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    Chinese Characters in Korean

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    1K views376 pages

    A Guide To Korean Characters Improved

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    Hany Safu
    Chinese Characters in Korean

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    A Guide to (OA A ee GE Rae Reading and Writing Hangul and Hanja SECOND REVISED EDITION Grant HOLLYM HANGUL-IN-A-HURRY CHART I Consonants Stressed Consonants Aspirated Consonants Basic Consonants * (two basic consonants | (short line added to written together) basic consonants) la. “11 88 r (initial) (final) -ng (final; (no sound as initial) ch oh “Slightly different than basic consonant number six. Basic consonants k, t, p, and ch are pronounced as g, d, b, and j, respectively, when occurring as medials. Stressed con-| sonahts are pronounced with more stress by far than their| unvoiced English counterparts, g, d, b, s, and j. Aspirated| consonants are said with an unabashed explosion of air. Initial] -|“t” is pronounced akin to its Spanish counterpart. HANGUL-IN-A-HURRY CHART II “P Diphthongs i Other Diphthongs (vowel #6 added (combinations of to basic vowels) various vowels) (father) Tey 8 (hut) . Qo (home) *Pronounce without pursing the lips. The “o” written with each vowel is an unvoiced consonant which functions to indicate where an initial consonant maybe affixed to the vowel when writing a syllable. See the inside back cover for information on forming syllables. A Guide to KOREAN CHARACTERS Reading and Writing Hangiil and Hanja SECOND REVISED EDITION by BRUCE K. GRANT HOLLYM Copyright © 1982, 1979 by Bruce K. Grant Alll rights reserved First published in 1979 Reprinted in 1989 by Hollym International Corp. 18 Donald Place Elizabeth, New Jersey 07208 U.S.A. Published simultaneously in Korea by Hollym Corporation; Publishers 14-5 Kwanchol-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, Korea Phone: (02)735-7554 Fax: (02)730-5149 ISBN: 0-930878-13-2 Printed in Korea For Audrey Michele Denise Mirae Bruce Maynard Monique and Taylor PREFACE This book was designed as a guide for those who wish to learn written Korean. It presents for the first time in English the information necessary to read and write hangiil, the Korean alphabet, and the 1,800 Chinese characters taught in Korean schools. A Guide to Korean Characters contains simplified charts explaining hangiil and models showing exactly how to write each of the 1,800 Basic Characters. Sam- ple vocabulary words, selected on the basis of frequency of use, are included for each character. This handbook also functions as a character dictionary since its entries are ar- ranged in stroke-count order and it contains both a radical and a phonetic index. I am very grateful to those who have helped in the prep- aration of A Guide to Korean Characters. Mr. Cho Pydng-ha was indefatiguable, and the writing models in the text are examples of his graceful calligraphy. Dr. Chin Yong-ch’dl and Mr. Yi Pang-hin kindly read the entire manuscript and made many useful suggestions. I am indebted to Mr. Chu Shin-win, Chief-Editor at Hollym Corporation: Publishers, for his patient guidance. I alone, of course, am responsible for errors. Seoul, Korea Bruce K. Grant July 1979 CONTENTS PREFACE 7 INTRODUCTION n The Korean Writing System 11 Hints on Learning Hangitl nM History of Chinese Characters 12 The Six Categories of Chinese Characters 14 Hints on Learning Hanja 16 Explanation of a Sample Character Entry 18 Writing Characters 20 Glossary 23 THE 1,800 BASIC CHARACTERS 25 APPENDICES 333 Korean Surnames 335 Easily Confused Characters 336 Commonly Abbreviated Characters 337 Characters with Multiple Readings 338 The 900 Middle School Characters in Textbook Order 339 INDEX 345 How to Use a Character Dictionary 347 Radical Index 349 Phonetic Index 357 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 367 END-PAPER CHARTS Hangifl-in-a-hurry Charts inside front cover Hangiil Writing Models inside back cover Syllable Writing Models INTRODUCTION THE KOREAN WRITING SYSTEM Korean is a member of the Altaic family of languages and is very similar to Japanese. It has been spoken on the Korean peninsula for more than 2,000 years but has enjoyed an in- digenous writing system since only the fifteenth century. Chinese exerted an early influence on Korean, and loan words from the Chinese now comprise about sixty percent of the Korean vocabulary. Chinese is essentially uninflected, while Korean is poly- synthetic. So different, in fact, are the two languages that Chinese and English have more in common than do Chinese and Korean. Ancient Koreans found Chinese ideographs unsuited to phonetically represent their richly inflected lan- guage, so they adopted written Chinese itself. Literate Koreans wrote one language, classical Chinese, and spoke another, Korean, until the dawn of the twentieth century, a period in excess of 1,500 years. In 1440, King Sejong of the Yi Dynasty set a group of scholars to the task of inventing a means of writing the Ko- rean language. The resulting phonetic alphabet was prom- ulgated in 1446 but did not enjoy widespread use. Hangiil, as it is now called, is perhaps the most scientific alphabet in general use in the world. In 1972, the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea directed that 1,800 Sino-Korean characters, hanja, be taught in all middle and high schools in the nation. These are com- monly called the Basic Characters, and each is treated in this book. Modern Korean is written in a mixed script in which hanja is used for Chinese loan words and hangiil for purely Korean items. HINTS ON LEARNING HANGUL The Korean alphabet is so simple that its sixteen totally rey INTRODUCTION distinct letters can be learned in minutes with the aid of the hangiil-in-a-hurry charts at the inside front cover of this book. Use these charts to decode hangiil appearing in the book and elsewhere until it becomes entirely familiar to you. The charts at the inside back cover illustrate how to write each hangiil letter and how to combine the letters into sylla- bles. Korean consonants are pronounced much as they are in English, though they annoyingly assume different shades of sound when they appear as initials, medials, or finals. The five stressed consonants are pronounced with greatest possible stress but with no expulsion of air. For example, “tt” ( ct ) is pronounced akin to the d of don’t in“Don’t do that!” The aspirated consonants are pronounced with a heavy expulsion of air. The “k’”( 7 ) is similar, for example, to the k of kill in “Kill that rattlesnake!” Vowels are pronounced essentially as noted on the inside front cover. Access to a native speaker is recommended for refined pronunciation. HISTORY OF CHINESE CHARACTERS In ancient China, pieces of bone and shell were incised with characters and then heated. The resulting cracks among the characters were used by oracles to foretell the future. Thou- sands of such “oracle bones” have been unearthed. The char- acters on them, the oldest extant, date from about 1,400 B.C. Virtually all principles for the formation of ideographs are evident on the oracle bones, suggesting a long period of de- velopment prior to 1,400 B.C. After that time, characters underwent a continuing evolution of form that ended about 2,000 years ago with the development of the “square. char- acters” still used today. The following chart traces four char- acters through this evolution and illustrates character styles which a modern reader is likely to encounter. Dates are very approximate. Forms of Chinese Characters TYPE Sun (Oracle Bone Characters (circa 1,400 B.C.) Bronze Inscription Characters (Chou Dynasty, circa 900 B.C.) Greater Seal Characters (Chou Dynasty, circa 600 B.C.) Lesser Seal Characters (Ch'in Dynasty, circa 221 B.C.) Abbreviated Characters (Ch’in Dynasty, circa 206 B.C.) Square Characters (Han Dynasty, circa 100 B.C.) Modern Brush Style (virtually identical to the Square Characters) Modern Pen Style (style used for the writing models in this book) Modern Typeface (used for the main entries in this book) Semi-cursive Style (fluent style common in handwriting) fully legible only to connoisseurs) | = INTRODUCTION THE SIX CATEGORIES OF CHINESE CHARACTERS Characters traditionally have been classified into Six Cate- gories according to how they were originally fabricated or how they later accrued meaning. An understanding of these cate- gories can bring a sense of order to the beginning reader who is likely to be bewildered by a forest of seemingly unrelated graphs. Moreover, the characteristics of the different types of hanja suggest varying learning strategies for their mastery. The Sung Dynasty scholar, Chéng Ch’iao, apportioned 24,235 characters to the Six Categories, and his results provide an indication of the relative size of each category.