CHAPTER ONE

1.0

INTODUCTION

This chapter is going to give an overview of eight sections: in the first part, it
will discuss, Background of the study, whereas in the second part, statement
of the problem will provide, in the third part Research Purpose of the study
will discuss, and the fourth part, Research objective of the study will discuss,
the fifth part, Research Question of the study will provide, six part, Scope of
the study will provide, seven part, Significant of the study will distinguish,
and the final part, operational definition will provide.
1.1.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

There is a growing interest in how to build sustainable peace in the world,

preventing countries from relapsing into violent conflict. Recognizing that
there are several important peace building actors, this study takes its point
of the role of justice in peace building process in local civil society actors as a
peace building force. For this interpretative qualitative study, Somali
Government is used as the case of investigation.
Interviews with diverse civil society actors in Somalia were used as primary
data, and in addition literary reviews of primary and secondary information
have been added to the material. Peace building encompasses peacekeeping
maintaining or enforcing peace, transitional justice, and other measures to
prevent conflict and to provide security, stability, and prosperity (High-Level
Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, 2004).
Peace builders is rooted in Galtungs (1975) distinction between
peacemaking, peacekeeping and peace building. While, the former two are
the immediate responses to conflict, peace building is about building a
sustainable peaceful future.
1

It does not stop with the notion of negative peace (as the absence of war)
but entails the cultivation of positive peace by promoting harmony between
people, including respect, justice and inclusiveness (Gills and Niens 2014).
Peace building is, thus, seen as a transformative process that seeks to
establish sustainable peace by addressing the root causes of violent
conflict.
It proposes a holistic process of peace building that concerns entire societies
and the individuals within them (Lederach and Maise 2009).
In this process of transformation, teachers are seen as peace builders that
teach children how to live together in peace by overcoming prejudice within
and between individuals and communities. The research consortium has
developed the idea of sustainable peace building through a framework based
on Frasers (2005) theorization of social justice, which focuses on
redistribution, recognition and representation, together with the addition of
issues related to reconciliation (Hamber 2007). This 4Rs framework
provides the analytical framework for the research as it can explore the key
post-conflict transformations necessary for promoting a just and sustainable
peace and for a deeper reflection on educations supporting role therein
(Novelli et al, 2015).
After violent conflict, demand for justice may be high but the ability of state
institutions to deliver is often low. The justice system may be weak or absent,
or the justice and security services may be repressive and part of the conflict
and not trusted by (part of) the population. Justice may contribute to
strengthening the legitimacy of public institutions particularly in the justice
and security sectors. It can therefore be seen as an important part of peaceand state-building. Ever since the work of the peace researcher Johan
Galtung, it has become common parlance to distinguish between so-called
negative and positive peace. The logic here is that peace is not just the
absence of armed conflict and violence, but is indeed about the pursuit of
2

social justice through equal opportunity, a fair distribution of power and

material resources, and an equal protection by and in the face of the rule of
law. Peace, then, means long-term peace. It means creating the conditions
under which individuals in society can benefit from coherent legal
frameworks, public order, political stability, and economic opportunities. And
peace building thus refers to all efforts to foster a sustainable peace through
the establishment of institutions that promote and enable the non-violent
resolution of tensions and disputes. Following Galtung (1976), peace building
is therefore differentiated from peacekeeping (maintaining a balance of
power and keeping the warring parties apart) as well as peacemaking
(solving the conflict by removing the source of the tension), a distinction that
was also echoed in the 1992 report of the UN Secretary-General Boutros
Boutros-Ghali, entitled An Agenda for Peace.
1.1.1.

Historical background

In a world marred by conflict and violence, peace building is becoming

increasingly important as a means of preventing continuing hostilities.
Peace building missions and efforts have focused on emphasizing such
factors as security and governance to prevent these potentially volatile
situations from erupting into full fledged conflicts. This approach, however,
has neglected the gendered dimensions of peace building. That is, it does
not recognize the particular needs of women during the peace building
phase, nor does it acknowledge their role in contributing to effective peace
building. It is this gap that this thesis addresses. The objective of this study
is to demonstrate that despite the absence of women in the architecture of
peace building design; in fact they play an integral role in the peace building
process. Before elaborating further on the content and structure of this
thesis, it is first necessary to provide some clarification of the terminologies.
Efforts at peace building often are confused with peacekeeping operations.
In fact, the term peace building is frequently used interchangeably with
peacekeeping, however, the differences are significant. Peacekeeping
3

refers to direct actions to police conflict areas and prevent war, often
through the use of international forces. Peace building, on the other hand,
includes post-conflict initiatives to rebuild societies and forestall a return to
violence. The peace building process encompasses efforts to achieve
sustainable human security through rebuilding institutions and
infrastructure. This allows for communication and diplomacy to develop and
reinforce societies abilities to manage conflicts without resorting to
violence. (Human Security, Accessed February 23, 2010).
1.1.2.

Theoretical background

The notion the role justice of peace building in conflict-affected states and
societies is not new and certainly not one invented by the United Nations
(UN). Contemporary discussions, nonetheless, might very well give this
impression, not least since the inauguration of the UNs peace building
architecture in the wake of the 2005 World Summit, encompassing a UN
Peace building Commission (PBC) of 31 member states, a UN Peace building
Support Office (PBSO) based in New York, and a UN Peace building Fund (PBF)
to help finance its mandates. But the Endeavour to build peace is, of course,
much more than the activities of a particular (legal and political) institutional
set-up. Indeed, peace building has gained in prominence not just in
specialized academic and practitioner circles, but also in the public discourse
at large.
1.1.3.

Conceptual background

In Africa, Prevalent violent conflict on the African continent has been

addressed by numerous scholars, advancing various reasons to explain the
continuous conflicts on the continent. The scholars (such as Jackson 2000,
2002; Okoth and Ogot 2000; Adedeji 1999; Khadiagala 2006; and Taiser and
Mathews 1999) agree in their description of Africa as the least developed
continent economically, yet the most conflict prone politically. What has been
the main focus of these scholars is the shift in Africas conflicts, from
4

conflicts between states to conflicts within states, internal conflicts, civil

wars, intra-state conflicts or new wars (Kaldor 1999:33-118; 2006:72-94;
2012:71-118).
A nationalist is a citizen of a particular nation, which in this case, is Egypt,
South Africa, or Nigeria, who is devoted to the interest of that state. He or
she is concerned with the political independence of the state, guiding the
modern state, and defending and advancing the interest of its citizens in the
international political and economic system. The underpinning principle of a
nationalist is justice, instead of restoration of relationship for peaceful coexistence as the case of role models. That is why a nationalist often times
become a trouble shooter and there are numerous examples of such persons
in Africa, ranging from Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana); Milton Obote, Idi Amin and
Yoweri Museveni (Uganda), Ahmado Ahidjo and Paul Biya (Cameroun) to
Robert Mugabe (Zimbabwe). These nationalists turned around to become
enemies of the same people and state they fought hard to liberate. This
explains why there are persistent internal conflicts in the continent (Ogwu,
2006).
1.1.4.

