in fruits and
fruit flies (FF) observed on MAT wooden
blocks in demo plots
Zahid Bukhari
Farm
Month
FF on
MAT
Blocks
FF
%
Rana Shaukat
Farm
FF
%
FF on
MAT
Blocks
Zoolfiqar
Langa Farm
FF on
MAT
Blocks
FF
%
Fruit fly (FF) infestation

(%) in fruits in farmers
managed orchards
Orchard
at Jahan
Pur
Orchard
at Khan
Pur
Qazian
Orchard
Moza
Meer
Pur
FF %
FF %
FF %
May
10
In
hundreds
In
hundreds
In
hundreds
June
In tens
0.4
A few
A few
10
45
July
A few
0.3
A few
0.2
A few
16
August
.5
A few
A few
0.2
A few
25
11.7 STATUS OF FRUIT FLIES IN MANGO ORCHARDS

WHERE FRUIT FLY MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES ARE
BEING APPLIED AND IN FARMERS MANAGED ORCHARDS
AT RAHIM YAR KHAN:
TABLE 12
Month
Fruit fly (FF) Infestation (%) in Fruits and Fruit-flies (FF)

Observed on MAT Wooden Blocks in Demo Plots
Seth Javed
Jamal Din
Boson farm
Seth Aslam
Akhter
Wali
KLP Road
Bagho Bahar
Khan Bela
FF on
FF on
FF on
FF on
FF
FF
FF
FF
MAT
MAT
MAT
MAT
%
%
%
%
Blocks
Blocks
Blocks
Blocks
May
10
In **
In **
In **
June
In *
0.4
A few
A few
10
FF Infestation (%) in
Farmers Managed Orchards
Jamal
Sardar
Bagho
Din
Garh
Bahar
Wali
FF %
FF %
FF %
In ***
12
In **
40
25
100 in
left
over
fruits
July
A few
0.3
A few
0.2
A few
In *
Aug.
0.01
A few
0.1
A few
0.2
A few
In *
* = tens
** = hundreds
53
*** = thousands
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AND IN FARMERS MANAGED ORCHARDS AT T.T. SINGH:
TABLE 13
Fruit-fly (FF) Infestation (%) in Fruits and Fruit-flies (FF)
Observed on MAT Wooden Blocks in Demo Plots
Month
343 GB
296 GB
246 GB
FF
%
FF on MAT
Blocks
FF
%
FF on MAT
Blocks
FF
%
FF on MAT
Blocks
September
In tens
In tens
In tens
October
A few
A few
A few
November
A few
A few
A few
December
Nil
Nil
Nil

AND IN FARMERS MANAGED ORCHARDS AT SARGODHA:
TABLE 14
Fruit-fly (FF) Infestation (%) in Fruits and
Fruit-flies (FF) Observed on MAT
Wooden Blocks in Demo Plots
Month
Chak 84
South *
Bhalwal
Silanwali *
Fruit-fly (FF) Infestation

(%) in Fruits in Farmers
Managed Orchards
Orchard
at STM
Orchard at
Bhalwal Road
FF
%
FF on
MAT
Blocks
FF
%
FF on
MAT
Blocks
FF
%
FF on
MAT
Blocks
FF %
FF %
September
In tens
In tens
In tens
October
A few
1.5
In tens
1.5
In tens
November
A few
A few
A few
45
December
0
Nil
0
Nil
0
Nil
* = Week sanitation results in high infestation in fruetral early.
11.10
FRUIT FLIES AND THEIR PARASITOIDS INSECTARY

AT RAWALPINDI:
A large collection of fruit flies was made from guava at Sargodha, Lahore
and brought to Rawalpindi to start the laboratory cultures of fruit flies and their
parasitoids. More than 10,000 pupae were reared from field collections. Flies and
their parasitoids culture were established in the laboratory. Conditions were well set
to boost cultures from hundreds to millions. Cultures of three species of parasitoids
namely Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, Trybliographa daci and Dhirinus giffardi
54
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were available in the laboratory. With the increase in the rate of production of these
parasitoids in the insectary their releases will be started at all DIUs.
11.11
ESTABLISHMENT OF FRUIT FLY INSECTARY AT MULTAN:
Mass rearing of fruit flies and their parasitoids was discontinued at

Rawalpindi and according to instructions from the Project Director this was shifted
to Multan. Site for the insectary was selected at the District Agriculture Office, Old
Shujahabad Road, Multan. The suggestions for renovation of the existing building at
Agriculture Extension Office Multan were given to DDA, DIU Multan. Most of the
renovation work was completed and insectary was started from June 30, 2007.
11.12
PARASITOIDS RELEASES:
Mass rearing of fruit flies and their parasitoids was continued during the
report period. A total of 1,31,463 lab parasitoid of fruit fly i.e. Diachasmimorpha
longicaudata and Trybliographa daci were released in DIU Sargodha, Toba Tek
Singh and Rahim Yar Khan. Parasitoids were also released in guava orchards in
the respective DIU's. Detail is given below.
Parasitoid Releases in Guava during 2006-07
TABLE 15
S/No.
11.13
DIU
Parasitoid Releases
Targets
Achieved
Sargodha
59463
Toba Tek Singh
29000
Rahim Yar Khan