(Kwin, page 2. See Bibliography.) Category One: Simple Pictographs Simple Pictographs were the first type of character fabricated by the ancient Chinese. They picture objects, such as tree, . The trunk, branches and roots of a tree can be seen even in this modern form of the character. Another Simple Pictograph is A (sun). This stylized character was originally round, and the line in its center represented rays of sunshine. Only 608 of the characters classified by Chéng Ch’iao are Simple Pictographs, but they are important because many of them are the building blocks from which other hanja are made. A Simple Pictograph is easily learned by associating its shape and meaning. Category Two: Simple Diagrams Simple Diagrams were among the earliest characters made and depict relationships for which no picture can readily be drawn. Two common examples are | (up) and F (down). The diagrammatic nature of this pair is readily apparent. Simple Diagrams are best learned by associating shape and meaning. Chéng Ch’iao allotted 107 of his characters to this category. Category Three: Simple Compounds A subsequent development in the history of characters, Sim- ple Compounds are truly ideographic. They were made from 4 INTRODUCTION two or more existing characters whose combined meanings provide a clue to the denotation of the compound. The Simple Compound resulting from the union of H (sun) and % (tree) is #2. The new character is pronounced -§ (tong), and signifies “east,’’ taking its meaning from the ‘‘sun’’ rising from behind a“tree’’ in the “‘east.'’ A Simple Compound is best learned by relating its meaning to that of its constituent elements. Of the graphs classified by Chéng Ch’iao, 740 were Simple Compounds. Category Four: Phonetic Compounds About ninety percent of the characters of Chéng Ch’iao, 21,811 hanja, are Phonetic Compounds. These graphs can be characterized as semi-ideographic and semi-phonetic since each is composed of a semantic element which furnishes a hint to the general meaning of the compound and a phonetic element which provides a direct clue to its pronunciation. The phonetic clue in the vast majority of Sino-Korean char- acters is a significant potential mnemonic aid but is widely regarded as of limited value. Chinese lexicography obscures the phonetic relationships among characters, and some Phonetic Compounds which share an identical phonetic ele- ment have differing readings either because they were not originally homophonous or because their pronunciations diverged during centuries of phonetic and dialectic evolution. Nevertheless, it is likely that the phonetic clue is underexploited rather than overexploited by students of hanja. Category Five: Derived Meanings Derived Meanings originally belonged to one of the first four categories of characters. The evolution of Chinese gen- erated a need to assign abstract meanings to characters with _ concrete denotations. Graphs of this type took on abstract meanings but maintained their original denotation as well. An example is € , originally a Simple Pictograph of a man sitting with crossed legs. Its derived meanings are ‘‘exchange, com- 15 INTRODUCTION municate, intercourse, mix, join.” This leap in meaning is comprehensible to anyone who has watched old Korean gentlemen sit cross legged by the hour and “communicate” with cronies. Chéng Ch’iao assigned 372 of his characters to this category. Its characters are best learned by relating their original and derived meanings. Category Six: Arbitrary Meanings Characters of this type also belonged to one of the first four categories and took on additional denotations, but they sur- rendered their original meanings altogether. An example is 9 , a Simple Pictograph of a growing stalk of grain. Other characters possessed the same meaning, but there was no character for ‘to come,”’ which was pronounced the same as 3K . As a homophone, 3 was pressed into service to denote “to come”’ and has maintained only that meaning for millenia. Graphs of this category account for 598 of the characters of Chéng Ch’iao. They are best learned arbitrarily. HINTS ON LEARNING HANJA There is no royal road to learning characters, but the task is not as difficult as it may appear, either. The sheer number of hanja is daunting; large character dictionaries may run to 50,000 entries. But no one need learn anything like this ridic- ulous number, and fewer than 300 discrete graphs compose all others. A study in Taiwan showed that the most common 400 characters in use there comprised fully seventy-three percent of all written material. (DeFrancis, page xix.) The learning of Chinese characters will unavoidably entail some memorization. Homemade flash cards and repeated writing of characters can be valuable memorization aids. Any- thing, including hanja, is easier to learn when approached as part of a meaningful context. Those already participating in a Korean language program can easily meld specific informa- tion about the 1,800 Basic Characters into their language materials. Those undertaking independent study can meld 16 INTRODUCTION characters into available selections of written Korean. The vocabulary words accompanying each character in this book can also supply a measure of meaningful context. The 900 middle school characters in the appendix can be useful because the most common and frequently used characters appear in this list in the order they are first learned by Korean pupils. Early attention to radicals, the 214 characters under which all others are listed in hanja dictionaries, is recommended for all. Familiarity with the radicals is requisite to the full use of a dictionary, and many radicals are numbered among the discrete graphs which comprise all others. The radicals can be found in the radical index of this handbook. A student of hanja will find it valuable to develop the habit of estimating to which of the Six Categories a target character belongs since this will enable him to choose an appropriate learning strategy for it. Consult the preceding section of the Introduction for suggestions on learning strategies for each of the Six Categories of Chinese characters. The vast majority of characters, perhaps ninety percent of all hanja, belong to the Phonetic Compound category. Each graph of this type contains an internal clue to its own pro- nunciation, One beginning student schooled himself to look for this internal phonetic clue, and, on a quiz, successfully matched readings to eleven of thirteen Phonetic Compounds he had not previously encountered. The student will be well advised to make it a practice to estimate the reading of a target character, whether newly-encountered or unrecalled, by assigning to it the pronunciation of its major component elements. A forthcoming handbook by the present editor will contain some 2,000 characters arranged in sets. Each graph in a set contains the same phonetic element and shares an identical or similar reading as well. The mnemonic value of a set of characters which both look and sound alike can be appreciated by perusing the following chart. INTRODUCTION Phonetic Compound Set vig Character |Reading (This base character is a Simple Re -(tong)|east Coa eI E-(tong)| icy {ice ca = (tong)} ca -€-(tong)| ridgepole| f wood, eo EXPLANATION OF A SAMPLE CHARACTER ENTRY The character entry below is typical of the 1,800 inA Guide to Korean Characters. Sample Entry character, letter ab character, letter, writing} ‘Sino-Korean characters, ha} Chinese characters character dictionary ahad The main character of the sample entry, #, is one of the Basic Hanja taught in all Korean secondary schools. It appears first in a large-type, slightly-abbreviated form common in published material. In the box beneath the main character is listed the radical under which it can be found in a character dictionary. This radical is given in its unabbreviated form, while it may appear in the main character in its common, abbreviated form. (A chart of abbreviated radicals appears on page 348.) The number to the right of the radical indicates the number of strokes in the non-radical portion of the main character, datum that is vital when using a hanja dictionary. 