Contextual background

The recent history of Somalia provides an important point of reference in the

examination of well established academic discourses on the formation, peace
building. Following the collapse of the central government in 1991 the
country entered a period of such widespread and intense conflict and
instability that it soon became the archetype of a failed state; a status only
relinquished when in 2014 the Fragile States Index Report ranked South
Sudan as the worlds most fragile country (FP, 2014).
Following the attacks on the United States on 11 September 2011 and in the
environment of the War on Terror that followed many political
commentators and security analysts pointed to the ability of terrorist
organizations to exploit state failure, in this particular case the ability of al5

Qaeda to establish a safe base of operations in Afghanistan, as a serious

threat to global security and order (Peter, 2008).
In Somalia the threat posed by the collapse of the state and its institutions to
the region and wider international community - one need only consider the
two issues of terrorism and piracy - as well as the devastating humanitarian
consequences for its citizens have prompted neighboring countries, foreign
powers and international institutions attempt to implement strategies to
rebuild them as a means to finally bring peace and security to the country.
Therefore, this study explored the role of justice in peace building process in
Somalia-Hodan district.
1.2.

Problem Statement

In a world marred by conflict and violence, peace building is becoming

increasingly important as a means of preventing continuing hostilities. Peace
building missions and efforts have focused on emphasizing such factors as
security and governance to prevent these potentially volatile situations from
erupting into full fledged conflicts. This approach, however, has neglected
the gendered dimensions of peace building. That is, it does not recognize the
particular needs of women during the peace building phase, nor does it
acknowledge their role in contributing to effective peace building. During the
war the perception of the victims obscured their role as peacemakers in the
reconstruction and peace-building processes. However, the political parties
and civil society organizations initiated dialogue and reconciliation within
their villages and communities. But although civil society played important
roles in forging for peace during the clashes in the family and the
community, the government and other members of the societies seemed to
ignore the role they played as peace builders in the society and as a result
very few resources were (and still are) allocated to their organizations. Also
during the clashes, in peace talks between the warring parties, civil society
and political parties were (and still are) hardly involved, despite the fact that
6

.4.1

.4.2

they were most affected by the conflict. Besides this, most of the state
peace-building initiatives during the clashes took the topdown approach and
since there are fewer civil society in the upper echelons of power, they were
under-represented. This is in spite of the fact that women, as child bearers,
seek conditions that enable people to live in peace by being counselors and
custodians of human values which is as a result of socializing the young ones
in the family. Since it is possible that civil society do not take part for the
conflict management and peace building of the Somali community, most of
the Somali cases for peace building Somali society completely do not
included. Therefore, this study will identify the main aim of this study is to
examine the role of justice of the peace building process in the Benadir
region Case study in Hodan District.

1.3.
1.4.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study explored the effects of justice in peacebuilding

Process in Benadir region.
General Objectives
The main objective of this study is to the effects of justice in peacebuilding
Process in Somalia Specially the civil society and Political in Banadir region as
a case study.
Specific Objectives
1. The activities in Somali civil society carrying out in terms of peace
building.
2. The activities of civil society in Somalia compare to the functions of
civil society in peace building, as outlined around the Benadir region.
3. The challenges to effective peace building.
1.5.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
7

1. What activities is the Somali civil society carrying out in terms of

peace building?
2. How do the activities of civil society in Somalia compare to the
functions of civil society in peace building?
3. What are the challenges of effective peace building?

1.6. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

(Time scope, Geographical Scope and Content Scope)
1.6.1.

Content Scope

This study specifically sought the effect of justice in peace building process.
The researchers studied selected as target population the civil society,
political parties and elders.
1.6.2.

Time Scope

This study had been conducted with cross sectional survey design, for the
period between March up to July 2016 by using the questionnaire
instrument.
1.6.3.

1.6.3. Geographical

The researchers studied selected Hodan District in Mogadishu-Somalia.

1.7. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study contributed the effect of justice in peace building process in
Benadir region.

The study also useful to the students who are willing to investigate peace
building process. Central governments, the local authorities, so this study is
also help full for future studies to be made by other potential researchers
and to the society.
1.8.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

Peace building: Peace building is the process of creating self-supporting

structures that remove the causes of wars and offer alternatives to war in
situations where wars might occur. Conflict resolution mechanisms should
be built into the structure and be present there as a reservoir for the system
itself to draw upon, just as a healthy body has the ability to generate its own
antibodies and does not need ad hoc administration of medicine. (Lederach,
John Paul,2000)
Peace building: Peace building is a process that facilitates the
establishment of durable peace and tries to prevent the recurrence of
violence by addressing root causes and effects of conflict through
reconciliation, institution building, and political as well as economic
transformation. This consists of a set of physical, social, and structural
initiatives that are often an integral part of post conflict reconstruction and
rehabilitation. (Galtung, Johan, 2013)
"Justice": is defined in terms of equality--everyone should get or have the
same amount, regardless of how hard they work, or "what they put in." Other
people define
"Justice": in terms of equity--people should get benefits in proportion to
what they contributed to producing those benefits. In other words, the harder
9

and better you work, the more you should get as a reward for that work. (The
opposite can also be argued--that people should suffer costs in proportion to
the harm they have done others, which yields the concept of retaliation.) Still
other people believe in equity with a bottom "safety-net" level which protects
people who, because of misfortune or disability, are unable to work or even
help themselves. (Conflict Research Consortium, University of Colorado, USA,
2005).
Justice: is the process or the result of using laws to fairly judge and punish
crimes and criminals. (Conflict Research Consortium, University of Colorado,
USA, 2005).

10

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW 0F RELATED LITERATURE

2.0. INTRODUCTION

This chapter sets out to review the existing literature under the study. In this
section, there is a presentation of an overview of the major variables, this
helps contribute to the understanding of the discussion pertaining the study.

2.1

Civil Society

2.1.1. What is Civil Society?

The concept of civil society remains elusive, complex and contested. There
are different meanings and interpretations and, over time, different schools
of thought have influenced theoretical debates and empirical research. This
report conceives of civil society as the arena of un-coerced collective action
around shared interests, purposes and values.

