Electric Circuit Theory Lab Manual

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
Electric Circuit Theory

Laboratory
Electrical Engineering(EE-391)
Third Semester
Mannual

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT THEORY LABORATORY
LAB MANUAL
PAPER CODE : (EE 391)
List of Experiments
Credits:2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Contact:3
Transient response of R-L and R-C network: simulation

with PSPICE /Hardware.
Transient response of R-L-C series and parallel circuit:
Simulation with PSPICE/ Hardware.
Determination of Impedance (Z) and Admittance (Y)
parameter of two port network: Simulation/Hardware.
Frequency response of LP and HP filters: Simulation /
Hardware.
Frequency response of BP and BR filters: Simulation
/Hardware.
Generation of Periodic, Exponential, Sinusoidal, Damped
Sinusoidal, Step, Impulse, Ramp signal using MATLAB
in both discrete and analog form.
Determination of Laplace transform and Inverse Laplace
transform using MATLAB.
Amplitude and Phase spectrum analysis of different
signals using MATLAB.
Verification of Network theorem using SPICE.
PAPER CODE: EE-391/EE-2ND Yr.(3rd SEM)

LAB MANUAL
EXPERIM ENT NO: INTRODUCTION
EXP TITLE:
INTRODUCTION OF M ATLAB COMM ANDS.
M ATLAB is a software package for high performa nce nu merica l

co mp utatio n a nd vis ualizat io n The full form o f MATLAB is
Matrix Labo ratory. It pro vides int eraction w it h hundred built in
funct io ns for co mp utatio n, graphics and animat io n. MATLAB's
built in functio ns pro vides algebra comp utat io n, data analys is,
signa l processing, optimizat io n, numerical solut io n, o f ordinary
differe nt ia l equatio ns (ODEs), 2-D, 3-D graphics etc.
The basic build ing b lock o f MATLAB is matrix. The funda me nta l
data type is the array, Vectors, scalars, real matrices and comp le x
matrices are auto mat ically ha nd led as special case of t he bas ic
data types.
MA TLAB works thro ugh three basic windows
I. Comma nd Wi ndow: This is the main window, It is started
wit h a sign '' All
co mma nds, inc lud ing t hose fo r running user-writte n
progra ms. are typed in this window.
2. Graphics Wi ndow: The o utp ut o f a ll graphics co mma nds
typed in t he co mma nd w indow are flashed to t he graphics
window or Figure window.
3. Edit Wi ndow: Progra mme r can w rite. edit. create and save
progra ms 111 files called 'M-files', in most syste ms MA TLAB
provides its own built in editor
BASIC COMPUTATION OF ARITHM ETIC, LOGARITHM,
TRIGONOM ETRIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION USING
M ATLAB
1. Entering and disp laying constants and expressio ns.
(i)Y=2^5/(2^5 -1); Y=?
(ii)X=5; Y=4 *X +12/3-100^0.5; Y=?
2 (5
ASSIGNMENT:
Calculate
( 2 + 1)
1
5
8
6
)
=?

LAB MANUAL
HANDLING WITH M ATRICES
1. Entering a vector and displaying it.
X= [1 2 3 4 5]; Y=10+X;
Y =?
2. Entering and disp laying matrices

(i)A=[1 2;3 4; 5 6]; A=?
(ii)XX=[1;2;3;4]; XX=?
(iii)Z=[]; Z=?
(iv)I=eye(4); I=?
3. Creating arrays with a colon.
(i)D=1 :4 ; D=?
(ii)D=1 :0.5:4 ; D=?
lengt h(D )=?
(iii)X=-1 :0.5:1; Y=X. *X ; X=?
Y=?

LAB MANUAL
(iv) Create a vector M with 5 divisio ns linearly spaced
between 0 and10. Use linspace.
4. Note the follow ing functio ns and special constants fro m help
abs, sin, atan, conj, cosh, exp, log, log10, real, ima g, pi,
sum, dia g.
Calculate
(i) ln(e 3 ) (ii) lo g(e ) (ii)e 1 6 3

LAB MANUAL
5. Write the co mma nd synta x wit h its meaning in brie f fro m
he lp.
clc, clear, size, quit.
6. Note the follow ing matrix functio ns

eig, poly, inv, trace, det.
With arbitrary no ns ingular 3x3 matrices A, B and diago nal
matrix L, find L - 1 , trace (A), trace(B), eig(L), eig(A - 1 LA),
poly(L).
Compare eig(A) and eig(A T ).

LAB MANUAL
7. Note the funct io ns of the linear 2D plot funct io n plot and

auxiliary funct ions subplot, axis , grid, xlabe l,
ylabel, title.
(i)
Try the co mma nd sequence

x=-p i:p i/300 :p i;
y=tan(s in(x))-sin(ta n(x)).
Plot(x, y)
(ii)
Use xlabel, ylabel and tit le. Change the line type
and colour.
(iii)
Toggle the grids on and off.
(iv)
Superimpose 2cos(x) on the graph.
(v)
Crop the graph to view interest ing p arts of the graph

closely.