18 INTRODUCTION The 1,800 main entries are numbered consecutively. For #, this number is 238. These character numbers are used in cross references and indices. To the right of the main character are nine squares in which its proper stroke order is progressively illustrated. The com- plete pen-written form of the main character occurs as the final entry in these squares. It is important to compare and contrast the written and printed forms of the main character since both will be encountered in reading materials. The formal definition, or hun, of the main character occurs in the upper left corner of the area following the writing models. The hun for the sample character is 32}. This is followed to the right by English definitions of the main char- acter and by its reading, or iim, in boldface hangiil. In the sample entry, this iim is x}. The hun and tim are ordinarily said together as a verbal means of identifying a character. Sainple vocabulary words comprise the remainder of the entry..These were selected on the basis of frequency of use in the language. Usually, three such words are included in an entry. The hanja typeface used for sample words is the stylized variation increasingly common in published material. Compare and contrast these with the main character typeface in an entry. : A Guide to Korean Characters is designed to aid in learn- ing hangiil and hanja. As a mini-dictionary, its English def- initions are not exhaustive. For the convenience of the reader and to exploit limited space, many English definitions appear in verbal, adjectival or adverbial form even though Korean referents may occur only as nouns. English definitions were purposely inserted between hanja entries and their hangiil readings in order to cause the eye of the reader to encounter first hanja and then its English mean- ing before coming to pronunciation. This arrangement may facilitate the learning process by obliging the reader to relate form and meaning for milliseconds before dealing with pro- nunciation. INTRODUCTION WRITING CHARACTERS A general rule of writing is to make the graphs of uniform size no matter how simple or complex they may be. Hanja are listed in character dictionaries in ways inextricably related to stroke count. (See How to Use a Character Dictionary, p.347.) A character must be written, therefore, with strokes of con- stant shape set down in unvarying order. Details regarding stroke type and stroke order are provided below, but the reader will doubtless find the writing models accompanying each character in the text to be a more practical calligraphic guide. Types of Strokes The following chart illustrates eighteen types of strokes used in writing characters. The samples are done in brush style, but the principles also apply to pen calligraphy. Gen- erally, perpendicular strokes are made from top to bottom, while horizontal strokes are made from left to right. Even when it includes an angle, a stroke is written without lifting pen from paper. Types of Strokes INTRODUCTION The Rules of Stroke Order Two basic rules govern stroke order. 1. Top to bottom. 2. Left to right. ) rea Seven auxiliary rules also control the order of strokes. 3. Horizontal strokes usually are written first when they cross perpendicular ones. 4. Sometimes the reverse is true. a INTRODUCTION 22 \\] 4 5. Acenter stroke is written first, then the left and final- ly the right. | | 6. Anenclosure precedes its contents. SL | NI v A a 7, Diagonals running to the left precede ing to the right. FTA INTRODUCTION 9. A piercing horizontal stroke is written last. ROPES) Basic Characters. Basic Characters are the 1,800 hanja taught by order of the Ministry of Education since 1972 in all Korean middle and high schools. Their formal name is ‘‘Basic Characters for Use in Classical Korean Instruction’’ (hanmun kyoyukyong kich’o hanja). Basic Hanja. See Basic Characters. Chinese Characters. See Six Categories of Chinese Char- acters. Classical Korean. Classical Korean (hanmun) is classical Chinese used by Koreans as their written language for more than 1,500 years. Hangitil. Hangiil is the modern name for the Korean alphabet promulgated in 1446 but not widely used until the present century. Hanja, See Sino-Korean Characters. Ideograph. An ideograph is a symbol representing an object or an idea but not the sound associated with that object or idea in spoken language. Polysynthetic. Polysynthesism is the grammatical practice in Korean of combining word elements into a single word that can be the equivalent of phrases or even a sentence in English. Phonetic Compound. One of the Six Categories of Chinese characters, Phonetic Compounds comprise some ninety percent of all characters. They are semi-ideographic and semi- phonetic. Reading. - The iim, or pronunciation, of a character is its reading. Semantic Element. A semantic element is that part of a Phonetic Compound, usually one-half the total character, which provides a hint to the general meaning of the compound. GLOSSARY 23 INTRODUCTION Simple Compounds. One of the Six Categories of Chinese characters, Simple Compounds were formed from two ele- ments whose combined meanings provide a clue to the deno- tation of the compound. They are ideographic. Simple Diagrams. One of the Six Categories of Chinese characters, Simple Diagrams depict relationships for which a picture cannot readily be drawn. Simple Pictographs. One of the Six Categories of Chinese characters, Simple Pictographs are drawings of objects. They were the first characters fabricated by the ancient Chinese. Sino-Korean Characters. Chinese characters as they are used in the Korean language. Six Categories of Chinese Characters. A traditional classification of Chinese characters into six types according ta how they were originally fabricated or later accrued mean- ing. The Six Categories are Simple Pictographs, Simple Dia- grams, Simple Compounds, Phonetic Compounds, Derived Meanings and Arbitrary Meanings. 24 THE 1,800 BASIC CHARACTERS 1 and 2 strokes one; unity; the same; the first, first general, all, whole; alike part, portion; a section all, the whole; wholly; absolutely Al 2d of the 10 Heavenly Stems; the second 17.42, the pros and cons ZG class B; second grade Zk 32dof the 60 binary terms of the sexagenary cycle ula aL 2 4th of the 10 Heavenly Stems; person; T-shape a strong young man, sturdy youth surely, without fail seven July seventy seventy days: seventy years 2 strokes also, and; but; then Wl from... to.,., between... wal and...; or ob} nine TH FLA September FH A+ ninety al HEM a narrow escape from #1} 9) 4 death complete, finish; intelligent complete, finish, conclude complete a course of study end, conclude, complete two February two kinds, two classes; second class twice; two times; asecond time man, mankind person, man humans, a human being greeting ; personal affairs enter; putin receive funds; pay on account matriculate; enter a school income, earnings 2 strokes eight a August 2a the Eight Provinces of Korea 345. the cight points of the ay compass; all directions; everywhere # —— knife, sword; razor & 42.7) _ short sword, dagger, stiletto ebs. JV £# medical circles, Etal the medical profession WO) A assault with one sword, «b=21¢ get straight to the point @ strength, power endeavor, exertion military force; armed, military capability, capacity,ability ten October twelve across; a plus sign divination; prognosticate; burden divination, fortune telling have one’s fortune told fortuneteller and, also, again; in addition to, moreover, further much more, much less, still more, still less 3 strokes 3 Strokes three triangle; three-cornered thirty a paternal uncle 4 above; first, rise His Royal Majesty Liiit@ high sociecy ET, senior official ten feet; a senior father-in-law, a wife’s father man, gentleman; full-grown man below, down, low, under servant downstream; lower social classes boarding, staying at a tooming house apill; a bullet pill, pellet pill, pellet bullet; projectile; shell 3 strokes 2 along time, finally z #2X% alongtime, permanence HA permanence; perpetuity, eternity 4% endurance, tenacity ara 0] 24} itis; also of 21th right or wrong, Aloha oF true or false Rt, sometimes; maybe ZF on; to; with; from till now, up to the present first of all, before everything die, perish; be lost; absent flee, run away, escape be destroyed, collapse, fall defect, seek foreign refuge all; common; general; secular, earthly common, ordinary in general, as a rule mediocre; common, ordinary knife blade, knife edge bladed weapons; bayonets; weapons kill oneself with a dagger 3 strokes one thousand ten million athousand years athousand characters mouth, opening excuse, pretext appetite population; inhabitants earth; local land, real estate nature of the soil civil engineering scholar; gentleman; officer; soldier {4 gentleman, man of honor $384 lawyer, attorney Bi brave man, man of courage evening, dusk the setting sun, the evening sun evening edition morning and evening; breakfast and dinner Zz big, great Kal very, very much, greatly 85> major portion, large part KH college, university 3 strokes woman, gir] 4 women, womankind; aa feminity male and female, a4 man and woman +E female student, schoolgirl «| 44 son, child one’s own child; a guy, a fellow descendants, sons and grandsons a consonant inch; degree of kinship cousin degree of kinship short dramatical performance; skit small; mean; concubine novel, story; fiction retail selling large and small; size, magnitude mountain, hill mountain range forest, woodland fields and mountains stream