The American Association of Petroleum Geologists

V. 68,No. 11 (November 1984), P. 1782-1789, 4 Figs,, 2 Tables

Seismic Stratigraphy of Shelf and Slope, Northeastern

Gulf of Mexico^
SUNIT K. ADDY' and RICHARD T. BUFFLER'

because of poor well control. Correlation of these

sequences with the known stratigraphy of the shallower
A seismic stratigraphic framework of the shelf in the Gulf Coast regions is practically impossible because steep
northeastern Gulf of Mexico near Destin dome is estab- escarpments and zones of deformation separate the
lished by correlating multifold seismic lines with deep abyssal Gulf from the adjacent slopes and shelves. In the
wells that penetrate to the Middle Jurassic Louann Salt east and south, the deep Gulf is bordered by the steep Florand with a previously published seismic stratigraphic ida and Campeche Escarpments, whereas, in the west,
study based on shallow core holes. Nine depositional reflections are untraceable across the Mexican Ridges
sequences or seismic units are recognized and are desig- foldbelt system. At the northern boundary of the deep
nated A through I in the order of increasing age. During Gulf, reflections are interrupted by a zone of salt deforthe Middle Jurassic to middle Cretaceous, shallow-water mation along the lower Texas-Louisiana slope known as
deposition prevailed in the area. This deposition was fol- the Sigsbee Scarp.
lowed by a period of general transgression until middle
Regional multifold seismic surveys in the Gulf of Mexico
Oligocene, during which deeper water deposition took by the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics
place. After the middle Oligocene, a shallow-water regime (UTIG), show that there is one area in the northeastern
returned to the area. Thinning of seismic units and onlap Gulf near De Soto Canyon where correlation of some seisof reflectors of post-middle Cretaceous age on the Destin mic sequences is possible from the deep Gulf to the shelf
dome suggest that the dome was uplifted in Late Creta- area off Panama City, Florida (Figure I). This "window"
ceous and into the early Tertiary.
occurs mainly because the tectonic effects of salt deformaSix previously established seismic stratigraphic units tion are less severe. In addition, the northern extension of
from the deep Gulf of Mexico are traced into the lower the buried Lower Cretaceous carbonate margin in the subslope near De Soto Canyon. Although several units thin surface is less abrupt than along the Florida Escarpment to
and pinch out, two key boundaries can be traced onto the the south. Also, this margin has been preserved from later
shelf. The important Challenger-Campeche boundary, erosion by a cover of Cenozoic terrigenous sediments.
which is recognized as a marker horizon and unconform- Thus, in this area, some continuity of reflectors exists in
ity throughout the abyssal Gulf, is correlated to the F-E the Cretaceous as well as the younger Cenozoic cover.
boundary, the middle Cretaceous (97 Ma) unconformity
This report discusses the seismic stratigraphy in this
on the shelf. The base of the Sigsbee-Cinco de Mayo unit "window" area of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. First,
is correlated to an 8-Ma reflector on the shelf. These corre- we summarize the seismic stratigraphic framework establations confirm previous age estimates for the deep Gulf lished for the shallow shelf in the Destin dome area off
units.
Panama City, Florida. Next, we discuss the seismic
Absence of coherent reflections in the Lower Cretaceous sequences of the deep central Gulf, and then show how
carbonate margin indicates possible reef growth. This some of these units correlate with the shelf sequences. This
margin is the southeastward subsurface extension of the correlation, therefore, provides the first positive link
Stuart City reef trend in Texas and Louisiana. This trend between the two areas and supports some of the tentative
extends farther to the southeast where the carbonate mar- ages that have been proposed for the deep Gulf sequences.
gin crops out along the Florida Escarpment.
ABSTRACT

SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY OF DESTIN DOME AREA

INTRODUCTION
Estimates of the nature and age of seismic sequences in
the deep Gulf of Mexico basin are still somewhat uncertain
The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All rights reserved.
^Manuscript received, August 25,1983; accepted. May 30,1984.
^Arco Exploration Co., P.O. Box 5540, Denver, Colorado 80217.
^The University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Geophysics, 4920 North I.H.
35, Austin, Texas 78751.
We thank the captain and crew of the HN Ida Green for their help in collecting the seismic dala. We acknowledge the various industrial sponsors that supported our Gulf Tectonics 3 (GT-3) project and provided us with information
about the wells. Pam Vesterby assisted with drafting and Kathy Moser typed
the manuscript. James Austin and Jeanne Shaub critically reviewed the manuscript. The University of Texas Institute for Geophysics Contribution No. 588.