As a public sphere where citizens and voluntary organizations freely engage,

it is distinct from the state, the family and the market, although since civil
society is closely linked with these spheres, strict boundaries may be difficult
to establish.CSOs are the wide array of non-governmental and not-for-profit
organizations that have a presence in public life, expressing the interests and
values of their members or others, based on ethical, cultural, political,
scientific, religious or philanthropic considerations.
The term goes beyond the narrower (and to many donors,more familiar)
category of development-oriented NGOs, and depicts a broad range of
organizations, such as community groups, womens association, labor
11

unions, indigenous groups, youth groups, charitable organizations,

foundations, faith-based organizations, independent media, professional
associations, think tanks, independent educational organizations and social
movements.(Klem ,2004).
The term civic engagement refers to the participation of private actors in the
public sphere, conducted through direct and indirect CSO and citizen
interactions with government, business community and external agencies to
influence decision making or pursue common goals. The term is widely used
by social capital theorists to refer to individual participation in civic life
(Putnam 2000). This report will occasionally use the term civic engagement
to capture individual and informal civic activities, in addition to those carried
out by formal CSOs. Highlighting this conceptual distinction is particularly
appropriate in the context of peace building, where local peace activities
frequently rely on the initiative of a few committed individuals.(Lauth1998)
2.2. Identifying Actors
Given the diversity of civil society, it is difficult to categorize CSOs in a
meaningful or comprehensive way. Despite this limitation, a wide range of
CSO typologies have been developed based on characteristics such as
organizational form, purpose, scale, scope and activities. From a donor
perspective, it can be useful to make a basic distinction between
membership-based organizations (trade unions, womens groups, self-help
groups, social movements, networks) and non-membership or intermediary
organizations (NGOs and support organizations).5 Another distinction can be
made based on the level at which a CSO is established and functions
(community, local, regional, national or international). I-NGOs can provide
valuable support to domestic CSOs, but in many cases are not considered as
part of that countrys civil society. Development organizations attribute a
range of democratization and development functions to civil society. The
World Bank for example highlights: public service delivery; improving
12

governance and promoting participatory decision-making; influencing policy

formulation; and peace building and conflict management (World Bank 2005)

2.3. Civil Society Roles in Peace building

Beyond Diplomats: Expanding Conceptions of Peace building This report
defines peace building as activities aimed at preventing and managing
armed conflict, and sustaining peace after large-scale organized violence has
ended. The scope of peace building covers all activities that are directly
linked to this objective within a 5-10 year period. Peace building should
create conducive conditions for reconstruction and development efforts, but
should not be equated and thus confused with these concepts. Peace
building differs from peacemaking (the use of force to end violence), and
peacekeeping (the threat of the use of force to prevent actors from reengaging in armed conflict). There are three phases of peace building:
prevention prior to the outbreak of violence, conflict management during
armed conflict, and post-conflict peace building for up to 10 years after the
conflict end. This report focuses on the conflict management and postconflict phases, although recognizing that conflict prevention is a constant
theme even in those phases. Analytical approaches to peace building have
shifted in recent years from outcome-oriented approaches to conflict
management, to relationship-oriented conflict resolution, and to more
comprehensive transformation approaches. Traditional conflict management
approaches, practiced for example in the 1995 Bosnia Herzegovina
negotiations, aim at short-term management of conflict by identifying key
representatives of conflict parties and negotiating or mediating peace
accords (Paffenholz 1998, 2001). Key actors are governments and
multilateral organizations, mostly the UN, sometimes supporting mediation
efforts by threat of force (power mediation). By contrast, conflict resolution
aims to address the underlying causes of conflict and mend the social fabric
13

of conflict-affected societies. Peace facilitators under this approach typically

hail from academia, and national or I-NGOs, and they aim to improve
communications and inter-group relations (Bailey 1985; Stedman 1993).
Multi-track diplomacy capitalizes on the synergies between these approaches
(Diamond and McDonald 1996), distinguishing between different peace
building actors and processes according to tracks. Track 1 covers diplomatic
conflict management approaches, Track 2 represents the original conflict
resolution school, and the subsequent tracks cover additional actors within
conflict resolution approaches. Conflict management and conflict resolution
approaches have a number of important weaknesses. Outcome oriented
approaches are likely to overlook deep conflict causes that may affect the
prospects for sustaining peace accords (Hoffman 1992). In this vein, focusing
on the leaders of conflict parties is likely to be too narrow (Lederach 1997),
identifying the appropriate counterparts for successful peace negotiations
can be very difficult, and mediating states are not always neutral (Ropers
and Debiel 1995).
2.4. The Increasing Role for Civil Society in Peace building
The changing approaches to peace building have opened space for civil
society participation. Until the 1990s, conflict management approaches
focused on the top leaders of conflict parties, based on the assumption that
a limited number of actors involved in peace negotiations facilitate
negotiated settlements. Civil society mediators such as the Comunita di
SantEgidio in Mozambique were an exception and their behavior often
differed very little from official governmental mediators (Paffenholz 1998;
van Tongeren et al. 2005). The subsequent shift to conflict transformation
approaches focused attention on the key role played by civil society. A key
driver of this shift was John Paul Lederach, whose peace building pyramid
(Figure 2) has become the leading reference for most practitioner
approaches to peace building. Many multilateral agencies and bilateral
donors have affirmed the importance of non-state actors in peace building
14

processes. They have adjusted their policy frameworks8 and increased their
operational support to civil society in peace building. In 2005, for example,
the UN Security Council underlined the potential contributions of a vibrant
and diverse civil society in conflict prevention, as well as in the peaceful
settlement of disputes (UN Security Council 2005). The growing importance
attributed to civil society initiatives goes hand in hand with the recognition
that peace building entails numerous societal reconstruction tasks that
official diplomacy and reconstruction programs cannot achieve. Cooperation
between donors and northern and I-NGOs for peace building is now often
routine. In Germany, for example, the main governmental and nongovernmental development and peace organizations and networks have
established a joint working group to foster learning about peace building and
conflict sensitive mainstreaming (FriEnt: http://www.frient.de). A similar
initiative exists in Switzerland since 2001 (KOFF: http://www.swisspeace.org).
There is wide agreement on the complementarily of non-governmental peace
initiatives and diplomatic peace efforts. Lobbying by church-based
development and peace organizations, for example, was instrumental in
creating international awareness of armed conflict in Sudan. Cooperation
between I-NGOs and domestic NGOs has helped give voice to actors from
conflict-affected countries on the international stage. At the country level,
civil society has served to link the wider public with official mediation
processes through information campaigns and by transmitting popular
sentiments to negotiating parties (Accord 2002). The official peace processes
in Guatemala (Armon et al. 1997; Molkentin 2002; Greiter 2003, Stanley and
Holiday 2002, see also case example in Annex 1) and Afghanistan, for
example, were accompanied by parallel civil society processes and forums to
raise issues related to the peace process and make recommendations to
Track 1 negotiations. Civil society positions significantly influenced the nature
and implementation of both peace agreements. While the Guatemala case
shows that a genuine civil society process can have a strong influence on the
negotiated settlement, the Afghanistan case suggests that externally-driven
15

