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GROUND SCHOOL
AIR NAVIGATION: QUESTION BANK: 05AUG 08
DR NAVIGATION
Chapter 12. The Velocity Triangle
Q1.
Ans.
Q2.
Ans.
Q3.
Ans.
Q4.
Is wind direction the one towards which the wind blows or the one from where it
comes?
From where it comes.
Ans.
Q5.
Ans.
How many constituent parts of the a/c velocity triangle are required to be known
in order to calculate the rest of the parts?
Four are required to be known to calculate the other two.
Q6.
Ans.
Q7.
Draw a sketch of any aircraft velocity triangle showing the triangle and arrows
only. Annotate the vectors?
Ans.
Q8.
Given R/W 35(M), W/V 320/20, and Varn 30E. Calculate across runway
component and along runway component.
Ans.
2
Q9.
Ans.
Is the drift larger when wind is at right angles to the track or to the heading?
To the track.
Q10.
Ans.
Consider two a/c velocity triangles differing only in tracks by 180; will there be a
common effective head wind component or tail wind component?
Common effective head wind component.
Q11.
Ans.
Is it correct to say that higher the TAS, less will be the drift?
Yes.
Q12.
Is it correct to say that lower the TAS higher will be the drift?
If yes, what is the maximum drift that an aircraft can ever experience?
Yes.180.
Ans.
Q14.
Ans.
Q15.
Ans.
What is the simplest way to assess maximum drift when wind speed & TAS are
known?
By 1 in 60 rule. Maximum drift = wind speed (TAS 60).
Q16.
Ans.
What formula is used to calculate the actual drift when maximum drift is known?
Actual drift = Maximum drift x sine of wind / track angle.
Q17.
When the wind speed is known, is the maximum wind compnent known
automatically.
Yes. Maximum wind component = wind speed.
Ans.
Q18.
Ans.
Q19.
Ans.
What formula is used to assess the applicable wind component when wind speed
is known?
Applicable wind component = Maximum wind x cos of wind / tracks angle.
When the drift is more than 8 degrees, why is there a need to correct the ground
speed obtained by using the applicable wind component formula?
The ground speed estimated assumes that the effective wind component is the
same as the true wind component (i.e. applicable wind component calculated by
the formula). This can give appreciable error in ground speed when the drift is
above 8 degrees. This can give overoptimistic value of ground speed.
3
Q20.
Ans.
Q21.
Given W/V 145/50, TAS 436, Track 148. Calculate wind /track angle, wind
component, ground speed, drift and Hdg?
145 + 180 = 325. 325 148 = 177. 177>90. Therefore hwc.180 177 = 003.
Wind/track angle is 003. The % of maximum drift is 0. Therefore, drift is zero.
Hdg will be 148. The % of wind speed will be 100 %. Therefore hwc = 50. Thus
G/S = 436 50 = 386.
Ans.
Q22.
For mental estimation of revised ETAs map needs to be marked with either 1/4,
1/2 and 3/4 markers or 10 minute markers during preflight preparation. What is
the advantage of 10 minute markers?
Ans. The ten minute markers, once made on the ground , firstly help the pilot to
estimate the DR position at any time. Secondly, having established an actual
position, the pilot can easily estimate early or late arrival over the destination in
comparison with the flight plan.
Q23.
Ans.
Q24. When two position lines are obtained to get a fix, what is the best angle of cut in
order to get the best possible accuracy of position?
Ans. 90 degrees. One of the best fixes that can be obtained is from a collocated VOR
DME station. The VOR gives a straight P/L and the DME gives a curved P/L.
There are three types of such collocated stations. A civilian VOR and DME. A
military navigation aid called TACAN (Tactical Air Navigation) which uses a
DME station to provide range. Modulations in its transponder signal provide
bearing information to suitably equipped a/c in a similar fashion to VOR, but
these cannot be interpreted by civilian airborne eqpt. They can use only the DME
information. Therefore, VORTAC stations are organized for use by civilian a/c.
The VORTAC has a civilian VOR collocated with TACAN, so that civilian a/c
can use VOR of their own, and DME input from TACAN.
Q25.
Ans.
Which particular property an aviation chart must have for plotting purposes?
Name one chart each for plotting R/Ls and G/Cs.
Orthomorphism or conformality is the property required for charts. Standard
Mercator can be used for plotting R/Ls and Lamberts can be used for plotting
G/Cs.
Q27.
Ans.
What is RF?
When scale is expressed as a fraction with a numerator 1, the fraction in called RF
( Representative Fraction).