LAB MANUAL

S i gna tu re of Teach er wit h d at e
.
Si gn at u re o f st ud ent wi th d at e
Depa rt men t :
Ro ll No. :

LAB MANUAL
EXPERIM ENT NO. : 01
TITLE: Transient response in RL & RC networks.
OBJECTIVE: To study the transient response of a series RL & RC networks
due to continuous pulse excitation.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No .
Name of the
apparatus
Specification (Ra nge,

Rating, M akers name)
Qua ntity
1.
CRO
2.
Funct io n Gener at o r
3.
Decade Resist ance Bo x
4.
Decade I nduct ance Bo x
5.
Decade Cap acit ance Bo x
6.
CRO Pro bes
As r equ ir ed
7.
Co nnect ing Wir es
As r equ ir ed

LAB MANUAL
THEORY:
SERIES RL NETWORK:
A. Cha rgi n g of In du ctor / Decay o f Vo lt a g e
Let i be t he cur r ent flo wing t hro u gh and v L (t ) be t he inst ant aneo us
vo lt ag e acro ss t he induct o r.
Ap p lying KV L t o t he ser ies RL c ir cu it we
ha ve

V= R i + L

and L

= VL
=>V= vL dt + V L

=> i = L dt
L
T ak ing Laplace o n bot h sides

V
R
= LSV L ( S ) + V L (S )

V
=> = [
=>V =
R LS
] V L ( S)

LS RL
=>V L ( S) =
V
S RL
V L ( S)
T ak ing I nver se Laplace o n bo t h sid es

R
V L (t ) = Ve
=> V L (t ) = Ve
[ Wher e = t ime co nst ant =
B. Di sch argi n g of In d u ct or/ Ri se i n Volt a ge

0 = iR + L
[
vL d t +

vL dt

=>0 = V +
R
vL dt + v L
L
= VL( 0 -) ]
R

vL dt + v L
=>- V= L vL dt + v L
V
R
- S = [ LS + 1] V L ( S)
V
=>- S =
RLS
LS
=>V L ( S) =
* V L (S )
V
S RL
T ak ing I nver se Laplace o n bot h sides

LAB MANUAL
R
V L (t ) = -Ve L

=>V L (t ) = -Ve
SERIES RC NETWORK:
A. Cha rgi n g of Cap acit or / G rowt h o f Volt a g e:
V = iR + v c

=>V = RC +v c
{i =
& q = cv c }


V
= RC[ S v c ( S )- v c ( 0 - ) ] + v c ( S )

=> = v c ( S) [ RCS + 1] =
S
=
S S "
RC
"
= V( S -
V
RC
SS "RC
"
"
S RC
A
S
S"RC

V c ( t ) = V( 1-e RC )

V c ( t ) = V m ( 1-e )
{%(t ime co nst ant ) = RC

V m = V}
B. Di sch a rg i ng of Capa cit or/ Decay o f Vo lt a g e

0 = RC + v c = 0
=>RC[ S V C (S ) V C ( 0 - ) ] + V C (S ) = 0
{V C ( 0 - ) = V m = V}
=>[ RCS + 1] V C ( S) = VRC
"
=>RC[ S + RC ]V C ( S) = VRC
=>V C ( S) =
S "RC

V c ( t ) = V m e
{ = RC , V m = V}

LAB MANUAL
PROCEDURE:
1. Co nnect t he cir cuit as p er t he cir cu it diagr a m.
2. S wit ch o n t he supply.
3. S et t he decad e r esist o r and indu ct o r / cap acit o r bo x ( fo r RL o r RC
c ir cu it
r espect ive l y) t o desir ed va lu es.
4. Ap ply p u lse inp ut by he lp o f fu nct io n g ener at or and see t he out put
vo lt ag e r espo nse in CRO.
5. P lo t t he t r ansie nt r espo nse gr aph fo r bot h char g ing and d isc har g ing
ind uct o r / cap acit o r .
6. Find t ime co nst ant fr o m t he g r ap h and co mp ar e wit h t he t heo r et ica l
va lu e.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
A ) FO R R L NE TW O RK : -
R=
SL
No
.
L=
C H AR G I N G
T IM E
F R OM
CRO
( ms )
VL IN
VO L T
F R OM
CRO
D I S CH AR G I N G
T IM E
F R OM
C R O ( ms )
VL IN
VO L T FR O M
CRO
T HE O R I
T IC AL
T IM E
C O NST A
NT,
( ms )
CALCULATIO N:
CH ARG ING: Fo r decaying ma x imu m a mp l it u d e o f vo lt ag e =
37 % o f ma xi mu m vo lt age =
E rror in t ime co nst ant , ~ c =
DIS CH ARG ING:Dur ing r is ing ma ximu m a mp lit u d e o f vo lt ag e =
E rror in t ime co nst ant , ~ d =
T IM E
C O NST AN T
F R OM G R AP H
Ch a r gi n
g , c (m s )
D i s ch a r
g i n g, d
(ms)

LAB MANUAL
B) FO R RC NETWO RK : R =
SL
No
.
C =
C H AR G I N G
T IM E
F R OM
CRO
( ms )
VC IN
VO L T
F R OM
CRO
D I S CH AR G I N G
T IM E
F R OM
CRO
( ms )
V C I N VO L T
F R OM CR O
T HE O R I
T IC AL
T IM E
C O NST
AN T ,
( ms )
T IM E
C O NST AN T
F R OM G R AP H
C har gin
g, c ( ms )
D i s ch a r
g i n g, d
(ms)
CALCULATIO N:
CH ARG ING: Fo r char g ing ma ximu m a mp lit u de o f vo lt ag e =
E rror in t ime co nst ant , ~ c =
DIS CH ARG ING:Fo r disc har g ing ma ximu m a mp l it u d e o f v o lt ag e =
E rror in t ime co nst ant , ~ d =
CONCLUSION:

.
Depa rt men t :
Ro ll No. :

LAB MANUAL
Trans ient response in R LC series & RLC parallel circuit.
OBJECTIVE: To stud y t he response of R LC series and R LC
parallel circ uit due to continuo us pulse excitatio n.
RLC SERIES CIRCUIT
THEORY:
By applying KV L in t he series RLC circ uit,

Applying KVL,

"
V= iR + L + ( )*
'
Using laplace transformation,
V
= R.I (S) + L [SI(S) I(0+)] +
S
=> =
S
CS
RCSLCS+ "
=> I(S) =
=
Where
"
= ( R + SL +
) I(S)
I(S)
CS
VC
LCS+ RCS"
I(S)
VC
S S.
S1, 2 = -
2 3 1 4
1L
CS
.
LC, S+ RLS 0
LC
VL
R
.
S+ S
L
LC
"
+
R
S S+
1L
"
LC

LAB MANUAL
=> i(t) = A e5. + B e5+
The actual response depends on the expression under the radical in equation (*).
"
R
(a) If ( 1 > , the response is over damped.
(b) If (
(c) If (
1L
R 1

1L
R 1

1L
=
<
LC
"
LC
"
LC
, the response is critically damped.

, the response is under damped.

LAB MANUAL
RLC PARALLEL CIRCUIT
THEORY:
I0 = IR + IL + IC
V "
V
=
+ Vtdt 9 C
R
L

Taking laplace transform,
I<
VS
"
=
+ V(S) + CSV(S)
S
=>
=>
I<
S
I<
S
LS
"
=[ +
+ CS] V(S)
R LC
LSR LCRS+
=[
RLS
I< C
=> V(S) =
=> V(S) =
Where
"
] V(S)
.
S+
S
RC
LC
A
B
S S.
S1, 2 =
S S+
"
1RC
2 3
=> V(t) = Ae5. + Be5+

(a) If (
(b) If (
(c) If
" 1

1RC
" 1
<
=
1RC
"
( 1
1RC
>
"
LC
"
LC
"
LC
"
1 4
1RC
"
LC
Under damped.
Critically damped.
Over damped.

LAB MANUAL
voltage
time
Under damped response
voltage
time
Critically damped response
voltage
time
Over damped response

LAB MANUAL
Pspice CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
(a) Series RLC Circuit :
(b)
Parallel RLC Circuit :

LAB MANUAL
SPECIFICATION OF V-PULSE AND I-PULSE:
V-PULSE:
DC=1V;
AC=0V;
V1=0V;
V2=1V;
TD=.001s;
TR=0.001ms;
TF=0.001 ms;
PW=1 ms;
PER=1.002ms;
I-PULSE:
DC=1A;
AC=0A;
I1=0A;
I2=1A;
TD=.001s;
TR=0.001ms;
TF=0.001 ms;
PW=1 ms;
PER=1.002ms;
INITIAL AND FINAL VALUE OF TIME AXIS IN RLC

CIRCUIT:
Pspice schemat ics:
Goto Ana lysistra nsie nts
(i)Print step0s;
(ii)Final step400s;

LAB MANUAL
OBSERVATION TABLE:
RLC SERIES CIRCUIT
SL
NO
CONDITION
R L
OBSERV ATION
TIME
UNDER
DAMPED
R 2 1
>
2L LC
OVER
DAMPED
R 2 1
>
2L LC
CRITICALLY
DAMPED
R 2 1
=
2L LC
VOLTAGE

LAB MANUAL
OBSERVATION TABLE:
RLC PARALLEL CIRCUIT
SL
NO
CONDITION
OBSERV ATION
TIME
UNDER
DAMP
OVERDAMP
CRITICALLY
DAMP

CURRENT
.
Depa rt men t :
Ro ll No. :

LAB MANUAL
EXP TITLE: Determinatio n o f impedance and ad mittance
para meters.
OBJECTIVES: To study t he two port network and determine its
impedance and ad mittance para meters.
THEORY:
Z-PARAM ETER
(OPEN
PARAM ETER)
1
+
V1
CIRCUIT
I2
I1
TWO PORT
NETWORK
/IM PEDANCE
2
+
V2
In case of two port network, the inp ut and o utp ut vo lta ges V 1 & V 2
can he expressed in terms o f inp ut and outp ut curre nts I 1 & 1 2
respectively as [V]=[Z][I] w here Z is t he i mpedance mat rix. This
is represented as:
Where,
Z11=
V 1 = Z 11 I 1 + Z 12 I 2
V 2 = Z 21 I 1 + Z 22 I 2
V1
when outp ut termina l (2-2) is open (i.e. I 2 =0) =
I1
inp ut driving po int impeda nce.

Z21=
V2
when outp ut termina l (2-2) is open (i.e. I 2 =0)= reverse
I1
trans fer impedance.