stream bank, riverside mountains and rivers large river 3 strokes labor; workman. industry; manufacturing industry study, pursue scholarly activities construct, build, maneuver, operate 6th of the 10 Heavenly Stems; self; private selfishness, egoism self-denial, self-abnegation one’s self, self 0]") _ already; finished task already, now that; the past AGE unavoidably, inevitably GlEZ # bygones a 6th of the 12 Earth's Branches; snake ZE 42dof the 60binary terms 2-4} of the sexagenary cycle ZE+# literati purge of 1545 $4}4}3 a shield; oppose, interfere some, a little, a few; somewhat intervene, meddle in reclaim land by drainage abow archery, bowmanship archer, bowman 4 strokes talent person of talent or ability ability, talents gift, talent, ability °F no, not; un-, in-, non- ASH unnatural Rdg anxiety, uneasiness Asif only, merely, does not exceed 2d of the 12 Earth’s Branches; ox Year of the Ox Day of the Ox the Watch of the Ox, the period between tand3A.M. 7+$-ui) middle, within; China; hit, attain the center, middle; balance medium quality the middle, center, medium, in-between red, cinnabar; pill autumnal tints, red and yellow colors; red and green Fil fidelity; a sincere heart 4 strokes go: arrive; of; it, him, her zl {152 Ka friend of bamboo stilts, 4} 2|-2 a childhood friend HZ success of glowworms J 412] F and snow, success by diligent study speak, say et cetera; thus and thus, so and so mutual mutual benefits, reciprocity mutual concession, compromise co-optation, election by a five the five Confucian human relationships ceiling streets, a town, well water now, the present this year this time now, the present time oh ol he cL ob 4 strokes humaneness, humanity mercy; beneficence benevolence, humanity benevolence and righteousness; humanity and justice individual, alone; unit; be between; introduce interposition, intervention intervene ; introduce mediation, intermediation first, head, chief, eldest, principal; large, great; dynasty aledger an original element vigor, vitality; energy inside, within; wife, woman the substance, details; contents the interior, the inner part, inside 241-2 impartial, fair; public 4%: _ royal princess 40% @ civil servant, government employee public opinion; fair criticism six June sixty the Six Categories of Chinese Characters o| 24} an exclamatory particle in al classical Korean cruel; evil; unfortunate; ugly a year of famine wicked, bad a poor crop divide; separate; duty; distinguish; measure ; part; minute aquantity, a measure, an amount adepartment, a section slice, cut, mince; earnest, urge all, entirely be immediate, real all, the whole; wholly; absolutely cut off, sever do not itt of course SH a forget-me-not flower 4% surprise, surprisingly enough 2 transform, change FEAL deteriorate, aggravate, }-3} worsen {¢$ chemistry pe} HEE inspire, influence ars al ~ aroll; one of a pair; a horse; a cow AE aspouse, a mate Wak arival, an equal PEXPER Dick and Jane, common 2334 men and women fal \ 3] ascend, rise, advance in office; a quart =} Ai course hemp cloth, 60- strand warp ; ; ai 7th of the 12 Earth’s Branches; horse the afternoon, P.M. the morning, A.M. midday nap, siesta |: + difficulty, distressed yt misfortune, bad luck unexpected misfortune calamity, disaster J eed extend, reach to; and, also mention, say propagate, disseminate pass an examination; pass the state examination =| Sat |: HA 0] 2 against, anti-; contrary, but, instead of; rebel; retreat KH opposition, resistance; opposite 4 reflection; meditation LM revolt, rebellion Dal aX me a 39 4 strokes friend a friendly nation, an ally fraternity, brotherliness an intimate friend, a close friend ohialat 9th of the 10 Heavenly Stems EheEAL Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592 7 19th of the 60 binary terms. of the sexagenary cycle heaven, nature; Nature; God, divine; weather the universe; the world; the realm aheavenly body, a celestial sphere husband; man; laborer, artisan; sage, philosopher husband and wife, a married couple farmer, peasant Sa great, grand; excessive, extreme ABS the sun #4 ft the Korean national flag, Flag of the Great Ultimate hole, opening; Confucius a peacock, a peafowl Confucius Confucius and Mencius 2 2 a RR 4 strokes young; small; scarce; seldom; briefly youth, a youth, a boy ‘a major general small amount, small quantity Tore, moreover extreme, severe aChinese foot, a ch’Sk (30.3 centimeters, 11.9 inches) avery short distance =RitF a mere child R number of feet, length condolence; mourn; hang, droop; demand, ask for a visitor of condolence aletter of condolence, a message of condolence condolence lead, guide; introduce rise, increase; pulling up attraction; affinity; magnetism transfer of duties heart, moral, nature, mind, affections; intention; core; center amental state; psychology affection; one’s feelings the heart 4 strokes spear, lance conflict, war, crossing of lances; lance, spear spear tip door; family governmental vital statistics register, a family register houses and inhabitants, population hand & means, measure, method FBR} commission, fee, service charge FE hands and feet, limbs 2) 814 prop, support; pay, expend; branch pay, disburse manage, control branch office characters, letters, writing, literature; culty | officials culture ; civilization civilization; culture a literatus, a man of letters a dry measure (18 liters, 3.97 gallons) an authority, a luminary, astar measuring by pecks (mal) an ax; akiin, acatty (600 grams, 1.32 pounds) weight poundage, weight weight direction; square; region; plan; recipe; just now method, way, means objective, aim; a magnetic needle direction; aspect, angle sun, day; daily; Japan ‘% _ everyday, common A Sunday ae adiary; ajournal 7+ — speak; say, itis said 2 FIN] A® argue pro and con 97} 4-H Confucius said Ba}y Ff afemaleruffian; arowdy 3 moon, month monthly salary a monthly magazine, a monthly publication the end of the month, end of amonth tree, wood, wooden acarpenter lumber, timber, wood the planet Jupiter 4 strokes stop; desist; rest discontinue, suspend, interrupt staunch bleeding Preserve, protect; prevent, check compare compare comparison; proportion, ratio ratio, percentage hair, fur, down, feathers z EM woolen fabrics, woolen 2.4) CaS £ goods acapillary Zale a hair brush for Bal calligraphy clan name, surname; clan, family; Mr.; female; woman's maiden name aclan, a family surname and personal name, one’s full name water; fluid, liquid hydrogen marine products the water level; the horizon r fire volcano afire, aconflagration firepower; the force of a fire o}#] father SQA father and mother, parents 421 father, one’s father IUCR. parents of students piece, strip, bit aletter sliced boiled meat aone-sided mind, eccentricity |] tooth; molars; tusk, ivory &F ivory oF teeth $F citadel, inner stronghold A&A cow, ox 49L cow's milk 4-H SH “Read classics into a cow’s ear”, cast pearls to swine 4-5 cattle and horses 7H dog JEAYR rabies, hydrophobia SR apet dog FZ be at odds with each other king; royal queen, queen consort prince royal family, a king's household 5 strokes ae Ai Fifi I, me; same, similar moreover, further, also poor, destitute; ignoble, unworthy a generation; a lifetime; ‘an age; world, society the world, the earth the world; society; a lifetime a generation hill, hillock ahill, a hillock 3d of the 10 Heavenly Stems ; the third 3d of the 60 binary terms of the sexagenary cycle third class, third grade Ht 116 a7 . fs He |e a ST + a & =~ + SS we — - eae + = ~ le || ele | | tea |, Ha | | | | | | a Hi 5 strokes lord, master, ruler; chief, principal a landlord; the head of a family; a host assert, maintain, claim, advocate exclamation; interrogative final particle be firm, decisive, resolute other another person; a stranger self and others and so forth, and the others, et cetera be a government official, fill'an office office boy; errand gil; page: bell hop; waiter, waitress service; render service transfer, hand over; commit to; pay ask, solicit, request; charge with, entrust with remit, forward, send transfer, hand over, pass along Taoist immortal, fairy, genie fairy, nymph Taoist immortal; hermit, ascetic; a spirit hermit, ascetic; a spirit; ‘Taoist immortal 5 strokes uy 4) & substitute; generation {C44 in place of, instead of a {€# represent; be exemplary {€ HB acting, acting in lieu of, df proxy 93 @ command, order; causes; a good; term of respect 4 command, order ya 8) 4 commanding officer abe ak {4 if, supposing, suppose rey that; even if through; with; by; from; reason, since more than; beyond; that is all north of; north Korea reason, the reason, the reason why elder brother; seniors brothers, sisters, brethren husband of a girl's elder sister husband of a man’s elder sister book, register desk, table books, publications pamphlet, booklet winter winter, the winter season hibernation the winter solstice 5 strokes exit, come out, go out; issue; beget, produce; be