civil society involvement can also have considerable impact, including

playing a role in the post-settlement phase (Paffenholz 2006).
2.5. The Essence of Justice
In the context of peace-building, truth relates to an accurate understanding
and recording of the causes of a conflict, as well as which parties are
responsible for which actions, and which parties, including individuals, may
be characterized as the victims or the aggressors (including the possibility
that both parties are the aggressors). Truth also requires an understanding
and articulation of the objectives of the various parties, including those of
third parties, and an assessment of those interests in light of generally
accepted rules of international behavior-in particular, those set forth in the
UN Charter and other legal instruments. See Richard J. Goldstone, Justice as
a Tool for Peace-Making: Truth Commissions and International Criminal
Tribunals, 28 N.Y.U. J. INT'L L. & POL. 485,486 (1996). Final Report of the
United Nations Commission of Experts Established.
An example of the use of truth to influence the peace process is the report of
the War Crimes Commission created by the United Nations in 1993 to assess
the nature of the conflict in Yugoslavia and the extent to which the various
parties were responsible for war crimes. This report, consisting of over 3,000
pages, paints a fairly accurate portrayal of the nature and extent of the
crimes committed by all the parties, finding that although representatives of
each party had committed crimes, warranting the creation of an international
tribunal, it was clear the Serbian forces were acting as aggressors and they
had committed the vast majority of crimes. This may be contrasted with
what the authors were told were efforts of David Owen, the co-chair of the
UN/EU peace process, to persuade the chairman of the War Crimes
Commission to find that all three of the parties.
2.6. The Essence of Anti-Justice

16

The antithesis of truth is falsehood, often spread by propaganda. For

example, as detailed in U.S. Department of State cables, and a number of
more recent publications, Slobodan Milosevic relied upon a highly capable
propaganda machine to at first stir the nationalist feelings of the Serbian
population into support for his objective of an ethnically pure greater Serbia
and then to promote recruitment into the paramilitary forces responsible for
many of the brutal acts of ethnic cleansing." As noted by U.S. Ambassador
Warren Zimmermann, through a barrage of propaganda via the state-owned
media, 12 Milosevic played on Serb fears and feelings of victimization, going
back to their defeat by the Ottomans at Kosovo in 1389, and emphasizing
their treatment at the hands of the Ustasha during World War II. "The virus of
television," Ambassador Zimmermann recounts, "spread ethnic hatred like
an epidemic. (Warren Zimmermann,1996).

2.7.

Peace Building in Post-Conflict Societies: Processes and

Strategies

As peace negotiations have resulted in the settlement of intrastate violence

and wars over the last decade, several societies have been going through
difficult phases of post-conflict reconstruction. Negotiated settlement of longterm conflict brings about new challenges as well as opportunities for social
transformation. The demand to rebuild divided societies emerging from
serious long-term conflict is overwhelming, and recent efforts reflect the
complex nature of the process of peace building.
Peace building involves a process comprised of various functions and roles. It
often entails a wide range of sequential activities, proceeding from ceasefire, refugee resettlement to economic reconstruction and the advancement
of human rights. The end of violent conflict has to be accompanied by

17

rebuilding physical infrastructure and the restoration of essential government

functions that provide basic social services.
In the long run, stability cannot be achieved without the participation of
former adversaries in a democratic political process and socio-economic
reform.
The dynamics of peace building are affected by dialectic human interactions
and perceptions as well as the social environment. It takes time to overcome
both psychological and structural obstacles resulting from protracted conflict
locked in vicious cycles of confrontation. Social reconstruction, rehabilitation
and reconciliation are essential elements that make a peace process durable
and sustainable (Galtung, 1998).
In spite of its relatively short history, there has been a growing interest in
research on the conduct of existing peace building operations, especially
since the mid-1990s, among policy makers and scholars. United Nations
agencies, the World Bank, the Organization of Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE) and other international agencies created special units that
deal with post-conflict reconstruction while Western governments have
contributed to peace keeping operations and development aid for societies
recovering from violent conflict.
Scholarly interest has led to a proliferation of literature on different aspects
of peace building (Amadiume and An-Na'im, 2000; Kumar, 1998; Harris,
1999; Morphet, 1998; Pugh, 2000; Rothstein, 1999; Sorenson, 1998; the
United Nations, 1996; Walter, 1999). Research has also concentrated on
peace building experiences in Angola, the former Yugoslavia, Cambodia,
Congo, El Salvador, Mozambique, Somalia, Sudan, South Africa, and other
countries individually or as a group (Anstee, 1996; Arnson, 1999; Chan and
Vanancio, 1998; Lisee, 2000; Parris, 1997; Marks, 2000; Mockaitis, 1999;
Synge, 1997; Vuckovic, 1999; Wood, 2000). However, an understanding of
the diverse aspects of peace building has yet to be integrated in a manner

18

that helps assess whether and how the wide variety of new experiences have
accomplished the task of consolidating peace.
Every peace process is not the same, especially in considering divergence in
inherent conflict situations (e.g., the impact of intensity and level of violence
in inter-group relations on transformative dynamics). However, overall
conceptual and analytical approaches can be suggested to identify steps and
actions for bringing about harmonious relations between former adversaries
and reconstructing post-conflict societies. In enhancing our understanding of
the strategies necessary for lasting peace, we need to look at how different
dimensions of peace building can contribute to behavioural changes and
structural transformation.
This paper suggests that the analysis of the complex processes of peace
building has to go beyond an institutional framework. Most reconstruction
programs rely heavily on a pluralistic model of democratic institution building
and economic recovery through free market oriented policies. It is often
assumed that a peace building process ends with the establishment of a new
government along with the introduction of economic recovery packages.
Little analysis has been made of how democratic institution building and
political transition are undermined by the lack of social and economic
foundations. While establishing a stable political structure at the centre is no
doubt important, not enough attention has been paid to communal social
space where daily transactions take place for survival. Peace building
approaches oriented toward re-establishing the existing status quo are not
likely to lead to social transformation. The current focus on mere restoration
of order has serious limitations. Existing political and economic structures
can be an obstacle to overcoming imbalances between groups. The
strategies have to be more geared toward modifying social structures and
processes associated with these imbalances.