Z22 =
V2
when input termina l (I-I) is open (i.e. 1 1 =0)=output
I2
driving point impedance.

Z12=
V1
whe n o utput termina l (I-I) is open (i.e. I 1 =0) = forward
I2
trans fer impeda nce. Z 1 1 , Z 1 2 , Z 2 2 , Z 2 1 are also called impedance

para meters or open circ uit para met ers If
Z 1 2 = Z 2 1 then t he
network satis fies the princ ip le o f reciprocit y or t he network is
reciprocal.

LAB MANUAL
Y-PARAM ETER
PARAM ETER)
1
+
V1
(SHORT
CIRCUIT
I2
I1
TWO PORT
NETWORK
/ADMITTANCE
2
+
V2
In case of two port network, the input and o utp ut curre nts I 1 & I 2
can he e xpressed in terms o f inp ut and o utp ut vo ltages V 1 & V 2
respectively as [I]=[Y][V ] w here Y is t he ad mitta nce matrix. This
is represented as:
Where,
Y11=
I 1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2
I 2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2
I1
when outp ut termina l (2-2) is shorted (i.e.
V1
V 2 =0)=inp ut driving point ad mittance

Y21=
I2
when outp ut termina l (2-2) is open (i.e. V 2 =0)= reverse
V1
trans fer ad mittance.

Y22 =
I2
when inp ut termina l (I-I) is shorted (i.e. V 1 =0)=output
V2
driving point ad mitta nce.

Y12=
I1
when outp ut termina l (I-I) is open (i.e. V 1 =0) = forward
V2
trans fer ad mittance i.e.

Y 1 1 , Y 1 2 , Y 2 2 , Y 2 1 are also called a d mitta nce para meters or s hort
circ uit para meters If Y 1 2 = Y 2 1 the n t he network satis fies the
princ ip le of reciproc it y or the network is reciprocal.
GENERAL PROCEDURE:
Write down the progra m in PSPICE AD text file.
Save the file wit h .cir extens io n na me in circ uit file.
The n run a nd see the outp ut fro m the o utput file a nd take
differe nt reading to calculate the para meters.

LAB MANUAL
ASSIGNMENT:
Find the Z para meters and Y parame ters of the circuit above.
Given para meters : V 1 =
V2=
Z1=
Z2=
Z3=
Z4=
Z5=
For Z parameters:
Set-I:
Circuit Diagram:
Pspice Program :
Output File:

LAB MANUAL
Interpretation:
Set-II:
Circuit Diagram:
Pspice Program :
Output File:
Interpretation:

LAB MANUAL
EXPERIM ENTAL DATA FOR Z-PARAM ETERS

V1
V2
I1
0
I2
0
CALCULATION:
V1
=
I1
V
Z21= 2 =
I1
V
Z12= 1 =
I2
V
Z22 = 2 =
I2
Z11=
(when I 2 =0)
(when I 2 =0)
(when I 1 =0)
(when I 1 =0)
THEORETICAL VERIFICATION:
Z 1 1 =Z 1 +Z 3
Z 1 2 =Z 2 1 =Z 3
Z 2 2 =Z 2 +Z 3

LAB MANUAL
For Y parameters:
Set-I:
Circuit Diagram:
Pspice Program :
Output File:
Interpretation:
Set-II:
Circuit Diagram:

LAB MANUAL
Pspice Program :
Output File:
Interpretation:
EXPERIM ENTAL DATA

V1
V2
FOR
Y-PARAM ETERS
I1
0
0
I2

LAB MANUAL
CALCULATION:
I1
=
V1
I
Y21= 2 =
V1
I
Y22 = 2 =
V2
I
Y12= 1 =
V2
Y11=
(when V 2 =0)
(when V 2 =0)
(when V 1 =0)
(when V 1 =0)
THEORETICAL VERIFICATION:
=>> ?
=> =@ 9 =A
=> 9 =@ 9 =A
=>@ ? =@> ?
=@@ ?
4=> =@
=> 9 =@ 9 =A
=@ => 9 =A
=> 9 =@ 9 =A
DISCUSSION:

.
Depa rt men t :
Ro ll No. :

LAB MANUAL
EXPEERIMENT NO: 04
TITLE:
Freq ue ncy responses of low pass & high pass

filter.
OBJECTIVES:
To study the first order low pass and high pass filter.
To imp le me nt graphs s how ing freq uency response o f low pass and
high pass filter and calc ulate the cut o ff freq uenc y fro m t he
experi me nt observat ion.
THEORY:
Filter:
Filter is a freq uenc y selector net work which passes a
range o f signa ls and attenuates other signa l. The basic electrica l
filters are of two for ms as regards the compo ne nt const itut in g
the m. The y are:
(i) Active Filters and
(ii) Passive Filters.
Active filters use active e le me nt s like Operat iona l Amp lifiers
addit ion to passive ele me nts like resistor, ind uctor, and capacitor.
Passive filters only use passive circ uit ele me nts like resistor,
ind uctor, and capacitor. Bot h passive a nd active filters ma y be
classified as:(i) Low Pass Filters
(ii) High Pass Filters
(iii) Ba nd Pass Filters and
(iii) Ba nd Stop Filters.
LOW PASS FILTER
THEORY:
Low pass filter passes the low freq ue ncy o f signa ls below t he cut
off freq uenc y a nd rejects other signa ls.Fig. below s hows a first
order low-pass Butterwort h filter that uses an RC network fo r
filtering. Here Opamp is used in the non-invert ing configurat io n.
According to t he vo ltage d ivider rule, t he vo lta ge at t he no ninvert ing termina l (across capacitor C) is,