born, appear depart, leave, set out affiliation, origi publish; engrave, cut publish, bring out morning edition of a newspaper; a morning newspaper publish, issue add; apply process, work; manufacture; treat increase, grow, gain join, enter; to add, put in merit, achievement meritorious service, meritorious deeds merit and virtue; Buddhist charity a meritorious retainer or subject wrap be included, contained, embraced, covered wrap, pack up convince, win over; connote north suffer defeat the north, the northern part the north pole defeat, reversal 5 strokes half radius hemisphere half the number, half prognosticate, foretell; seize, usurp occupy; seize, take,capture occupy, possess (territory) possess, occupy (property) 37 4th of the 12 Earth's Ez Branches; hare, rabbit (24) 16th of the 60 binary We terms of the sexagenary cycle GN+# literati purge of 1519 7 BASE JN the Year of the Hare gu go away: gone, past; abandon; throw away come and go; lending and borrowing; transactions last year castrate, emasculate, geld ancient, old antiquity, ancient times past and present, all times an old tree ee py merely, only, but now, the present merely, only; but, however, provided that, on condition that =A 4B xa ae a8 aa — 344g a word, a single word 4224 call; animal cry phrase, sentence a phrase; a paragraph a passage, a clause exclaim, cry out acry, shout, shriek impeach, censure, denounce, arraign call, summon; cite, give notice call, call up; convene, convoke summon, call, cite, subpoena history, annals, chronicle history a chronicle, a history in history, in the pages of history able, may, can; right, proper be possible pitiful, pathetic right or wrong; proper or improper right; right side; honor right edge, right side right wing; the right flank the right side, the right abet aby aba N N aa x se tolr pp ai 12 40 31 5 strokes "control, manage, preside; officer; subdivision of a district #486 a military headquarters ®]@ chair, preside, conduct EA} a higher officer, one’s superior four forty the four directions; everywhere cousin prisoner; imprison; criminal case a prisoner, a jailbird acriminal condemned to death GIN] an escaped prisoner outside; foreign; extraordinary a foreign state inside and outside; husband and wife diplomacy 7}-$-1i] center; finish, conclude 414 central; the center, the middle HUW the Capitol Building in Seoul ‘PRBGF the centrat government -% lose, neglect, miss, err; ommission. fail, blunder, miscarry be disappointed; despair make a mistake, err, blunder 5 strokes ‘ | #Be imperial government, alg rule by imperial SE government he |e | ae RAT | ae emperor aia ? i fr al4= commander, leader - 7E Ft) field marshal, fleet admiral 14 ? z 4 | X66 generalissimo, ae 3 commander-in-chief £6 command, control, a ey leadership 4 | A datk, gloomy; arcane; subtle; retired, lonely HA spirit of the dead; ghost, cl ae specter; supernatural visitor oy APA incarcerate, confine ral M443} brightness and darkness #8 allo}2l calculate, estimate e aE ‘iE system ALS. ) BREW frequency, number of Et times; percent alcohol in liquor £3 survey land ea] $7 4 wv eb yo | p=] YE rule, law, limit, degree = Ee } ys A 129 9 strokes establish, erect, build, found building, structure construct, build; establish recommend Zl eb2] wait for; entertain, treat AEE entertain, treat HAG? expect, count on; anticipate, hope for stand by, await call Taw; rhythm’ tones and rhythm, music rules, laws; discipline, order rhythm; rhythmic movement after, behind, later the rear, rear area regret, be sorry for military retreat; retreat anger, rage, passion become angry, fly into arage great anger anger, wrath, rage think, contemplate; thought; yearn, long for idea; ideology yearn for, long for think, consider 9 strokes A\2-& lazy; remiss; disrespectful (8% fatigue, lassitude HRX deliberate idleness, aslowdown EE careless, negligent; remiss :] »}-@ hatred; resentment; biiidis find fault with; murmur against anenemy chagrined, resentful, indignant complain, murmur urgent, hasty | rapidly, expeditiously 2xtk quick temper, impetuous 43% sudden, precipitous 3}4} constant, always {27 always, constantly {HIKE always; the usual time 48 ABN perpetually, permanently grudge a grudge, resentment, malice lament, deplore; sigh ae with regret lingering spite, o}at remaining malice bow, salute, greet, obeisance; pay respects to; visit worship; adore, admire worship worship at a temple; Pay reverence at 9 strokes pick up, tidy up ten (legal form) learn, acquire, pick up supplement, addendum 100,000 (legal form) hold, grasp; restrain; support maintain, support sustain, maintain possess, bear, carry Pick out; raise; carry with a pole over the shoulder; provoke challenge; provoke battle; defiant, provocative flee, run away provoke; provocation finger; toe; to point guide, lead, direct guidance, instruction, order nominate; designate overn, rule; & government; politics politics; government policy political power; regime Teason, cause; die, the former native place, place of origin accident; reasons, circumstances the departed, the deceased 9 strokes bestow, grant; act, do; exhibit; extend to equipment, facilities, plant; instieution; establishment execute, carry out award a prize star meteor Mars constellation shine, reflect, glare; cinema a movie project an image image, reflection brightness of the sun; bright, luminous; show, display HAZ) clear and exact BAB bright FA 2 3| plain, obvious yesterday, just past last year recently, these days yesterday this, that; right, correct right and wrong approve, endorse correct, rectify 9 strokes — | = | ZZ] 2 spring (season); youth; sex = #H_ a spring breeze, 25 - RIA a spring wind 4K spring and autumn; aF x time, years HS $48 spring dreams; £t 633 I INF springtime fantasies . = t x 4) dried, rotten az Hi run dry, dry up; ne ix q Ar be exhausted HA dead tree, withered tree See #i#€ withered leaf 24 AS cm 634 it v vi av ae Hy 7 1A | | Ae frame, stand, rack 7k ay #E book shelf, book rack Ay TAD [290 |e [Re | ek build, construct; install 744 346 bridge-building 7h K 5 cs Ae We 635 ae — | 3- | AP | ob #21 so-and-so, such-and-such B 43 somebody, something, Be Ee at | ar] ar so-and-so, such-and-such —~ | $i acertain place, someplace 5.2] aa x a EM acertainkind, some kindof 3% 636 A — [Th LA | 2444 seek out, search into, ay aE survey, investigate LFS [AS |Z fie assess tones: revise abudget 2} 1 4G in-laws. relatives by aE marriage > LAS) APLAR) tess investigate inspect apa fee 7 | 7 | % | ¥EaSsoft, pliant; gentle, + x yielding Zs FIR submissive, docile,gentle oat |e Hk soft, pliable, flexible +a K x x FSH judo, jujitsu HE 5 638 9 strokes pillar, post; support telephone pole a support, a prop pillar and cornerstone; mainstay ye; apply color; infect; catch a disease dye, dyes to dye contract, be infected; be contaminated willow tree; pleasure, dissipation TEM place of flowers and willows, prostitute areas a weeping willow Mr. Yu misfortune, calamity, retribution calamity, disaster, evils divine wrath, misfortune from sin divine retribution, the punishment of Heaven #) eH & dangerous; almost fi 58 risk, peril 36 about half, the greater part scarce, virtually nonexistent section, division, piece, paragraph stage, phase means, measure; device steps, stairs; stage, phase 9. strokes spring, fountain; wealth hot springs, medicinal springs cold mineral springs Hades, the ‘yellow spring” of Hades Zu}+} ocean, sea; foreign; wide, vast; foreign items suit, Western-style suit Western style ocean, sea wash, bathe; purify wash up, wash the hands and face polish, refine, finish baptism $o]-Z name of ariver, name of a capital; falling drops of water WGRIL the Naktong River sub-ward; street, block; e village; cave; grotto; see through village ea villagers 53 village council, block council -§ 3] vast; flood = a flood = great favor, greatkindness; $< indebtedness great happiness ge 9 strokes islet, island; continent Europe American continents Asian continent life, lives lively be active; move, work, take part in lively, animated utilize, make practical use of branch, branch off; send dispatch forces, send representatives faction, clique party faction; clique, junta charcoal carbonic acid coal and water; carbon and hydrogen coalfield precious, rare; delicious rare, curious, strange delicate flavor; delicacy rare and precious, priceless aye extreme, extremely 4] #£2E% on top of that, what is more 4] 2] o] YEE profound, deep al His extreme, excessive; violent 4 9 strokes world; region; limit,boundary il boundary, border; aal ‘one’s karma condition the political world, Ral political circles the financial world, al financial circles paddy, wet field dry fields and paddy fertile paddy $H9)% dread, fear; awe revere and fear EH flinch, wince; cower; recoil 4 epidemic, pestilence prevention of epidemics immunity (from a disease) dysentery ‘daj.lzt last of the 10 Heavenly Stems 7] 38H F type cast