19

Policy responses have been mostly prepared by donor agencies, and

packages of specific implementation programmes have been formulated
without much consideration of the particular circumstances of a recipient
society. The institutionalized approaches are not often adequate to meet the
specific needs and diverse interests of women, children, the elderly, and
people with a marginalized social and economic status. These programmes
have neither fully comprehended the meaning of their activities, nor their
potential impact. What has not been properly investigated is the contribution
that grassroots initiatives, introduced at a community level, can make toward
establishing a peace structure and culture.
Understanding the effectiveness of different elements of peace building is
enhanced by examining how security, political, social and economic
components support each other in rebuilding the fabric of divided societies.
In doing so, this paper begins with the investigation of major assumptions,
objectives and conditions under which peace building proceeds and has been
implemented. Then it explains confidence building measures, political
transition, protection of human rights, reconciliation, social rehabilitation and
development. The analysis in the paper illustrates past and current
experiences of peace building and, when appropriate, suggests areas which
require reconsideration of existing strategies and approaches.

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0

Introduction

20

2.1

This chapter focused the main areas of research methodology which are:
research design, research population, sample size, sampling procedure,
research instrument, and data gathering procedures, data analysis, ethical
considerations, and limitations of the study.
3.1

Research Design

The researchers conducted this study through coloration survey that uses
quantitative approaches. Survey is a methodology used for selecting a
sample from a population to analyze and discover results. Its main purposes
were to find out descriptions of parts of the population and explain findings
as they are, as they were, or as they will be (Onen and Oso, 2008). The
researchers have chosen this quantitative approach because of the rapid
collection of the data, ability to understand a population from part of them
and suitability of the survey for this research.
3.2

Research Population

The population of the study was consisted of 120 hundred (120) civil
societies and political parties Selected by Benadir region, the researcher
team has taken 200 civil societies and political parties as a target population
for this study.

Sample Size

21

The sample was both civil societies and political parties. The data was
collected from the selected sample of respondents were (92%) of civil
societies and political parties. In this study the sample of the study was
reached through the solve nos formula which is n = N / (1 + (N*e^2)),
FORMULA
Target population=
N = Target of Population,

= Number of Errors
= 0.05

n=0/ (1+ (120*0.0025))=92% respondents

Table 3-4:1 the target population of the study
NO

Target Population

REASECH Population

SAMPLE

1.

Civil societies

70

70%

2.

Political parties

50

22%

120

92%

Total

3.3

Sample Procedure

This study utilized non-probability sampling procedure particularly

judgmental sampling; judgmental sampling the researcher consciously
decides who to include in the sample (Saunders et al, 2009).
22

The researchers were used judgmental sampling techniques. The main

purpose of this technique is used to collect focused information, the
researchers consciously decides who to include in the sample.
3.3.1.

Research Instrument

This study was used a Questionnaire; as a data collection of every items to

which a respondent is expected to reach in writing. The main purpose of
questionnaire was to collect a lot of information over a short period of time.
Because they are suitable if a population is large and time is limited, the
selecting of this survey has been guided by the nature of data to be
collected; questionnaire tool was administered to collect quantitative data
from the selected respondents, Data on completed Self-administered
questionnaire (SAQs),The questionnaire was created and developed through
the process of, first we read literatures relating on this area how they create
a questionnaire, second after that we formulate a questionnaire then third
was made pilot test The final The researcher used Correction questionnaire
which intended to collect research data therefore the structure of this
questionnaire is for (4) items or dimension each dimension has at least 4
questions which make a total of 20 questions which stated as five liker scales
such as Strongly Agree, Agree Neutral, Disagree and lastly Strongly disagree
developed by (Rose, 1932)..
Questionnaire can be use to collect the information related to the feelings
and attitudes of the people. Therefore this study is concerned with variables
23

that cannot be found through observation or experiment such as feelings and

opinions of the respondents. Such information is best collected through
questionnaire (Onen &, Oso2008).
The researchers were modified the questions adopt to get information about
womens profiles such as age, marital status, educational background,
number of dependent relatives, prior work experience, sources of capital,
basic information about the enterprise and entrepreneurial capacity.
3.3.2.

Validity and reliability of the instrument

Validity is the quality of the test doing what is designed to do, the validity of
instruments through universal agreement between experts. Content validity
index takes care of item validity and sampling validity. Also researcher will
make pilot testing to ensure the validity of this study by distributing seven
(7) questionnaire to seven expert respondents those are not the sample.
Reliability of the respondents through the instruments was established. The
reliability of the research instruments concern with the degree to which the
research will give the same result. To get the reliability of the study the
researcher was analyzed crop alpha on SPSS and the researcher were not
accepted crop alpha less than 0.70

Table 3-2: Reliability test of the study

NO

Variables

Sample
24

NO items

Cronbach's Alpha

1
2

Corruption
Good Governance

60

10

.739

60

10

.735

3.4. Data Gathering Procedure

The following data collection procedure was implemented:
A. Before the administration of the questionnaire
After the research proposal is approved, the researcher was first obtained an
authority letter from the Jobkey University to authorize the researcher to
carry out a research about federalism and peace building practices in
Benadir region. Data was collected from both primary and secondary
sources; primary data was obtained from civil societies and political parties
and, Secondary data was obtained through reviewing related literature such
as published books, magazines, journals and internet sources.
B. During the Administration of the questionnaire
Specifically, the researcher seriously particularly requested the respondents
of the following: (1) to sign the informed consent; (2) to answer all questions
hence should not leave any item unanswered; (3) to avoid biases and to be
objective in answering the questionnaires. The researcher tried retrieving the
questionnaires within two weeks from the date of distribution.
C. After the Administration of the questionnaire
The data collected was organized, summarized, statistically treated and
drafted in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 16th version).
3.5. Data Analysis
The researchers employed descriptive statistics using frequency analyzes for
the data analysis. The research team used Quantitative Data analysis in this
25

study. To analyze Data SPSS 16.0 (Statistical Package for Social Science) was
used. Descriptive statistics use to measure mean, mode, medium, central
tendency, dispersion, deviation, standard deviation and variance in order to
find out group characteristics (Onen & Oso, 2008).
3.6. Ethical Considerations
The researchers were conducted this study in accordance with the ethics by
keeping privacy (anything that is private to the respondent that she doesnt
want to publicize) and the confidentiality (the secret often in a formal
business situation). In this research the collected data intended to use for
academic purpose and the researchers were made sure the researchers
opinions wont include other interests of the research and was given fair
consideration.
3.7. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The following are the main limitation of the study that was met by the
researcher.
The selected sample size has good working procedure and system for
practicing performance so that it does provide the real picture of the
sample frame.
Extraneous variables: This was beyond the researcher control such
respondents honesty, personal biases and uncontrolled setting of the
study.
Instructions: the language was assumed the greatest barriers in getting
the most correct answers for questionnaire for respondents.