LAB MANUAL
V1 =
jX C
1
vin where jX C =
R jX C
j 2fC
V1 =
v in
1 + j 2RC
And the outp ut vo lta ge,

VO = (1 +
Or,
RF
)V1
R1
VO
AF
=
V in
1 + j( f / fC )
A F = 1+R F /R 1 = pass band gain

f= freque nc y of the inp ut signa l
f C = cut-o ff freq uenc y =
1
2RC
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
Rf
1k
+15V
V1
2
R1
1K
7
Gain
741
1K
R
C
0.1F
AF
-15V
RL
0.707
Pass band
Stop band
AF
vsin
0
fC
freq.
Frequency Response of Low Pass Filter

ST
1 OREDR LOW
PASS FILTER
Cut off frequency:

The freq ue ncy abo ve whic h t here will be no o utp ut signa l
corresponding to inp ut s igna l, wha tever be t he ma gnit ude o f t he
inp ut signal, is called the cut-o ff fre que ncy.

LAB MANUAL
It is give n by, f C =
1
2RC
The signa ls having a freq uenc y range o f 0 f C w ill be fa it hfull y

reproduced wit h a constant gain. The outp ut correspond ing signa l
above cut-o ff freque ncy (f C ) is zero, i.e. they are rejected
HIGH PASS FILTER
High pass filter passes the freque ncy o f signals above t he cut o ff
freq ue ncy and rejects other signa ls
For t he high pass filter freq uenc ies after t he cut-o ff freq uenc y is
passed. This circ uit passes high frequenc ies and rejects the low
freq ue ncies.
The outp ut volta ge is,
VO = (1 +
RF
j 2RC
)
Vin
R1 1 + j 2RC
j( f / f C )
VO
= AF
Vin
1 + j ( f / f C )
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
Rf
1k
+15V
R1
1K
7
741
VOUT
gain
4
-15V
AF
RL
Stop band
1K
0.707
Pass band
AF
0
fC
freq.
Frequency Response of High Pass Filter

1ST OREDR HIGH PASS FILTER

LAB MANUAL
Procedure:
a)
Low Pass (LP) Filter: i.

Draw the circ uit us ing PSPICE as per Figure. Fro m t he get
ne w part o f draw me nu bring a ll the e le me nts and jo in
the m.
ii.
Select the value of resistance (R) and capacitance (C).
iii. Set the value of Vsin.
iv. Fro m t he set up me nu go to AC Sweep, give the start
freq ue ncy, end freq ue ncy.
v.
Simulate the circ uit.
vi. Observe gain (o ut put / inp ut volta ge).
vii. Note freque nc y & gain on Table.
b)
High Pass (HP) Filter: i.

Draw the circuit as per Figure-3b.
ii.
Repeat the above procedure
EXPERIM ENTAL DATA:

CAPACITOR =
RESISTANCE =
CAPACITOR =
RESISTANCE =
OBSERVATION TABLE:
FREQU E
NCY
1 S T ORDER LPF
V IN
VOUT
VOLTAGE
(V)
(V)
GAIN
FOR LPF
FOR HPF
1 S T ORDER HPF
FREQU E V O U T VOLTAGE
NCY
(V)
GAIN

LAB MANUAL
ACTIV E 1 S T ORDER MEASURED FROM
FILTER
GRAPH
CALCU LATED
f =
1
2RC
LPF(CUT O FF
FREQU ENCY)
HPF(CUT OFF
FREQU ENCY)
DISCUSSION:
The LPF has constant ga in A f fro m 0 Hz to cut o ff freq ue ncy.
At cut o ff freq uenc y gain is 0.707 A f and after cut off
freq ue ncy ga in decreases at a constant rate with increase in
freq ue ncy.
The HPF has constant gain A f fro m cut off freq ue ncy to
highest freque nc y. At c ut o ff freq uency ga in is 0.707 A f and
before c ut o ff freq uenc y, gain increases at a constant rate
wit h increase in freque nc y fro m zero to maxi mu m va lue.
The a mp lit ude o f the inp ut signal should be such t hat the
ga in va lue can be easily plotted w.r.t freque nc y.