in 1403 ale} JR_[ BK 60th of the 60 binary terms] a] of the sexagenary cycle Ae Be4_ 50th of the 60 binary terms R of the sexagenary cycle ct} all, every; entirely +f) perfect attendance ae HEL Gh total eclipse AA f= universal conscription AY HID 1s Sel fy ps] 25] +] Sy TY he et ae 7 iD 9 strokes Jf emperor 2B ‘277 emperor Shai 1% imperial houschold a4) us) buckler, shield = FIA spear and shield; RE contradiction; contradictory AV. mutual, reciprocal, each other; 4} direction towards; assist; face; appearance, likeness; portrait; prime minister 442% considerable, much;suitable “*d #IBM) relationship; mind, care about “t+ #AHE ask advice, consult Ar] see, observe; examine, ay consider FAM _ sign, billboard zak Ai Ba nurse asa Zit regard as, consider as he ra eyebrow x] JK space between the nb eyebrows, the brow FIA one who excels, a gifted ap] person AKI knitted eyebrows, worried = =| look 4b examine, watch 2 2 diminish; curtail; save, reduce; frugal; detailed, minute MH reflect, meditate wa 4 abbreviate, abridge Ae #H return home, visit parents 7] 4 9 strokes grind, rub fine; investigate thoroughly, study, research study, research, inquire into «7 study and train, take training j= (Originally HF.) Pray pray, offer prayer RA pray, supplicate iff FSR shamanist rite to pray for tain autumn the harvest Autumn Moon Festival on the 15th day of the 8th moon autumn waves, an amorous glance class; order, series; department; science science course of study, subject traditional state examiniations, civil service examinations %¢ 31) abrupt, abruptly;rush out; suddenly protrude; offend; chimney 22K) suddenly, without warning | 382A. rush in, dash in 3M assault, rush at red measles tea, black tea ruddy face, pink cheeks 9 strokes °}+4} promise, covenant; treaty; of bind; economical; concise; approximate; estimate #9 promise ofa #598 be engaged to marry, ee engagement RH reserve, make a reservation 7\-4% century; 12 years (anciently); regulate; discipline #22 commemorate #27P order, discipline Aft discipline; public morals OSCE beautiful, fine, admirable; America, American A beautiful woman Ei art; fine arts the United States of America 5 person, one; thing, he, it 451i) laborer, worker 4% writer, author {fi envoy, messenger; amnission A patient; bear, endure; enduring Bilt» patience; perseverance fi} self-denial; bearing poverty iit Xt resistant to cold |} classical Korean particle for rhetorical question SREB Christianity 9 strokes 4ES stomach 7% _ stomach and intestines $7188 stomach ulcer Hifi stomachache 2.299 barbarian; foreign; Manchurian; Manchu; Chinese WIA a Manchurian; a Chinese IR aChinese garment #8BE walnut back; behind; disavow, turn the back on background; scenery, setting; behind the scenes backing betray confidence forget a favor, be ungrateful ais} lungs lifiifi lung disease, lung trouble lifi4% pulmonary tuberculosis Aiba lungs +714] uterus, womb ill acell [J #2 brothers; fellow countrymen; overseas Koreans Hf@F Spore; cyst uber if, supposing; as, like 2 alittle, afew, some BAFBLK as clear as light B%_ if, supposing, by chance 9 strokes sprouts; growing corn sapling plane a seedling; a seedling seedbed, seed-plot AlALZ indeed; if, only AjH. indigent; ignoble %j# ease temporarily 3] 2 suffering; bitter 464: suffer; undergo difficulties 34 trouble, affliction 4848 hardship, privation exuberant; flourishing; healthy closely-grown, dense dense forest 324-2} brave; eminent; flower; 4 beauty SEH wise, sagacious;exceptional + 4481 wise and prompt decision; 24 a drastic measure England = $42 important, necessary; must; 9 summarize; demand; seek for; make an agreement essential element; requisite 4 demand; request; call for at the main point, the general 9. ® idea; outline, summary 9 strokes ' 3B arrange, settle; edit Kay revise PERT edit, correct edit, retouch We duh | dvb calculate; plan, device plan; project compute, calculate scheme, trick an fouk] yf anh | cal ¥ “suk | ah oe upright, correct; pure, chaste, virtuous; lucky chastity, faithfulness chaste, virtuous fidelity, faithfulness Hx} She] “4 \ ’ suffer defeat, lose, fall; bear, carry on the back; trust to; negative; minus be responsible for, bear, assume incur debt ambition, aspiration AT ! a go to, go; attend go to a new post, assume anew position mutual aid; go aid go for assistance military, army military, military affairs the army, military forces soldier, military man 9 strokes 3 4}31 persecute, oppress; draw near, imminent 3H oppress, persecute 385 draw near; be imminent impact, force, power narrate, tell the details, state; transmit write a book state; a statement terms; technical terms; apredicate waste land; open country suburbs, outskirts suburban districts, outskirts aplace far from a city 32-7) heavy; important; severe EE__be important, consequential be important, momentous emphasis; central point bounds, limits, a limit restrict, limit term, period limit, qualify, restrict face, surface, front area, square measure aspects, features; face, countenance, honor the surface, the face, the outside; appearance 9 strokes leather; remove; revolt revolution reform leather belt sound, tone, pronunciation music asyllable noise; static; dissenting voices wind; custom; style; scenery; influence customs, manners scenery, a scene wind and waves, a storm; hardships; trouble, disturbance wo fly 4] FRITH airplane, aircraft 3] 7] 58H leap, jump; rapid progress wv) oF FR “flying tiger"” ae food; eat, drink food and drink; food provisions, foodstuff a meal; eat a meal (honorific) head; chief, leader; first, beginning; stanza, poem prime minister, premier sovereign, head of state head position, position of primacy 10 strokes fragrance; incense perfume; fragrance perfume; perfume ingredients liquid perfume ride; mount, get on, ascend; avail oneself of; multiply; record KE passenger 3€G FA crew member, crewman HE WH conveyance ticket Yai all, altogether {198 a club, a social club {4¢ have one’s parents still living {E159 embody, manifest pare, prune; repair; reform; self-improvement revise, amend fix, repair; remodel morals, ethics; moral training Ala. granary; flustered # Hi storehouse, warehouse #18) hastily, ina rush ‘.74}H] in the midst of a great hurry ur \t individual, unit, one {Bl individuality, individual 0 {FZNAY individually; separately f€A anindividual, a private person; privately 14] Z fall over, knock down 7E6H| faint; die; be stunned #43 demolish, tear down; collapse, fall down KEG) overwhelm, crush; overwhelming double, multiple, times, fold a multiple; a double umber double; be doubled double borrow; lend debt and credit; letting and hiring borrow overdraw - imitate; like, according to imitate, follow an example resemble, be similar to climate; wait, expect climate symptom of a disease; omen, sign candidate, candidacy — v a i] \ a 10 strokes price, value; meet; happen; take in hand {RG value, worth, merit $i numerical value GUEPEK estimate, judge value 7H) constant, ordinary; right + principles; degrees ethics; moral principles re] humaneness; human ae relations the Five Human Relationships @ of Confucianism jointly, concurrently, together; unite in one table for two hold two positions concurrently ©]#-& dark, obscure, deep; Hades EH the planet Pluto meditate, contemplate happiness in the other world, heavenly bliss freeze: icy freeze to death freeze be frostbitten AVE® cool, cold BER AR UR desolate; plaintive; sad; sive enjoy cool air, cool off (in summer) clear and cool, refreshing 10 strokes hard, unyielding firmness; fortitude; strength of character decisive; determined; resolute be upright, have integrity source, origin, beginning; natural; derivation; plateau, high plain; high level the cause, cause; the origin raw materials plain, prairie wise, knowing a philosophy aw philosophy of, philosophical # 2] principles of $8.4 philosopher Aa}2} ‘weep, cry, mourn for lamentation wail, weep aloud wailing Coe member; associate staff member, personnel member of a medical staff National Assemblyman ez} Tang Dynasty, China, inese FEHR carrot HESS audaciously; presumptuously JK Chinese rice paper 10 strokes ‘walled city, citadel; walls of a defense wall mountain fortress castle walls lord of the castle bury; lie in wait bury, entomb; ostracize bury lie in ambush, set an ambush summer summer, summer season the summer solstice summer clothes, summer uniform how single-stringed fiddle 7A girl, woman; wife $F maiden, maidens 48-7 a mass of women, an army of women 2 __ rejoice; amuse; pleasure & $842 amusement; entertainment 9 2} $8963 amusement room, arcade 9 2} 4) 10 strokes grandson, grandchild grandson granddaughter great-grandson palace; temple the court, in the court court, palace court lady; maid of honor feast, banquet; party; entertain; relaxation dinner party, a social dinner feast and wine, banquet hurt, harm, injury; loss, damage hinder, prevent, obstruct gain and loss, advantage and