Slip-line field theory

and upper-bound analysis

Dermot Brabazon and Marcin Lipowiecki
ManufacturingProcessAnalysis
&ToolDesign

MM555

Introduction
Sliplinefieldtheoryisusedtomodelplasticdeformationinplane
strainonlyforasolidthatcanberepresentedasarigidplasticbody.
Elasticityisnotincludedandtheloadinghastobequasistatic.
Thismethodhasbeenrecentlylargelysupersededbyfiniteelement
method,butthistheorycanprovideanalyticalsolutionstoanumber
ofmetalformingprocesses,andutilisesplotsshowingthedirections
ofmaximumshearstressinarigidplasticbodywhichisdeforming
plasticallyinplanestrain.

(3)
2

Assumptions

Besidestheusualassumptionsthatthe
metalisisotropicandhomogeneous,
thecommonapproachtothissubject
usuallyinvolvesthefollowing:
themetalisrigidperfectlyplastic;this
impliestheneglectofelastic strainsand
treatstheflowstressasaconstant,
deformationisbyplanestrain,
possibleeffectsoftemperature,strain
rate,andtimearenotconsidered,
thereisaconstantshearstressatthe
interfacialboundary.Usually, eithera
frictionlessconditionorstickingfrictionis
assumed.

(3)

When the theory cannot be used

Theprincipalwaysinwhichsliplinefieldtheoryfails
totakeaccountofthebehaviourofrealmaterialsare:
itdealsonlywithnonstrainhardeningmaterials.
Whilststrainhardeningcanbeallowedforin
calculationsconcernedwithloadsinan approximate
way,themannerinwhichstraindistributionisaltered
because ofitisnotalwaysclear
thereisnoallowanceforcreeporstrainrateeffects.
Therateofdeformationateachgivenpointinspace
andinthedeformingbodyisgenerally different,and
anyeffectthismayhaveontheyieldstressisignored.
4

When the theory cannot be used (cont.)

all inertiaforcesareneglectedandtheproblems
treatedasquasistatic,
intheformingoperationswhichimposeheavy
deformations,mostof theworkdoneisdissipatedas
heat;thetemperaturesattainedmayaffectthe
materialpropertiesofthebodyorcertainphysical
characteristicsinthe surroundings,e.g.lubrication
Despitetheseshortcomings,thetheoryisextremely
useful;itisveryimportant,however,torememberits
limitationsandnottoexpecttoohighadegreeof
correlationbetweenexperimentalandtheoretical
work.
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Plane plastic strain

Deformation which proceeds under conditions of plane strain
is such that the flow or deformation is everywhere parallel to
a given plane, say the (x, y) plane in a system of three
mutually orthogonal planes and the flow is independent of z.
Since elastic strains are neglected, the plastic strain
increments (or strain-rates) may be written in terms of the
displacements (or velocities) ux(x, y), vy(x, y), wz = 0, as
below

u x
x x

v y
y

w
z 0
z

xy

yz

zx

1 u x v y

x
2 y
1 v y wz
0

y
2 z
1 w u
z x0
2 x
z

(1)

Stateofstress
ItfollowsfromtheLevyMisesrelationthatxz andyz arezeroand
thereforethatz isaprincipalstress.Further,sincez =0,thenz= 0
andhencez =(x +y)/2=p,say.
Becausethematerialisincompressiblex = y andeachincremental
distortionisthusapureshear. Thestateofstressthroughoutthe
deformingmaterialisrepresentedbyaconstantyieldshearstressk,
andahydrostaticstressp whichingeneralvariesfrompointtopoint
throughoutthematerial.k istheyieldshearstressinplanestrainand
theyieldcriterionforthisconditionis:

( x y ) / 4 k
2
xy

wherek=Y/2fortheTescacriterionandk=Y/
fortheMisescriterion.

(2)

Mohrscirclediagramforstressinplaneplasticstrain

Thestateofstressatanypointinthedeformingmaterialmaybe
representedintheMohrcirclediagram

A and B represent
the stress states
(- p, k) at a
point on planes
parallel to the
slip-lines through
that point.

