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Load
Structures must resist various loads, such as gravity and wind.
Loads may change rapidly or slowly. For example:
Wind
Earthquake
01 Load
01 Load
Static load
Dynamic load
01 Load
Water power
dynamic load
01 Load
Impact load
Dont try it !
01 Load
01 Load
Dynamic load
01 Load
10
Cosmetic damage
01 Load
11
Tectonic Plates
Plate Tectonics is the theory that considers the earth's crust
composed of large, thin plates that move relative to one another.
Slips on plate boundaries commonly cause earthquakes.
12
01 Load
13
Period
Time of wave cycle. Resonant building &
earthquake periods may cause collapse.
Richter scale
Developed 1935 by Charles Richter.
Earthquake magnitude as logarithm of
wave amplitude recorded by seismograph;
adjusted for distance to epicenter.
Each whole number increase represents
a tenfold increase in force and amplitude
and 31 times more energy.
USGS figures
01 Load
14
2
3
Effect on buildings:
01 Load
4
5
Overturning
Base shear
6
7
15
Base shear V
V = CS W
16
Seismic Design
using
SD-Graphs
by G G Schierle
adapted from IBC-03/ASCE 7-02
Equivalent Lateral Force Analysis
for Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
(ASD = LRFD / 1.4)
Introduced later
Light framing with wood panels
High-rise structures
S D1 graph 1 sec. design spectral accelerations
Cs factors for light fram ing with wood panels (R=6, I=1)
3.0
0.50
0.45
3.5
2.5
3.0
2.0
2.5
0.40
0.35
0.30
2.0
1.5
0.25
1.5
0.20
1.0
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
A
B
C
D
E
E
0.5
0.0
C
A
1.0
0.0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.25
1.5
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.25
1.5
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.12
0.13
0.16
0.19
0.24
0.25
0.32
0.32
0.40
0.38
0.48
0.10
0.19
0.29
0.38
0.48
0.57
0.76
1.14
1.52
1.90
2.28
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.12
0.12
0.16
0.16
0.24
0.24
0.32
0.32
0.40
0.40
0.48
0.48
0.12
0.14
0.24
0.29
0.36
0.39
0.48
0.48
0.60
0.60
0.71
0.71
0.95
0.95
1.43
1.43
1.90
1.90
2.38
2.38
2.86
2.86
0.02
0.03
0.19
0.33
0.43
0.52
0.60
0.71
0.95
1.43
1.90
2.38
2.86
C
D
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.14
0.21
0.29
0.36
0.43
0.30
0.40
0.43
0.43
0.54
0.64
0.86
1.29
1.71
2.14
2.57
Cs for site class A-E for 0.2 sec mapped spectral accelerations Ss (top line)
01 Load
D
E
SDS for site class A-E for 0.2 sec. mapped spectral accelerations SS (top line)
E
D
C
0.5
A
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.04
0.05
0.08
0.10
0.11
0.14
0.15
0.19
0.19
0.24
0.38
0.48
0.57
0.71
0.76
0.95
0.95
1.19
1.14
1.43
0.08
0.15
0.21
0.27
0.31
0.62
0.93
1.24
1.55
1.86
0.11
0.17
0.19
0.30
0.26
0.40
0.30
0.46
0.36
0.57
0.71
1.14
1.07
1.71
1.43
2.28
1.79
2.86
2.14
3.43
SD1 for site class A-E for 1 sec. mapped spectral accelerations S1 (top line)
17
Wind load
Causes:
01 Load
18
Suction
on lee side
01 Load
19
01 Load
20
Hurricane Andrew August 1992 photos, courtesy Applied Research Associates, Raleigh. North Carolina
01 Load
21
22
Wind load
Wind load per level = wind pressure times tributary area per level.
IBC-03 defines wind load by three ASC 7 methods.
Method 1: Simplified Design
(limited to 60 ft [18 m] height)
Method 2: Analytical Procedure
Method 3: Wind-tunnel Procedure
(required for complex forms)
Analytical Procedure uses figures and tables for wind speed, exposure,
building form, roof slope, enclosure, dynamic behavior and topography.
Wind pressure P increases with height and exposure:
P = qG Cp qi(GCpi)
(minimum P = 10 psf [480 Pa])
2
q = 0.00256 I Kz Kzt KdV (velocity pressure in psf)
q = 0.613 I Kz Kzt Kd V2
(SI units: m/s, Pa)
G = Gust factor
(G = 0.85 for rigid buildings 1 Hz)
GCpi = interior pressure
(GCpi = 0.18 for enclosed buildings)
Cp = Pressure coefficient
Cp = 0.8 on windward wall
Cp = 0.5 on leeward wall (suction on leeward wall)
Cp = 1.3 max. on roof
(varies by slope and exposure)
V = Velocity
(wind speed in mph)
I = Importance factor
I = 1.15 for essential and hazard facilities per IBC table 1604.5
I = 1.00 for all other buildings
Kzt = topography factor
(use Kzt = 1 for regular sites)
Kd = directionality factor
(use 0.85 for buildings)
Kz = exposure factor
(see graph for height and exposure)
Exposure B: building in cities protected by other structures
Exposure C: building in open areas exposed to wind
Exposure D: Buildings near ocean or large bodies of water
01 Load
23
q = 200 plf
P = 20.1 psf
W = 9648 #
L = 48
L = 24
24
Average wind pressure P for exposure C, wind speed V and height h
Examples:
Wind speed (mph)
Height
Pressure
90
10
19.3 psf
90
20
20.1 psf
90
30
21.4 psf
100
50
28.7 psf
150
80
70.8 psf
Roof
Footing
24
01 Load
24
25