CVEN3304 Lecture 1a Slide

CVEN 3304 Concrete Structures
Introduction to
Concrete Materials
Lecture 1: Introduction and Cement Production
By Taehwan Kim, Lecturer in the UNSW
25/07/2016
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
CVIE 3304, Week 1: Concrete and Cement hydration
July 25th , 2016
Slide 1 /79
CVEN 3304 - Concrete Structures

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Dr. Taehwan Kim, Lecturer

Office: Room 704 (CVEN)
Contact: taehwan.kim@unsw.edu.au
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 2 /79
Books
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 3 /79
Assessment
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Formal Exam in November:

Class Marks
1 Assignment issued on 9th Aug.
1 Quiz on during the last tutorial class
on 24th Aug. (1 hour)
16.7%
16.6%
8.3 %
8.3%
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Photo: Mr. bean Video
No begging or Cheating
July 25th , 2016
Slide 4 /79
Personal Background
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
B.Sc and M.Sc

Civil and Envir. Engineering
Structure of concrete
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Lecturer
Materials and Structures
July 25th , 2016
Ph.D.
Civil Engineering
Concrete materials
Post Doc
Materials of concrete
Slide 5 /79
Whats in this part of the class?

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Concrete as Composite
Constituent Materials Cement, Water,
Aggregate, Supplementary Cementitious
Materials (Waste Materials)
Chemical Reactions and Microstructure
Concrete Mixing, Placing and Finishing
Properties of Fresh and Hardened Concrete
Durability Performance
Sustainable Materials
July 25th , 2016
Slide 6 /79
What you will learn from this course?

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
This is a introductory course that summarize

one semester course.
However, Concrete Materials part will cover
basic conceptual understanding of concrete.
We will understand the importance of concrete
manufacture on the performance of structures
and their service-life.
We will learn various terminologies and
phenomenon related to concrete materials.
We will understand what factors can related
and how they can influence the concrete
properties.
July 25th , 2016
Slide 7 /79
What is Concrete?
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
From Latin Concretus To Hold Together or To

Grow Together
Formable Rock
Composite: Binder + Filler
Cement
Cement
Production
Binder: Cement
Cement
Properties
Filler: aggregate
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 8 /79
What is Concrete?
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
A composite material that consists of a

binding medium (typically cement)
within which are embedded fine and
coarse aggregates.
The present consumption of concrete in
the world is of the order of 33 billion
tones every year.
Humans consumes no material except
water in such tremendous quantities.
The largest volume used in the world
except for water.
July 25th , 2016
Slide 9 /79
Bridges
Introduction of
Course
Captain Cook Bridge,

Brisbane, QLD, 1972
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Pre-cast, Pre-stressed
Concrete free-cantilever
bridge
Captain Cook Bridge, Sydney,
NSW, 1965
July 25th , 2016
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Bridges
Introduction of
Course
Hoover dam Bypass

Bridge, Time span:
2005 to 2010
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 11 /79
Bridges
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Hoover dam Bypass Bridge, Time span: 2005 to 2010
July 25th , 2016
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Pavements
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 13 /79
Structures
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
The Gordon river dam, Tasmania, Australia
http://www.spiritland.net/tas-southwest.htm
July 25th , 2016
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Structures
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Stamp House by Charles Wright Architecture,

QLS, Australia
http://wrightarchitects.com.au/projects-2/contact/stamphouse/#prettyPhoto
Self-sustaining, solar-powered, carbon neutral, cyclone shelter

July 25th , 2016
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Materials in Construction
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Environmental Concern
Energy Consumption
Cost
Performance
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 16 /79
Environment and Energy

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
GD>1: eco-friendly
GD=1: almost theoretical process
GD<1: pollutant emission process
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Comparison of GD of different industries of China (D. Xu et al., 2015)
GD =
Theoretical usage of natural resources for unit qualified product

Actual usage of materials for unit qualified product
July 25th , 2016
Slide 17 /79
Comparison with Building Materials

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 18 /79
Pros and Cons of Concrete