A detailed seismic stratigraphic framework is established

for the Destin dome area, based on a grid of multifold seismic lines collected by UTIG (Figure 1). Nine major depositional sequences or seismic units are defined based on the
principles of seismic stratigraphy outlined by Vail et al
(1977), i.e., unit boundaries are characterized by major
unconformities or their correlative conformities. The
units are designated by letters A through I in order of
increasing age. Each of these units is summarized in Table
1 and discussed herein.
Estimation of geologic ages, lithologic characteristics,
and depositional settings for the seismic units (Table 1) was
based on several sources. One major source was the seis-

1782

Sunit K. Addy and Richard T. Buffler

1783

Figure 1Map of northeastern Gulf of Mexico showing location of UTIG multifold seismic lines (dashed). Where Lines GT3-71,
GT3-72, and PC-2-B are marked as heavy continuous lines, they indicate locations of seismic sections shown in Figures 2,3, and 4.
Note location of Destin dome axis. Exxon well 3 drilled on Destin dome has been tied to PC-2-B. Additional lithologic information
has been obtained from Sun 1 drilled on flank of Destin dome. Also shown is location of line 126 (dotted) from Mitchum (1978),
where geologic ages have been assigned to prominent reflectors based on core hole data. The northwest-southeast stippled band is the
Lower Cretaceous carbonate bank margin that crops out along the Florida Escarpment and continues as a subsurface "reef" to the
northwest. It forms the Stuart City-Edwards-Glen Rose-Sligo "reef" in the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas.

mic stratigraphic study by Mitchum (1978) of post-middle

Cretaceous sequences along the west Florida slope. This
study was based on a combined analysis of single-channel
seismic data and scattered core holes. Mitchum determined ages for the sequence boundaries by tying the seismic data to the core data. These age determinations were
extended to the UTIG seismic data in the De Soto Canyon
area by making a detailed correlation of our sequences
with Mitchum's seismic line 126, which crosses the southern part of the UTIG grid (Figure 1). The correlation of
Mitchum's sequence boundaries with our unit boundaries
is shown in Table 1.

The main source of geologic ages, lithologic characteristics, and depositional environments for the seismic units
was two deep test wells drilled in the area: (1) Exxon 3,
OCS-G-2486, drilled to 5,468 m (17,940 ft), 2950.2'N,
86 19.6'W, and (2) Sun 1, OCS-G-2490, drilled to 5,367 m
(17,608 ft), 2948.5'N, 864.8'W. The Exxon 3 well is
located along UTIG line PC-2-B and provides a direct tie
point, whereas the Sun 1 well is located between lines and
is projected onto the lines (Figure 1). Logs from these two
wells were examined for formation tops and rock types.
Paleoenvironmental information on these wells has been
provided by various industry sources. This information

1784

Seismic Stratigraphy, Northeastern Gulf of Mexico

Table 1. Seismic Stratigraphy of Shelf Near Destin Dome, Northeastern Gulf of Mexico'

Estimated Geologic flge

From Correlation With
Exxon 2, Sun 1,
and MiCchum (1978)

Common Stratiqraphic
Groups or Formations

Late Miocene
(8 m.y.)

Middle Miocene
(16 m.y.)

Middle Oliaocene
(29 m.y.)
Jackson
Claiborne
Wilcox
Midway

Middle Cretaceous _
(97 m.y.)

Navarro
Taylor (Selma)
Austin
Eagle Ford
Tuscaloosa
Woodbii^e
Washita
(Edwards)
Fredericksburg
(Paluxy)
(Mooringsport)
(Ferry Lake I

Eacly Cretaceous
(108 m.y.)

Trinity

Coahulia

(Rodessa]
(Pine Island)
(Sligo)
(Hosston)

Early Cretaceous _
(131 m.y.l
Cotton Valley
Haynesville
Buckner
Smockover
Norphlet
Middle Jurassic _
1155 m.y.)