Q28.
Ans.
Q29.
Ans.
Give the name of a projection where variable scale lines can be used?
Standard Mercator.
Q30.
How many mms, on a chart will represent 1 km of earth distance if the scale is
1:1,000,000?
1mm will represent 1km since 1,000,000 mms equal 1km.
Ans.
Q31.
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Q32.
Ans.
Q33.
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Q34.
If stated scale is 1/1,000,000, and the scale at a point on such a chart is also
1:1,000,000, what is the scale factor at that point?
SF = 1
Ans.
5
Q35.
Ans.
Q36.
Ans.
Does SF indicate percentage error in the scale at a point? If yes, what is the
percentage error if the SF is 1.01?
Yes. SF 1.01 indicates 1% error in scale i.e. scale is 1% too large. For SF 0.99,
scale is 1% too small.
If stated scale is 1:2,000,000, and there is 2% too large an error in scale at point A,
express the scale at A in R.F?
2% too large an error means that SF is 1.02. Scale at A = Stated scale x SF =
1/2,000,000 1.02. Therefore, Denominator = 1,960,784. Thus, RF is
1/1,960,784.
Q37.
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Q38.
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Q39.
Ans.
Q40.
Ans.
List the principle instruments that use the properties of gyroscope to indicate
direction, attitude (roll & pitch) and rate of turn?
(a) Directional Indicator (DI, earlier called DG i.e. Directional Gyro) indicates
direction of aircraft. (b) Attitude Indicator (AI), earlier called Artificial Horizon,
wherein a horizontal bar indicates attitude in roll and pitch and a separate pointer
indicates angle of bank. (c) Turn Indicator (TI) indicates rate of turn. A separate
instrument in it called inclinometer (a ball in a curved tube) indicates whether the
a/c is correctly banked for the turn i.e. whether the a/c has a slip or skid. The
inclinometer is not a gyro instrument. The TI along with the inclinometer was
earlier called Turn and slip indicator. When the gimbal frame of the TI is angled
30 degrees upward, the instrument is called Turn Coordinator.
6
Q42.
Ans.
What is a gyro?
A gyro or gyroscope is a rotor, or wheel, spinning at high speed about an axis
passing thought its center of mass and known as spin axis.
Q43.
Ans.
Q44.
Ans.
Q45.
Ans.
Q46.
Ans.
Q47.
Ans.
What is a fluxvalve?
Fluxvalve is the magnetic detecting element of the slaved gyro compass.
Q48.
Ans.
Does a fluxvalve align with the local magnetic meridian or does it detect it?
It detects the local magnetic meridian.
Q49.
Ans.
Q50.
Ans.
INSTRUMENTS
Chapter 15 of Nav. Temperatures, Airspeeds and Altitudes
Q51.
Ans.
Q52.
Is the Total Air temperature (TAT) higher than Static Air Temperature (SAT) by an
amount, which is proportional to TAS?
Yes.
Ans.
7
Q53.
Ans.
Q54.
Ans.
Q55.
Ans.
Q56.
An a/c is flying at Mach 1 at 36000 ft in the ISA. What TAT will a Rosemount
probe indicate?
SAT at 36000 ft in the ISA = 15 oC (1.98 oC altitude in 1000s of ft) = -56.28
o
C. Therefore, absolute SAT = - 56.28 oC + 273 = 216.72o Kelvin. Since TAT =
SAT {1+(0.2 Kr M2)} = 216.72 {1 + (0.2 1 1)} = 216.72 1.2 =
260.064 Kelvin. Thus, TAT = 260.064 273 = -13oC.
Ans.
Q57.
Ans.
At Mach 2 (Speed of Concord air liner, now withdrawn from service) a TAT probe
indicates + 45 Kelvin. If Kr = 0.85, what is the SAT in Kelvin?
TAT = SAT {1+(0.2 Kr M2)}. Therefore, SAT equals TAT divided by
{1+(0.2 0.85 4)} i.e. 45/ 1.68 = 26.79o Kelvin.
Q58.
Ans.
What is IAS?
IAS is the speed indicated on ASI.
Q59.
Ans.
Q60.
Ans.
What is EAS?
EAS is CAS corrected for compressibility error which occurs above TAS 300 kts.
Below 300, it is taken as zero. Some CSRs have provision for compressibility
correction.
Q61.
Ans.
What is TAS?
TAS at any speed = EAS + Density connection = CAS + compressibility
correction + density correction.
8
Q62. In a standard atmosphere at sea level, what does CAS equal?
