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Mach Number
V
Speed of flow
=
c
Speed of Sound
c=
kRT
m
s
"
"
kJ
Where k is the specific heat ratio (often , dimensionless), R is the gas constant
kg K
and T is temperature [K].
kJ
Where m is the mass of gas [kg], n is number of moles of gas [mol] and Ru = 8.314
kg K
is the Universal Gas Constant.
Density
"
m
=
V
kg
m3
Specific volume
"
1
V
=
v=
m
Specific gravity(dimensionless)
SG =
m3
kg
H2 O
Viscosity
Kinematic viscosity: =
"
m2
s
N
m2
kg
N s
=
= Pa s
ms
m2
Pressure
"
N
kg
=
2
m
m s2
Pascals law
P 1 = P2
F1
F2
F2
A2
=
=
A1
A2
F1
A1
The point of intersection of the line of the resultant force and the surface is the center of
pressure:
Ixx,C
yp = yc +
0
[yc + gPsin
A]
Ixx,C
yc A
Where Ixx,C is the second moment of area (found in tables provided). For a rectangular
3
plate, Ixx,C = ab
.
12
In the special case of a submerged rectangular plate, the following cases are considered;
Case (a) is general. Cases (b) and (c) follow, where = 900 in (b) and s +
b
= h in (c).
2
ab3
12
[s +
b
P0
+
]ab
2 g sin
b
=s+ +
2
b2
12[s +
b
P0
+
]
2 g sin
FR =
FH2 + FV2 ,
tan =
F +V
,
FH
FH = FX ,
FV = Fy + W
Buyoancy
avg,body
Vsubmerged
=
Vtotal
f
ax
dzisobar
=
g + az
dx
b
zmax = tan
2
tan =
10
Conservation of mass
min mout =
Mass flow rate
dmcv
dt
"
m
= vavg
~ Ac
Volume flow rate
"
V = vavg
~ Ac
kg
s
m3
s
And therefore
m
= V
When there is steady flow, the inlet and outlet mass flows are equal. In single-stream steadyflow systems (one inlet, one outlet);
m 1 = m 2 1 v~1 A1 = 2 v~2 A2
7
11
~v 2
P
+ gz
= +
"
J
kg
P
~v 2
is flow energy,
is kinetic energy and gz is potential energy.
Mechanical energy change (per unit mass) of a fluid during incompressible flow
emech
P2 P1 ~v22 ~v12
=
+
+ g(z2 z1 )
"
J
kg
emech = 0 mechanical energy of a fluid does not change during flow if pressure,
density, velocity and elevation remain constant.
emech > 0 mechanical energy supplied to the fluid e.g by a pump or compressor.
emech < 0 mechanical energy extracted from the fluid e.g. by a turbine and/or
generator.
Power
= me
W
mech
J
W =
s
Emech,out
Mechanical energy output
=
Mechanical energy input
Emech,in
For a turbine/generator system (and using the rate form for mechanical energy i.e. power)
tot = tur gen
W
elect,out
=
|Emech,fluid |
12
Bernoulli Equation
2
kg
Or, more practically, between two points on the same streamline and in head form
P1 ~v12
P2 ~v22
+
+ z1 =
+
+ z2
g 2g
g 2g
13
[m]
For steady flow, with no heat transfer or internal energy changes and neglecting irreversible
losses in piping
P2 ~v22
P1 ~v12
pump = m(
+
+ z1 ) + W
+
+ z2 ) + W
m(
turbine
g 2g
g 2g
J
s
Or in head form
P2 ~v22
P1 ~v12
+
+ z1 + hpump,u =
+
+ z2 + hturbine,e + hL
g 2g
g 2g
[m]
Where hpump,u is the useful head delivered to the fluid by the pump and hturbine,e is the
extracted head removed from the fluid by the turbine. Efficiencies should be taken into account
here. hL is irreversible head loss in piping and is typically ignored in this course.
pump,u = mgh
W
pump,u = pump W
elec
W
turbine
W
=
mgh
=
turbine,e
turbine,e
turbine
The special case of incompressible flow with no mechanical work devices and negligible
friction is therefore the Bernoulli equation.