Natural hot springs are popular and are common in Peninsular Malaysia.

Hot
springs occur when water seeps into the earth, which is heated by magma
(molten rock beneath the surface of the earth). The earths pressure causes the
water to rise above the surface forming a hot spring. The water from the hot
springis heated by geo thermal heat i.e., temperature of rocks within the earth
increases with depth, which is known as geothermal gradient. If water percolates
deeply into the crust, the water gets heated when it comes into contact with the
hot rocks. These types of hot springs are produced where water is heated in
non- volcanic areas.
Content
What is a Fumarole?
What are the various types of Hot springs?
What are the healing effects of hot springs?
What are the disadvantages of Hot springs?
Which countries are popular for Hot Springs?

What is a Fumarole?
If the water boils or super heated it builds steam pressure and erupts in a jet
above the surface like a geyser, and if it reaches the surface of the earth in the
form of steam it is called a fumarole and if this water is mixed with clay and mud
it is called as mud pot. There are hot springs all over the earths crust.
These hot springs in Malaysia have become famous tourist attractions, who
come here to treat illness and to relax. The hot springs help in detoxifying the
toxins from your body.

What are the various types of Hot springs?

Sodium carbonate springs

Sulfur springs

Ferrous springs

Sodium hydrogen carbonate springs

Mud springs and

Salt or Hydrogen sulfide springs.

What are the healing effects of hot springs?

The water in hot springs has several therapeutic healing effects, such as:
rheumatism, arthritis, insomnia, stiff joints, derma related complaints, respiratory
concerns, spinal injuries, fractures and other stress related ailments. The
temperature ranges from 60 degrees C to 101 degrees C. You can see clouds of

steam during nights that surround the hot springs. One way to know if you are
healthy is to walk barefoot in the hot stream of water without feeling a any
discomfort, this is called as water reflexology. The hot springs are high in
mineral content and contains calcium , lithium and even radium.

What are the disadvantages of Hot springs?

Thermophile is an organism that is present in hot springs thrives at relatively
high temperatures between 45 and 80 degrees C that cause infections to
humans. Some Hot spring biota are infectious to humans such as: Naegleria
Fowleri, is an amoeba live in warm waters and causes meningitis. It can lead to
several deaths, which enters the brain through the nasal passage. Other biota
includes Acanthamoeba, Legionella bacteria, and several viruses are found in hot
springs. So anyone having cuts, sores or lesions should not take a bath in these
hot springs.
Which countries are popular for Hot Springs?
Countries that are famous for hot springs include Iceland, New Zealand, Chile,
Africa, Egypt, Uganda, Zambia, America, Mexico, Brazil, Canada, India, Costa
Rica, Peru, China, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Singapore, Germany,
Greece, Turkey, Europe and Japan. But Taiwan has the highest concentration and
greatest variety of hot springs in the world ranging from hot springs to cold
springs, mud springs and seabed hot springs. The hot spring water is crystal
clear and safe to drink. Icaria, Greece has radioactive hot water spring that has
been in use since 4th century BC.

The great majority of springs issue cool water, because the underground is cool.
We know from exploring caves that the temperature underground represents the
year-round average of the region, and so it is with groundwater.
But a few springs have water of higher temperature. Geologists classify them all,
from lukewarm to boiling, as thermal springs.
Warm Spring or Hot Spring?
Definitions vary, as you might expect.
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Hot Springs