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
ADVANTAGE
Durable
Economical
Formed on Site
Energy Efficient
Inflammable
Thermal Resistance
Water Resistant
Aesthetics
July 25th , 2016
DISADVANTAGE
Brittle
Slow Material
Development
Low Strength to
Weight Ratio
Formed on Site
Volume Instability
Slide 19 /79
History of Concrete
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
~3000 BC, Egyptians made Pyramid with

gypsum mortars as a binding agent
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
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History of Concrete
Introduction of
Course
~300 BC to 200 AD, Romans
Concrete
Colossseum, 70 AD
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Mortars by mixing Volcanic

ash and Lime
Concrete is mainly in
compression
"Pantheon, 120 AD" by Giovanni Paolo Panini
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pantheonpanini.jpg#/media/File:Pantheon-panini.jpg
July 25th , 2016
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Modern Concrete
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
It is almost Impossible to find the material

which replace the concrete as concrete
actually has low environmental impact.
But, Engineers and Scientists keep working to
develop better concrete
Reduce the environmental impact (CO2 emission)
Increase the efficiency of energy consumption
Control property of concrete even on the
nanoscale
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
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Modern Concrete
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Mechanical Properties
Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Ultra High Performance Concrete
Workability
Self-Compacting Concrete
Roller-Compacted Concrete
Durability and Environmental Concern

Self Healing Concrete
Alkali Activated Material based Concrete
Self-Cleaning Concrete (photocatalytic concrete)
July 25th , 2016
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Bridging Length Scales

Introduction of
Course
Macro
K. L. Scrivener et al., CCR, Vol. 78, 2015
Tricalicum
Silicate
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Meso
Concrete
Component
Cement
Micro
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Nano
500 m
Coarse Aggregate
In near future,
we might be
able to change
the properties
of concrete on
nanoscale
Mortar (sand + cement)
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Fine Aggregate
Paste (cement)
July 25th , 2016
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Components of Concrete
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
CONCRETE
= Cement + Fine & Coarse Aggregate + Water
Fine
aggregate
Concrete
Component
Cement
Coarse
aggregate
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Water
Component of Concrete (by the courtesy of PCA

http://www.cement.org/cement-concrete-basics/how-concrete-is-made)
July 25th , 2016
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Mixture Proportions
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Concrete Mixing is like Making Cookies:

Proportions, Combining Materials, Mixing,
Placement, and Curing.
Just Concrete Ingredients are Cement,
Aggregates, and Water.
The Mixing Proportion is important to produce
a good quality of concrete..
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
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Mixture Proportions
Introduction of
Course
Concrete Proportions
Concrete
Mortar
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Coarse Aggregate
Concrete
Concrete taken from I-465 outside Indianapolis, Courtesy by J. W. Weiss
Mortar = Cement + Water + Fine Aggregate

July 25th , 2016
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Mixture Proportions
Introduction of
Course
Concrete Proportions
Concrete
Paste
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Concrete
Fine Aggregate
Concrete taken from I-465 outside Indianapolis, Courtesy by J. W. Weiss
Paste = Cement + Water

July 25th , 2016
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Proportions By Volume
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
10%
Paste
Concrete
Component
14%
32%
Cement
Cement
Production
40%
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Cement
Water
Coarse Aggregate
Fine Aggregate
Slide 29 /79
Proportions By Weight
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
We can simply
determine how
much each of these
materials weigh by
utilizing density
relations
Weights are used for
Batching.
Cement 3.15 X water
Agg 2.6 X water
July 25th , 2016
13%
6%
38%
42%
Cement
Water
Coarse Aggregate
Fine Aggregate
Slide 30 /79
Comparing the Proportions

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
Volume
History of
Concrete
Weight
10%
Concrete
32%
Component
13%
6%
14%
Cement
Properties
59%
42%
40%
Cement
22%
38%
Cement
Cement
Production
Cost
Water
Current Trend:
Property
Sustainability
Relationships
Coarse Aggregate
Weight (Key for

Batching)
July 25th , 2016
19%
Fine Aggregate
Cost (Important
for Profits)
Slide 31 /79
Standard and Specification