.
Depa rt men t :
Ro ll No. :

LAB MANUAL
EXPERIM ENT NO: 05
EXP. TITLE: Freq ue ncy responses of band pass & ba nd reject
pass filter.
OBJECTIVES:
To study the first order band pass and band reject filter
To imp le me nt grap hs showing fre que ncy response of band pass
and band reject filter and calc ulate the lower cut o ff freq uenc y and
higher cut off freq ue ncy fro m t he experime ntal observat ion.
THEORY:
Band Pass Filter:
Band pass filter passes a band o f frequenc y o f signa ls between t he
lower and higher cut off freq ue ncy and rejects other signals
A si mp le BP filter can be constructed by cascading a n LP filter
and a HP filter as shown in t he figure. There is a pass band, with a
lower c ut o ff freque nc y, f L a nd up per cut-o ff freque nc y at f H . In
the pass band, the circuit behaves like a volta ge divider
gain
AF
Stop
band
0.707
Pass
band
AF
fL
fH
freq
Frequency response of band pass filter

LAB MANUAL
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF BAND PASS FILTER:
Rf
Rf
10k +15V
10k
+15V
10K
R1
10K
R1
741
6
741
+
0.1F 3
1K
10k
-15V
VOUT
4
-15V
0.01F
Band Reject Filter:

Band reject filter attenuates a band o f freq ue ncy o f s igna ls
between the higher a nd lower cut off freque nc y and passes other
signa ls
The ba nd reject filter is also called band stop or ba nd eliminat io n
filter
gain
AF
0.707 AF
Pass
band
Stop Pass
band band
fL fO fH
freq
Frequency response of band reject filter

LAB MANUAL
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF BAND REJECT (ELIM INATION)
FILTER:
Rf
10k
10K
+15V
R1
10K
7
6
741
C2
0.01F 3
10K
2
4
-15V
10K
R2
10k
R3
741
+
10K
Ro
10k
Rf
10k
+15V
R1
10K
7
741
10K
R1
C1
4
-15V
0.1F
1ST OREDR BAND REJECT FILTER
VOUT

LAB MANUAL
OBSERVATION TABLE:
FREQU E
NCY
BAND PASS FILTER

V IN
V O U T VOLTAGE
(V)
(V)
GAIN
ACTIV E FILTER
BAND REJECT FILTER

FREQU E V O U T
VOLTAGE
NCY
(V)
GAIN
MEASURED CALCU LATED FORMU LAE

FROM
CUT OFF
CUT OFF
GRAPH
FREQU ENCY
FREQU ENCY
BAND PASS FILTER

LOW ER CUT
OFF
FREQU ENCY
HIG HER CUT
OFF
FREQU ENCY
BANDWIDTH
fL =
1
2R1C1
fU =
1
2R2 C 2
BW = f U f L

LAB MANUAL
BAND REJECT
FILTER
LOW ER CUT
OFF
FREQU ENCY
HIG HER CUT
OFF
FREQU ENCY
BANDWIDTH
fL =
1
2R1C1
fU =
1
2R2 C 2
BW = f U f L
DISCUSSION:
The BPF has a pass band freque nc y between the higher cutoff freq uenc y and the lower cut-o ff freq ue ncy.
The band reject filter has attenuatio n band between the
higher cut-o ff freq uenc y and the lo wer cut-off freq uenc y.
In BPF t he freq uenc y response curve increases to the
ma ximu m a nd t he n decreases and in case of BR F t he
freq ue ncy response curve decreases fro m t he ma xi mu m a nd
the n increases to the maximu m va lue.

.
Depa rt men t :
Ro ll No. :

LAB MANUAL
EXPERIM ENT NO: 06
EXP TITLE: Generatio n o f period ic expo nent ia l da mped
sinuso idal step imp ulse signa ls using MATLAB in a na log and
discrete form.
M ATLAB COMM ANDS
plot(x,y): Plots vector y verses vector x
stem(n, y) : Plot the discrete signal
Examples:
Plot t he straight line using p lot co mma nd y= mx+c, where
m=0.5, c=-2 and the x coordinates are x=0,1.5,3,4.5.
m=0.5;
c=-2;
x=[0 1.5 3 4.5];
y= m*x+c;
plot(x,y)
Generate a da mped sinuso idal Signal in a nalo g and discrete
for m.
x=0 :.1:5;
y=sin(x.^2). *e xp(-x);
plot(x,y)
stem(x, y)
Generate unit step funct io n in ana lo g and discrete form.
t=0:.01:2;
y=stepfun(t,0);
plot(t,y)
axis([0 2 0 2]);
t=0:.1:2;
y=stepfun(t,0);
stem(t,y)

LAB MANUAL
PROCEDURE
Open the MATLAB Co mma nd W indow b y click ing on t he

MATLAB ico n.
Write down the progrm o n edit wind ow and save it.
Run the file and see the output

ASSIGNMENTS
1.
Create a vector t with 10 ele me nts 0 to 1and Plot the signals

a) x=t.sin(t)
b) y=sin(t.^2)./(t.^2)
2. Write necessary co mma nds for ge nerating a single pulse o f

widt h 2sec and ma gnit ude 3V.

LAB MANUAL
3.
Generate a ramp signa l of =30;
30
0
3. Generate an expo ne nt ial functio n y = e at and p lot t he signa l in

analo g and discrete form.

LAB MANUAL
5.
Generate a gate funct io n.
6.
Generate the follow ing functio n.