Geothermal

Geology

Spring Water

Hot Spas

The big AGI Glossary uses the traditional one that a thermal spring is
"appreciably" warmer than the local average temperature. It puts the boundary
between a warm spring and a hot spring at body temperature (37C). That's as
good a criterion as any, and it's simple to apply.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which last issued
its master list of U.S. thermal springs in 1980, puts the cutoff between a thermal
and nonthermal spring at 20C, or 68F. It doesn't draw a line between warm and
hot. Often the only data it has about a spring is "warm" or "hot," though. Let's
presume that those refer to body temperature too.
Western Thermal Springs: Hydrothermal Springs
The 1980 NOAA list includes 1702 thermal springs and NOAA's server at the
National Geophysical Data Center lists 1661. They are overwhelmingly located in
the 13 states of the West, including Alaska and Hawaii, plus nine more in West
Texas and a pair in the Black Hills of South Dakota, which are geologically
similar. The NGDC has a handy viewer, too.
The West is highly active in terms of both volcanoes and tectonics, one providing
heat and the other one motion.
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Intruding magma produces the hottest springs. These go with the geysers, lava
flows and other volcanic features at Yellowstone, the Cascades and many other

places. Tectonic stretching of the crust and lithosphere is another way that deep
superheat can approach the surface. Whether the setting is magmatic or
tectonic, fractured rock is necessary too, to let water carry this heat to a spring.
My article "About Geothermal Energy" gives more detail. Some researchers argue
that heat caused by motion of the rocks along earthquake faults can heat
springs. Drilling studies into active faults have measured heat produced that
way, but I think this would be hard to prove for a particular spring.
Most Western hot springs involve hydrothermal activity, a big word that simply
means water hotter than 50C, which is chemically active enough to do
interesting things (see some in the Hydrothermal Featuresgallery). Springs that
are cool enough to bathe in are blends of hydrothermal water and ordinary
groundwater.
Eastern Thermal Springs: Geothermal Springs
Outside the West there are just 34 thermal springs, of which only three qualify as
hot springs (those are Hot Springs, Arkansas; Hot Springs, North Carolina;
and Hot Springs, Virginia). Nearly all of these run in a string down the central
Blue Ridge province of the Appalachian mountain chain. That includes the cluster
in Arkansas, where the Ouachita Mountains are a continuation of the
Appalachians, and likewise for the single warm springs in eastern New York and
western Massachusetts in the Taconic foldbelt.
There are no active volcanoes and little tectonism east of the Rockies, so these
thermal springs rely upon the ordinary heat of the Earth's crust. The crust gets
about 1 degree C warmer with each 100 meters of depth, roughly speaking and
as a global average; that relation is called the geotherm. The key to getting
warm water to the surface is taking a shortcut across the geotherm. I count three
ways to do this that favor the Blue Ridge: deep, relatively warm rock is uplifted,
erosion cuts deeply into the crust allowing hot water to flow sideways to the
surface, and fractures in the rock allow deep water to move quickly. Fracturing is
what enables a few other warm springs to emerge outside the Blue Ridge.
The two warm springs of low-lying Florida seem to stand out as oddballs. They
are Little Salt Spring and Warm Mineral Spring, near the Gulf coast in Sarasota
County. U.S. Geological Survey hydrologists used chemical evidence to trace
these waters to a salty aquifer (groundwater layer) about 400 meters down
where the normal ground temperature, about 31C, matches that of the surface
springs. They wrote that "a preferential conduit for flow, such as a fault or
fracture plane, must be present in the subsurface" to bring this water up before it
can cool down. There's that geotherm shortcut again.
PS: Cold springs are appreciably cooler than normal. The way to account for
them is through a natural setup that collects wintertime water and keeps it away
from seasonal influences. I leave that as an exercise for the reader, mainly
because I haven't seen any research into cold springs.

Hot Springs
Hot springs represent the raison detre for our national park system. The first
park in Canada was a tiny 26 sq. km. (10 sq. mi.) reserve around several hot
springs at the base of Sulphur Mountain, named the Banff Hot Springs Reserve.
Two years later, the reserve was enlarged to include Devil's Head Lake (today's
Lake Minnewanka) and the Banff townsite and it became the Rocky Mountains
Park of Canada. Our first national park was renamed Banff National Park in 1930.
Banff is the third National Park in the world behind Yellowstone in the U.S., and
Royal National Park in Australia. Its interesting to note that the first National Park
in the world, Yellowstone, was also set aside for its thermal features.
Key Topics

