1

.
,

. ,
,
Newton.

.

FE (0 E , x E , y E , z E ) . , 0, FE ,
0z
, 0x

,
.
,
,
.
FE , VE
(groundspeed).
FE

.
W
()
V
VE = W + V

. W = 0

V E = V .

C
. T
FB. FB
Cxz .

( )
.

. [X,Y,Z],
[L,M,N], [p,r,q], [u,v,w]
C .

FB
T
V B = (u, , w) ( . 1.1.a 1.1.b) :

1.1.a

(sideslip) .

1.1.b

,
(sideslip)
.

(angle of attack)

x = tan 1

(angle of sideslip)

= sin 1

w
u

0x
.
1

.
(transient behavior) ,

.
:

1) (longitudinal motions)
y (pitch).

.
2) (lateral motions) -,
(roll) (yaw)
.
1.1.1

(steady flight) . 1.2.
.

. 1.2 .

V . . 1.2.
.

1.2

.
1. V.
jet .
2. TV V,
.
.



.

(M < 5),
( . 1.3)

1.3

C L = C L

(1.1.1)

C D = C Dmin + KC L2

(1.1.2)

CL , CD , K
,
( Mach).
. (1.1.1) (1,1,2) ,
min

CL, CD
> 0.
CL
> 5.
CL,
min

C L = C N sin 2 + C N sin sin cos

2

(1.1.3)

C N C N

. . (1.1.3) C N
CN
CL = 0.
. (1.1.2)
< 5. (hypersonic
speeds M > 5)
. (1.1.2) 3/2 2.
1.1.2


.
.
(pitching moment)

. . 1.4
Cm

.
. Cm,
.

,
. 1.4.

1.1.3
(Cm, )
. 1.4.a,

.
BC
(nose-down pitching moment).

,
.
(positive pitch stiffness)
.
(Cm, )
. 1.4.,
(nose-up)

.
Cm / .
, Cm,
, C m / , .
(Cm , ) . 1.4.b.

1.4

(pitching
moment about the center of gravity)
.

1.1.4 /
C m /

.
Cm , .

.
. 1.5 ( ),
( ) (
) Cm .

:
o

= 0, CL = 0
> 0, CL > 0

1.5

Cm
Cm ( Cm > 0 )
o

Cm .

. 1.5.

(noseup) Cm > 0 .
. ,
canard/wing (
Wright 1903)
.


.
/
(swept wings)
. 1.6
.

.
-

( . 1.6).
o

1.6

10

1.2

, (Mach),
Reynolds, .
CL Cm


.
,
, ,
. ,
,
,
.
1.2.1.


.
.1.7
. 1.8.

1.7

11

1.8

. 1.8

M w = M cw + ( Lw cos w + Dw sin w )(h hn w )c

(1.2.1)
+ ( Lw sin w Dw cos w ) z

w
( 1/2 V 2 S c )
Cmw = Cm cw + (CLw + CDw w )(h hn w )

(1.2.2)
+ (CLw w CDw ) z / c

z / c (C Lw w C Dw ) z / c
CLw >> CDw w . (1.2.2)
:

12
Cmw = Cm cw + CLw ( h hnw )
= Cm cw + Aw w ( h hnw )

(1.2.3)

Aw = CL .
aw

1.2.2

(nacelles)
. ,
,
.
/
.

1.9

. (a)
(b)
.

. 1.9. . 1.9.a
. 1.9.b

13

.
/
. (1.2.3) :

Cmwb = Cm cwb + CLwb h hnwd

= Cm cwb + Awb wb h hn wb

(1.2.4)

1.2.3


. 1.10.

. ,

.

1.10 .

.1.10 V .

14

V
:
Lt cos Dt sin

Dt << Lt
Lt.
V2
St :
C Lt =

Lt
1
V 2 S t
2

(1.2.5)

L = Lwb + Lt :
C L = C Lwb +

St
C Lt
S

(1.2.6)

()
. 1.10 :
M t = lt Lt cos ( wb ) + Dt sin ( wb )

(1.2.7)
zt Lt sin ( wb ) + Dt cos ( wb )

. Lt >> Dt ( wb )
:
M t = lt Lt = l t C Lt 1 / 2 V 2 S t

C mt =

Mt

1
V 2 Sc
2

lt S t
CL
c S t

(1.2.8)

lt S t / c S
(tail volume).
VH = lt S t / c S :

15
Cmt = VH CL t

(1.2.9)

VH ,
( ) .
Cm . 1.2.8
t

,
/.

1.11

(mean aerodynamic centers

MAC) .

. 1.11
VH =

lt S t
cS

(1.2.10)

VH = VH

St
h hn wb
S

(1.2.11)

Cm t = VH CL t

(1.2.12)

16

Cmt = VH CLt + CLt

St
(h hnwb )
S

(1.2.13)

C m
: (1)
( turbojet)
(2)
.
p

1.3

:
Cm = Cmac + Cm t + Cm p
wb

(1.3.1)

= Cmac + CL h hn wb VH CLt + Cm p
wb

( C m )

C m =

C Lt C m p
C m C mc wb
=
+ C L h hnwb V H
+

(1.3.2)

o C m

c wb

/ = 0

Cm = CL h hnwb VH

CLt Cm p
+

(1.3.3)

h ,
h. Cm = 0 ,

(neutral point NP) hn. P

17

hn = hnwb

1
C L

Cm acwb
C Lt C m p

+
VH

(1.3.4)

. (1.3.4) . (1.3.2) :
C m = C L (h hn )

(1.3.5)

hn Cm C L .

(static margin) Kn
K n = (hn h)

(1.3.6)

Cm < 0
h < hn n > 0.
n
. . 1.11
.1.11.

1.11

,
. .

18

dCm / dC L = 0 .


dCm / dC L = (Cm / )(C L / ) Cm /
C L / .
CL Cm :
CL = CL ( a, M , CT ,1/ 2 V 2 )
Cm = Cm ( a, M , GT ,1/ 2 V

1.3.1

(1.3.7)
(1.3.8)

, . . .

CLwb = A wb wb

(1.3.9)

C Lt = A t t

(1.3.10)

Cm p = Cmop +

Cm p

(1.3.11)

. 1.10
:

t = wb it

(1.3.12)

CLt = A t ( wb it )

(1.3.13)

= o +

wb

(1.3.14)

CLt = A t wb 1
it o

(1.3.15)

19

. (1.3.15) . (1.2.6) (1.3.9)

S
St
CL = a wb wb 1 + t t 1
At ( it + o )
S
wb S

(1.3.16)

= ( CL )o + A wb = A

( CL )o = At

St
( it + o )
S

(1.3.17)

wb = 0 (. . 11.2) ,,
( . 1.12)

1.12

.
A=

A S
CL
= Awb 1 + t t 1

Awb S

(1.3.18)

it (CL)o .
wb . (1.3.1.)
wb =

a t St
( it + o )
a S

(1.3.19)

CL, Cm C m . (1.3.1)

t

20

Cm = Cmo + Cm

(1.3.20)
Cm = Cmo + Cma wb

Cm p
Cm = Awb h hn wb atVH 1
+

hn = hnwb +

1.13

At
1 Cm p
VH 1

Awb
Awb

(1.3.21)

(1.3.22)

Cm.

. (1.3.5)
Cm = Cmo + CL (h hn )
Cm = Cmo + A (h hn )

(1.3.23)

Cma = (h hn )

. 1.13 Cm,
.