Ans. CAS = TAS.
Q63.
Ans.
Q64.
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Q65.
Ans.
Q66.
Ans.
With a constant weight, irrespective of airfield altitude, a/c will always take off at
which speed? CAS, G/S, TAS or EAS?
CAS.
During a straight and uniform climb, a pilot maintains a constant CAS. What will
happen to the Mach No., TAS, and EAS?
Mach No. and TAS will increase. EAS will decrease.
For a constant CAS in a level flight, a fall in SAT will affect the TAS in which
way?
The TAS will reduce.
What happens to CAS while climbing at a constant Mach No. below the
tropopause?
CAS will decrease.
Q67.
Ans.
Q68.
Ans.
Q69.
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Q70.
Ans.
Q71.
Calculate the density altitude when PA is 10,000 ft, temp. deviation from ISA is +
20oC.
Density altitude = PA + (118.6 Temp. Devn) = 10,000 + (118.6 20) = 10,000 +
2372 = 12,372 ft. By CSR, using PA and temp +15 in TAS window, the answer
will be 12,100 ft. On another computer, the CSR may give 12500 as the answer.
12,372 is more accurate.
Ans.
Q72.
Ans.
9
Q73.
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Q74.
Ans.
Q75.
Ans.
Which is a better way of getting true height - by getting true altitude by CSR and
subtracting elevation of ground below the a/c or by radio/radar altimeter?
Radio/ radar altimeter.
How can one find pressure altitude of an airfield by using a/c altimeter on the
ground?
By setting 1013.25 hpa on the altimeter subscale.
If airfield pressure altitude is 5000 ft amsl and OAT is 25oC, what is the density
altitude?
Density ALT = PA + (118 temp. devn)
Temp. Devn = Actual temp ISA temperature
= 25 (15 1.98 5)
= 25 5.1
=19.9
Therefore, Density Altitude = 5000 + (118 X 19.9)
= 7348.2 ft.
Using CSR TAS window, one may get 7200 or 7500 as an answer depending upon
which CSR one uses. 7348.2 is more accurate.
RADIO AIDS
Indicators of Radio Aids : Chapter 5,6,and 7 of Radio Aids
Q76.
Ans.
Q77.
What does RBI (Relative Bearing Indicator), also called fixed card indicator or
Radio Compass indicate when ADF is tuned and ADF/ANT switch is selected to
ADF?
RBI indicates bearing relative to the nose of the aircraft i.e. heading of the a/c.
Ans.
Q78.
Ans.
Q79.
Ans.
If a rotating card indicator is available in lieu of RBI and the pilot sets Hdg(T) on
the card, what will the ADF pointer indicate?
The ADF pointer will indicate QUJ, and the other end of the pointer will indicate
QTE. Setting Hdg(M), the pointer will indicate QDM, the other end indicating
QDR.
If a RMI (Radio Magnetic Indicator) with a single pointer tuned to ADF indicates
120o, and Hdg(M) is 030, what is 120? QTE, QUJ, QDR, or QDM?
Pointer gives QDM 120o. The other end of the pointer indicates QDR 300 o.
10
Q80.
Ans.
Q81.
Ans.
Q82.
While using a RBI for homing, if the drift is 10o port, should the homing be done
by keeping the pointer at 350 or 010
350. Keep the pointer at 010 for 10 starboard drift.
A pilot is required to home on a radial 040 (M). If the drift is 10 port for track 220
(M) to the station, what hdg (M) should the pilot fly and what should the ADF
needle read while homing using a RMI with a single needle?
Hdg (M) should be 230. ADF needle should read QDM 220.
Ans.
In a OBI (Omni Bearing Indicator), what the from/ to indicator, and CDI (Course
Deviation Indicator) are related to?
Selected track.
Q83.
Ans.
Q84.
Ans.
Q85.
Ans.
Q86.
Ans.
Q87.
Ans.
If the OBI includes a glide slope indicator, can it be used to do ILS approach?
Yes.
Q88.
Does the OBI have a pointer like RBI to indicator the direction of the VOR
station?
No.
Ans.
Q89.
Ans.
Q90.
Ans.
On a RMI with two needles, if one pointer is tuned to NDB and the other is tuned
to VOR, state what the pointers will indicate and what the other end of the
pointers will indicate.
ADF pointer gives QDM and its other end gives QDR. VOR pointer also gives
QDM and its other end gives QDR.
What are the steps taken in VOR pointer showing phase display on RMI?