An Introduction to Hot Springs

Hot Spring Formation

Life In And Around Hot Springs

That Pleasant Aroma

Hot Springs History

Learn More About Specific Hot Springs

Hire an expert guide to show you our Hot Springs

An Introduction to Hot Springs

There are many springs in the Rockies. Springs are defined as places where
groundwater is discharged at a specific location. They vary dramatically as to the
amount of water they discharge. Some of the water may have traveled great
distances underground before resurfacing as a spring. Many of the larger springs
in the Rockies are the result of long cracks, or joints, in sedimentary rock.
How are Hot Springs Created?
When we talk about hot or thermal springs, these are defined as springs where
the temperature of water lies significantly above the mean annual air
temperature of the region." A mineral spring is defined as one that contains a
reading of 400 parts/million of total dissolved solids. Both types of spring are
found from Mexico to Alaska.
In the case of the thermal springs in the Rockies, their formation tends to be
quite consistent. As rain falls on the surrounding peaks, it percolated into the
rather porous sedimentary rocks. As it descends through the rock, it picks up a
variety of materials, everything from radium to sulphur. Also, as it moves further
beneath the surface, it heats up from the primal heat of the Earth. Eventually, it
encounters a large thrust fault, or crack. As water descends behind it, it forces
the now heated water to ascend along the fault-line to surface as a hot or warm
spring. In Banff, it is the Sulphur Mountain Thrust Fault that is responsible for the
8 hot and warm springs along the lower slopes of Sulphur Mountain. Also critical
in the creation of a hot spring, is an express route to the surface. If the water
moves slowly from depth to the surface, it will cool back down before it bubbles
out as a spring. Luckily, since many of these springs occur in limestone

formations, The openings allowing the water to the surface may be enlarged by
dissolving of the limestone to create a virtual pipeline to the surface. This
assures a quick trip and warm waters.
Life In And Around Hot Springs
Like most mountain environments, hot springs support an abundance of life even
long before they reach the surface. The sulphur smell is caused by anaerobic
bacteria living deep beneath the Earths crust (see next topic). Once the springs
surface, they offer opportunities not found elsewhere. The warm water allows an
abundance of algae and bacteria to live. For many years a species of fish, the
long-nosed dace, survived only in the outflow of the Cave & Basin Hot Springs.
Unfortunately, it has now joined the dodo bird in the realm of extinction.
Numerous other species of tropical fish survive in the outflow from the Cave &
Basin in a small section of Vermilion Lakes.
The warm water also allows an abundance of life surrounding the waters to
survive. It creates a microscopic world where the climate is warmer than the
remainder of the Rockies. Plants like watercress, not found elsewhere in the
Canadian Rockies, thrives in the warm runoff. Reptiles like the garter snake, and
amphibians like long-toed salamanders also survive only adjacent to these warm
runoff channels. Its a world unlike any other area of the mountains.
That Pleasant Aroma
Just where does that odour come from? It reminds you of rotten eggs and clears
your sinuses better than nasal mist. The smell is a result of H2S (Hydrogen
Sulphide), a gas similar to natural gas. It results from anaerobic bacteria
converting some of the dissolved sulphur in the water to H2S. Springs like the
Upper Hot Spring and Cave & Basin in Banff, and Miette Hot Springs in Jasper,
exhibit this pungent stench. The presence of H2S indicates that the water has
penetrated to great depths. As the water percolates deeply into the crust,
pressure increases, and this allows anaerobic bacteria to convert sulphur in the
form of sulphate to the sulphide of H2S. This normally is followed by a quick trip
to the surface in order to retain the H2S created. A slow surface route may retain
the gas only if the passage excludes oxygen, allowing the anaerobic bacteria to
continue their work. There must also be a large initial concentration of H2S
created at depth. This can be seen in springs like Radium where the water
reaches the surface through aerated caves which allow the H2S to oxidize before
it reaches the surface the end result no smell.
Hot Springs History
For more than a hundred years, hot springs in the Rockies have attracted untold
numbers of visitors to their healing waters. There's something very soothing
about soaking in a pool of water heated by the primordial heat of the Earth itself
especially at a time when the health of that Earth itself is in question. Over the
past few years, the future of these facilities has been in question as the debate
over their cost and profits, compared to their historical significance is regularly
and routinely discussed within the higher echelons of parks.
The first white men traveled through the Banff area in 1841. That year, George
Simpson, in charge of North American operations for the Hudson's Bay Company,
passed through as part of a round-the-world journey. He never mentioned