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
There is a rules and direction to ensure the

quality of concrete.
Standard and Specification: To give as a
direction to be followed; authoritative rules or
directions.
Australian Standards
AS 3972
General purpose and blended cements
AS/NZC 2350 Methods of testing Portland and blended cements
AS/NZS 2350.1 Method of sampling Portland and blended cements
AS 2350.2
Chemical composition of Portland cement
AS 2350.3
Normal consistency of Portland and blended cements
AS/NZS 2350.4 Setting time of Portland and blended cements
AS/NZS 2350.5 Determination of soundness of Portland and blended cements
AS 2350.7
Determination of temperature rise during hydration of Portland and
blended cements
AS/NZS 2350.8 Fineness index of Portland cement by air permeability
AS 2350.9
Determination of residue on a 45 micron sieve
AS 2350.10
Calcium oxide content of blended cement
July 25th , 2016
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Cement
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
CEMENT
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 33 /79
Cement
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Cement: a Powder Binder to bind other materials

together. Particularly, a substance made of lime
and clay, mixed with water and aggregates to make
concrete. It is like a Glue!!!
Early cement starts from Pyramids (3000 BC):
Gypsum mortar.
Portland Cement
has been the most
popular and well
proven binder for
more than one
century.
Cement
July 25th , 2016
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Inventor of Portland Cement

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Joseph Aspdin took

out a patent for his
Portland cement in
1824
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Aspdins Beehive Kiln (by the
courtesy of Dartford museum)
July 25th , 2016
British Mason, Joseph Aspdin

Slide 35 /79
Cement Kiln: Vertical to Horizontal

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
Rotary Kilns: Current cement kilns, horizontal

kiln that can be rotated.
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
British rotary kiln, the first successful rotary kiln, 1901

Vertical Cement Kiln, Pennsylvania, US
In the 1876, Tomas Millen and two sons burned the

cement in a sewer pipe horizontally.
Greater capacity, burning raw materials thoroughly
and uniformly.
Replace the older vertical kilns rapidly.
July 25th , 2016
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Rotary Cement Kiln

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
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Cement Production
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Ordinary Portland
Cement (OPC)
Raw Materials
Heating and Cooling
Clinker
Grinding
Cement
Cement Plant
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
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Cement Production
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 39 /79
Raw Materials of OPC

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Lime (CaO):
Limestone, Calcite,
Shale, Marl
Iron (Fe2O3): Clay, Iron
ore
Silica (SiO2): Clay,
Shale, Marl, Fly ash
Alumina (Al2O3): Clay,
Shale, Fly ash,
Aluminum ore
July 25th , 2016
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Raw Materials of OPC

Introduction of
Course
Cement Chemistry Notation
Concrete
Oxide Form
Notation
Concrete
Component
CaO
SiO2
Cement
Al2O3
Fe2O3
Cement
Properties
SO3
Current Trend:
Sustainability
H2O
History of
Concrete
Cement
Production
While this system has advantages, it takes some time to get

used to these notation, since, for example, C normally stands
for Carbon, and H normally stands for hydrogen in chemistry.
July 25th , 2016
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Mining and Conveying

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
Mining to Get Limestone and Shale

Crushing Limestone and Shale
dumper
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
TRANSPORT
Cement
Composition
Crushing (primary
and secondary
crushers)
Storage at the
cement plant
transport
LIMESTONE CRUSHING PROCESS and TRANSPORT

July 25th , 2016
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Limestone Quarry
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
Limestone Quarry typically determine the

Plant Location
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
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Mixture of Raw Materials

Introduction of
Course
Grinding, Mixing, Homogenization, and Storage
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Dust collection
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
From Japan Cement Association

July 25th , 2016
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Cement Production
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 45 /79
Clinker Production: Rotary Kiln

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Before feeding materials to the Rotary Kiln

Crushed Limestone
(Quarried)
Other Raw Materials
Grinding/Storage
Clay and Shale

(Quarried)
Grinding/Storage
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Storage,
Homogenization,
Final Grinding
Preheaters
Burning Kiln
Material is ready to be processed further
July 25th , 2016
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Clinker Production: Preheater

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Preheater
And Precalciner
De-carbonating raw materials,
and reduce the size and length
of kiln
July 25th , 2016
Slide 47 /79
Clinker Production: Rotary Kiln

Introduction of
Course
Chemical Reactions among Components
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
CaO
SiO2
Ca3SiO5
1300-1450 C
Al2O3
Ca2SiO4
Ca3Al2O3
Fe2O3
Ca2AlFeO5
Cement
Properties
4 Main
Compounds
of Clinker
Current Trend:
Sustainability
http://www2.cement.org/basics/images/flashtour.html
July 25th , 2016
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What is Happening in the Kiln?