' From Vail etal (1980).

and the correlations with the seismic units are summarized

in Table 1.
UTIG seismic line PC-2-B across the large Destin dome
anticlinal structure is included here to illustrate the seismic
units in the study area and their correlation with the Exxon
3 well (Figure 2A). Also included is a corresponding depth
section showing unit boundaries (Figure 2B). The depth
section was constructed using interval velocities determined from RMS velocities. Velocity analyses were computed at intervals of approximately 7.5 km along the line
(see tick marks, Figure 2B). A composite of computed
interval velocities near the Exxon 3 well that were used to
correlate the seismic line with formation tops is included
on Table 1. A synthetic seismogram could not be prepared,
because the sonic log from the well was not available to
this study.
The Exxon 3 well bottomed in Louann Salt (top at 5,442
m or 17,854 ft), generally thought to be Middle Jurassic in
age. The top of the salt is correlated with the top of seismic
unit I, which is seen only locally as a strong reflector (such
as beneath Destin dome, Figure 2). The top of the Cotton
Valley and the Rodessa occur in the well at depths of 3,779
and 2,575 m (12,398 and 8,448 ft), which are very close to
the tops of units H and G (Figure 2B). The slight discrep-

ancy in the tie, as observed in Figure 2, may be due to the

use of interval velocities determined from velocity analyses, which are less accurate at depth. The top of unit H
(top of Cotton Valley) is generally thought to represent a
major regional unconformity. Unfortunately, this boundary is difficult to follow on the seismic data because of
reverberations and sideswipes (Figure 2A); thus, the
unconformable relationship cannot be confirmed. The
top of unit G (Rodessa), however, is easily identified as a
strong, high-amplitude reflector with some unconformable relationships along the southwestern flank of Destin
dome (truncation and onlap, shown by arrows on Figure
2A).
The well data also suggest that a major middle Cenomanian unconformity occurs at approximately 1,130 m
(3,703 ft), which corresponds to the top of the Washita
Group at about 97 Ma (Figure 2B). This unconformity
correlates with the unconformity representing the boundary between units F and E, characterized mainly by onlap
of unit E along both flanks of Destin dome (Figure 2A).
This unconformity also correlates well with the middle
Cretaceous reflector K of Mitchum (1978) observed on his
line 126 (Figure 1).
The top of unit E appears to coincide with a major fau-

Sunit K. Addy and Richard T. Buffler

1785

Tablet. Continued

Depth in Meters
[Below Sea Level)
Exxon 3 Well

Composite Interval Velocities

Computed From RMS Velocities
Near Exxon 3 Well Used To Tie
To Seismic i.ine PC-2-6 (m/sec)

Correlation
With
Reflectors of
Mitchum (1978)

l.ithologic Descriptiijns
From Cores and I.ogt; of
Hxxon 3 iind Sun 1 Wells

Estin-.ated Rate
of Deposition
(Uncompacted)
(cm/loV Vr)

lieposi'_ion.il
Setting ^aleoenvironment

SifTsbee
l.'inco de Mayo

i .'ji

1,750
jjimestone; uncorsolidated sanii a^f^
:Lay

.Shallow

...s

1,925

Correloition With Deep

Gulf Basin Seisnic
Stratiyraphic Init^
{Shaub et al, 1984)

Upper
Water
Mexican

2,190

Limestone with glauconite and

unconsolidated s^ird

2.46

2,375

Calcilutite; limestone [foraminiferal, argillaceous); chalk;

shale; sand is rare

O.QB

664 m
Lower Mexican Fidc;es

Water
Camncche
2,525

1,801 m
2,288 m

3,100

Calcilutite; limestone; shale;

mud with forams and coccoliths;

Fine-grained sandstone with varying content of lime and silt;

interbedded carbonate; micaceous
ahale; layers of anhydrite

Q ^3

Depositinn

(600 Ft
14.4

Transition
Zone)