anything about any hot springs. Neither did Reverend Robert T. Rundle who
entered the area shortly thereafter. He is remembered in the name of Banff's
most famous peak.
The first non-native discovery of Banffs springs was in 1865 with the arrival in
the Bow Valley of two American fur traders, Benjamin Pease and Peter Younge.
Pease was able to speak Sioux (a language similar to Stoney), and was told of
the springs by local Indians. Development wasn't really an option as the area was
still completely remote with no reasonable access, so the springs remained
undisturbed until the railway chugged its way west. With this, came more and
more people. On a cold morning in November of 1883, three workers, Frank
McCabe and William and Thomas McCardell, noticed steam rising from the side of
Terrace (now Sulphur) Mountain. As they checked out the source of the steam
they became the modern discoverers of the Cave and Basin Hot Springs.
Being good capitalists, they quickly built a small bath-house and filed a
homestead claim. Unfortunately, homesteads weren't recognized in the Rockies.
They then tried a mineral rights claim. Unfortunately again, mineral springs were
not considered a mineral resource. All of this brought the area to the attention of
William Pearce, the mine Superintendent in Calgary. Upon investigating, he was
so impressed that he, along with William Van Horne of the C.P.R., began to
agitate for the creation of a park.
Finally, on November 2, 1885, the Banff Hot Springs Preserve was set aside. It
was only 26 square km, but two years later would be significantly enlarged and
renamed Rocky Mountains Park Canada's first National Park. It was also the
third such park in the world behind only Yellowstone in the U.S. and Royal
National Park in Australia.
Like Banffs hot springs, Miette Hot Springs were well known to local natives.
Passing fur traders often soaked in their healing waters. Miners from nearby
Pocohontas who first built a rough trail to the springs in 1910, followed with a
small bath-house three years later. The first pool was built in 1919, but the area
remained remote until a road was completed in 1933.
Radium hot springs, like all the rest, was long known before it was developed. In
fact, it played an integral role in the location of highway 93. This highway was
routed to take it past the springs. Although a tent was erected in 1890, a small
pool was built in 1914. A more permanent structure was built in 1923, after
completion of Highway 93 and the creation of Kootenay National Park.
Today, these parks look very different. With millions of visitors each year making
their way through the gates, the connection these pools provide to our history is
becoming more and more vital. We must ensure that these landmarks will
continue to soothe the aches and pains of travelers for many years to come.

Thermal Springs (Spa)

