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Introduction
Inspiration
Expiration
Respiration rate
Types of respiration
Rhythm
Dyspnea
Respiratory sounds
Respiratory insufficiency
Respiratory failure
INTRODUCTION
In respiration, the oxygen is taken in lungs
through nasal passages where it combines
with hemoglobin of the erythrocytes and
travels throughout the body by blood stream.
The carbondioxide produced by combustion
of nutrients is carried away by blood to the
lungs from where it is expired. Thus, the
respiration includes both physical and
chemical processes. Respiratory process is
divided into three: inspiration, combustion
and expiration, but here we are concerned
with only physical process like inspiration and
expiration. Respiratory process occurs
through the intercostal muscles and diaphragm. The respiratory movements, their
depth and frequency depend on a center in
brain which controls both inspiration and
expiration.
Respiration
INSPIRATION
During inspiration the air goes to the lungs
through nasal passage and mouth passing
from trachea, bronchi, bronchial and alveolar
ducts. The inspiration occurs through
muscular (relaxation and contraction) efforts
responsible for expansion of the thorax in all
dimensions. The vacuum, thus, created is
filled in by the inspired air. The muscles of
diaphragm contracts to facilitate the flattening
of the dome of the diaphragm during
inspiration. The intercostal muscles situated
in between the ribs are also responsible for
the expansion of chest cavity.
EXPIRATION
The expiration occurs due to forward
movement of diaphragm and settling back of
the intercostal muscles on their original
position through the elasticity of cartilage and
muscular action. This results in production
of a considerable amount of pressure on the
chest cavity which causes flow out of air
present in the lungs through nasal passages
and mouth. The carbondioxide and the water
vapours in the lungs come out during
expiration.
RESPIRATION RATE
The respiration rate is measured through
counting of either contraction or expansion
Respiration rate/min
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10-30
8-16
12-20
12-20
5-12
10-30
20-30
10-20
40-50
Cattle
Horse
Sheep
Goat
Camel
Dog
Cat
Pig
Fowl
Respiration
3. Syncopic respiration: In this respiration,
a pause is followed by deep breathing that
becomes shallow till apnea.
All the three types of abnormal rhythm
respiration have unfavourable prognosis.
DYSPNEA
A difficult respiration, which is causing
distress to animal is known as dyspnea.
The breathing is characterized by the
movements of thoracic and abdominal wall.
During deep breathing, the abdominal and
thoracic wall movements are clearly visible
and known as laboured breathing while in
shallow breathing these movements are not
very clear. In dyspnea usually laboured
breathing occurs. Dyspnea is of three types:
1. Inspiratory: When entry of air in the lungs
is difficult. It occurs during stenosis of air
passage, bronchopneumonia, pulmonary
edema and pleurisy.
2. Expiratory: When exit of air from lungs is
affected and become difficult. It occurs
during pulmonary emphysema and pleural
adhesions.
3. Indeterminate: When difficulty occurs both
times, i.e. during inspiration and expiration. Such dyspnea occurs in pneumonia,
bronchitis, cardiac diseases, pulmonary
edema, stenosis of nasal passage.
When pumping of anus is associated with
dilatation of nostrils, it is the major sign of
the malady and termed as severe dyspnea.
Such dyspnea is observed in chronic pulmonary exphysema in horses. In such condition,
the double expiratory lift of abdominal muscle
is observed, which occurs in brokenwind of
horses and parasitic bronchopneumonia in
calves.
RESPIRATORY SOUNDS
The audible vibrations which occurs during
respiration are known as respiratory sounds.
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Respiration
4. An explosive expiration is called as ______.
5. A long inspiration followed by prolonged
expiration through partially closed glottis is
known as ______.
Q 3. Select the most appropriate answer
from the four choices given in each
question.
1. The normal respiration rate in cattle
is:
A. 10-30
B. 40-50
C. 5-10
D. 8-16
2. The respiration is controlled by respiratory centres present in:
A. Hypothalamus of brain
B. Medulla oblongata of brain
C. Hippocampus of brain
D. Spinal cord
3. Increased respiration rate with reduced
depth of respiration is known as:
A. Eupnea
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B. Dyspnea
C. Polypnea
D. Hyperpnea
4. The reduction of oxygen level in body
tissue below the normal levels is known as:
A. Anoxia
B. Hypoxia
C. Asphyxia
D. Dyspnea
5. Respiratory insufficiency leading to
increased concentration of CO2 in blood is
called:
A. Dyspnea
B. Anoxia
C. Asphyxia
D. Hypercapnia
Q
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.