CHAPTER FOUR
26

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS

4.0

INTRODUCTION

This part is the first section that contains research design, age of the
respondents, gender and qualification of the respondents, marital, position
and the experience of the participants

Table 4.1 Age of respondents

27

Age
Respondents

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

18-25

58

63.0

63.0

26-35

26

28.3

28.3

36-45

5.4

5.4

46-55

1.1

1.1

over 65

2.2

2.2

92

100.0

100.0

Total
Source primary data,2016

This table depicts the diversity of the participants in terms of age the most
participants were among the age between 18 up to 25 as a frequency 58
also is 63% of frequency as valid as cumulative percentages. Second
participants were between 26 and 35 age, as frequency 26 and their
equivalent values 28.3%. The third participants from 36 up to 45 age as the
table shows as frequency equal to 5 while percent equal to 5.4%, the forth
participants among 46 up to 55, as frequency equal to 1 respondent as
percent 1.1% through valid, and lastly the participants of questionnaire who
were over 65 years were 2 as frequency and as 2.2%, the total participants
were 92, and as validity are 100%
Figure 4.1 Age of respondents

120
100
80
Frequency

60

Percent

40

Valid Percent

20
0
18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55 over 65

Total

Table: 4.2 Gender of respondent

Gender of Respondents
28

Respondent

Frequenc

Percen

Valid

Cumulative

s
Male

y
75

t
81.5

Percent
81.5

Percent
81.5

18.5
100.0

18.5
100.0

100.0

Female
17
Total
92
Source primary data,2016

The gender of the respondents contained of two types, 75 in frequency and

an equivalent as percent 81.5% were male, while 17 participants which
corresponding to 18.5% as percent were female. The total genders of the
participants were 92, on other hand 100% as total.
Figure 4.2 Gender of respondent

100
90
80
70
60
50

Male
Female
Total

40
30
20
10
0
Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Table 4.3 Qualification of respondents

Qualification
Respondents

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent
29

Cumulative Percent

Intermediate
Secondary
Diploma
Bachelor
Master
Other
Total
Source primary

2
7
31
32
16
4
92
data,2016

2.2
7.6
33.7
34.8
17.4
4.3
100.0

2.2
7.6
33.7
34.8
17.4
4.3
100.0

2.2
9.8
43.5
78.3
95.7
100.0

The qualifications of the participants were different, as this table clarifies 2 of

the participants were intermediate degrees which equal to 2.2%, 7 of the
participants have secondary degrees 7.6% as percent, 31 of participants of
my questionnaire have Diploma degrees which equivalent 33.7%, while 32
of the participants have Bachelor degrees as same 34.8%, in contrast 16 of
the respondents have Master degrees like that 17.4%, and 4 of them have
other degrees of certificate as value of percentage equal to 4.3%. The most
participants of my questionnaire were knowledgeable ones who have
Bachelor degrees. Their total were 92 participants that equivalent 100%
Figure 4.3 Qualification of respondents
100
80
60
40
20
0

Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent

Table 4.4 Respondents of Marital Status

Marital

30

Respondents

Frequenc

Percen

Valid

Cumulative

Percent

Percent

Single

70

76.1

76.1

76.1

Married

16

17.4

17.4

93.5

Divorce

6.5

6.5

100.0

Total

92

100.0

100.0

Source primary data,2016

The marital of the participants were made up of variety parties of the
society, 70 of the participants were single which equal to 76.1%, and 16 of
them were married as 17.4% while 6 of the participants divorced that equal
to 6.5% as the sum of the total percentage 100%. The most participants of
this stage were singles, and in my point of view this indicates that Somali
youth who are in Mogadishu are single as I have found in this research.
Figure 4.4 Respondents of Marital Status
100
90
80
70

Respondents

60

Frequency

50

Percent

40

Valid Percent

30
20
10
0
1

Table 4.5 Position of respondent

Position

31

Respondent

Frequency

Percen

Valid Percent

Cumulative

Top manager
Middle Manager

15
14

t
16.3
15.2

16.3
15.2

Percent
16.3
31.5

Low Manager

9.8

9.8

41.3

58.7
100.0

58.7
100.0

100.0

Employee
54
Total
92
Source primary data,2016

Positions of the participants were consist of different sectors of the society,

15 of the participant in frequency were top managers, in percentage 16.3%,
14 of them in frequency inside percent 15.2% were Middle managers, 9 of
respondents in frequency as 9.8% were low managers, 54 in frequency who
were the most participants were employees as 58.7%. As sum total of the
participants were 92 as 100%.
Figure 4.5 Position of respondent

120
100
80
60

Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent

40
20
0

Table 4.6 Respondents of experience

Experience
32

Respondent

Frequenc

Percent

Valid

Cumulative

s
2-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
21-25
Total
Source primary

y
58
24
5
3
2
92
data,2016

63.0
26.1
5.4
3.3
2.2
100.0

Percent
63.0
26.1
5.4
3.3
2.2
100.0

Percent
63.0
89.1
94.6
97.8
100.0

The experience of the respondents also diverse as other section I have

mentioned above, 58 in frequency of the participants have experiences of 25 years which equal to 63%, and 6-10 of experiences have had 24 of the
respondents as in frequency, that equal to 24%. 11-15 of experience by 5 of
the participants in frequency, which their values equal to 5.4%, 16-20 by 3
of the participants in frequency that equal to 3.3%, 21-25 of experience by 2
of the experience as percent 2.2%. The total of the experienced of the
participants were 92 and 100% as the interprets
Figure 4.7 4.6 Respondents of experience
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Frequency
Percent

5-Feb

10-Jun

15-Nov

16-20

21-25

Total

Table 4.7 The relationship between justice and peacebuilding

The relationship between justice and peacebuilding
Respondents
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
33

Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Strongly

56
25
9
2

Disagree
Total
92
Source primary data,2016

60.9
27.2
9.8
2.2

60.9
27.2
9.8
2.2

100.0

100.0

56 of the respondents were strongly agreed about the relationship between

justice and peacebuilding that equal to 60.9%, and 25 respondents were
agreed also the relationship between justice and peacebuilding as like
27.2%, also 9 of the respondents were stand on the point neutrality that
means 9.8%, in contrast 2 of the respondents were left disagree
measurement that means 2.2% so there is no anyone toke strongly
disagree, the total respondents were 92 whereby 100%
Figure 4.7 the relationship between justice and peacebuilding