Turkey is one of the 7 countries in the world in terms of thermal source richness
with almost 1300 thermal springs throughout Anatolia. Of course the existence of
seismic faults make the country very rich in this aspect. The temperature of
these hot springs varies between 20-110 degrees Celsius (68-230 Fahrenheit),
and their flow is between 2-500 liters per second. Turkey is using only a small
percentage of the country's potential in terms of mineral springs, but today the
Ministry of Tourism and private investorsare contributing more to Turkey's map of
spa tourism.
Ankara - Kizilcahamam (ph: 6.52-7.6)
It is located 86 km from Ankara at 975 meters above sea level. The water (37-47
C) contains sodium, calcium magnesium, bicarbonate and chlorine. It's good for
drinking and bathing benefiting the treatment of rheumatism, neuralgia,
gynecologic and digestive disorders.
Afyon - Hudayi (ph: 6.64-6.84)
It's a small treatment center 66 km from Afyon, 7 km southwest of Sandikli. The
water (75-80 C, radioactive) contains sulphur, hydro carbonate, sodium, calcium,
carbon-dioxide, bromide and fluoride, and are good for drinking and bathing and
benefit rheumatic, skin, gynecologic, and digestive complaints.
Afyon - Orucoglu (ph: 6.4)
Orucoglu Thermal Center, next to a modern 428-bed complex, is 14 km
from Afyon. The temperature of the spring water is 49 C and it's rich in carbon
dioxide, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, bromide and fluoride. The water
has beneficial effects on arthritis, sciatica, disc hernia, neuritis, neuralgia,
lumbago, osteoarthritis, and is also beneficial after orthopedic surgery and
various other surgical treatments, such as post-operative therapy. Patients with
skin ailments like psoriasis, eating problems, stomach, intestine and gall bladder,
kidney, urinary tract and gynecologic disorders, and muscle and nerve fatigue
also benefit from it. The composition is good for balancing the iron ratio, and has
rehabilitation value in the treatment of hemiplegia.
Afyon - Gazligol
It's 22 km from Afyon on the road to Eskisehir. The water (40-71 C) benefits
rheumatism, cardio vascular problems, digestive and intestinal complaints,
kidney diseases, urinary tract, liver problems, metabolism disorders, orthopedic
and skin problems.
Afyon - Omer and Gecek
It's 15 km to Afyon on the road to Kutahya. The water (51-98 C) has benefits to
cure rheumatism, skin disease, cardio vascular problems, intestinal and gall
bladder complaints, liver, joints and arthritis, eating problems, neuralgia and
gynecologic disorders.
Balikesir - Gonen (ph: 7.36)
Situated to the north of Balikesir, it has a treatment center with 381 beds.
Thermal waters (52 C) contain sulphur, chloride, sodium, hydro carbonate and

carbon dioxide. Suitable for both drinking and bathing cures, the waters are
beneficial for dermatologic, liver, rheumatic, urinary and nervous complaints.
Bingol - Kos
The Kos hot springs are located 20 km from Bingol on the Karliova road. The
facilities include a hotel, several motels and guest houses, outdoor and indoor
pools, restaurants, tea gardens, and a parking lot. Both locals and foreigners
come here for healthy relaxation with peace in mind.
Bolu - Karacasu (ph: 5.82-6.32)
It is located 4 km south of Bolu on the Ankara - Istanbul highway, with a 250 bed
capacity center. The water (44 C) contains calcium, magnesium, sulphur,
bicarbonate, and benefit the cures of rheumatism, neuralgia, sciatica and
gynecologic, liver and kidney diseases.
Bursa - Cekirge (ph: 6.6-7.2)
Most of the thermal springs, in both modern and historical settings, are in the
Cekirge district of Bursa. The waters (47-78 C) contain bicarbonate, sulphur,
sodium, calcium and magnesium. It's suitable for drinking and bathing cures, and
are beneficial for rheumatic, gynecologic and dermatologic diseases, postoperational problems and for the metabolism. A wide range of accommodations
in tourist to deluxe-class hotels are available, as is medical supervision.
Bursa - Oylat (ph: 3.04-7.26)
Approximately 27 km south of Bursa in Inegol district, the water is very warm;
the steam bath is heated to 40 C and the spring waters to 10 C. The water
contains sulphur, bicarbonate, calcium, hydrogen ions and iron. With diuretic
properties, the drinking and bath cures have a relaxing and sedative effect.
There are a couple of hotels and motels near the center.
Canakkale - Kestanbol (ph: 5.92-6.94)
It's located 15 km into Ezine district south of Canakkale, 2 km from the Sea of
Marmara. The waters of the various springs range between 21 C and 67 C,
containing chloride, sodium, iron carbon- dioxide and calcium. Beneficial bath
cures, mud-bath cures, steam and geyser cures are available at the thermal
springs.
Denizli - Pamukkale and Karahayit (ph: 5.98-6.26)
It's located 20 km north of Denizli with over 500 bed total capacity hotels and
motels. Thermal waters (42-56 C, radioactive) contain hydro carbonate, sulphur,
calcium, carbon dioxide and iron, and are suitable for drinking and bathing
helping heart and circulatory complaints as well as digestive, gall bladder,
rheumatic and kidney diseases.Pamukkale is also a popular tourist destination in
the Aegean region.
Eskisehir - Hamamyolu
Most of the thermal springs are near Hamamyolu Street in the center
of Eskisehir. The waters (38-45 C) contain bicarbonate, sodium, and calcium and
are suitable for both drinking and bathing cures of rheumatism, neuralgia, post-