Shallow Watpr
Challenaer
4,100

Very fine-grained sandstone and

siltstone with varying content of
Mine and shale; shale inclusions

4,700

rine-qrained sandstone and siltstone; clean, limy, or with shaly

streaks; micaceous; microcrystalline limestone; pebbles at base

2,871 m

3.9
With

5,099 m
5,324 m

Hypersaline
6.2

Inter\7als

Salt

nal break in the early Paleocene at approximately 920 m

(3,018 ft) in the well. This break probably corresponds to
an unconformity between the Taylor and Midway Groups
or the top of the Selma Formation (Figure 2B). Navarro,
fully or in part, is probably missing as indicated by the logs
from the Sun 1 well. This break also correlates with reflector J of Mitchum (1978), who assigned it a Paleocene age.
The top of unit E is characterized by some truncation and
mainly onlap of overlying unit D along the flanks of Destin dome (Figure 2A).
Ages for the tops of all the younger units (D, C, B, and
A) were generally not available from the Exxon 3 well,
although Eocene rocks were identified at 664 m (2,178 ft)
and Miocene rocks were identified at 280 m (919 ft). Ages
for the tops of these units were determined, therefore, by
correlating with line 126 of Mitchum (1978). The top of
unit D (middle Oligocene) is another prominent unconformity on the seismic data, characterized by truncation
and onlap (Figure 2A).
Lithologic descriptions and paleoenvironmental interpretations from Mitchum (1978) and the two wells as provided by logs and independent studies obtained from
industrial sources suggest that the entire stratigraphic section can be divided into three main depositional settings

(Table 1). The oldest three units (H, G, and F) were deposited in a shallow marine environment that occasionally
became hypersaline. These units consist mainly of finegrained sandstone, siltstone, and shale with layers of
microcrystalline limestone and anhydrite. Sedimentation
rates were relatively high, ranging from 3.9 to 14.4 cm/
1,000 yr (1.5 to 5.7 in./1,000 yr). These rates are not corrected for compaction and thus represent minimum
values.
During the middle Cretaceous (Albian), the paleoenvironment changed gradually to deeper water conditions, as
indicated by a 183-m (600-ft) zone of transition in the
Washita Group (upper part of unit F; Table 1) interpreted
from the Exxon 3 well. The following units, E and D (Late
Cretaceous and early Tertiary), were deposited in a deeper
water setting (middle to outer neritic), as suggested by the
calcilutite, foraminiferal or shaly limestone, chalk, and
shale encountered in the Sun 1 well (Table 1) and by the
paleoenvironmental studies from the Exxon 3 well. Sand is
relatively rare in these units. This interpretation is supported by Mitchum (1978), whose paleoenvironmental
study based on foraminifers indicated that water depths
along the lower west Florida slope at the end of the Cretaceous were probably 900 m (2,953 ft) or greater. The sedi-

1786

Seismic Stratigraphiy, Nortlieastern Gulf of IVIexico

EXXON # 3
(OCS-G-2486)

10 KM

SEC
WATER BOTTOM

EXXON # 3

Figure 2Seismic section PC-2-B (A) and the corresponding deptli section (B) across Destin dome, showing established seismic stratigraphic units. Estimates of geologic ages of seismic units have been obtained by tying this line with a deep well (Exxon 3) and a previously interpreted seismic line (line 126; Mitchum, 1978). Crest of dome is characterized by small extensional faults. Onlap and
truncation at unit boundaries are shown by arrows.
mentation rate was also considerably slower during this onto the dome, indicating that uplift and folding occurred
period (0.63 and 0.88 cm/1,000 yr or 0.25 and 0.35 in./ in the Late Cretaceous and into the early Tertiary. This
1,000 yr; Table 1).
activity is supported by the crestal tensional faults on the
During late Tertiary (units C, B, and A), shallow water dome, which extend up only into the bottom of unit D,
conditions again returned to the area with deposition of and is in agreement with a seismic study by Ball et al
limestone and some glauconite and unconsolidated sand- (1982), who suggested that the dome results from a salt
stone as indicated in the Sun 1 well. Sedimentation rates swell that was uplifted during the Late Cretaceous and
early Cenozoic.
also increased slightly during this period (Table 1).
The cause of the overall deepening of the shelf during the
Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary is not known. It appears SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY OF DEEP GULF OF MEXICO
to correlate with the overall relative rise in sea level sugBASIN
gested by Vail et al (1977, 1980; Table 1). Table 1 also
shows how our seismic units correlate with the major
A seismic stratigraphy framework based on regional
drops in relative sea level and the unconformities shown multifold seismic data has been established by the UTIG
on the Vail chart. The unconformities at the top of units F for the deep central Gulf of Mexico (Shaub et al, 1984).
and D represent significant breaks in the stratigraphic The thick sedimentary section underlying the deep basin is
record in the study area and major shifts in depositional divided into six major depositional sequences or seismic
setting. They also correlate with major drops in relative units (summary. Table 2). The tentative correlation
sea level on the Vail cycle chart at 97 Ma (middle Creta- between these units and the seismic stratigraphy of the
ceous) and 29 Ma (middle Oligocene).
shelf area is presented in Table 1.
The seismic data in the Destin dome area also provide
information on the timing of folding and faulting of the
CORRELATION BETWEEN SHELF AND DEEP BASIN
dome (Figure 2). The three older units (H, G, and F) show
little or no thinning over the dome itself. The next younger
Portions of seismic lines GT3-71 and GT3-72 are preunits (E, D, and C), however, show thinning and onlap sented to show how the sequences in the deep Gulf of Mex-