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Mass distribution
Concrete
Component
Pre-heating
Limestone
CaCO3
Limestone
(Sand)
(Sable)
Up to
750oC
CLAY
Iron Oxydes
CRU
TIME
Dehydration Zone ( up to ~500 C)

July 25th , 2016
Slide 49 /79

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Preheating
Concrete
Component
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Mass distribution
Cement
Limestone
CaCO3
Calcination
Calcination: CaCO3
Preheating
Free lime
(CaO)
Ca2SiO4
Belite
Quartz, SiO2
Clay
Iron oxide
CaO + CO2
Up to
950oC
Calcium
Aluminates
Time
Calcination Zone ( 500 C to 950 C)

July 25th , 2016
Slide 50 /79

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
Preheating
Concrete
Component
Limestone
CaCO3
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Mass distribution
History of
Concrete
Quartz, SiO2
Clay
Iron oxide
Calcination
Up to
1350oC
Ca2SiO4
Belite
Calcium
Time
Free lime (CaO) reacts with silica and aluminum and produce belite and
calcium aluminate Solid-State reaction Zone (900 C to 1350 C)
July 25th , 2016
Slide 51 /79

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Preheating
Concrete
Component
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Limestone
CaCO3
Mass distribution
Cement
Up to
1450oC
Calcination
Quartz, SiO2
Clay
Iron oxide
Ca2SiO4
Belite
Ca3SiO5
Alite
Calcium
Time
Clinkering Zone (1350C to 1500 C)

July 25th , 2016
C3A = Ca3Al2O6, C4AF = Ca2AlFeO5

Slide 52 /79
Cooling
Introduction of
Course
About 1300-1400oC
Duration: Few minutes
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Stabilisation of the Alite
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
About 80oC
July 25th , 2016
Slide 53 /79
Clinker
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
The melt phases

causes the particles
to agglomerate into
large nodules (5 to
25 mm)
Like Walnuts or Golf
Balls
Photo courtesy by P. Stutzman
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 54 /79
Clinker Composition
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Chemistry of Clinker
Cement Chemistry Notation
Compound
Chemical
Formula
Oxide
Composition
Cement
Notation
Mineral
Name
Content
Tricalcium
Silicate
Ca3SiO5
3CaO.SiO2
C3S
Alite
~65%
Dicalcium
silicate
Ca2SiO4
2CaO.SiO2
C2S
Belite
~15%
Tricalcium
aluminate
Ca3Al2O6
3CaO.Al2O3
C3A
Aluminate
~7%
C4AF
Ferrite
~8%
Tetracalcium
Ca2AlFeO5 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3
Aluminoferrite
July 25th , 2016
Slide 55 /79
Clinker: Microscopic Images

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
Polished Section SEM image

C3S
from Understanding Cement, Nicholas B.

Winter
C2S
History of
Concrete
C2S
Concrete
Component
C2S
C2S
Cement
Epoxy resin
250 um
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Polished Section Optical

Microscopy image
C3S
from Understanding Cement, Nicholas

B. Winter
C2S
C4AF and C3A

July 25th , 2016
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Cement Production
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 57 /79
Cement Grinding
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Addition of Gypsum: Mandatory to prevent

flash set of concrete
Gypsum = hydrated calcium sulfate
(CaSO42H2O => CSH2)
Ball Mill Cement Grinding: Fineness
influences performance of cement
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
http://www2.cement.org/basics/images/flashtour.html
July 25th , 2016
Slide 58 /79
Cement Production
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
SUMMARY
Crushed Limestone
(Quarried)
Other Raw Materials
Grinding/Storage
Clay and Shale

(Quarried)
Grinding/Storage
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Storage,
Homogenization,
Final Grinding
Distribution
/Storage
Preheaters
Finish Grinding
July 25th , 2016
Burning Kiln
Gypsum (other mtl.)
Slide 59 /79
Cement Storage
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Moisture Sensitive: therefore keep it dry.

This also applies to relative humidity
Can be stored in silos or in bags on pallets
(keep from outside walls)
If stored for a long time, it may develop
wharehous pack can break lumps but do
not use if lumps do not break
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 60 /79
Cement Composition
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Be familiar with Cement Notation!!!!

