RLC Freq. Response PDF

Chapter 13
RLC Circuits and

Resonance
Impedance of Series RLC

Circuits
A series RLC circuit contains both inductance and
capacitance
Since XL and XC have opposite effects on the
circuit phase angle, the total reactance (Xtot)is less
than either individual reactance
Impedance of Series RLC

Circuits
When XL>XC, the circuit is predominantly
inductive
When XC> XL, the circuit is predominantly
capacitive
Total reactance |XL XC|
Total impedance for a series RLC circuit is:
Ztot = R2 + Xtot2
= tan-1(Xtot/R)
Analysis of Series RLC Circuits
A series RLC circuit is:

Capacitive when XC>XL
Inductive when XL>XC
Resonant when XC=XL
At resonance Ztot = R
XL is a straight line
y = mx + b
XC is a hyperbola
xy = k
Series RLC impedance as a function of frequency.
Graph Including Ztot = R at Resonance

Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Voltage Across the Series

Combination of L and C
In a series RLC circuit, the capacitor
voltage and the inductor voltage are always
180 out of phase with each other
Because they are 180 out of phase, VC and
VL subtract from each other
The voltage across L and C combined is
always less that the larger individual
voltage across either element
The voltage across the series combination of C and L is always less than the larger individual voltage across
either C or L
Thomas L. Floyd

Inductor voltage and capacitor voltage effectively subtract because they are out of phase
Thomas L. Floyd

Series Resonance
Resonance is a condition in a series RLC
circuit in which the capacitive and inductive
reactances are equal in magnitude
The result is a purely resistive impedance
The formula for series resonance is:
1
2 LC
At the resonant frequency (fr), the reactances are equal in magnitude and effectively cancel, leaving Zr = R
Xtot = 0
Thomas L. Floyd

At the resonant frequency, fr, the voltages across C and L are equal in magnitude.
Since they are 180 out of phase with each other, they cancel, leaving 0 V across the CL
combination (point A to point B).
The section of the circuit from A to B effectively looks like a short at resonance
(neglecting winding resistance).
Thomas L. Floyd

An illustration of how the voltage and current amplitudes respond in a series RLC circuit as the frequency is
increased from below to above its resonant value. The source voltage is held at a constant amplitude
Frequency below Resonance

Xc > XL
Frequency at Resonance
Xc = XL
Frequency above Resonance

Xc < XL
Thomas L. Floyd

Generalized current and voltage magnitudes as a function of frequency in a series RLC circuit. VC and VL can be
much larger than the source voltage. The shapes of the graphs depend on particular circuit values.
Thomas L. Floyd

Phase Angle of a Series RLC

Circuit
Capacitive = ICE
Inductive = ELI
A basic series resonant band-pass filter
Thomas L. Floyd

Bandwidth of Series Resonant

Circuits
Current is maximum at
resonant frequency
Bandwidth (BW) is the
range between two cutoff
frequencies (f1 to f2)
Within the bandwidth
frequencies, the current is
greater than 70.7% of the
highest resonant value
FIGURE 13-22 Generalized selectivity curve of a band-pass filter.
AKA:
Half Power
-3dB
The 70.7% cutoff point is also referred to as:

The Half Power Point
-3dB Point
Thomas L. Floyd

Formula for Bandwidth

Bandwidth for either series or parallel
resonant circuits is the range of frequencies
between the upper and lower cutoff
frequencies for which the response curve (I
or Z) is 0.707 of the maximum value
BW = f2 - f1
Ideally the center frequency is:
fr = (f1 + f2)/2
Example of the frequency response of a series resonant band-pass filter with the input voltage at a
constant 10 V rms. The winding resistance of the coil is neglected.
Thomas L. Floyd

Selectivity
Selectivity defines how well a resonant circuit
responds to a certain frequency and discriminates
against all other frequencies
The narrower the bandwidth steeper the slope, the
greater the selectivity
This is related to the Quality (Q) Factor
(performance) of the inductor at resonance. A
higher Q Factor produces a tighter bandwidth
Q = X L/(R + Rwindings)
Bandwidth = Fr/Q
FIGURE 13-23 Comparative selectivity curves.
Thomas L. Floyd

A basic series resonant band-stop filter
Thomas L. Floyd

Generalized response curve for a band-stop filter
Thomas L. Floyd

Example of the frequency response of a series resonant band-stop filter with Vin at a constant 10 V rms. The
winding resistance is neglected.
Thomas L. Floyd

Parallel RLC Circuits - Skip

Thomas L. Floyd

Tank Circuit
A parallel resonant circuit stores energy in the
magnetic field of the coil and the electric field of
the capacitor. The energy is transferred back and
forth between the coil and capacitor
Parallel Resonant Circuits

For parallel resonant circuits, the impedance
is maximum (in theory, infinite) at the
resonant frequency
Total current is minimum at the resonant
frequency
Bandwidth is the same as for the series
resonant circuit; the critical frequency
impedances are at 0.707Zmax
A basic parallel resonant band-pass filter
Thomas L. Floyd

Generalized frequency response curves for a parallel resonant band-pass filter
AKA:
Half Power
-3dB
Thomas L. Floyd

Example of the response of a parallel resonant band-pass filter with the input voltage at a constant 10 V rms
Thomas L. Floyd

A basic parallel resonant band-stop filter
Thomas L. Floyd

A simplified portion of a TV receiver showing filter usage

Passing Audio Frequency Carrier (4.5 MHz)
Blocking Audio Frequency Carrier (4.5 MHz)

Thomas L. Floyd

A simplified diagram of a superheterodyne AM radio broadcast receiver showing the application of tuned resonant circuits
600 Khz
Tuned Frequency
600 Khz
Bandpass
Filter
Tank Circuits used as Oscillators

Thomas L. Floyd
455 Khz
Bandpass
Filter
Local Oscillator is
always 455 Khz above
Tuner Frequency
Intermediate Frequency (IF) is:

Local oscillator frequency
- Carrier Frequency
1055Khz
- 600 Khz
455 Khz

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Chapter 13

RLC Circuits and

Impedance of Series RLC

Impedance of Series RLC

Analysis of Series RLC Circuits

A series RLC circuit is:

Series RLC impedance as a function of frequency.

Graph Including Ztot = R at Resonance

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Voltage Across the Series

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Frequency below Resonance

Frequency above Resonance

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Phase Angle of a Series RLC

A basic series resonant band-pass filter

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Bandwidth of Series Resonant

FIGURE 13-22 Generalized selectivity curve of a band-pass filter.

The 70.7% cutoff point is also referred to as:

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Formula for Bandwidth

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 13-23 Comparative selectivity curves.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

A basic series resonant band-stop filter

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Generalized response curve for a band-stop filter

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Parallel RLC Circuits - Skip

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Parallel Resonant Circuits

A basic parallel resonant band-pass filter

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Generalized frequency response curves for a parallel resonant band-pass filter

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

A basic parallel resonant band-stop filter

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

A simplified portion of a TV receiver showing filter usage

Blocking Audio Frequency Carrier (4.5 MHz)

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tank Circuits used as Oscillators

Intermediate Frequency (IF) is:

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