100
90
80
70
60
Frequency

50

Percent

40
30
20
10
0
Strongly agree

Agree

Neutral Strongly Disagree

34

Total

Table 4.8 justice and peacebuilding are complimentary

justice and peacebuilding are complimentary
Respondents
Frequency
Percent
Strongly agree
25
27.2
Agree
39
42.4
Neutral
16
17.4
Disagree
7
7.6
Strongly Disagree
5
5.4
Total
92
100.0

Valid Percent
27.2
42.4
17.4
7.6
5.4
100.0

Source primary data,2016

25 of the respondents were strongly agreed that justice and peacebuilding
are complimentary to one another beside 27.2%, while 39 of the
respondents were agreed their complimentary as means 42.4%, 16 of them
have neutral that means 17.4%, 7 were disagreed its scale of percent 7.6%
and lastly 5 of the respondents were strongly disagreed as 5.4%. A number
of the respondents were 92 respondents at 100%
Figure 4.8 justice and peacebuilding are complimentary
100
92

100
90
80
70
60
39

50
40

42.4

25 27.2

30

16 17.4

20

7.6

5.4

10
0

Strongly agree

Agree

Neutral

Disagree Strongly Disagree

Frequency

35

Percent

Total

Table 4.9 the relationship between peace and peacebuilding

increase that the violence of crises will decrease
the relationship between peace and peacebuilding increase that the
violence of crises will decrease
Respondents
Frequency
Strongly agree
39
Agree
27
Neutral
13
Disagree
6
Strongly Disagree
7
Total
92
Source primary data,2016

Percent
42.4
29.3
14.1
6.5
7.6

Valid Percent
42.4
29.3
14.1
6.5
7.6

100.0

100.0

39 of the respondents were strongly agreed if the relationship between

peace and peacebuilding increase that the violence of crises will decrease
which equal to 42.5%, thereby 27 of them were agreed if the relationship
between justice and peacebuilding increase the violence of crises will
decrease which means 29.3%, 13 of the respondents adhered neutral and
their value of 14.1% and 6 of the respondents were disagreed that equal to
6.5% other than 7 of them were strongly disagreed that equal to 7.6% all of
the respondents were 92 as means 100%
Figure 4.9 the relationship between peace and peacebuilding
increase that the violence of crises will decrease

100
80 3942.4
60
2729.3
40
1314.1
20
6 6.5
0

Frequency

92100

7 7.6

Percent

36

Table 4.10 Justice and peacebuilding are in dependent not

complimentary
Justice and peacebuilding are in dependent not complimentary
Respondents
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Strongly agree
10
Agree
21
Neutral
16
Disagree
28
Strongly Disagree
17
Total
92
Source primary data,2016

10.9
22.8
17.4
30.4
18.5
100.0

10.9
22.8
17.4
30.4
18.5
100.0

10 of the respondents were strongly agreed that Justice and peacebuilding

are in dependent not complimentary in frequency, in percentage 10.9%, but
21 of the respondents were agreed their independent rather than
complimentary, that equal to 22.8%, although 16 of the respondents have
left as neutral that means 17.4%, in contrast 28 of the respondents in
frequency point out disagreed side, beside others that means 30.4%, on
other hand 17 of the respondents in frequency were strongly disagreed that
justice and peacebuilding are independent rather than complimentary as
18.5%, generally the total respondents were 92 as shows in percent 100%
Figure 4.10 Justice and peacebuilding are in dependent not
complimentary

37

120
100
80
60
40

Frequency

20

Percent

Table: 4.11 peace allows citizens to participate peacebuilding efforts

peace allows citizens to participate peacebuilding efforts
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Strongly agree
21
22.8
22.8
Agree
28
30.4
30.4
Neutral
23
25.0
25.0
Disagree
10
10.9
10.9
Strongly Disagree
10
10.9
10.9
Total
92
100.0
100.0
Source primary data,2016
21 of the respondents were strongly agreed in frequency that peace allows
citizens to participate peacebuilding efforts, and patriotic uses as a tool t
mobilize citizens that equivalents 22.8%, like that 28 of the respondents
were agreed as well as 21 above respondents that equal to 30.4%, 23 the
respondents were neutral side as well as 25%, although 10 of the
respondents in frequency were disagreed about the statement which tells
that justice allows citizens to participate peacebuilding efforts and patriotic
uses as a tool organize citizens which means 10.9% like that 10 of the
respondents in frequency were arrange as last 10 respondents in my
statement, were strongly disagreed inside percent 10.9%, total of the
respondents were 92 as well as 100% in percentage
38

Figure 4.11 peace allows citizens to participate peacebuilding

efforts

Chart Title
200
150
100
50
0

Frequency

Percent

Table 4.12 that there is a relationship between peace and obedience

that there is a relationship between peace and obedience
Respondents

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Strongly agree

43

46.7

46.7

38.0
13.0
2.2
100.0

38.0
13.0
2.2
100.0

Agree
35
Neutral
12
Disagree
2
Total
92
Source primary data,2016

43 of the respondents in frequency were strongly agreed that there is a

relationship between peace and obedience, because the spiritual peace dies
for his county as 46.7%, while 35 of the respondents in frequency were
agreed as well as the above statement since 38%, but 12 of the
respondents in frequency were left side of neutrality seeing that 13%,
though 2 of the respondents in frequency were disagreed bearing in mind
2.2%, but there is no strongly disagreed here, total of the respondents were
92 at the same time 100%

39

Figure 4.12 that there is a relationship between peace and

obedience
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Strongly agree

Agree

Neutral

Disagree

Total

Table 4.13 law obedience increases the level of justice in Somalia

law obedience increases the level of justice in Somalia
Respondents
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Strongly agree
47
51.1
51.1
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly

22
9
11
3

Disagree
Total
92
Source primary data,2016

23.9
9.8
12.0
3.3

23.9
9.8
12.0
3.3

100.0

100.0

47 of the respondents in frequency were strongly agreed as law obedience

increases the level of justice in Somalia, at the same time increase level of
security in Somalia as equal to 51.1%, like that 22 of the respondents in
frequency were agreed as means 23.9%, 9 of the respondents were stood
neutrality in equal to 9.8%, 11 of the respondents were disagreed if law
obedience increases level of justice in Somalia, increases level of security in
40

Somalia that means 12%, whereby 3 of the respondents were strongly

disagreed about that statement as means 3.3%, the total of the respondents
were 92 inside percent 100%
Figure 4.13 law obedience increases the level of justice in Somalia