Cement Chemical Oxide Composition
Oxide Name
Oxide
Formula
Cement
Notation
Weight %
Calcium Oxide, Lime
CaO
60 66
Silicon Dioxide, Silica
SiO2
18 24
Aluminum Oxide, Alumina
Al2O3
26
Ferric Oxide
Fe2O3
16
Magnesium Oxide, Magnesia
MgO
0.5 5
Sulfur Trioxide
SO3
1.5 5
Water
H2O
Sodium Oxide
Na2O
Potassium Oxide
K2O
0.05 1.2
(Na2Oeq)
July 25th , 2016
Slide 61 /79
Cement Composition
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
These Oxides in Cement do exist in the cement as Four main

forms and Gypsum.
Simple Estimate of phase composition: Bogue Calculation
Compound
Chemical
Formula
Oxide
Composition
Cement
Notation
Mineral
Name
Content
Tricalcium
Silicate
Ca3SiO5
3CaO.SiO2
C3S
Alite
~50%
Cement
Production
Dicalcium
silicate
Ca2SiO4
2CaO.SiO2
C2S
Belite
~25%
Cement
Properties
Tricalcium
aluminate
Ca3Al2O6
3CaO.Al2O3
C3A
Aluminate
~12%
4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3
C4AF
Ferrite
~3.5%
CaSO42H2O
CSH2
Gypsum
3.5%
Cement
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Tetracalcium
Ca2AlFeO5
Aluminoferrite
Dihydrate
Calcium
Sulfate
CaSO42H2O
July 25th , 2016
Slide 62 /79
Cement Fineness
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Grinding Final step in the Production

Two Measures for Fineness
Specific Surface
Particle Size Distribution
Blaine Fineness: Measure of Permeability

Typical Surface Area
Normal ~ 350 m2/kg
High Early Strength ~500m2/kg
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 63 /79
Cement Fineness
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Finer = More Surface Area

Finer generally indicates Faster
Reaction rate is a function of the surface
area.
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 64 /79
Cement Fineness
Introduction of
Course
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Concrete
Here we consider
the same volume
or weight of
cement
Observe how
surface area
increases as
particle size
decreases
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Plot from J. Weiss
July 25th , 2016
Slide 65 /79
Cement Types
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Australian Standard AS3972-2010

7 standard Cements in Australia
General Purpose Cement

Type GP General
Purpose Cement
Type GB Blended
Cement
Type GL General
Purpose Limestone
Cement
July 25th , 2016
Special Purpose Cement

Type HE High Early
Strength Cement
Type LH Low Heat
Cement
Type SR Sulfate
Resisting Cement
Type SL Shrinkage
Limited Cement
Slide 66 /79
Mill Report or Mill Certificate

Introduction of
Course
Information required
from producers
Based on production
averages
Can be useful for
tracing changes
Should be recorded
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 67 /79

Introduction of
Course
Chemical Oxide
Composition
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Bogue Calculation
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Cement Compound
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 68 /79

Introduction of
Course
Physical
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Strength
Cement
Cement
Production
Fineness
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 69 /79
Sustainability
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
It can be defined as any practice of

maintaining the process of productivity
by replacing resources used with
resources of equal or greater value
without degrading natural biotic
system and eco-footprints.
The goal of Sustainability is to achieve
indefinite human survival on Earth by
maintaining healthy environmental
system.
July 25th , 2016
Slide 70 /79
Sustainability
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Action Toward Global Sustainable

Development
1997: Kyoto Protocol
2007 in Bali: Failed to reach agreement
2009 in Copenhagen: Failed to reach agreement
2012 in Doha: Prolong the Kyoto protocol until 2020
2015 in Pairs: Paris Agreement

2021~: Implementation of Paris Agreement
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
2015 Paris Climate Conference, http://newclimate.org/2015/12/14/whatthe-paris-agreement-means-for-global-climate-change-mitigation/
July 25th , 2016
Slide 71 /79
Sustainability
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Long term Goals of Paris Agreement in 2015

Limiting global temperature increase by the
end of the century to a maximum of 2C
Zero or Net-Zero global greenhouse gas
emission within this century.
Greenhouse gas: CO2 is dominant
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 72 /79
Environmental Point of View of Concrete

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
5~ 8 % of total global CO2 emission

Most of this emission come from the
production of cement
Is concrete really Bad Material to avoid to
Use? The Answer is NO!!!
Actually, low impact material for carbon
footprint. Just simply Concrete is the most
used material in the world except for water.
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 73 /79
Environmental Point of View of Concrete

Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Keep trying to reduce

the environmental
impact.
Big things have small
beginnings. from
Prometheus, 2012
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
July 25th , 2016
Slide 74 /79
Supplementary Cements
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Reuse industry by-product