10
10
10
Fig.1
4
Fig.2
10

LAB MANUAL

.
Depa rt men t :
Ro ll No. :

LAB MANUAL
EXPERIM ENT NO: 07
EXP TITLE:
Determinatio n o f Lap lace trans form a nd Inverse

Lap lace Transfo rm us ing MATLAB.
Laplace Transform
lap lace(F) is the Lap lace tra nsfor m of t he scalar funct ion F w it h
default indepe ndent variab le t. The defa ult return is a funct io n o f
S.
To determine t he Lap lace transform o f a give n funct io n f(t), we
first mult ip ly f(t) b y e st , s being a co mp le x numbers s=+j, t he n
inte grate this product w.r.t time wit h limits as zero to infinit y.
Lap lace transform o f f(t)= F(S)= f (t )e st dt

0
Example :
syms a w t;
lap lace(a*cos(w *t))
result :
a *s/(s^2+w^2)
Inverse Laplace Transform
F = ilap lace(L) is t he inverse Lap lace transform o f t he scalar sy m
L w it h de fault independe nt variable s. The de fault return is a
funct io n of t.
Example:
syms s ;
ilap lace(1/(s-1))
Result : exp(t)
PROCEDURE

MATLAB ico n.
Write down the progra m o n edit window and save it.

LAB MANUAL
ASSIGNMENT-I
Find out t he Lap lace transform o f t he follow ing funct io ns;
co mpare wit h theoretica l va lues.
1. B C 9 sin* 4 2 9 * 1 B 1
2. *B 2H
3.
1I
J(KL*

LAB MANUAL
4.
"
M
,B 1 9 2J(K* 4 NOJ*0
5. B H J(KPL*
ASSIGNMENT-II
Find out t he Inverse Laplace transfo rm o f the fo llow ing functio ns
and co mpare with t heoretica l va lues.
1
1.
JJ 9 S1

LAB MANUAL
2.
3.
4.
LT
1 9 UJJ 1 9 LT 1
3B W/Y
J 1 J 1 9 2
J9[
J 9 S1 9 L 1

LAB MANUAL
5.
J9[
JJ 9 S1
DIS CUS S IO N:

.
Depa rt men t :
Ro ll No. :

LAB MANUAL
EXPERIM ENT NO: 08
EXP TITLE:
Amp lit ude and phase spectrum ana lysis of

differe nt signals.
OBJECTIVE: To study the a mp lit ude and phase spectrum

analys is of differe nt signals.
THEORY:
Discrete Fo urier t rans form (D FT) is a powerful co mp utat io n too l
which allow us to e va luate t he Fo urier Tra ns form X(e j ).A
wavefo rm ca n be represented by a finite lengt h seque nce x[n],
where 0 n N-1; N=period for such a finite lengt h sequence
x[n]. Its discrete fo urier trans form X(e j ) is obtained b y unifo rml y
samp ling X(e j ) on the axis between 0 2 at k =2/N
So, X[k] = X(e j ) while =2k/N
N 1
X [k ] =
X [ n ] e j 2 kn / N
X[k] is the DFT o f the sequence x[n]. The inverse DFT is give n by
1
X [n] =
N
N 1
X [ k ] e j 2 kn / N
k =0
DFT using M ATLAB

fft(X,M ) comp utes M point D FT of a sequence X[n] of le ngt h N.
To ensure correct values M must be greater than or equa l to N.
PROCEDURE

MATLAB ico n.
Write down the progrm o n edit wind ow and save it.

LAB MANUAL
Example:
Find the ma gnit ude and phase spectrum o f t he fo llow ing
wavefo rm.
2
E
0
10
n
n=0 :1 :10;
n1= lengt h(n);
M=16;
u=[2 *o nes(1,(n1-5)),-2 *zeros(1,(n1-6))];
U=fft(u,M);
t=0:n1-1;
subplot (511);ste m(t,u);
tit le('t he origina l time do ma in sequence ');
xlabel('t ime ');
ylabel('a mp litude ');
k=0:1 :M-1;
subplot (513);ste m(k,abs(U));
tit le('ma gnit ude of the D FT sa mp les');
xlabel('freq uenc y inde x k ');
ylabel('ma gnit ude ');
subplot (515);ste m(k,angle(U));
tit le('ma gnit ude of the D FT sa mp les');
xlabel('freq uenc y inde x k ');
ylabel('p hase');

LAB MANUAL
ASSIGNMENTS
Find the ma gnit ude and phase spectrum o f t he fo llow ing
wavefo rm.
i)
ii)
5V
E
0
3V
E
5
n

LAB MANUAL

.
Depa rt men t :
Ro ll No. :

LAB MANUAL
EXPERIM ENT NO: 09
EXP TITLE:
Verificatio n o f Network Theore ms in SPICE
OBJECTIVE:
To study
To study
To study
To study
the
the
the
the
Superposit io n theore m.
Theve nins theore m.
Nortons theore m.
Millma ns theore m.
GENERAL PROCEDURE:
Open PSpice A/D De mo.

Create a new text file.
Write the progra m based on the assignme nt.
Save the progra m in circuit file wit h .cir extensio n.
PROGRAM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Tit le is writte n in t he first line of the progra m.

Describe the ind ivid ual ele me nts with the nodes
For e nergy sources me nt io n the nature o f the source (ac

or dc).
Give the ma gnit ude of the ele me nt.

Put t he abo ve me nt io ned chara cteristics in respective
columns.
Describe each ele ment o f the circ uit in t his manner.
.probe
.end
OUTPUT
Go to view
Next see the output file

PLOT
Go to trace
Next go to Add trace and see the differe nt plot.

Finally compare the results with the oretical values.