Sunit K. Addy and Richard T. Buffler

Table 2. Seismic Stratigraphic Units for Deep

Gulf of Mexico Basin'
Unit
Sigsbee

Pleistocene

Depositional Environment
Large submarine fan system
in eastern Gulf of Mexico
from Mississippi River; thin
fine-grained hemipelagics in
west.

CincodeMayo Late Miocene- Thin, starved interval of finePliocene

grained hemipelagics.
Upper Mexican Middle Terti- Coarse and fine-grained turRidges
ary(?)-late
bidites and hemipelagics;
Miocene
main source to west and
north.
Lower Mexican Early Tertiary(?)-middle
Ridges
Tertiary(?)

Mainly fine-grained turbidites and hemipelagics; main

source to west.

Campeche

Middle Cretaceous-early
Tertiary(?)

Fine-grained hemipelagics
and carbonates; main source
to west.

Challenger

Middle Jurassic(?)-niiddle
Cretaceous

Complex unit containing

transition from evaporites to
shallow marine and then to
deep marine; carbonates and
elastics.

I Modified from Shaub et a! (1984).

ico can be traced landward and correlated with the shelf

sequences (Figures 3, 4). Although this is the only area in
the Gulf where some continuity of strata exists, only two
major sequence boundaries can be correlated with any
confidence.
Line GT3-71 (Figure 3) crosses the lower Mississippi fan.
Here, several of the deep Gulf units thin and pinch out
(Cinco de Mayo, Lower Mexican Ridges, and Campeche).
Only two major boundaries, therefore, can be traced farther norththe Upper Mexican Ridges/Cinco de MayoSigsbee boundary and the Challenger-Campeche
boundary.
Line GT3-72 (Figure 4) extends across the slope and onto
the shelf. Although disrupted at several places by possible
narrow salt structures, the two deep Gulf boundaries previously indicated are correlated with some confidence with
the shelf units. This correlation is supported by the similar
reflection characteristics of the units and the nature of the
unconformities forming the unit boundaries. In particular, the top of the Challenger unit (unit F) is a high amplitude reflector as well as a striking unconformity along the
slope and shelf, showing truncation and onlap. At the
Lower Cretaceous carbonate margin, many shelf unit
boundaries appear to merge and the units are truncated by
erosion.
The correlation of these two boundaries seems to support and confirm our previous age estimates for the deep
Gulf units. The top of shelf unit B (8 Ma-late Miocene) is
similar to the late Miocene age for the base of the Cinco de
Mayo unit (Tables 1 and 2). In addition, the correlation of