Directionsofmaximumshearstrainrate
Foranisotropicmaterialthedirectionsofmaximumshearstrainrate,
representedbypointsAandBcoincidewiththedirectionsofyieldshear
stressandthatsuchdirectionsareclearlydirectionsofzerorateof
extensionorcontraction.Thelociofthesedirectionsofmaximumshear
stressandshearstrainrateformtwoorthogonalfamiliesofcurves
knownassliplines.
Thestressesonasmallcurvilinearelementboundedbysliplinesare
shown below:

(3)

Sliplines

Thesliplinesarelabelled and as
indicated.Itisessentialtodistinguish
betweenthetwofamiliesofsliplines,and
theusualconventionisthatwhenthe- and
- linesformarighthandedcoordinate
systemofaxes,thenthelineofactionofthe
algebraicallygreatestprincipalstress,1
passesthroughthefirstandthirdquadrants.
Theanticlockwiserotation,,oftheline
fromthechosenxdirectionistakenas
iti

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Sliplines(cont.)

Inordertodeterminetheloadnecessaryfora
particularplasticformingoperation,firstofall
thesliplinefieldpatternsmustbeobtained.
Thismeansthatequationsforthevariationof
p alongboth andlines mustbederived.
Also,wemustcheckthatallvelocity
conditionsalong andlinesaresatisfied.

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TheStressEquations

Theequationsofequilibriumforplanestrain
are,withneglectofbodyforces:
x xy

0
x
y
xy y
0

y
x

The above stress components x,

expressed in terms of p and k are:
x p k sin 2
y p k sin 2

(3)

y and xy
(4)

xy k cos 2

p is the normal or hydrostatic pressure on the two

planes of yield shear stress.
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The Stress Equations (cont.)

Differentiatingandsubstitutingfrom
equation(4)inequation(3) wehave:
p

2k cos 2
2k sin 2
x
x
p
2k sin 2

2k cos 2
x y

0
y

0
y

(5)

If now the - and -lines are taken to coincide with 0x

and 0y at 0, that we take = 0, equations (5) become:
p

2k
0
x
x

2k
0
y
y

(6)

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The Stress Equations (cont.)

Thus,integrating
p 2k f1 ( y ) C1

(7)

p 2k f 2 ( x) C 2
If the hydrostatic stress p can be determined at any one
point on a slip-line (for example at a boundary), it can be
deduced everywhere else.
Thus

p 2k const. along an line

(8)

p 2k const. along an line

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Relationsgoverninghydrostaticstressalongsliplines(Hencky
equations)

The equations (8) are known as the Hencky

equations and are equivalent to the equilibrium
equations for a fully plastic mass stressed in plane
strain.
In general, the values of the constants C1 and C2
from equation (7) vary from one slip-line to another.

15

Thevelocityfield(Geiringerequations)
Infigureshownbelow u andvarethecomponentvelocitiesofaparticle

atapointOalongapairof- andsliplinesthe linebeinginclinedat

totheOx axisofapairoforthogonalcartesianaxesthroughO.

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The velocity field (Geiringer equations) cont.

Thecomponentsofthevelocityoftheparticleux andvy paralleltoOx
andOy,respectively,arethen

u x u cos v sin
v y u sin v cos
Taking the x-direction at point 0 tangential to the -line,

(9)

i.e.

= 0.
u

u x

x
x 0 x

(10)

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The velocity field (Geiringer equations) cont.

Sincex = ux/x iszeroalongaslipline

u

0 along an line
v
x
x
du vd 0 along an line

dv ud 0 along an line
similarlyitcanbeshownthat

(11)

(12)

Physically, it may be imagined that small rods lying on

the slip-line directions at a point do not undergo
extension or contraction.
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Simple slip-line field solution for extrusion through

a perfectly smooth wedge-shaped die of angle

(a) Top half of extrusion

only is shown
symmetrical about
centreline
(b) Stress systems at M.
(c) Hodograph to (a)
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Simple slip-line field solution for extrusion through a perfectly

smooth wedge-shaped die of angle cont.

(a) To calculate stress

on die face.
(b) A square die;
container wall and
die face both
perfectly smooth;
r = 2/3.
(c)

Stress system at M
of for drawing.

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Refrences
1.
2.
3.

Johnson,W.,Mellor,P.B., EngineeringPlasticity,EllisHordwoodLimited,1983
Hosford,W. F.,Metalforming:mechanicsandmetallurgy 2nded. Englewood
Cliffs,N.J:PrenticeHall,1993
www.DoITPoMS.ac.uk,UniversityofCambridge

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