Chart Title
Frequency

Percent
92

100

47 51.1
22 23.9
9
Strongly agree

Agree

9.8

Neutral

11

12

3.3

Disagree Strongly Disagree

Total

Table 4.14 law obedience ensures to patriotic spiritual the value of

his country
law obedience ensures to patriotic spiritual the value of his country
Respondents
Frequency Percent
Valid Percent
Strongly agree
40
43.5
43.5
Agree
37
40.2
40.2
Neutral
13
14.1
14.1
Disagree
2
2.2
2.2
Total
92
100.0
100.0
Source primary data,2016
40 of the respondents on frequency were strongly agreed that law obedience
ensures to patriotic spiritual the value of his country as means 43.5%, 37 of
the respondents in frequency were agreed since equal to 40.2%, although
13 o the respondents were used their attitude as neutral which equal to
14.1%, but 2 of the respondents in frequency that equal to 2.2% and total
of the respondents were 92 as means 100%

41

Figure 4.14 law obedience ensures to patriotic spiritual the value of his
country

Chart Title
100
90
80
70
60
Axis Title

50
40
30
20
10
0

Strongly agree

Agree

Neutral

Disagree

Total

Axis Title

CHAPTER FIVE
MAJOR FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This Chapter discusses the findings of the study as a presented in chapter
four. It also presents the major findings and conclusions arising from the
study as the recommendations; this chapter consists of the subsequent
sections: section 5.1 introduced major findings. Section 5.2 conclusions
arising from the study, while section 5.3 presents the recommendations of
the study and lastly the study investigates the relationship between justice
and peace-building
5.1 MAJOR FINDINGS
The major findings of the study advise that there is a reasonable relationship
between justice and peace-building; also that justice and peacebuilding are
42

complimentary. Also I found/ known if the relationship between justice and

peacebuilding increases the crises and the violence decrease and the chaotic
times will easily be passed.
Like that, the researcher known the more increase the relationship between
justice and peacebuilding the more the development of the country
increases, and the more the development of the country increase the more
the justice and the security increase. At the same time the criminals and the
victims will strongly decrease. Lastly the researcher was found that justice
allows citizens participating peacebuilding efforts because citizens have a
moral loving their country
5.2 Conclusions
Since the justice and peacebuilding are complimentary and interdependent
once, since the two variable need to be understood as well as possible, ever
since is needed that every Somali citizen participates peacebuilding efforts,
in the view of fact that, justice and peacebuilding bring together prosperity
and its important stand for rebuilding and returning the political structure of
the country, justice is the key of the of peacebuilding and justice is the dress
of peacebuilding, there is a relationship between patriotic spiritual and law
obedience, because the spiritual patriotic dies for his county, as law
obedience increases the level of justice in Somalia, at the same time
increase level of security in Somalia
5.3 Recommendations
It is obvious that our country requires patriotic and brave ones who
protect and defend their country form external interference of enemy,
so every Somali political actor must give awareness to citizens
To be selected by Somali Community a trustable leadership and
humble one who is ready listing to his community
To increase the knowledge of the society in order to avoid everything
may bring misleading
To persuade the currently population what is justice and peacebuilding
and their significance e
To be taught to citizens their rights and duties owed to their homeland
43

 Must be equitable, justices and justifiable courts for freak events and
normal once among the society
To increase the relationship between citizens and public officials in
order easy communication
To take as loyalty their role elites of the society and religious scholar
because they have a large effect on the community
Although the study was carried out in Mogadishu, there is a need for
further research across the regions and districts of the nation.
There is a need to examine the role of Somali society to take apart as
peacemakers and peace builders
There is a need to assess the understanding of the public on the
preferred system as a united society.

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APPENDIX I
QUESTIONNAIRE
About this questionnaire!

47

We are preparing my thesis book for bachelors degree of the college of

public adminstration at the Jobkey university in Mogadishu-Somalia. My
research topic is the effcet of justice in peacepulding process.
This survey is distributed to members of the different segment of the
community in Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia, including politicians, college
students, professors, elders, journalists, business people, women activists,
youth etc.
Obtaining feedback from you is very vital to review the topic of my research;
I therefore appreciate you taking time to complete the following survey
questions. It should take about five minutes of your time.
This research is for academic purpose not for gaining profit, please respond
and feel free to fill this questionnaire.
SECTION ONE: Please fill in the demographic details before you
could answer the questionnaire:
Age:
A. 20-30yrs (
above 60 yrs (

)
)

B. 31-40yrs (

C. 41-50yrs (

D. 51-60yrs (

) E.

Qualification:
A. Secondary School (
)

B. Bachelor degree (

C. Master ( )

D. Other (

Gender:
A. Male ( )

B. Female (

Occupation:
A. Student ( )

B. Business ( )

C. Employee ( )

D. Other ( )

Marital status:
A. Single (

B. Married (

) C. Divorced ( )

SECTION TWO: Please mark your selected response by the following

way;

48

1 = Agree 2 = Strongly agree

3 = Neutral

4 = Disagree 5 =

Strongly disagree
S/

*Please mark your selected option

N
1.

There is an important role that played Somali

2.

Policians on peace building in Somalia

Somali politicians promote peace in family,

4.

community and society

Somali society have the role to promote peace
during the conflict or in the post-conflict
Somali society play a significant role in Somali

5.

society
Increased societies participation in the politics

6.

could solve the conflicts in Somalia

Somali Society are often excluded from the

3.

formal discussions given their lack of

participation and access in pre-conflict
7.

decision-making organizations and institutions

Somali societiess rights are not always

8.

recognized as human rights

Somali society have been active in peace

9.

movements
Somali soceity have fundamental intake in
building peaceful communities and their
contributions to peace building should be

10

encouraged and supported

There is a need of societys contribution

towards governance and peace building in

11

Somalia
I dont think society have played a role of

.
12

peace building in Somalia

soceities participation in the peace building is

.
13

the way to build social confidence in Somalia

Soceity can be effective allies for

49

[government] reconciliation and peacebuildng

processes

Thanks for your time!

Appendix II
TIME TABLE FOR THE RESEARCH
DURATION MONTHS
ACTIVITIES

April

May

June

July

2016

2016

2016

2016

A Pilot study
Study analysis

proposal design

proposal
development
Submission of
proposal for
approval
Final report
writing and
submission

50

51

APPENDIX III
ESTIMATED RESEARCH BUDGET

This is the estimate cost and expenses that the research expects to meet
during the course of Research study.
ITEMS

QTY

UNIT COST

AMOUNT

Ream of rule paper

$10

Pens

0.5

$2.5

Pencils

0.1

$0.5

Box files

$3

Stationery

Preparing questionnaires

$4

Editing data, printing and binding

$20

Airtime

$30

Motivation and refreshment

$50

Miscellaneous

$30

TOTAL

$170

APPENDIX IV
MAP OF SOMALIA
52

53