Total
43000
131463
FIELD BIOLABS:
Field Biolabs were established at all DIUs. This activity was done in
guava for conservation of parasitoids to enhance the natural control of fruit
flies. Largest number of fruit fly puparia from Rahim Yar Khan (54,275),
Multan (15,850), Sargodha (13,981) and Toba Tek Singh (3,430) were
collected in August October 2006. The parasitism recorded in fruit flies was
extremely low during this period but it was encouraging that its level was
gradually increasing as compared to the one recorded by CABI in 2003-05
under a recently completed project at the center.
A pupal parasitoid Dhirinus giffardii which had not been recorded
before, was released by CABI in Multan during 2005. It was recovered for the
first time from Multan collection. It is expected that by continuation of field
biolab activities the parasitism levels will increase with consequent decrease in
55
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fruit flies population. DIU Rahim Yar Khan did good job in this direction.
Some of the farmers like Seth Aslam at Bagho Bahar was very cooperative. He
provided permanent roof covers in field for biolab activity. There is need to
persuade farmers to get involved in this type of activity at all DIUs as a main
activity in long term strategy of management of fruit flies.
Since fruit flies breeding slowed at the advent of winter, therefore,
activity on fruit flies parasitoids conservation was also less during the report
period. In some cases such as at DIU Rahim Yar Khan where temperatures
were relatively high this activity continued.
11.14
PARASITISM IN FRUIT FLIES:
Parasitism was recorded in fruit fly puparia recovered from field biolabs
being operated at different DIUs. Three parasitoids Diachasmimorpha
longicaudata, Trybliographa daci and Dihirinus giffardii were reared from
fruit fly puparia recovered from trays kept in field for conservation of
parasitoids. T. daci was the dominant at all places. D. longicaudata went into
diapause in November and was not active in December. D. giffardii was second
important parasitoid and was building up its populations at Rahim Yar Khan. It
was not recovered from Sargodha and Toba Tek Singh collections.
Parasitism in fruit flies at Rahim Yar Khan was negligible in the
beginning of the project interventions in August, however, with the
augmentation and conservation practices the parasitism incredibly improved
from September to November.
11.15
LIST OF AREA WIDE FRUIT FLY MANAGEMENT BLOCKS

AND AREA MANAGED:
TABLE 16
Total
Area
(Acres)
Name of Block
CABI
Area
(Acres)
Extension
Area
(Acres)
40
40
40
40
160
100
100
100
100
400
40
40
40
120
110
120
110
340
RAHIM YAR KHAN

Jmal Din Wali
Bagh-o-Bhar
Bosan Farm
Ahkter Abad
140
140
140
140
Total:
MULTAN
Lutf Abad
Nawab Pur
Wahi Ricki
150
160
150
Total:
56
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CABI
Area
(Acres)
Extension
Area
(Acres)
40
40
40
120
100
100
100
300
100
220
100
0
120
0
120
100
100
100
300
1860
520
1340
Total
Area
(Acres)
Name of Block
SARGODHA
Bhalwal
Chak 84 South
Sillanwali Chak 111 North
Total:
140
140
140
TOBA TEK SINGH

343 GB
296 GB
246 GB
Total:
GRAND TOTAL
11.16
PARASITOID RELEASES IN GUAVA/MANGO/CITRUS:

TABLE 17
Date/
Month
DIU
Fruit
Site
At Rahim
Yar Khan
Guava
Bagho
Bahar
Parasitoids Released (#)

D.
longicaudata
D. giffardi
T. daci
Old
10000
8.8.06
15000
2000
30.10.06
1780
1206
1.12.06
5410
2112
21.12.06
14435
520
At
Sargodha
7000
Guava
Old
6000
23.8.06
Chak 84
6000
8500
0
8500
At Toba
Old
3500
6.9.06
Guava
57
GB 343
3500
18000
0
18000
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12.
ON-FARM PARTICIPATORY RESARCH