1787

the top of the Challenger unit with the top of shelf unit F
(middle Cretaceous) supports the previous middle Cretaceous age estimate for the top of the Challenger in the deep
Gulf (Shaub et al, 1984).
SEISMIC FACIES INTERPRETATIONS
Seismic line GT3-72 (Figure 4) shows the Lower Cretaceous carbonate margin. This margin is interpreted by the
overall change in dip and the absence of coherent reflections. The flat beds of units G and F, north of this area,
probably are shallow water shelf sediments, whereas the
prograding beds of units G and F seaward probably represent deeper water slope sediments. The area of no coherent
reflections may reflect the presence of a high-energy
"reef" facies at the margin. This margin apparently represents the southeastward extension of the Lower Cretaceous (Stuart City-Edwards-Glen Rose-Sligo, etc) "reef"
trend that occurs in the subsurface of Texas and Louisiana
(striped band in Figure 1). This trend also extends to the
south along the present-day Florida Escarpment (Figure
1).
Line GT3-72 (Figure 4) also shows a substantial thickening of unit A (Sigsbee-Cinco de Mayo) seaward of the
shelf area described in the Destin dome area (Figure 2).
This thickening resulted from the growth of the Apalachicola River delta during Pleistocene lowstands of sea level.
Prograding beds of this ancient delta are seen at the shelf
break. Downdip from these prograding sequences are
large zones of chaotic facies with a lobate geometry. These
zones may represent some type of deep-sea fan deposit
formed by downslope mass movements or turbidites. Similar deposits also occur in the Sigsbee unit farther out on
the Mississippi fan (Figure 3).
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
A detailed seismic stratigraphic framework is established
for the shelf in the northeast Gulf of Mexico (Destin dome
area) by tying multifold seismic lines with deep wells and
to a previous seismic stratigraphic study based on shallow
core holes. Nine major depositional sequences are recognized and named A through I in the order of increasing
age. The oldest sequence (I) is the Middle Jurassic Louann
Salt. The major unconformities at the top of sequences F
and D represent major stratigraphic breaks during which
the depositional regime changed from shallow to deep and
back to shallow again. The breaks correlate with major
changes in sea level during middle Cretaceous (97 Ma) and
middle Oligocene (29 Ma). The middle Cretaceous
sequence boundary was traced from the shelf to the middle
and lower slope and found to correlate with the
Challenger-Campeche boundary of the deep Gulf. Similarly, an 8 Ma upper Miocene sequence boundary on the
shelf was correlated to the Upper Mexican Ridge-Cinco de
Mayo boundary. These correlations confirm our previous
age estimates for these two deep Gulf unit boundaries. The
landward correlation of the deep units was possible in this
area because of less severe salt tectonism and low relief on
a preserved Lower Cretaceous carbonate margin, features
that make this area unique in the whole Gulf of Mexico.

Seismic Stratigraphy, Northeastern Gulf of Mexico

1788

SE

NW

GT3-71

10 KM

SEC
Figure 3Seismic section GT3-71, showing seismic stratigraphic units in deep eastern Gulf of Mexico. Cinco de Mayo, Lower Mexican Ridges, and Campeche units thin and pinch out to northwest. Only base of Sigsbee-Cinco de Mayo unit and top of Challenger
unit can be traced farther upslope.

Figure 4Seismic section GT3-72, showing correlation of seismic units between deep Gulf, upper slope, and shelf. Only base of
Sigsbee-Cinco de Mayo units and top of Challenger unit can be correlated with shelf unit boundaries A-B and E-F, respectively. Lack
of coherent reflections at Lower Cretaceous carbonate margin may represent a high-energy "reef" facies. Prograding sequences
below shelf break represent growth of Apalachicola River delta.

Sunit K. Addy and Richard T. Buffler

The Lower Cretaceous carbonate margin shows absence

of any coherent reflections, indicating possible reef
growth. This subsurface "reef" represents the southeastward extension of the Stuart City-Edwards-Glen RoseShgo "reef" of Texas and Louisiana, and extends farther
south along the Florida Escarpment. Uplifting and folding of the Destin dome probably occurred in Late Cretaceous and into the early Tertiary.
REFERENCES
Ball, M. M., R. G. Martin, and D. Taylor, 1982, Destin dome and western
Florida shelf (abs.): AAPG Bulletin, v. 66, p. 544-545.

1789

Mitchum, R. M., Jr., 1978, Seismic stratigraphic investigation of west

Florida slope, Gulf of Mexico, in Framework, facies, and oiltrapping characteristics of upper continental margin: AAPG Studies
in Geology 7, p. 193-223.
Shaub.F. J.,R. T. Buffler, and J. G. Parsons, 1984, Seismic stratigraphic
frameworlc of deep central Gulf of Mexico basin: AAPG Bulletin, v.
68 (this issue).
Vail, P. R., R. M. Mitchum, Jr., R. G. Todd, J. M. Widmier, S. Thompson, III, J. B. Sangree, J. N. Bubb, W. G. Hatlelid, 1977, Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level, in C. E. Payton, ed., Seismic
stratigraphyapplications to hydrocarbon exploration: AAPG
Memoir 26, p. 49-212.
T H. Shipley, and R. T. Buffler, 1980, Unconformities of
the North Atlantic: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
ofLondon.v. A294, p. 137-155.