disadvantage murder, kill house; family; specialist, professional; class, school family; home family, household furniture appearance, manner; allow, accommodate; endure; forgive; contain; admit; capacity; easy forgive, pardon capacity; volume; bulk looks, features, appearance 10 strokes shoot, fire, shoot out; project, aim at reflect; reverberate fire, shoot fire; launch; emit open, unroll, spread out develop; unfold outlook, prospect make progress, develop; prosper peak, summit sacred peak sheer peak island anisland state, island country 4B; peninsula 4 ASS uninhabited island o}Z'd difference, discrepancy; send #ER difference, disparity 2#£3l|_ discriminate, differentiate #4¥ confiscate, seize teacher, instructor, master; army division army division engineer, technician fF <] Madame, Mrs. (honorific form) 10 strokes seat, mat, place; feast, entertainment; a sail attend, be present the head seat; the president overrun a place, overwhelm, conquer 2B Ee a seat; throne; base, stand; constellation +) a seat; be seated, be present conversation, table talk senior person seated x > Vet storehouse, treasury cash depository; “piggy bank”; cash box; bank book depository garage; train shed hall, court, courtyard garden; park tennis playground; campus Re) TH pH EE SH see] ae Se Sat iat weak, yielding; young; deficient \ poor; scanty, limited the weak, a weak person the old and the weak a] Su a] SU | Ou aw] os aS] cou “] asa ALAL 3] slow; grave, dignified RA) slowly #48 — slow, sluggish fR ‘*Slow”’, “Reduce Speed”; go slowly SSN > =N yw 10 strokes 2\Z-2\ shortcut, byway; straight diameter radius course, route; process, stage, step crowd; followers pupil, cadet gang; cabal walk, go on foot 244 forgive; show mercy, absolve, excuse @E forgive, pardon RIB forbearance, leniency "}E impudent, impertinent, uppish; licentious; dissipation 2S impertinent, impudent 287 willfulness, self-indulgence “74 fearful Ziti fear, terror 7&AQ_ intimidate, threaten, blackmail 2X henpecked husband 4-nz-¢ ashamed; shame HU shame, disgrace i national disgrace, national humiliation BBL dishonor, disgrace 10 strokes grace, favor, kindness, mercy grace, kindness; moral obligation teacher to whom one is indebted, honored teacher benefactor; a person to whom one is beholden Ei reverence, respect be respectful, deferential respect disrespectful, irreverent, rude breath, vapor; sigh; rest; put a stop to, appease; grow; Son, posterity; interest on money; news abreak, a rest one’s children; ‘‘fellow’* news, word, information pleased, contented, glad, happy rapture, ecstasy; religious exaltation glee, delight |-$-2l repent, regret; reject 18 regret, feel sorry for ffgck repent fgls remorse 7H @-$ become aware of, apprehend, awake S818 understand; perceive; be ready to BIE regret, feel remorse 10 strokes fist; clench, clasp pistol boxing, box iron fist. strong fist seize prisoner of war arrest, apprehend arrest and tie up, apprehend seize, grasp catch, capture; catch, understand shake; move; flap promote, encourage; be encouraged; be aroused oscillate, swing; vibrate dull, stagnant, depressed RULE be like, imitate; efficacious; endeavor BUR efficacy; results, effect 3A efficiency, efficient KR lose effect, be invalidated, be nullified ‘all oF 8 calculate, estimate, consider; arrange; materials, ingredients #8 materials : the fee, the cost free of charge 10 strokes U.cLy] guest; travel travel, take a trip passenger, traveler a passport time; hour, o'clock; season time; an hour time, season, period the hour and minute; the exact time to write; writings, books documents bookstore secretary, clerk 2.3} first day of a lunar month; new moon; north WIA north wind of winter HE} monthly salary i the new moon 44 Chinese juniper tree; pine nut 4% pine nuts, pine seeds fiji Chinese juniper tree a chestnut tree; firm, durable; full (as when ripe); cold, chilly FEA chestnut tree BRIA] chestnut grove 10 strokes school; check, examine, revise the principal, headmaster school playground, campus revise 2\ kernel; investigate 4% — cuberculosis; tubercle Ay IF K atomic nucleus 412} al BF kernel; core aa} tree trunk; stock shares, stocks stockholder stock certificate to plant; sow cultivate, raise, grow plant trees potted plant root, beginning, cause root, origin, source 4 origin, fountainhead, source basis, foundation; based on, founded on; authority alt} cinnamon, cassia #£HE cinnamon bark Ae laurel tree; bay tree #4 — cinnamon tree; cassia tree Ed Wr |g? oy |” iad $s & gr BM] tule; limit; frame; form; ruled spaces; category character, personality grapple, fight hand-to-hand rules, norms, form 4-40} peach; profligacy KES pink, rose (color of love); love dapE walnut BETE peach blossom 9-U-F- paulownia tree {894 paulownia oil, rung oil fel h@{ oiled paper fii] paulownia tree AVAL table; plan, idea "R14 guide, show around, usher TE % a revised bill, a revision HK draft, draw up “SUF mulberry tree BA agriculture and sericulture mulberry leaves different, peculiar, unique, special peculiar, odd, suspicious special, unique meritorious service 10 strokes #2 be buried alive with a corpse; die for WK Ha martyr FBR die for country Fl die in the line of duty kill; exceedingly decrease; pare down murder, kill violent temper offset, cancel each other out steam, breath, gas air; the atmosphere trend, tendency weather, weather conditions exalted; extreme;Thailand i] high mountain; Blak tremendous thing; Mt. T’ai in Shantung HF peace, tranquility aa BREE be perfectly calm, afedaboe self-possessed flow; current; descend, unstable; transport drainage basin popular, fashionable upper reaches of a stream; upper classes of society riverbank; inlet, bay inlet; port, boat landing riverside field 10 strokes sea seashore, coast overseas, abroad navy, maritime forces float; drift; light, volatile, insubstantial, frivolous waft, float in the air; fluctuate float, drift, waft wander about, float about, be a hobo We vast; great, grand Wi2R — vast; expansive, magnanimous WHAM old, hoary, “vast, vast Sapa white hairs’’ vast, boundless, immense 3% wave; profligate, wasteful wind and waves, heavy seas romance, romantic wander about, lead a Bohemian life ¥-4-& bathe, wash KYA iH public bath house HIG bathe, take a bath 7838 bathing room soak, immerse; flood penetrate, invade, raid be flooded, inundated baptism by immersion = mele, thaw; disperse; cancel YA news, word, information Rt digest, digestion iMfR A MeBative, passive wade, ford a stream; pass through, connected with; involve, concern, implicate; negotiate; interfere meddle in, interfere with 214 liaison; public relations 4i3] negotiation 7a] crow; black; ‘‘alas!”” Esi@ crows and magpies 82 hurriedly gathered crows, an unruly mob Alas! Alack! burning, violent, impetuous; bright; meritorious, eminent; majestic, imposing violent; fierce; vehement Zi. intense, fierce HEF heroic; glorious Sat special 4451) special, extraordinary #4(4 special feature, peculiarity 4#HE privilege, prerogative (Originally & .) 10 strokes class; squad; group; variegated squad leader, class chief member of a neighborhood organization aristocrat, yangban cultivate, rear; domestic animals; store up livestock; livestock breeding animals, beasts domestic animals ny] 7S detain; entertain; keep; restrain; transmit GE be attentive to; bear in mind @# study abroad #7] detention, custody disease, illness; urgency, haste disease, sickness runat full speed, speed eye disease, disorder of the eye 3|-24 weary, tired SRI} fatigued, exhausted SR fatigued, exhausted EB be impoverished WS disease; defect hospital; repair shop cripple; invalid {a 3pyH Contagious disease, infectious disease ae 2 44 ae iNok ab 10 strokes ailment, malady, disease dislike, aversion symptoms of disease, the condition of the patient be severely ill, severe pain profit, advantage unprofitable, useless profitable, beneficial public good true, real; likeness photograph genuineness sincerity ALAL sleep; close the eyes HEM sleep, slumber FIBA no sleep and no rest, work without surcease ARIRAE insomnia, sleeplessness break; destroy destroy, demolish ruin, destroy read all the way to the end secret, mysterious, abstruse asecret oe secret; the key to, ala the secret of secret process;secret formula »] ¥} 165 40} »] grandfather; ancestor; prototype; beginning aa fatherland fC grandfather 4eH ancestor, forefather pray, invoke; bless WE congratulate, felicitate RE congratulatory remarks iB supplicate, petition, beet spirit, spirits, god; divine; supernatural; soul; mind; nerves; energy; genius HH nerve, nerves iL Catholic priest/father WAH ~~ marvelous, extraordinary FAL tax; rent fh taxes, taxation HAH settlement, concession 420 pay taxes order, orderly; rank order; system, method, regularity o}-9-& together, side by side; and, also, at the same time WWtT go abreast, run parallel with; perform two things at the same time WT stand side by side; coexist (Also written $f.) 