(a). VOR airborne eqpt derives QDR by measuring phase difference between
the reference signal and the variable signal.
(b). the reciprocal is the QDM.
11
(c ). The VOR Nav unit subtracts a/c hdg (M) from QDM to produce brg(R ).
(d). RMI receives brg (R ) and adds Hdg (M) to make VOR pointer indicate
QDM.
(e). The reciprocal indicated by the other end of the pointer is the QDR.
ASTRO NAVIGATION
Chapter 28 The Solar System and Time
Q91.
Give a table giving comparative celestial terms for geographic terms North Pole,
South Pole, Equator, Latitude and longitude?
Ans.
Geographic Terms,
North Pole
South Pole
Equator
Latitude
Longitude
Celestial Terms
North Celestial Pole (NCP) Zenith
Nadir
South Celestial Pole (SCP)
Celestial Horizon
Celestial Equator
Altitude
Declination
GHA(LHA when hour angle Azimuth
is measured from observers
local mention.)
Q92.
Ans.
Q93.
Ans.
Q94.
Ans.
Q95.
Ans.
Q96.
Ans.
12
FLIGHT PLANNING
Chapter 6. SEP Aero plane fuel planning.
Q97.
Ans.
A Flight plan requires CAS for climb, cruise, and descent. CAS has to be
obtained from IAS. From where a does a pilot find out airspeed calibration data?
The Airspeed calibration data is given on Page 5-9 of POH. Considering that the
a/c will be flown with flaps up for all cross country legs, the follwing data from
Page 5 9 will be required.
FLAPS UP
KIAS 80 90
KCAS 79 89
Q98.
Ans.
In a plan, the first leg is usually the climb leg. For this one requires to know the
rate of climb. From where does a pilot find out the rate of climb?
Rate of climb is given in POH. For Cessna 172 R, the page is 5 15 of POH. The
following data from page 5 15 will be required: MAX RATE CLIMB AT 2450 PONDS
FLAPS UP : FULL THROTTLE
Pressure Alt.
Ft
SL
2000
4000
6000
8000
Climb Speed
KIAS
79
77
76
74
72
Q99.
The flight plan also requires, fuel to climb where can this be found?
13
Ans.
The fuel to climb is given in POH. For Cessna 172 R, refer to page 5 16. The
following data from page 5 16 will be required: TIME, FUEL AND DISTANCE TO CLIMB AT 2450 POUNDS
FLAPS UP, FULL THROTTLE, STANDARD TEMPERATURE
From sea Level
Pressure
Alt ft
Temp.
o
C
Climb Speed
KIAS
Rate of
Climb
Time in
Min
Dist.nm
SL
15
99
720
0.0
1000
13
78
670
0.4
2000
11
77
625
0.7
3000
76
575
1.2
4000
76
560
1.5
5000
75
515
1.8
11
6000
74
465
10
2.1
14
7000
73
415
13
2.5
17
8000
-1
72
365
15
3.0
21
To simplify, extract only fuel from the above table. Increase fuel by 10% for each
10 degrees C above standard temperature. Add 1.1 gallons of fuel for engine start, taxi
and take off allowance. The climb will be made with rich mixture up to 3000 and lean
thereafter. RPM will be 2000. The W/V and temp used will be that at 2/3rd of the total
climb.
Q100. Where is the cruise performance data available for a pilot?
Ans. It is available in POH. See pages 5 17 and 5 18 of POH for Cessna 172 R. The
last column on page 5 17 shows a fuel consumption between 5.6 GPH to 8.5
GPH. To simplify fuel plan for cruise, a pilot may use 7 GPH as consumption for
all cruise legs above 3000 ft amsl, RPM 2000 to 2100, lean mixture above 3000 ft
amsl, and IAS 90.
Q101. Where is the descent data given for an a/c?
Ans. The descent data is given in POH. For Cessna 172 R, there is only Maximum
Glide Data given on page 3 1. But this is not used because a power descent is
made at 500 fpm, IAS 90, lean mixture above 3000 ft and, 1800 RPM, and fuel
consumption 6 GPH.
Q102. How is the total fuel required calculated for Cessna 172 R?
Ans. Total fuel required is calculated as follows: -
14
(a) Engine start, taxi and take off
1.1 USG
(b) Climb as per table in Q 99.
(c) Cruise @ 7 GPH
(d) Descent @ 6 GPH
(e) 15 % of a + b + c + d for every
10 degrees above ISA
(f) Fuel from destination to alternate @ 7 GPH
(g) 45 min reserve @ 8 GPH i.e. 6 USG