operational problems, digestive problems, kidney stones and gynecologic

complaints, and for the metabolism.
Eskisehir - Sakar (ph: 7.6)
33 km north of Eskisehir near the town of Saricakaya. The water (35 C) contains
sodium, magnesium and bicarbonate, benefiting skin problems, complaints of
sciatica, rheumatism and kidney stones.
Izmir - Balcova (ph: 6.4)
Located 10 km west of Izmir in Balcova district with a 400 bed capacity and the
largest indoor thermal pool in Turkey. A treatment center built nearby is very
popular amongst Scandinavian tourists especially. The water (62 C) is suitable for
drinking and bathing, benefiting sciatica, rheumatic diseases, gynecologic,
orthopedic and nervous disorders, plus intestinal and urinary problems.
Izmir - Cesme (ph: 6.58)
They are located at the bay of Ilica and Sifne, 7 km east of Cesme (75 km west
of Izmir) which has accommodation in every category and class with a total of
2,000 beds. The waters (42-55 C) contain chloride, sodium, magnesium, fluoride,
and are suitable for drinking and bathing cures, benefiting dermatologic,
gynecologic and urinary complaints as well as metabolic disorders.
Konya - Ilgin (ph: 7.0)
It's situated 88 km northwest of Konya with basic accommodations available but
with an excellent treatment center. The water (42 C, radioactive) contains hydro
carbonate, calcium, sodium and carbon dioxide, and are beneficial for rheumatic,
dermatologic, gynecologic, urinary, circulatory and heart diseases, and also for
glandular and digestive complaints.
Kutahya - Harlek (Ilicakoy)
It's located 27 km from Kutahya. The water (25-43 C) contains bicarbonate,
sulphur, calcium and magnesium. The drinking and bath waters are beneficial for
sufferers of rheumatism, hepatitis, bladder, skin and metabolic disorders.
Mugla - Sultaniye (ph: 6.68-6.74)
It's located in Koycegiz district of Mugla, at Sultaniye village. The water (32-42 C)
contains chloride, sodium, hydrogen sulfide and bromide. Both the drinking and
the bath waters have a relaxing and beneficial effect on sufferers of rheumatism,
skin and blood disorders, heart ailments, bronchitis, nervous complaints, kidney
and urinary complaints, metabolic disorders, and for elderly patients and
convalescents.
Sivas - Balikli (Yilanli) Cermik (ph: 7.3)
This interesting and unique spa is situated 17 km northeast of Kangal in the
province of Sivas. The water (36 C) contains bicarbonate, calcium and
magnesium. The uniqueness of the baths comes from the fact that there are
many small fish (2-10 cm long) in the water that play an important part in the
cure of psoriasis. The waters are also beneficial for rheumatism, skin diseases,

arterial sclerosis and gynecologic complaints. There are motels, restaurants and
camping facilities as well as shop for provisions.
Yalova (ph: 6.88-7.48)
These thermal springs are situated 11 km southwest of Yalova with a capacity of
about 800 beds between hotels and guest houses. The waters (57-60 C) contain
sulphur, sodium and calcium, and are suitable for drinking and bathing cures
beneficial for rheumatic, gynecologic, urinary and nervous complaints and
controlling cholesterol and lipid levels.
Source: Ministry of Culture and Tourism