10 strokes laugh, smile; ridicule smile forced smile, strained laugh visit, have a pleasant chat powder; meal; fragrance WEL pink BKK powdered coal HRA powder puff; cardboard slate for writing practice receive pay a fee, pay tax; deliver goods deliver goods pay tax; deliver goods 4% pure, simple; unmixed #401 pure, naive, genuine #1 pure, artless; wholly, completely a pure heart paper paper money, bill book cover paper, white paper, blank paper degree, step, class mathematical progression, a series class, grade, rank rank, grade; social class 10 strokes search into; think:demand; importune; inquire; index search for, go after an index seek out, ferret out, track down ole confused; disorderly; mixed; numerous #9 dispute, quarrel Wil disorderly, entangled, confused crowded, confused white; plain, unadorned; commonly, usually oxygen temperament, character; constitution ordinary times, peacetime 6]2] 241 deficiency; defective; vacancy GRE fault, defect HZ be short, deficient; lack, want {I be absent, fail to attend SX princess (daughter of a SF king and a royal concubine) $3 father-in-law and son-in-law $44 Ww aplow a i (Fit land under cultivation 44al BEE cultivate, till, plow 7a SEB copy ay 10 strokes breast, chest ¥ the breast, inmost heart +3 chest, thorax 2 breast and back; embroidered 3} insignia worn on breast and back able, may, can; ability, talent, power capability, ability efficiency, efficient skillful, adept, expert 4 rib, ribs; threat WH threat, threaten #34 intimidate, coerce iG intimidating letter vein, artery; pulse; mountain range pulse, pulsation mountain range blood vessel stink, smell foul odor, stench halitosis smell of milk teach, extend to i oent FRB scenic view, landscape Bosh A fatal a4 agree, concur (9 strokes in original form, 10 strokes navigate fly, navigate the air sail, navigate the sea aircraft carrier sort, manner, class; all kinds, all sorts all, the whole; in general all sorts oly @ vast, vague, boundless #E7E vast, boundless grass, weeds, herbs grass-green, green straw-thatched house orchid; iris tea plant, tea tearoom, tea house tea and cakes, light refreshment tea, black tea wild, barren, deserted devastated, desolated wilderness, wilds; wasteland #@:Aeity barren tract, wasteland ea x I> a > av L] ate | oul AY woh | sab
      VT, els Hilal toot [RE wap | | =| o7 (Blel EAL penetrate; a Siti a se oe eh wei eR ale AE see sat 11 strokes ransparent; understand; thoroughly see through; see, divine, sense penetrating, lucid, limpid; thorough, thoroughgoing transparent, diaphanous go through; communicate; intercourse; all, whole communications; news pass, carry, be approved commerce, commercial intercourse fast, quick speed, velocity speed, velocity, rate aquick course; rapid completion expel; pursue; in order, in succession, one by one drive out, oust, evict compete, vie, contend expel, drive away, oust connect, join keep contact with, kcep in touch join, link, connect publish serially build, make, create build, construct; structure, framework make, manufacture creative energy of the universe, creation, nature; the mysterious =e qn 4 a(t oe > = TF ae ad ala 23} 201 11 strokes Saal | Oth > a ake | ake os meet with; happen meet; encounter, be confronted with meet with mishap; be insulted, humiliated meet each other, meet with posthouse; post office: postal, mail postal service, mail postage stamp mail, post, send by mail citadel; the surname: Kwak outer defended wall; outer defenses contours of the human body; an outline division, section, class, kind, sort, genus; part, portion; government department; public court part, portion military unit department director field, wilderness; rustic, savage; wild, undomesticated ambition; mad ambition vegetables, greens baseball close, shut, obstruct bring down the curtain, bring to an end close a meeting lock out; close, shut 11 strokes continent; dry land; continuous land army, ground forces land, disembark; amphibious landings sink; fall sink in, fall in, collapse pit. trap, pitfall plot to injure the female or negative principle, Yin Yin and Yang, the positive/ negative principle of Chinese philosophy negative number dreary, dismal, gloomy ALL kiln; pottery Big R83 ceramic ware, pottery Ma drunkenness, inebriation; fascinated, enraptured potter, maker of ceramics mound; tumulus; tomb royal tomb ridge royal mausoleum, place of royal tombs spread out, arrange; old, seasoned; make a statement or plea BIG display, put on show BA a petition BiGdi «make a statement; state, explain 11 strokes snow; whiten; wipe out a grievance { i sugar snow damage vindicate oneself 3H top, head; extreme zenith, apex peak, summit adeep bow a w| A 3 ashort time; approximate time an instant, a moment immensity, boundlessness half-step hunger, famine; dearth famine; scarcity, dearth starvation, hunger hunger and thirst, starvation fish fish, fishes dried fish, stockfish fish and meat i ™~ 1053 1054 dN 3* Yo bird fowling piece, bird gun birds, fow! swan SF] g Bo 12 strokes deer, stag reindeer deer antlers in velvet deer horn, antlers barley, wheat beer wheat wheat flour 4 hemp W3E narcotic; anesthetic FRR hemp cloth WRX hemp clothes the side; nearby; dependon look on, remain indifferent f listen to, sit in on, audit circumstantial evidence prepare; complete; perfection prepare anote, remarks (for reference) furnishings, fixtures 12 strokes Te 5 as > x» wo wy > 3 #o}g superior; hero, heroic ete amasterpiece: buffoonery KEE heroine, brave woman RE hero, gallant man, extraordinary man cut up; divide discount, price-reduction allocate, apportion, assign share generously 4 begin, create, make; wound, stab create, call into being create; creative writing, ‘composi found, establish be victorious, overcome; superior to; scenic beauty win, be victorious victory and/or defeat win a war, a successful war 4512.4 toil; weary; cause trouble; give trouble to; console strive, work hard labor, work console, comfort; recognize the services of another W-% wide, extensive, ample; Sy wide learning, erudition; museum; gamble + _ adoctor, Ph.D. ahah t84%Hi museum eheal $a erudite, learned 4 12 strokes noble, high officer: term of respect court noble it, its; his good, virtuous; expert; whole: perfect good, virtuous, right generous; good-hearted good and evil happiness, joy acomedy, a farce joy and/or sorrow joy, delight BFP the throat HE BE the larynx the throat lose by death; mourning mourning attire chief mourner house in mourning, bereaved family 12 strokes Hie single; simple simple, simpleminded $mok singly, unilaterally a aly Seb5 sole, unilateral surround, besiege, invest; circumference; span scope, extent surround, encircle dike, embankment dike, bank, dam Ba PELE a breakwater inform, report, declare, 2 announce; reward; retribution; recompense news report; report, inform = a report; submit a report BD remuneration, compensation 3 <= firm, hard, strong firm, solid, strong steady, sound, reliable firmly maintain; adhere to, stick to open space; place; threshing floor place, setting; a scene ad place, spot; location, site = A. inside the hall, on the au premises 12 strokes AL W@ one (legal form); unity; unify; the same Fone thousand #@& _ tenthousand Fs B match-maker, go-between; decoy fi match-maker; arrange amarriage iif 5% medium, agency, vehicle wealth; enrich arich man wealth and position rich and powerful cold arctic regions, frigid zone acold current cold weather; chill, chilliness seek, search for, investigate; a fathom ordinary, commonplace, mediocre visit, pay a call honor, exalt, venerate respect, esteem treat with respect majesty, dignity 12 strokes vo} 2% go for a purpose, come for a purpose @LHK gain employment @E{E assume a post, assume an office enter an occupation; go to work width; strip of cloth in one big jump, sharply, steeply; full width full width of cloth; full, fully some, few; almost, about; how much, how many EAL" geometry 4g¢j hundreds strong; violent powerful, strong emphasize, stress a great power, astrong nation | 4-4 restore; return; reply; repeat; make t44] again, repeatedly HIB recover, get well; regain (281 be revived, restored (S35 resurrect, return to life; revive TS T t x E% comply with, follow; in order as | Sy | i 16% rotate, revolve BiBMa vicious circle FRI a cycle => ay 12 strokes sad, sorry, grieved; lament tragedy sorrow, grief pathetic, tragic »|-5-@ delude, bewitch; doubt £8 — doubrful, confused; infatuated, captivated 2% mistrust, doubt wee aplanet ere! evil, wicked 2] 4] % hate, dislike ERE Satan; evil spirit, devil 4BH wickedness, evil nature {838 hate, abhor favor, grace, kindness; graciousness grace, favor; obligation, moral indebtedness favor, benevolence “with the compliments of the author”” +1 et vexed, grieved, irritated; anger i814 agony; harassed by evil passions #14 anguish, affliction {8% fascinate, bewitch, enchant

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