ACTIVITIES DURING 2006-07
On farm research activities were carried out in all DIUs. Detail of simple
research trials carried out to resolve differences was as under:
TABLE - 18
S/No.
DIU
Research Trail
Arrangement
Target
Achieved
1.
Rawalpindi
2.
Lahore
12
3.
Sargodha
4.
Toba Tek Singh
5.
Rahim Yar Khan
6.
Multan
Total
43
12.1
LIST OF ON FARM PARTICIPATORY TRIALS
12.1.1
DIU Rawalpindi:
1.
Application of backing soda + mustard oil + detergent against

diseases and aphids.
2.
Introduction of tunnel technology at farm level.
3.
Just beside the tunnel, mini tunnel was installed. Two beds having
20 ft length, 3 ft width and 9 inches height (including 3 inches of silt
layer) at a distance of 2 ft from each other were prepared. After bed
preparation, seeds of tomato, sweet pepper and hot pepper were
sown separately. Each crop was sown at half inch depth in a zigzag
manner at a distance of 4 inches each in both P x P and R x R.
Mulching was then carried out after seeds sowing. Water was given
with shower to remain the sown seeds on the same line or place.
4.
Trial develops in tomato (ToF) plot i.e. one branch Vs two

branches per plant.
5.
Sown two varieties of cucumber namely Bilboaw and Saad to

know about best suitable variety for the region
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12.1.2
DIU Lahore:
1.
Thinning
2.
Pruning
3.
De Toping.
4.
Nitrogen deficient leaves identification.
5.
Phosphorus deficient leaves identification.
6.
Potash deficient leaves identification.
7.
Grass hopper attacked leaves identification.
8.
Army worm attacked leaves identification.
9.
Jassid attacked leaves identification.
10.
Fertilizer application.
11.
Celebration of spray machine.
12.
Appropriate spray method.
12.1.3
DIU Sargodha:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Basin Formation
Gypsum Application
Soil and leaf analysis
12.1.4
DIU Toba Tek Singh:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Biological Lab for control of leaf minor

Basin Formation
Gypsum Application
12.1.5

1.
2.
3.

Ring Formation and Modified Basin Irrigation System
59
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KNOWLEDGEFOR
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KNOWLEDGE
4.
5.
6.
Soil and Leaf Analysis in Mango

Gypsum Application
Fruit Fly Management
7.
Mango Hopper Management
Due to delay in recruitment of staff, in all DIUs, ToF activity could be

started in April 2006 which was supposed to be completed by June 2006. The
pending liability was completed during 2007.
60
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KNOWLEDGEFOR
FORLIFE
LIFE
KNOWLEDGE
13.
BUDGET UTILIZATION
Against the budget provision of Rs. 9.9 Million Rs. 9.3 Million were
utilized which means utilization was 94% of the provision.
Detail of budget utilization during 2006-07 was as under:
61
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KNOWLEDGEFOR
FORLIFE
LIFE
KNOWLEDGE

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Annual Report 2006-07

Annual Report 2006-07

Annual Report 2006-07

The issue of fruit flies is becoming complex overtime. The quarantine

Annual Report 2006-07

Annual Report 2006-07

3 . OBJECTIVES (Main & Specific)

Empowerment of the farming communities to make right site

Socio-economic up lift of the resource poor farming communities

Better understanding between farming communities and the

Availability of fruit and vegetables in the local markets with

More possibilities of increasing fruit and vegetable export.

Sustainability of the environment and reduction in health hazards

Training of Master Trainers/Expert Field Facilitators/Field Facilitators.

Awareness regarding BAP and trade implications.

Facilitate network formation between the FFS and service providers.

Annual Report 2006-07

Reduce health hazards to pesticides users and consumers through

To develop activities and processes for evolution of FFSs into

Annual Report 2006-07

AGRO-ECO SYSTEM ANALYSIS (AESA):

During AESA all biotic and abiotic

The exercise of AESA used to be

Annual Report 2006-07

Annual Report 2006-07

Chart preparation by Group-1

Chart preparation by Group-2

Chart preparation by Group-3

Presentation and discussion

Annual Report 2006-07

To demonstrate the activity of predators, insect zoos were arranged.

The group dynamics were conducted covering ice breakers,

Relaxing the participants;

Stimulating the flow of communication between strangers;

Bringing expectations and group reality closer;

Encouraging everyone to participate and learn;

Developing new skills to understand complex issues more easily;

Exposing participants to new ways of judging their own actions

GOOD AGRICULTURE PRACTICES (GAP) UNDER TOF:

Annual Report 2006-07

To impart latest information on important issues, resource persons were

QUALITY ASSURANCE OF FFS:

Annual Report 2006-07

Annual Report 2006-07

Annual Report 2006-07

Annual Report 2006-07

Annual Report 2006-07

Annual Report 2006-07

Annual Report 2006-07

Based on the evaluation suggestions for improvement were given.

AREA WIDE FRUITFLY MANAGEMENT:

For implementation strategy of

Male Annihilation Technique

4.7.1 Insectary of Fruit Fly Parasitoids:

Annual Report 2006-07

5 . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

TRAINING OF FACILITATORS (TOF) SESSIONS

In six District Implementation Units (DIUs), Training of Facilitators

Toba Tek Singh

Rahim Yar Khan

Due to meetings, public holidays

Shortfall of 24 training sessions was due to public holidays, meetings

Annual Report 2006-07