Types of Supplementary Materials
Fly Ash
Silica Fume (Expensive)
Slag
Natural Pozzolans
Rice Husk Ash
Metakaolin
Energy Efficient, Reduced CO2 emissions
July 25th , 2016
Slide 75 /79
Supplementary Cementitious Materials

Introduction of
Course
How SCMs looks like?
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Metakaolin
Silica Fume
Class F Fly Ash

Slag
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Class C Fly Ash

Calcined Shale
July 25th , 2016
Slide 76 /79
Blended Cements
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Partially replace Portland cement with SCMs

Type GP Cement (General Purpose)
AS3972 permits manufacturers to add up 7.5 % of

Mineral Additions to reduce the clinker content in
cement
TYPE GB Cement (Blended Cement)

Fly ash and/or slag more than 7.5%
Amorphous Silica (<10%)
Advantages
Reduction of carbon footprint

Lower heat of hydration
Increased durability
Energy Saving
Higher long term strength
July 25th , 2016
Slide 77 /79
Alternative Cements
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
To replace clinkers with more environmental

friendly materials
Alkali Activated Materials (fly ash/slag):
LC3: Limestone and Calcined clay
Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement
CO2 cured cement: It consumes CO2 to cure
the cement
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Durable
Concrete
Environmental
Economical
Impact
Production
July 25th , 2016
Slide 78 /79
Summary
Introduction of
Course
Concrete
History of
Concrete
Concrete
Component
Cement
Cement
Production
Cement
Properties
Current Trend:
Sustainability
Brief History of Concrete

What is Concrete? Mixture of cement,
aggregates, and water
Main components of cement: L, I, S, A
Cement Production, Kiln heats up materials
to drive off water, CO2, and change to
Cement
Calcium Silicates, Calcium Aluminates,
Ferrites, and Gypsum
Sustainability to maintain human life, SCMs,
alternative cements.
July 25th , 2016
Slide 79 /79

CVEN3304 Lecture 1a Slide

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CVEN 3304 Concrete Structures

CVIE 3304, Week 1: Concrete and Cement hydration

July 25th , 2016

CVEN 3304 - Concrete Structures

Dr. Taehwan Kim, Lecturer

CVIE 3304, Week 1: Concrete and Cement hydration

July 25th , 2016

CVIE 3304, Week 1: Concrete and Cement hydration

July 25th , 2016

Formal Exam in November:

July 25th , 2016

B.Sc and M.Sc

CVIE 3304, Week 1: Concrete and Cement hydration

July 25th , 2016

Whats in this part of the class?

CVIE 3304, Week 1: Concrete and Cement hydration

July 25th , 2016

What you will learn from this course?

This is a introductory course that summarize

CVIE 3304, Week 1: Concrete and Cement hydration

July 25th , 2016

From Latin Concretus To Hold Together or To

CVIE 3304, Week 1: Concrete and Cement hydration

July 25th , 2016

A composite material that consists of a

CVIE 3304, Week 1: Concrete and Cement hydration

July 25th , 2016

Captain Cook Bridge,

CVIE 3304, Week 1: Concrete and Cement hydration

July 25th , 2016

Hoover dam Bypass

CVIE 3304, Week 1: Concrete and Cement hydration

July 25th , 2016

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CVIE 3304, Week 1: Concrete and Cement hydration

July 25th , 2016

CVIE 3304, Week 1: Concrete and Cement hydration

July 25th , 2016

Stamp House by Charles Wright Architecture,

Self-sustaining, solar-powered, carbon neutral, cyclone shelter

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CVIE 3304, Week 1: Concrete and Cement hydration

July 25th , 2016

Environment and Energy

Comparison of GD of different industries of China (D. Xu et al., 2015)

Theoretical usage of natural resources for unit qualified product

CVIE 3304, Week 1: Concrete and Cement hydration

July 25th , 2016

Comparison with Building Materials

CVIE 3304, Week 1: Concrete and Cement hydration

July 25th , 2016

Pros and Cons of Concrete

CVIE 3304, Week 1: Concrete and Cement hydration

July 25th , 2016

~3000 BC, Egyptians made Pyramid with

CVIE 3304, Week 1: Concrete and Cement hydration

July 25th , 2016

~300 BC to 200 AD, Romans

Mortars by mixing Volcanic

CVIE 3304, Week 1: Concrete and Cement hydration

July 25th , 2016

It is almost Impossible to find the material

CVIE 3304, Week 1: Concrete and Cement hydration

July 25th , 2016