LAB MANUAL
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
THEORY:
STATEM ENT:
In a linear b ilateral network conta ining two or more independe nt
sources, the volta ge across or current thro ugh any bra nch is the
algebraic sum o f ind ivid ua l vo lta ge s or currents produced by each
independe nt source acting separately w it h all t he independe nt
sources set equal to zero.
R1
R2
I
V1
V2
R3
B
R2
R1
I2
I1
V1
R2
R1
R3
R3
STEP-1
STEP-2
Curre nt thro ugh resistor R 3 , I=I 1 +I 2
V2

LAB MANUAL
ASSIGNMENT:
R1
R2
R3
A
I
V1
R4
V2
R5
Using s uperposit io n theore m, find the curre nt I t hro ugh t he

resistance R 5 or in t he branch AB.
Case I:
V 1 acting alone
Circuit Diagram:
Pspice Program:

LAB MANUAL
Output:
Interpretation:
Case II: V 2 acting alone

Circuit Diagram:
Pspice Program:

LAB MANUAL
Output:
Interpretation:
Case III: Both V 1 , V 2 acting simul tane ously

Circuit Diagram:
Pspice Program:

LAB MANUAL
Output:
Interpretation:
THEVENINS THEOREM
THEORY:
STATEM ENT:
In any linear active two termina l network conta ining
resistance and vo ltage sources and or current sources can be
replaced by a single vo lta ge so urce V t h in series wit h a single
resistance R t h . The The venins equiva lent vo ltage V t h is t he ope n
circ uit vo lta ge at the network termina ls, and the The venins
resistance R t h is the resistance between the network termina ls
when a ll the sources are replaced with the ir interna l resistances.
For find ing current t hro ugh the branch AB of t he fo llow ing
circ uit, one has to re mo ve that partic ular bra nch first, the n
calculate the ve nin vo ltage V t h and the venin res istance R t h . Lastly
connect the branch and calculate the current.

LAB MANUAL
R2
R1
A
I
V1
R3
RL
B
R2
R1
R2
R1
A
V1
Vth
R3
R3
Rth
B
B
Rth
STEP-1
STEP-2
I
RL
Vth
STEP-3
ASSIGNMENT:
R1
R2
R3
A
I
V1
R4
V2
R5
Using t heve nins theore m, find t he curre nt I t hro ugh t he resistance

R 5 or in the branc h AB.

LAB MANUAL
Set I: Findi ng V t h
Circuit Diagram:
Pspice Program:
Output:
Interpretation:

LAB MANUAL
Set II: Findi ng R t h
Circuit Diagram:
Pspice Program:
Output:
Interpretation:

LAB MANUAL
Set III: Findi ng current thr oug h R 5
Circuit Diagram:
Pspice Program:
Output:
Interpretation:

LAB MANUAL
NORTONS THEOREM
THEORY:
STATEM ENT:
In any linear active two termina l network conta ining
resistance and vo ltage sources and or current sources can be
replaced by a single current sourc e I N in paralle l w it h a single
resistance R N . The Norto ns equiva lent current I N is t he s hort
circ uit current t hrough t he network termina ls, and the Norto ns
resistance R N is the resistance between the network termina ls
when a ll the sources are replaced with the ir interna l resistances.
R2
R1
A
I
V1
R1
RL
R3
R1 B
R2
R2
IN
V1
A
V2
R3
R3
RN
B
STEP-2
STEP-1
I
IN
RL
RN
STEP-3

LAB MANUAL
ASSIGNMENT:
R1
R2
R3
A
I
V1
R4
V2
R5
Using Norto ns theore m, find t he c urre nt I t hro ugh t he resistance

R 5 or in the branc h AB.
Set I: Findi ng Norton current I N
Circuit Diagram:
Pspice Program:
Output:

LAB MANUAL
Interpretation:
Set II: Findi ng R N

Circuit Diagram:
Pspice Program:
Output:

LAB MANUAL
Interpretation:
Set III: Findi ng current thr oug h R 5

Circuit Diagram:
Pspice Program:
Output:
Interpretation:

LAB MANUAL
MILLMANS THEOREM
THEORY:
STATEM ENT:
Consider N vo ltage sources V 1 , V 2 , .., V N in
series with N resistors R 1 , R 2 , .., R N .Then according to
Millma ns theore m we can rep lace all the vo lta ge sources and
resistances between termina ls AB b y a single vo ltage source V in
series with a single resistance R, where
V=(V 1 G 1 +
V2G2+
V 3 G 3 +
G 3 +.+ G N ) and
V N G N )/(
G1+
G2+
R=1/( G 1 + G 2 + G 3 +.+ G N )
A
A
R
R1
R2
R3
RN
V
V1
V2
V3
VN
ASSIGNMENT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
R1
V1
R2
A
RL
V2
B
Applying Millmans theorem, find the current in the branch AB or through the
resistance RL.

LAB MANUAL
Set I: Findi ng equivale nt vol tage
Circuit Diagram:
Pspice Program:
Output:
Interpretation:
Set II: Findi ng equivalent resistance

Circuit Diagram:

LAB MANUAL
Pspice Program:
Output:
Interpretation:
Set III: Findi ng current thr oug h R L

Circuit Diagram:
Pspice Program:

LAB MANUAL
Output:
Interpretation:

.
Depa rt men t :
Ro ll No. :

LAB MANUAL

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FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT