Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Z5027304
Z5042643
Z5001427
Kevin Huynh
Z5061996
MMANZ3475815
2100
Huiyang Lin
Z5055698
FIRST DESIGN
REPORT
PERSONAL TRANSPORT VEHICLE ON
CAMPUS
Tao Chen
1
Abstract
The objective of this report is to explore various designs that can help
most students in college to commute between classes or places around
campus. The report utilises various methodologies including: researching
customer domain, slider, contextual inquiry and crowdsourcing methods
to help reach an optimal solution without compromise. More extensive
research is also employed which include: functional domain coupled by
Kano customer satisfaction and functional hierarchy. Additionally, to map
the relationship between customer and functional domain this report uses
House of Quality methods. Lastly, the aim of the design is to help create
a personal vehicle that is safe, economical, aesthetically pleasing, time
efficient and has various compartments for loading purposes.
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
1. INTRODUCTION
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5
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6
7
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10
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5. CONCLUSION
14
REFERENCES
15
BIOGRAPHY
17
APPENDIX
18
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
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18
19
3
APPENDIX D
APPENDIX E
20
20
List of Table
Table 1. Customer Priorities.........................................................................7
Table 2. Comparison between existing products and expected product. . .20
Table 3 - Classified functional requirements according to satisfaction......20
Table 4. Performance factors according to customer needs......................20
Table 5. Additional features to make the product more appealing............21
Table 6. Services to maintain customer satisfaction in the long run.........21
Y
List of Figures
Figure 1. Slider representation describing target customers.......................6
Figure 2. The customer satisfaction according to the degree of
implementation...................................................................................11
Figure 3. Functional Requirements Hierarchy............................................12
4
1. Introduction
1.1 Background of the Project Topic
It is well known that students, particularly college students, spend a
fair amount of their times travelling around campus. Research on
travelling behaviour for students conducted in University in Hong Kong
shows that commuters take up about 16 minutes to travel between
classes over 1.57km [1]. While in academic environment the ideal
travel time is 10 minutes and the distance between classes should be
at most 0.7315 kilometres [2]. From these facts, it can be concluded
that the realistic travel time is 60% more than the ideal travel time.
Furthermore, the actual travel distances are more than double the ideal
travel distance.
1.2
5
Researching the target customers is the next step towards having a welldesigned product. A number of methods (such as word cloud or post-it
note) could be used to describe target customers; however, the adopted
technique was Slider Description Technique and that was preferred
because it was seen the most suitable to describe our new product.
Figure 1. Slider representation describing target customers
Ran
k
1
2
3
4
5
6
Attribute
Safety
Speed
Weight/compactness
Price
Ease
Entertainments
7
5
4
3
1
0
Safety was identified as the most important aspect, but the safety
mechanism should not be counter-productive.
The device should not be too slow as the main objective is to allow
quick travel for customers, especially with luggage.
A minority desires some requirements, which will probably be
disregarded, as it will conflict with a more crucial aspect. For
instance: to introduce a sort of entertainment will eventually
increase the price of the product but since price is a priority
compared to entertainment, entertainment should be given up.
All requirements cannot be satisfied so requirements demanded by
less people will have to be abandoned to satisfy the demand of the
most.
There should have been a large quantity of customers giving us
requirements in the contextual inquiry method like 2000 instead of
20, but time was a constraint.
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design a product that can be more convenient for the customers. The
studies show:
1. Skateboard:
A skateboard is a sporting equipment and is the easiest and most
used method of commuting on campus
Merits:
Drawbacks:
Easy
Unsafe if not used carefully
Cheap
Not useful if you have heavy
Light and compact
luggage
Requires man power
2. Hover board:
A hover board is self balancing, portable board that make mobility
easier and quicker
Merits:
Drawbacks:
Electrically powered
Unsafe
Fast
Complicated to use
Not useful if you have heavy
luggage
Heavy
3. Segway:
A Segway is a two wheeled vehicle that enables travelling around
conveniently
Merits:
Drawbacks:
Fast
Huge
Safe (emergency brakes)
Very heavy
Electrically Powered
Requires learning
Allows carrying stuff
Requires self-balancing
4. Scooter:
A scooter is a two wheeled vehicle on which the driver sits over an
enclosed engine with their legs together
Merits:
Drawbacks:
Electrically powered
Huge
Fast
Heavy
Easy
Once the preceding solutions where fully studied and analysed and the
customer voices were considered, hence the strategy of disruptive
8
innovation was adopted. This strategy was found to be the most
appropriate for the new product because it would disrupt existing
personalised vehicles on the market, which would help establish our
design.
According to the customer voices it is clear that an innovative ideas need
to exist. A skateboard is cheap and light but can be unsafe and does not
allow carrying of belongings; being unsafe is totally against the customer
voices. On the other hand, a hover board and a Segway can be considered
more convenient as they are electrically driven and fast but are also
complicated to use and heavy. The fact that it is heavy and, thus, makes it
unappealing to the target customers. An electric scooter could be ideal
but it is huge and cannot be used in congested areas like a university
campus. As a result the new product is expected to be a combination of
the advantages of the previous solutions presented. For instance, It should
be light, compact, electrically driven and allows belonging carrying. In
appendix D, a comparison between the expected product and the existing
solutions is demonstrated in a table format.
According to table 1, safety was seen to be the most important factor
because the products will be used in a campus environment that is
supposed to be safe and free from any kinds of danger; therefore, the
safety issues associated with the existing products shall be considered.
This will be done by using a more stable battery and introducing
emergency brakes that can allow stopping in the least time possible.
3. Research of Functional Domain
3.1
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major concerns is the use of lithium-ion batteries in everyday gadgets and
devices. With at least a dozen incidents related to battery explosions in
2009-2014 [7], such small and compact modular components are
susceptible to catching on fire when used unsparingly. Other safety
concerns include PPE (Personal Protective Equipment), as suggested by
the CPSC [8].
Functional
Functional
Functional
Functional
Functional
requirement
requirement
requirement
requirement
requirement
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
Wear helmet
Locks feet to vehicle
stop emergency system
Provide easy maintenance service
recognise user/ owner
10
3.2 Classification of Functional Requirements
Kano Satisfaction model
Figure 2. Kano's Table (Customer satisfaction according to the degree
of implementation.)
High
Fully Implemented
Absent
Low
Time
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clients are more satisfied in getting products with better value relative to
the competitors at the same price (Appendix E table 5)
Time effects on customer satisfaction The excitement feature will
always diminish since newer and better products on the market are being
produced. To tackle these problems, the implementation of an extended
warranty and 24/7 support line will provide the needed customer
satisfaction in the hopes that the company can maintain a healthy
relationship. One example of the services can include faulty product
recalls at no extra cost. (Appendix E table 6)
3.3 Organization of Functional Requirements
Figure 3. Functional Requirements Hierarchy
Transport
Transport
person
person
Comfortable
Comfortable
Ergonmic
Ergonmic
Adjustable
Adjustable
Soft
Soft
Cheap
Cheap
Recyclable
Recyclable
material
material
Additional
Additional
Enterainment
Enterainment
devices
devices
Tools
Tools
Safe
Safe
Lock
Lock
ID
identify
ID identify
Speed
Limit
Speed Limit
Storage
Storage
space
space
Convenient
Convenient
Stable
Stable
Electrical
Electrical
Easy
Easy to
to carry
carry
Chargable
Chargable
Simple
Simple
Design
Design
Replaceable
Replaceable
Light
Light
Music
Music
Lights
Lights
Internet
Internet
access
access
Phone
Phone
charging
charging
Compact
Compact
Situation
Situation
noticing
noticing
Can
Can
transform
transform
ununcumbersome
cumbersome
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3.4 Specification of Design Constraints
Structure Constraints
The structure is the basic constraint of the design as it decides the size of
the vehicle that will satisfy the customer needs. For the primary needs,
the structural constraints can be weight carried, dimension and mass.
1) Weight Carried
The purpose of the vehicle is to transport person so the structure
must accept the weight of an adult and can also carry extra things.
Weight carried decides the maximum mass the vehicle can accept.
Consider the weight of a healthy adult around 20 years is about
70kg [11]. The loading capacity should be no less than 70kg for
normal use.
2) Dimension
The product is to be used on campus, and campus environments are
known to be congested and has limited parking space. These factors
limit the size of the product. A bicycles dimensions are usually
around 585mm high x 565mm long x 270mm wide [12], and a
skateboard is nearly 736mm long x 190mm wide [13]. A bicycle is
considered too big for campus environments and skateboards do not
help the user to carry luggage. Therefore, the dimensions of the
product to be designed should be no more than 580mm high x
700mm long x 250mm wide.
3) Mass
The vehicle needs to be easy to carry around so the mass of this
vehicle is an important factor. For the weight that a person feels
normal, the mass would be around 10kg [14]. So for the mass limit,
the weight of the vehicle would be no more than 10kg.
Power Constrains
Power is important for the vehicle. It decides the weight it can carry to
move. The minimum power the vehicle needs is important to consider. In
this case, a battery can be used to store energy and a motor will use this
energy for movement.
1) Motor
A motor will provide power to the vehicle to enable movement, but
the motor should be limited in terms of size and power. Some of the
slopes on campus are fairly steep and the vehicles motor should be
13
powerful enough to carry the person and their luggage up these
slopes. For a normal road, the slope of the road can be 24 degrees in
maximum [15]. With the power formula, the power of the motor
should be at least 150W [16]. According to the law of Australia, the
motor must not exceed 250W [17].
2) Battery
A battery is important as it stores energy, thus acts as fuel for
electrically powered vehicles. The battery needs to be efficient and
durable to last for all trips in one day. The Li-type battery is
commonly used on vehicles like electric bicycle. Similarly, the
battery of the vehicle used in the project can also be the same type
of Li-battery.
Cost Constrains
The aim of the vehicle is to be used on campus, as the majority of
customers are students. Most students do not have a strong purchasing
power because they get their money from their parents. As a result, the
price should be made acceptable to students. According to the survey, the
cost is preferred to be a rental cost since it will not be used all times so it
was found better to pay for it only when needed.
Safety Constrains
Most of the successful designs have a very high level of safety. Being vital,
safety constraints are explained and divided into two main sections;
stability and speed limit.
1) Stability
The vehicle itself needs to be stable to avoid toppling over. This
could be an issue cause it will not just injure the user but will also
injure people on foot too because it will be used in crowded
environments. The battery also needs to be chemically stable to
avoid potential risks such as explosions or catching fire.
2) Speed Limit
Due to the large amount of people walking on campus, the vehicle
should not be allowed to move very quickly. As a result, a speed
limit has to be set for the vehicle. According to the law of Australia,
the speed of the vehicle would be no more than 25km/h [17]. Also
the recommended speed of the campus is usually 25mph. So by
these, the speed of the vehicle cannot exceed 25km/h [18].
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4. Mapping between Customer and Functional Domain
Based on the House of Quality constructed, a series of customer
requirements and functional requirements are highlighted. The roof of
House of Quality illustrates correlations between every functional
requirement for a clear picture while improving each requirement.
Direction of improvement for each functional requirement is shown on the
spreadsheet as well to guide the team on the path to design a better
product that suits the current market. Comparing to each of the
competitors product, Team 3s product fared well in terms of customer
requirements that shows higher importance, and from the results
obtained, it will be more systematic in working towards the target limit
that has been set.
5. Conclusion
Referring to all the analysis made from research of customer domain to
functional domain, team 3 has weighted out the merits and drawbacks of
existing products as well as the new product. Customer voices and
constraints listed out in the report are essential for the team to construct
a detailed House of Quality. Then, from all the information obtained, it has
become more convenient to take the next step in designing a new product
for the wellbeing of students travelling in campus.
References
[1] Sun, G. (2014). Exploring the Influence of Changes to the Built
Environment on WalkingBehavior: A Natural Experiment within a
University Campus in Hong Kong. The Chinese University of Hong
Kong The Chinese University of Hong Kong Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/docview/
1674839718/
[2] Spooner, D. (2011). Ten Minutes Wide: Human Walking Capacities and
the Experiential Quality of Campus Design.
[3] Amazon. (2015, December 14). Segway miniPRO | smart self balancing
personal transporter with mobile App control. Retrieved September
2, 2016, from Amazon.com: Outdoor Recreation,
https://www.amazon.com/Segway-miniPRO-Balancing-PersonalTransporter/dp/B019Z6HS86/ref=sr_1_1?s=outdoorrecreation&ie=UTF8&qid=1473131508&sr=1-1&keywords=segway
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[8] Korioth, T. (2016). Parent Plus: Injuries, fires prompt warnings about
hoverboards. AAP News.
[10] Eriksson, M. (2013, July 3). Using the Kano model to Prioritize
product development. Retrieved September 6, 2016, from Product
Management Process,
http://www.mindtheproduct.com/2013/07/using-the-kano-model-toprioritize-product-development/
16
[12] Limited, B. B. (2012, July 10). What are the folded dimensions of a
Brompton? Retrieved August 28, 2016, from Brompton,
https://brompton.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/203295851-Whatare-the-folded-dimensions-of-a-Brompton-
[15] Allain, R. (2013, March 12). Whats the steepest gradient for a road
bike? Retrieved August 28, 2016, from Dot Physics,
http://www.wired.com/2013/03/whats-the-steepest-gradient-for-aroad-bike/
[16] Power. (1999, October 18). Retrieved August 28, 2016, from
http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py105/Power.html
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Biography
Kevin Huynh
Tao Chen
Huiyang Lin
18
Appendix
Appendix A
The set of open-ended questions that was asked to interviewees in the
contextual inquiry method
How do you transport on campus?
How much stuff do you usually bring to school?
Do you find it difficult to roam around with your stuff using your
preferred method? If yes why?
If an idea is to be adopted to make transport on campus easier and
faster, would you use it? Why?
How do you think this idea/device should work?
Would you pay for it? Why or why not?
If yes, then how much are you willing to pay to get the service?
Do you think there is something that can safely transport people and
luggage on campus? If yes, state it
If no, can you think of something that can satisfy this purpose? If yes,
Can you visualise it?
What do you think is the most important attribute to be available in
the solution/device? Why?
What additional features can make the solution more appealing to
you? Why?
Appendix B
The outcomes from the contextual inquiry method:
1. 17 interviewees preferred to travel with friends while the rest
favored travelling alone.
2. 8 people agreed to pay $20 per month and 7 thought that $10 was
ideal for the product; while 5 said that they should not be charged
for it.
3. All the customers needed the device to be light and they all agreed
that the device should be less than 10 kg.
4. The device must be safe without any radiations or chemical
explosions.
5. 12 applicants favored that the device to be electrically driven, while
the rest desired it to be mechanical so they can do some exercise on
campus.
6. The majority of the candidates mentioned that it should be easy to
use so it will not require a lot of learning time.
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7. Only 2 interviewees fancied having an entertainment system (like
radio), however the rest found it not necessary since journeys are
short.
8. 7 people stated that speed was a top priority.
9. The device should be easy to carry or have enough unitive
depositories.
10.
Folding or detachable system, which can fold the device using
as small area as possible.
11.
2 or 3 single devices can put together to form a bigger one for
more people to ride on.
Appendix C
The outcomes from the crowdsourcing method:
1. Customers have found the safety feature on electrically powered
devices to be totally counter-productive as the device slams an
automatic brake when it exceeds a speed limit that might cause loss
of balance [3-4].
2. The speed of these devices is usually too low.
3. Customers are not willing to buy the product but just rent it at an
hourly rate.
4. It is encouraged to look cool. (Like a Vespa or a dirt bike)
5. Storage compartment on the device should be waterproof.
6. Storage compartment should be rigid to protect its contents
7. Since it will be used on campus, its motor should only have a soft
whirr sound [5].
8. It should be powerful enough to go up ramps and inclines.
9. It is preferable if the device can climb stairs.
10.
A reliable and efficient braking system should be mounted on
the device so safety of others can also be ensured because campus
is a busy place.
11.
Having three wheels would make the device more stable and
easier to control.
12.
The device should be folded for storage when not in use [6].
Appendix D
A comparison is portrayed between the product to be designed and the
existing solution. Each attribute is rated between 0 [worst] and 5 [best] to
show how the expected product will be more helpful than the existing
ones.
Table 2. Comparison between existing products and expected
product
Attribute
Expected Skateboa Hover
Segway
Electric
20
Comfortabl
e
Price
Accessibilit
y
Convenien
ce
Speed
Safety
Weight
Storage
Energy
Efficiency
Location
Services
Entertainm
ent
Product
3
rd
1
Board
2
Scooter
5
3
4
5
5
1
2
1
2
3
4
4
5
4
5
3
2
2
5
5
5
4
1
1
1
2
5
3
0
0
3
5
2
1
1
2
Appendix E
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6